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Theoretical Reserba

The theoretical framework is based on theories of governance, obedience to authority, and accident causation. It discusses systems theory of good governance and how authorities implement policies. It also examines Milgram's theory of obedience to authority and how people obey figures they perceive as legitimate. Finally, it outlines two theories of accident causation: the single event theory which locates a single cause and the domino theory which describes an unsafe act toppling a series of factors leading to an accident. The framework suggests good governance leads to obedience, which interrupts the domino theory sequence and helps prevent accidents from occurring.

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Jaden Fate Salida
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98 views3 pages

Theoretical Reserba

The theoretical framework is based on theories of governance, obedience to authority, and accident causation. It discusses systems theory of good governance and how authorities implement policies. It also examines Milgram's theory of obedience to authority and how people obey figures they perceive as legitimate. Finally, it outlines two theories of accident causation: the single event theory which locates a single cause and the domino theory which describes an unsafe act toppling a series of factors leading to an accident. The framework suggests good governance leads to obedience, which interrupts the domino theory sequence and helps prevent accidents from occurring.

Uploaded by

Jaden Fate Salida
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Theoretical/Conceptual Framework

The framework of the research study is based on the different theories


and concepts regarding governance, obedience to the authority, and accident
causations. The Systems Theory of Good Governance has something to do with
the research study because it reveals if the national and local authorities
utilize strategic supervision in the implementation of The Motorcycle
Helmet Act in the country along with how the authorities formulate policies
and to determine whether the qualities of good governance is present in the
enactment of the ordinance or not. Basically, governance is about power,
relationships and accountability: who has influence, who decides, and how
decision-makers are held accountable (Institute on Governance, 2003).
Moreover, the concept of governance includes how an organization, including
how a nation is run, along with the processes, systems, and controls that
are used to safeguard and grow assets (UNDP, 1997).
Regarding the concept of government, De Leon (2008) suggests that a
government refers to the agencies through which the will of the state is
formulated, expressed, and carried out. In addition, it exists for the
benefit of the people governed. Also, the state cannot exist without the
government; but it is possible to have a government without a state
(Zulueta, 2003). The concepts are related to the research study because the
government manages the affairs of the state. Moreover, government is
responsible for the formulation and implementation of policies and
ordinances that benefits the people.
Moreover, when it comes to theory about obedience to the authority,
one of the most famous studies was carried out by Milgram in 1963. Also,
Milgram elaborated one theory explaining his results, and it is called the
Agentic State Theory which states that, “the essence of obedience consists
in the fact that a person comes to view themselves as the instrument for
carrying out another person's wishes.” In other words, people allow others
to direct their actions, and then pass off the responsibility for the
consequences to the person giving the orders. People act as agents for
another person’s will. Ordinary people are likely to follow orders given by
an authority figure. Obedience to authority is ingrained in us all from the
way we are brought up. People tend to obey orders from other people if they
recognize their authority as morally right or legally based.

Moreover, Milgram suggested that two things must be in place in order


for a person to enter the Agentic state. The person giving the orders is
perceived as being qualified to direct other people’s behavior. That is,
they are seen as legitimate. The person being ordered about is able to
believe that the authority will accept responsibility for what happens.
Agency theory says that people will obey an authority when they believe
that the authority will take responsibility for the consequences of their
actions. This is supported by some aspects of Milgram’s evidence. The
Agentic State Theory is applicable for the research study because it
indicates the consequences if a person obeys or disobeys the authority.
This is clearly in parallel to the research study in a way that it talks
about the situations where people follow someone on top of them.
Nowadays, the people who followed in the usage of helmet have
different reasons. Some are scared about the punishments if caught not
following, and some are scared for their lives. Nonetheless, obedience,
although cause by different factors, is still obedience in the law Although
there are road rules imposed by the government and cooperation from the
people, accidents cannot be avoided fully. Accidents are undesired
circumstances resulting in injuries, fatalities, loss of production, or
damage to properties and assets. Thus, there have been many theories and
concepts to address the arising number of accidents. In terms of Accident
Causation Theories, they were able to come up with two. The first theory is
named as The Single Event Theory. This theory is based on the assumption
that an accident consists of a single event that has a cause. Find the
cause, and you have explained the phenomenon. According to Benner (1979),
the task is easy: find the cause, correct it and one can prevent accidents.
The Single Event Theory is connected to the research study because
before one can go through the next level of this research, it is a must to
know the reasons behind uplifting such ordinance. It was known that the
City of Tabuk was alarmed with the rising number of motorcycle accidents
and they eventually found out that many of the victims died, primarily
because of the head injuries from vehicle crashes, and it could have been
prevented by wearing a protective gear, a helmet. Of course, accidents
happen because of various reasons, but end up with the same outcomes; minor
injuries, fractures, and worst, a fatal damage. Helmets do not really help
in avoiding accidents, but it gives out a platform for safety.
The second theory under Accident Causation is called The Domino Theory
which was coined by Heinrich (1936). His premise was that if a set of
unsafe conditions or hazards set up a row of vulnerable dominos, an unsafe
act would start them toppling. According to him, 88% of all accidents are
caused by unsafe acts of people, 10% by unsafe actions and 2% by “acts of
God”. Moreover, he proposed the “five-factor accident sequence” wherein
each factor would actuate the next step of toppling dominoes lined up in a
row. The sequence of accident factors are as follows: (a) ancestry and
social environment, (b) worker fault, (c) unsafe act together with
mechanical and physical hazard, (d) accident, (e) damage and injury.
Heinrich suggested that removal of one of the factors would prevent the
accident, interrupt the sequence of toppling, and avoid resultant injury.
The Domino Theory is appropriate for the research study because it
talks about the probable reasons on the occurrence of accidents. It gives
us an overview about the factors behind crashes. Since our study is about
The Motorcycle Helmet Act and the idea of conducting such arose when the
news reported about the growing number of motorcycle-related deaths, this
theory gives a back-up idea that crashes really happen mostly because of
the recklessness, and irresponsibility of the riders. There are still other
factors, things that people cannot control, but only if there is a removal
of one of the factors, specifically the unsafe acts of drivers, accidents
and resultant injuries can be prevented. That is where the interruptions of
the sequence of toppling begin.
In general, the different theories and concepts are structured in a
way that good governance comes first, and obedience to the law and accident
causation theories follow. If good governance is observed in a certain
place, it mirrors that the people trust the institution and therefore they
follow and abide to the mandates they enforce. So, if the people see that
there is transparency, and effectiveness in the No-Helmet-No-Travel
ordinance, the people will partake and eventually follow all the rules it
covers. If there is acquiescence to the same ordinance, the theory under
accident causation will be disturbed, and the toppling of dominoes will
happen, and avert accidents that are about to happen.

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