1.

Calculate the mean, variance, and standard deviation of the following distribution of scores
Mean=
∑ of scores
No . of scores
109
Mean= =7.27
15
Σ (X −X )2
Variance=
N
50.93
Variance= =3.40
15
Σ( X− X)2
Standard deviation=
√ N
Standard deviation=√ 3.40=1.84
Mean=
∑ of scores
No . of scores
82
Mean= =5.47
15
Σ(X −X )2
Variance=
N
77.73
Variance= =5.18
15
Σ ( X− X)2
Standard deviation=
N
Standard deviation=√ 5.18=2.28
√
Distribution 3 Distribution 3 X-X (X - X)^2
9 9 3.8 14.44
8 8 2.8 7.84
7 7 1.8 3.24
7 7 1.8 3.24
6 6 0.8 0.64
6 6 0.8 0.64
6 6 0.8 0.64
5 5 -0.2 0.04
5 5 -0.2 0.04
5 5 -0.2 0.04
4 4 -1.2 1.44
4 4 -1.2 1.44
3 3 -2.2 4.84
2 2 -3.2 10.24
1 1 -4.2 17.64
Sum of scores 78 Σ(X - X)^2 66.40
No. of scores 15 No. of scores 15
Mean 5.20 Variance 4.43
Std. deviation 2.10
 Mean=
∑ of scores
No . of scores
78
Mean= =5.20
15
Σ(X −X )2
Variance=
N
66.40
Variance= =4.43
15
Σ ( X− X)2
Standard deviation=
√ N
Standard deviation=√ 4.43=2.10

2. Measuring relative position

1. Rank each student from highest, from lowest.

Student Grade Rank (highest) Rank (lowest)

Arturo 95 1 10
Ben 90 3 8
Carlos 90 3 8
David 90 3 8
Elena 85 5 6
Frances 80 7 4
Greg 80 7 4
Hugo 80 7 4
Ines 75 9 2
Juan 60 10 1

2. Percentile rank of each score

Grade f % cf c% PR z-score T-score
95 1 10 10 100 95 1.31 63.1
90 3 30 9 90 75 0.79 57.9
85 1 10 6 60 55 0.26 52.6
80 3 30 5 50 35 -0.26 47.4
75 1 10 2 20 15 -0.79 42.1
60 1 10 1 10 5 -2.36 26.4
Mean 82.5
SD 9.55
3. Convert scores to standard scores
 Grade f % cf c% PR z-score T-score
95 1 10 10 100 95 1.31 63.1
90 3 30 9 90 75 0.79 57.9
85 1 10 6 60 55 0.26 52.6
80 3 30 5 50 35 -0.26 47.4
75 1 10 2 20 15 -0.79 42.1
60 1 10 1 10 5 -2.36 26.4
Mean 82.5
SD 9.55
4. Which way of describing a student’s performance most accurately reflects the difference
between Juan and Ines?
T-score because it uses the conversion of raw scores to the standard score.
5. Interpret the rank, percentile rank, and z-score of Elena’s grade.
Elena ranked fifth when the scores are ranked from highest to lowest. Her percentile rank is
55% which means she scored better than the 55% of the other students. Elena’s z-score
indicates that she is within 0.26 standard deviations of the mean.

3. Transforming raw score into standard scores

3.1. Raw scores to standard scores
Raw scores z-scores T-scores
85 1.5 65
60 -1 40
55 -1.5 35
95 2.5 75
75 0.5 55
Mean 70
SD 10
3.2. z-scores to T-scores
z-scores T-scores
1.5 65
-1.5 35
2.5 75
-2 30
-1.7 33

4.
A. Calculate the test-retest reliability of the following distribution of scores

NΣXY −( ΣX )(ΣY )
r xy =
2 2
√ [ NΣ X − ( ΣX ) ] ¿ ¿ ¿
r xy =
[ ( 10 ) ( 69072) ]−[ ( 829 ) ( 830 ) ]
2
√ [(10)(68987)−( 829 ) ] ¿ ¿ ¿
2650
r xy =
2732.46
r xy =0.9698

2 x r xy
Reliability of the full test =
1+r xy
2 x 0.9698
Reliability of the full test = =0.98
1+0.9698
The value obtained is 0.98. This means that the whole test is reliable because it obtained a very high
relationship.

B. Calculate the split-half, full test reliability of the test, and standard error of measurement.

Split-half

NΣXY −( ΣX )(ΣY )
r xy =
2 2
√ [ NΣ X − ( ΣX ) ] ¿ ¿ ¿
r xy =
[( 15 )( 811 ) ] −[ ( 106 ) ( 110 ) ]
2
√ [(15)(815)−( 106 ) ] ¿ ¿ ¿
505
r xy = =0.50
1006.46
2 x r xy
Reliability of the full test =
1+r xy
2 x 0.50
Reliability of the full test = =0.67
1+0.50
Standard error of measurement

SEM =SD √ 1−rxx

19
19
18
17
17
15
15
15
14
14
14
12
12
11
4
Mean 14.4
SD 3.67
 SEM =3.67 √1−0.67
SEM =2.11

5. Calculate the Cronbach alpha reliability of the following test scores

K SDi 2
Coefficient alpha= [ ][
K−1
1−Σ
SD 2 ]
5
Coefficient alpha= [ ][
5−1
1−Σ
(1.47+1.56+1.47 +0.33+0.81)
18.81 ]
Coefficient alpha=[ 1.25 ][ 1−0.29985 ] =0.88

6. Calculate the KR-20 reliability

K Σpi x qi
KR−20=
K−1 [ ][
1−
SD 2 ]
20 3.81
KR−20=
20−1[ ][
1−
36.49 ]
 KR−20=[ 1.05 ][ 1−0.1044 ] =0.94

7. Calculate the KR-21 reliability

K = 50, M = 40, SD = 4
K M ( K−M )
KR−21= [ K−1
1− ][
K (SD 2 ) ]
50 40(50−40)
KR−21= [ 50−1
1− ][50( 42 ) ]
40 (10)
KR−21=[ 1.02 ] 1− [ 50(16) ]
400
KR−21=[ 1.02 ] 1− [ 800 ]
KR−21=[ 1.02 ][ 1−0.50 ]
KR−21=[ 1.02 ] [ 0.50 ] =0.51