| A 75| done using two statistical measurement procedures—Measurement of Central Tendency (Mean) and Variability (Standard Deviation). The statistical treatments are to be used for two groups separately. Then, a comparison on the basis of the results of two groups’ Mean and SD score should be done. After group analysis, individual analysis needs to be carried out. The marks of any two individual students from each group are to be selected randomly. One of the student's marks must be above the mean of the group and another student's marks is below the mean of the group. Then z-score is to be computed for the selected students and interpretation of the z-score is tobe done, Qualitative analysis may be done by graphical representation using bar diagram or pie charts or any other method to be chosen solely by the student. 3. A SAMPLE PROJECT WORK ON STATISTICS (1) General Problem: On Statistics. {22 Specific Problem: To study the group and individual differences in examination results/marks of the students (two different sections of class XII) for English, in a particular year by using statistical methods. [130] Basic Concept: According to Garrett (1966), ‘Statistics is a branch of mathematics which deals with the analysis of complex numerical data, that is, data influenced by several causes’. It is ‘the science which has to do with the collection and classification of numerical facts regarding a large group of persons or things. Statistics is a flexible tool and can be used for many different purposes. In psychology, however, it ts usually employed to accomplish one or more of the following tasks—[i] Summarising or describing large amounts of data; [ti] Comparing individuals or groups of individuals in different ways; [iti] Determining whether certain aspects of behaviour are related; [iv] Predicting future behaviour from current information. Preliminaries: 2 sample groups, each of 30 students are drawn from 2 separate sections of class XII—[i] Age: 17-18 years; [i] Sex: Girls; Year: 2016; [iti] Education: Studying in class XI 15] Raw Data and Statistical Treatment: TSECTION’A (GRAND TOTAL SCORE OUT OF EACH STUDENT OUT OF 500) 5 nee RAW DATA’ : 332 339 256 290 350 406 234 716 450 337 300 305 256 394 325 365 289 356 326 341 [344 350 396 320ISC PSYCHOLOGY » Class Il Ce zs i TER ae ae : FREQUENCY (f) 2 422-441 | f 402-421 i 2 382-401 il 2 362-381 I 5 342-361 HHH : 322-341 THT ce 302-321 I 2 282-301 tl 2 262-281 | 1 242-261 | 1 222-241 I 1 TGROUPANALYSIS. © CALCULATION OF MEAN AND SD e Rave 442-461 2 6 12 72 422-441 1 5 5 25 402-421 2 4 8 32 382-401 2 3 6 18 362-381 3 2 6 2 342-361 4 1 4 4 322-341 8 3315 0 0 0 302-321 2 Spall 2 2 282-301 3 =e ae a 262-281 1 Es ¢ 5 242-261 1 Fe = 7 222-241 1 25 e a 2f(N) = 30 Be = 21 | yyy2o 207| pole” rort-0 AM = Assumed mean AM = = 3315 322 +341 2 x’ = Deviation of the midpoints of the class intervals from the assumed mean in the units of class interval Lower Me Upper limit _ py Length of CI 4424461 _ 3215 x(1st Cl) = a Note: Similarly, x' of all the other Cis are computed. Mean(M) = AM+Ci Ce HE, N = Number of scores: f = Frequency; 1 = length of Cl M = 331, 5+ (x20) = 3315+14 = 345.5 Z 2 1 PEE? = PEE -o a 3 3 © ope? (afk)? _ 59 [27 _ (28 ed par (e) = 20,50 @) o = 20/708 = 20x2661 = 53.22 __ SECTION: B (GRAND, TOTAL SCORE | 5 a RAW DATA Ces Sar ete SAS Oe 274 319 370 360 407 361 309 430 250 279 1 340 372 386, 350 326 365 299 334 355 310 359 351 348 . 364 390 399 380 400 420£49) ISC PSYCHOLOGY > Class XII NMA Z TABULATION ne | CLASS-INTERVAL (CI) TALLY FRESUENEK UA) 430-449 | : 410-429 | : : 390-409 HU 4 370-389 TY 350-369 PH II . 330-349 HU 2 310-329 HII 2 280-309 ll 7 270-289 Il 2 250-269 | 1 "GROUP ANALYSIS ; CALCULATION OF MEAN AND SD ae bar aM | ox fe fx? 430-449 1 3595 4 4 | 16 410-429 1 3595 3 3 9 390-409 4 3595 2 8 16 370-389 5 3505 | 1 5 5 350-369 8 3595 0 0 0 330-349 3 3s05 | _y 3 a 310-329 3 ss9s| 5 6 R 280-309 2 3s9s | _s 6 18 270-289 2 3505 | Ly 8 32 250-269 1 sos} sg 5 25 Ef(N) = 30 Efe! = -8Mean(M) = AM+Ci Note: Compute the AM, x', according to the given formula as Illustrated earlier. M " -8 3595+ @ x 20) =.359,5-5.33 = 354.17 z 400 o=1 PAE (ce 350 300 z | 250 | or, o = i,/Bhe" (Bhat) E200 | N N Zisot || | 100 = 20 [23S 3’ | or, o = 20 /8_(S 50 30 & oll Section A Section B of, 6 = 20045333 -(-0.2667)" Oe are o = 20,/4533-00711 = 20./44619 = 20x2.1123 = 42.246 Individual Analysis: Two individual's examination scores from Section A are considered for individual analysis. One score below the mean and one score above the mean is taken. One student's score whose examination score is below the mean is 234. One whose examination score is above the mean is 456. Mean of scores is 345.5. So, z-score of the student who scored below the mean ts calculated below— X=M _ 234-3455 z= HoM - BASES = 209516 ‘The z-scoré of the student as plotted on the Normal Probability Curve— (G08 + 487%)Sree EA. Isc PSYCHOLOGY » Class Xl NMP Referring to the diagram for the student of Section A, his position on the NPC is at the point -2.096. Now, referring to the table showing fractio 48.17% of the scores lie between the mean and the 2.090 <. The percentage of students above this student of Section A = 50% + 48.17% = 98.179 and the percentage of students below this student of Section A = 50% - 48.17% = 1.8395 ‘The z-score of the student who scored above the mean Is calculated below— = X=M _ 456-3455 _ 2.086 6 53.22 nal parts under the NPC, we see that z (60% + 48.12%) | } 4 } i 40 30 20 Is M Io 20 3 40 The position of the student, with a score higher than the mean, is denoted by 2.086. Referring to the table showing fractional parts under NPC, we see that 48.12% of the scores lie between the mean and the z-score of 2.086. . The percentage of students above this score is = 50% ~ 48.12% = 1.88% and the percentage of students below this score ts = 50% + 48.12% = 98.12% Thus, the position of the individual student with reference to his population can be shown by the computation of the z score. Note: Similarly, individual analysis needs to be done with the scores of two students of Section B. [61] Interpretation: The mean score of Section A is 345.5 and SD is 53.22. The mean score of Section B is 354.17 and SD is 42.246. This indicates that, the average result of Section B is better than Section A. Besides that, their SD scores indicate that, the scores of Section B are more homogeneous than that of Section A. | 73 Conclusion: Students of section B has a higher mean score, showing better performance than the students of section A. These students even have shown greate! homogeneity in their scores. The position of two students are plotted on the NPC.