KCSE HISTORY PAPER 2 REVISION

KIT
T0PI
C1I
NTRODUCTI
ONTOHI
STORY Char
act
eri
sti
csofGover
nment
.

&GOVERNMENT 1. Ever
ygover nmenthasrules
.
2.Legitimacyf rom t
hesubject
s.
Sour
cesofi
nfor
mat
iononpr
e-hi
stor
y 3.Sover eignty.
4.Jur i
sdicti
on.
1. Oraltradit
ions . 5.Leader ship
2.Ant hropology. 6.LawEnf orcement.
3.Ar ti
facts/F ossil
s/Archaeol
ogy/
Palaeontology. Arms/Br anchesofgover
nment-Execut
ive,
4.Languageoft hepeople. Judi
ciar
y&l egisl
ati
ve/parl
iament/
5.Genet i
cs. nati
onalassembly.

Typesoff
oss
ilsf
oundi
nar
chaeol
ogi
cal TYPES/F
ORMSOFGOVERNMENT
si
tes.
1
.Democr
ati
c
1. Bas
kets.
2.Carbonizedseeds. Thi
sisbas edonthewi
llofthepeopl
e.
3.Garment s(cl
othes) El
ecti
onsar efr
eeandf
air.
4.Charcoal 2.Ari
stocr
atic
5.Bones
6.Remainsofani mals Agr oupofpeopl
efrom t
hehighestsoci
al
7.Remainsofpl ant
stheyl
ivedon. classrul
eoverthesoci
ety.Kingorqueeni
s
theheadofgovernment.
Hi
stor
ymeansthest
udyofman’
spas
t 3.Monarchi
cal-Therul
eristhequeenor
i
mportantev
ent
s. king.

BranchesofHi
stor
y- a)Absolute-Thi
siswher
ether
eis
Economic,whi
chdealswit
hmeansof unr
est
rictedpoweroft
heheadofs
tat
e.
l
iveli
hoodofmanlike
hunti
ng,growi
ngofcropsandt
radi
ng. b)Cons ti
tuti
onal-Parli
amentiss
upreme
butthemonar ch(king/Queen)isretai
ned.
-Social
, whi chdealswithtradi
ti
ons, 4.Dictatori
al
valuesandcul
tural Ther ul
erhast otalpoweroverhissubject
s.
practi
cesofmanl i
kereli
gion,andrit
esof Hemakest helawandexer ci
sesi
t.
pas s
age. I
mpor tanceofs tudyingHis
tory

-Poli
tical
, whichdeal
swi t
hcontr
ol 1. Thes tudyofHi
s t
oryenabl
est helearner
system inthesoci
etyl
ike toknowt heorigi
nofmanki nd,andhi s
system ofgovernmentandmaintenance progressanddevelopment.
oflawandor der. 2.Itenabl esthel
earnertoappr eciat
et he
achievementsandlearnfr
om t he
Government:Meansagroupofpeopl
e fai
luresofmankind.
wit
hinas t
ate/Societ
ygivenaut
hori
tyto 3.Itenabl esthel
earnertounder s
tand
exerci
sepoweroverthatstat
e/Soci
ety. howhumanbei ngsdependandr elat
et o
 eachot her . laws .
4.I talsoenabl esust ounder s t
andour 7.Wear eabletoknowourr olesas
cultureandal s
ot heot herpeopl e’s. cit
izensandt herolesofourleaders
.
5.I tinspirespat r
iotism andnat i
onal i
sm. 8.Ithelpsusunder st
andourr i
ghts,
6.I tenablest hel ear nert oknowt he responsibi
li
ti
esandl i
mitat
ionwithi
n
politi
cal,Social&economi cor ganization whi chweneedt ooperate.
/devel opmentofours ocieties. 9.Itinfl
uencescareerchoi
ces.
7.I tenablesust oi ncr easeknowl edge/
Gainmor eknowl edge. SOURCEOFINFORMATI
ONONHI
STORY&
8.I tgivest i
me&s pacet opas t/his t
orical GOVERNMENT
event s
9.I tenhancest heut i
li
zationofhi stori
cal TheseareOralt
raditi
ons,Anthr
opol
ogy,
recordsofevent ss uchasf amine,and Archaeol
ogy/Palaeontol
ogy,Genet
ics
,
tri
est oavoi drepeatoft hes ame. Resourceper
son,Linguis
tics
,El
ectr
onics
,
10.Itenhancest hedevel opmentofour Wr i
tt
en.
criti
calthinking/mi nd.
11.Itprovidei nt
ellect ualfulfi
ll
mentt othe Theyarehowevergrouped/clas
sif
iedi
n
learner. threemainsour
ces:unwri
tt
en,writ
ten&
12.Itinfl
uencescar eerc hoices. elect
roni
cs

Hows
tudyofhi
stor
yins
pir
espat
ri
oti
sm Unwr
it
tens
our
ces

1.I
tenablesthelearnertobea Thesear
ethes our
ceswithnowr
it
ten
res
ponsibl
eciti
zen. recor
dsordocumentat
ion.
2.I
thelpsonet odevelopposit
ivevalues.
3.I
tenablesthelearnerstoacquir
ea 1
.Or
alt
radi
ti
ons
posi
ti
veatti
tudetowar dst
heircountry.
4.I
tenablesonet obecomel oyalt
ohi s/ Thisi st
hepas si
ngoverhi s
tori
cal
hercountr
y. informati
onbywor dofmout hfrom one
gener at
iontoanot her.
I
mpor
tanceofs
tudyi
nggover
nment
. Itisveryvitalamongt heill
iter
ate.Thi
s
includesStories/folkt
ales/myths/
1.I
thel psust ounderstandhowl awsar e Legends ,proverbs,songs,poems ,ri
ddl
es,
madeandenf orced. tonguet wis
ter s
,etc.
2.I
tenabl esust olearnhowdevel opment
programmesar emadeandi mplemented.Li
mitati
ons /di
sadvantages/
demer i
ts
3.I
tenabl esust olearnhowgover nment
rai
s esands pendsrevenue. 1.Informationmaybeexagger ated/
4.I
tenabl esust olearnt hefuncti
onsof distort
ed.
thevar i
ousor gansofgover nmente. g. 2.Somef actsmaybef or
gott
en,hence
Legislat
ure,Judici
ary&execut i
ve omi tt
edast i
mei sdynamicandchanges
5.I
tmakesusappr eci
ateandunder stand mayoccur .
theneedf oragovernment . 3.Somei nformati
onmaybedel iber
atel
y
6.I
thel psust oappreciatethecons ti
tuti
on conceal ed.
&t hepr ocessofmaki ng&r eviewing 4.Somei nformati
onmaynotgi vedates
 andchr onologyofevents. toanot herhasi nterfered/cor rupt ed
5.I
tisexpens i
ve. thepar entl anguage.
6.I
tistimecons uming. 3.I naccur at ei nformat i
onmaybepas sed
7.I
tmayemphas izeondominantgroups andhencedi ffi
cul ttounder stand.
onl
y/Maybebi as
edonaf ewgroupsof 4.Ther ei sapos sibil
ityofomi tti
ngs ome
peopl
e. wor dswhent rans lati
ng.
8.I
tmaybef al
s e. 5.Somewor dsmaybedi ff
icul tto
9.Theinformat iondependson under stand.
quest
ionnai re. 6.Somel anguageshavebecomeol dand
irrelevant/ar chai c,hencedi f
fi
cul tto
Merits/advant ages trans l
at e.
7.Di fferentl anguagesmayhaves imi l
ar
1.Itisus edi nt heabs enceoft hewr i
tten. wor dsf ordi ff
er entmeani ngs .
2.Itcompl ement sot hers ources .
3.Itiscapt i
vat i
nges peci all
yi fi
ti s 3.Ant hropol ogy
narratedbyapar ti
cipant .
4.Itisaf orm ofent ertainment . Thisi st hes t udyofhumanbei ngs ,thei r
5.Event hei ll
iteratecanbenef i
t. origin,phys icalat tribute,s ocialact ivities
andi ns ti
tutionse. g.mus i
c,r eligious
2.Linguistics pract iceset c.
Itgivesadeeperunder s t
andi ngofa
Thisisthes cient i
fics tudyofl anguages . peopl e’ scul tur e.
Languageschangewi tht ime.Peopl ewho
speakacommonl anguagemaybeas sumed Limi tation/di sadvant ages/demer its
tohaveacommonor i
gini nthepas t
.
1.I tisexpens i
vet omoveandl i
vei na
Advantages/Mer its foreignr egi on/ar ea.
2.I tist i
mecons umi ngasi tt akest imet o
1.F actscanbeobt ainedaboutmov ement learnf rom s tranger s.
ofpeopl eandt hei rr elati
ons . 3.I tisdi ff
icul tfort her esear chert oadapt
2.Ithel psust ounder s tandcombi nations tot henewenvi ronmentoft hepeopl ein
bett
er . ques t
ion.
3.Itisamedi um ofcommuni cation. 4.Ther es ear chermaymi s simpor tant
4.Ithel psi nt hedat ingoft hemi grati
onof det ail
ss i
ncet hepeopl eunders tudy
people. maybehavedi ff
er entlyast heyar e
5.Itenabl est her es ear chert ogat her obs ervedi nthei rowncul tur e.
i
nformat i
onf rom var iouss ources. 5.I tisnotr eliableoni t
sown;i thast obe
6.Itcanhel phi storianst odi scoverl i
nks compl i
ment edbyot hers our ces.
betweendi fferentpeopl ewhi chwer e
notknownbef ore. Advant ages/mer it
s

Di
sadvant
ages/Demer
it
s/Li
mit
ati
ons 1
. Byl i
vingamongthepeople,the
researchmaybeabl etounderst
and,
1. Lear
ningalanguaget
akeslong. discoverandexpl
ainthestr
ucturesof
2.Bor r
owingofwordsfr
om onelanguage society&thei
rcult
ure.
2.I
thelpshi st
oryt odet
erminethecult
ural 3.I
tcompl ementsotherssour
ces,thi
s
pastoft hepeople. ensuresauthenti
cit
yoftheinf
ormation.
3.I
tgivesadeeperunder s
tandi
ngofa 4.I
tprovidesinfor
mationoncult
ureof
par
ticularaspectofapeople’
scultur
e. earl
ypeople.
5.I
tgivesapictureonhumanact ivi
ti
esi n
4.Genetics/Bot any/Zool
ogy/Biology thepast.

Thi
sinvol
vesthest
udyofheredi
tar
y& Li
mit
ati
on/di
sadvant
ages/demer
it
s
var
iat
ionsofi
nher
it
edcharact
eri
sti
cs.
1.I tisexpens ivet oorgani zevi sitsto
mus eumsandar chaeologi cals it
esf or
Li
mit
ati
ons
/di
sadvant
ages
/demer
it
s inf
or mat i
on.
2.I tisdi f
fi
cul ttolocates ites,ar tif
actsare
1.I
tistimeconsumi ng buried.
2.I
tisnotaccur
at eespeci
all
yindates
. 3.I tist i
mecons uming.
3.I
tmaynotber el
iableaspeopl
elook 4.Somear ti
facts&f ossil
sar ef ragileand
al
ike. hencet heycanbr eakdur i
ngexcavat i
on
ort ranspor tat
ion.
Mer
it
s/Advant
ages 5.I tcannotbeus edtos tudyr ecent
history.
1.I
tiseas
ilyavai
labl
e 6.I tmaynotbeaccur ateasi tdependson
2.Ther
earenos kil
lsneeded concl usi
ons( i
nferences )&
recons tructions.
5.Ar
chaeol
ogy&Pal
aeont
ology 7.Thedat i
ngi snotaccur at easi tcanonly
bees ti
mat ed.
Thisinvol
vesthes t
udyofman’spast 8.Ther ear ever yf ewarchaeol ogi sts.
thr
oughs cient
if
icanal
ysisofmat
eri
al 9.I tisdi f
fi
cul ttoidentif
ypar ticularpeople
remainsofhiscult
uree.g.pot
ter
y, byname,l anguage,pl aceofor iginetc.
buil
dings,scul
ptur
eetc. 10.Itdependsonot herdis cipli
nesf or
analys i
s.
Allthes earer ef
erredt oasar tif
acts/
fossil
s.F ossi
lsarer emnant sofmanwhi l
e Howar chaeol ogicals i
tesar elocated.
arti
factsar eremnant sofman’ st ools.
Someoft heearlyar chaeologis t
sinE. 1. Archaeol ogi stslookforar easwher e
Afri
cai ncludeDrLoui sLeaky,Mar yLeaky, tectonicf orces( fault
ing)orer osionhas
RichardLeaky,Jonat hanLeaky,Meave takenpl aceexpos i
ngs urfaceswhi ch
RichardLeaky,DrM.Pos nans ky,DrH.N.N. maygi ves omecl ues .
Chitti
ck,DrD.W.Phi li
pson 2.Whenphys icalf
eat ur
es ,wher ebyt he
areas ’featur esmaybedi f
ferentfrom
Advant ages/mer i
ts( Archaeol ogy) theot her sar oundt hem,t husvi si
on.
3.Hi storicalr esearch,es peciall
ywhenan
1.I tgivesdet ail
edi nformationofv ar
ied areai sment i
onedi nanor alnarrati
ves
natur e. e.g.Babyl on.
2.I tgivesas enseoft i
measar t
if
actscan 4.Longexper ience&s kil
lsmaygui dethe
bedat ed. archaeol ogi sttolocateas it
e.
5.Duri
ngculti
vati
on&bui l
ding Pr
int
eds
our
ces
const
ructi
onancientobj
ectscanbe
acci
dental
lyexposed. Theyi ncludebooks ,Char ts/maps ,Scr ol
ls,
pai
nt i
ngs ,cl ayl abel s,s tonet ablet s,
Thingsar chaeol ogistsus et oobt ainhi story. j
our nals/per i
odi cals,News paper s/
Magazi nes ,Di aries/Bi ogr aphi es ,/Of fi
cial
1.Remai nsofWeapons .2.Remai nsofTool s. Gover nmentr ecor ds ,cons titution,pi ctures.
3.Remai nsofBones .
4.Remai nsofPl ant s5.Remai nsofAr twor k Advant agesofwr itt
ens our ces
/paint i
ng.6.Remai nsofBeads .7.Remai ns
ofCoi ns8. Remai nsofGar ment .9.Remai ns 1 . Theycanbes toredf orf ut urer ef erence.
ofChar coal1 0.Rockpai nt i
ngs .11
. 2.Theycanr eachal lliter at epeopl e.
Carboni zeds eeds .
12.Remai nsofdwel lings. 3.Theypr omot el i
teracy.
13.Tradi tionalcr aftsl i
kepot teryandbear ds.4.Theyar el es scos tl
yascompar edt ot he
other s.
6.Geol ogy 5.Theyar eaccur ateast hei nformat ioni s
pres ervedexact lyasi twasr ecor ded.
Thisist hes tudyoft heor i
gin,s t
ruct ur e& 6.Theycanbet rans l
atedi ntomanyot her
compos itionoft heear t
h. languages ,whi chwi l
lenabl emany
peopl eofdi f
ferentl anguagesal lover
Wr i
ttenSour ces . thewor ldt olear nhi s tor y.
7.Theycont ainf ewerbi as es .
 Theyi ncl ude:books ,j ournals,novel s, 8.Theypr ovi dedat esf orevent s.
plays ,news paper s,magazi nes,di aries ,
annualr epor ts.
 Theyar ecl as si
fiedint ot hree-Ar chi ves, Di sadvant ages/l imitations/demer i
ts
manus criptsandpr i
nt ed/publ i
s hed
sour ces . 1. Someaut hor somi tes s ent ialinf ormat ion
 Ar chivesar eacol l
ect i
onofhi stor ical foroner eas onoranot her ,hence
document sorr ecords ,whi char e ma kingi t u nre l
iab l
e .
acc es s iblet ot hepubl icaf t
ers omet me. 2.I
i fther ecor dsar emi s placedor
Thi si st her eforeapl acewher e d estroye d, on ema yn o t getany
gover nment ,publ ic&ot herhi stor ical informat ion.
infor mat ioni skept . 3.S omea ren otr eadi lyavai lablef or
 Manus cr ipti sanaut hor ’
shandwr ittenor referencee. g.whencont roll
edbyt he
typedt extt hathasnotbeenpubl i
s hed. g overnme n t.
 Publ is hed/pr intedar ethos et hathave 4.I tmaybemi sunder stoodor
beent ypedandof f
iciall
yr eleasedbyt he mi si
nter pr etedbyr eaderf oroner eason
aut horf orpubl icus e. o ran othe r.
 Ther ewer et wot ypesoft hem;s tone 5.Wr it
ersmaybebi as edast heymay
tablet s&s croll
s . w ri
tef rom t
h eir particu la rp oi
ntofvi ew.
6.I tisonl yl imi t
edt ot hel iterate.
7.Somemaynotber eadi lyavai lablef or
 Ot herwr i
ttens our cesi ncludePi ct ures
reference.
andPar c hment s .
El
ect
roni
csour
ces
i
i. Pot
ass
ium Ar
gonmet
hod.
Thesear e:micr
ofi
lms,radio,Audi
o-vi
sual
s
e.g.TV,fil
ms,Video,Databanks/ Thisisusedt odatevolcani
cas h
Databases/Comput ers &mi neral
scont ai
ningpotassi
um.
Potassi
um i semit
tedduring
Thesear
elar
gestoresofor
gani
zed vol
canicer upti
ons.Af
teriti
s
i
nfor
mati
onwhichcanbeaccess
ed. deposit
ed,i tbegi
nstodecayi nt
o
thegasor gan.
Advant
agesofel
ect
roni
cs
c) St ratigraphy
1.Itcapt uresinfor
mat i
onasi thappensat Thi sist hes tudyandi nter pretat i
onoft he
thes cenesar erecordedl i
ve. layer sofr ockss ucces sivelydepos itedat
2.Theymaket hepas tcomeal i
vet oday.onepl ace.Us edi ns edimentar eas .
3.Theygi vefactsaboutevent sonat opi
c.
d) F ission-trackdat i
ng
4.Thedocument scanbes t
or edf orfutur
e
Itisus edi nPl eistocenes ampl es ,wher e
us e. ur anium i spr es ent .
5.Theycaneas il
ybeacces siblewhen Itisdet ermi nedbyobs ervi ngt het r acks
needbe. madei nt hem byt hefi
ss ionf ragment sof
6.Theyar efaster. theur anium nucl eithatt heycont ain.Thisis
Li
mi tati
onsofel ect
ronics ources from t het imet heobj ects oli
dified.
1. Theymaybebi ased e)Lexi co–s tat isticsdating
2.Theymaybei naccurate. Thi sist hes tatisticalstudyoft he
3.Theymaybet ooexpens i
ve. vocabul aryofl anguagewi tht hei nt entionof
4.Theyar eunr eal
ist
ic,thuscont ain det ermi net hei rage&t hei rhis toricall i
nks
exagger at
edi nf
ormat i
on. wi thot herl anguages .
f) St atisticaldat ing
N/B:thes ourcescanal sobes ummedupas Thr oughas ys tem ofaver aging,t hel ength
pri
mar y(unwr itt
en)s econdar
y( wr
it
ten)and ofagener ati
oncanbedet ermi nedand
ter
ti
ary( electronic) dat eses ti
mat edf orevent sas s ociatedwi t
h
MethodsofDat i
ngF ossi
ls cer taingener at ions .
.
a) Geol ogicalper i
ods
Thes ear enamesofper iodsofpast
ti
me.
b) Chemi cal
i. Radi o- car
bon1 4dati
ng

Thisisbymeas uri
ngt her ateof
decayofcar bon14i nfoss i
ls
.Car bon
14isfoundincar bondi oxidewhi chis
presentintheat mos phere.
I
tsabs orpt
ionbypl antsandani mal s
stopsatdeat handi nstead,itstarts
todecay.Thi scanthenbeus edt o
esti
mat ethedat eitexisted
 1. Mut
ation
2.Naturalsel
ect
ion
3.Isol
ati
on
4.Adaption

Composi
ti
on/f
eat
uresofDar
win’
snat
ural
sel
ect
ion
TOPI
C2.
EARLYMAN
1. Allcreat uresar euni quel ydi f
ferent
Or igi
nofman basedonher edit
ar yfact ors.
Ther ear et hree( 3)t heoriesconcer ni
ngt
he 2.F rom bi rth,fewyoungor ganisms
originofman:cr eat i
on( reli
gious ), managet odevel opt omat uri
ty.
traditional(myt hical)andevol ution/ 3.Thos ewhomanaget omat ureand
Sci entif
ic/Dar wi n’s. reproduc ear ethos et hatar eabl eto
adaptt ot heexi stingenvi ronment .
Cr eation/Rel i
gious 4.Onl yt hef ittestcoulds urvive( s
ur vi
valof
thefittes t
).
Thi sisr el
igious,andi tisfoundi nthe 5.Is ol
ation&adapt ioni st hef i
nals tagein
religiousbooksl iket heQur anf ort he evolution.Thi sisduet ot heincr easein
Mus l
ims ,theBi blef ortheChr is
t i
ansand numberandhences uchf orbas icneeds.
theBhagvat geetaf ortheHi ndus .I
t As peci esmaybei solatedbef oret aki
ng
emphas i
zest hatmanwascr eat edbyGod. onas igni f
icantl
ydi ff
er entphys icalform.

Myt
hical/t
radi
ti
onal  Smal lcreaturesgr aduall
ydeveloped
i
ntobi ggerones .
Thistheoryisfoundinthevari
ous  Cli
mat icchangest ookplace.
communi t
iesaroundthewor l
d.The  Hewass ecureont r
ees .
communi t
ieshavediffer
entbeli
efs  Hef edoni nsects,birds&leaves
concerni
ngt heorigi
nofman.Itisbas
edon  Afr
ica,es peciall
yEas ternwascr adl
eof
thei
rcus t
oms . manki nd.
 Thi
si sduet o:
Evolut
ionScienti
fi
ctheory
1. Theexi stence/Pr esenceofmany
Thi swasputf orwardbyCharlesDar wi n archaeologi calsitesar oundL-Vi t
oria
from Br itai
n-in1859.Thiswasapr oc essof andR/Val leyar ea.
changei nl i
vingorgani
smsoveral ong 2.Thepr es enceofs avannagr assl
ands
per iodoft ime.Hes tat
edthatalll
iving foundi nKenyaf avor edhunt ingasa
thingsevol vedovermanyyear sfr
om meansofs urvivalbymane. g.forests.
Simpl eli
vingcelltomor ecomplexpl ants& 3.Exi st
enceofper manentr iverswhi ch
ani mal s
.Manbel ongstothehomini dae providedwat erforus ebyman.
fami lywhi l
eapesbel ongtothepongi dae 4.War mt ropicalclimat ewhi chwasi deal
fami ly. forman’ sexi stence.
5.Geogr aphically,Africaofwhi chKenyai s
St agesofevol ut
ionofearl
yman. partwascent ral
lyl ocated,maki ngit
 possiblefort
heear
lymantos pr
eadto suitablef oranupr ightpos t
ure.
theot herpar
tsast
hecont
inentswer
e 5.Thet humbbecames trongerandmor e
dri
ft
ing. separ atef r om t hef ourf i
nger s.
6.Thel eg&f ootf ormat ionchanged- feet&
 Thi si sevi denti nar chaeol ogicals i
t esin toesbecomes hor ter.
Kenyae. g.Rus ingaI sl
and,El iyes pr ings, 7.Manhasadevel opeds peech.
Kanapoi ,Nai orokot ome,F ortTer nan 8.Manhasl es shai r.
(nearKer i
cho) ,Kar iandus i(near
Element aita),Gambl escave, Stagesofevol uti
onf rom apet oman
Olor ges ail
ie,KoobiF or a(nearL.
Turkana) ,Hyr axHi ll,Nj oror iverc ave, Pitheci nes
Kanj era,Gedi ,Lewa,Ches owanj aet c.
 I nTanzani awehaves itesl i
ke–Ol duvai 1 .Aegypt opithecus( Egypt ianApe)
Gor ge,Cheke,Eyas i
,Ngor ongor o,
Isi
mi la,Api sRock,Kal ambo,Ki ses e, 1.I tisbel ievedt obet heear l
iestancestor
Gar us i
,Ngal oba,Peni nj,Kondoa, ofman.
Engar ukaandI ringa. 2.I twasdi s cover edi ntheF ayum
 I nUgandawehaveNs ongezi ,Napak , Depr es sioni nEgypt .
Magos i
,Par aa,Tencent sterrace, 3.I th adas t ereo sco p i
cv is
ion/haddeep
Ishanga,Mweya,Nyer o,Nyabus or a, eyes ocket s.
SangoandLol ui 4 .T heh an ds/ f
rontl egsenabl edhi mt o
 I nEt hiopi awehave–Omor i
verv al ley, jumps killfull
yf rom onet r
eet oanot her.
Hadar ,Afar&Bodo. 5 .I tw asq ua d r
u ped al /w al
ke do nfours.
6.I thadhad32t eet h.
Changesi near lyman/br eakof fpoi nt 7.I tw ass ma l
l/ w eig hedabout4kgs .
betweenapes&man.
2.Dr yopithecusAf ricanus/Pr oconsul/
1. Manbecameupr ight/bi pedal . “C hie f
”
2.Hebecamel es shai ry.
3.Hi ss kul l
’ss i
zebecamel ar ge. 1.I twasf oundatRus ingabyLoui s&Many
4.Thej aws&t eet hbecomes mal ler . Leakyi n1 948
5.Thehands&ar msbecames hor ter . 2.I th ads mo ot hfor ehead.
6.Thel egsandt oesbecames hor ter. 3.I thadl ongt eet h.
7.Hebecamet al
ler . 4 .S omeo f h isfos sil
swer eal sofoundi n
8.Hehadas lenderbody. Eas t
-As ia&Eur ope.
9.Hehadabi ggerbr ain. 5 .H ea t
eme a t&f ruits.
6.Heus edf or elimbsasar ms .
Dif
ferencesbet weenapes&pi t
heci nes . 7.Hewal kedonf our s.

1. Theear l
ymanhadabi ggerskul,hence 3.Kenyapi
l t
hecus/Ramapi thecus
biggerbrain.
2.Mani supright/bi
pedal. 1. Thefossi
lswerefoundatF ortTer
nanby
3.Theear l
ymanhads t
rongerjaws& Loui
sL eakeyi
n1 961.Thi
sw asthe
teeth,astheyweresmal l
erinsize. Kenyapi
thecus.
4.Thef or
earmsbecames horterandmor e 2.O therfoss
ilswerefoundatSiwali
kis
-in
 I
ndiaandot hersi nEurope.Thiswas Kamoya,WambuaMangao,Nzube
ref
erredtoasRamapi thecus. Mut i
wa&SamuelNgui )
3.Hehads mal
lercani neteethl
ikethos
e  Otherwel l-
knownar chaeologis
tsinEas
t
ofman. Afri
caincludeDrLoui sLeaky,Mar y
4.Hehadabi gjaw. Leaky,Jonat hanLeaky,MeaveLeaky,
5.Hehadbi ggerbr ainthanearli
er RichardLeaky,AllanWal ker,DrM.
pit
hecines. Pasnans ky,DrH.N.N.Chi t
ickandDrD.
6.Hewasquadr upedal. W.Phi l
ipson.
7.Hewei ghed-18-36kg.
2.Aus
tral
opi
thecusAf
arens
is.
4.Austral
opi
thecus/Sout
her
nApe/
Zi
njant
hropus/Nutcr
acker  Thef ossi
lswerefoundatAfarinEthiopi
a
man -small&bipedal
.
 Someofi tsfossi
lswerealsofoundat
Thes
eweretheear
li
esthomi
nidscl
osert
o Laet
oli&Tugen( Bari
ngo).
man.
HemadeOldowant
ools
. 3.Austr
alopi
thecusAfri
canus/Gracil
is.

1. Hewasupr ight/bi pedal.  Hewast hes maller-light&s l

ander.
2.Hehads mal l
erbr ai
n-450- 500cc.  Hehadas mal lbrain.
3.Hehadal argef ace.  Hehadl ar get eeth,Jaws&s kul
l.
4.Thebodi eswer ehai ry.
5.Hewass hor tbuts t
rong. 4.Aus t
ralopi t
hecusRobus t
us/Boi sei
6.Hehadl owf oreheadwi t
hdeep- seteyes.
7.Hehadl ar get eeth&Jaws .
 Thi swast hebi gges tandt hemos t
8.Hehadgr indi ngmol ars.
recentt ype.
9.Thes kul
landj awwer emuchl ar
gert han
 Hehadabr aincapaci tyof500- 800cc.
moder nman’ s.
10.Thef oss
ilswer efoundatTaungi n  Hew a sa b ou t5fttall
.
BotswanabyRaymondPar t i n1924.  Hewass trong,t allandheavy.
11.InE.Afri
c a,i twasf oundatOl duvai  Hewei ghedabout68kg.
GorgebyMar yl eakyi n1959.  Histee th&j awr es embl edmoder nman.
12.Itwasnic k-namednutcr acker
13.Itwasals of oundatOmoRi verval l
eyin Homi ni
ds
Ethi
opia,Laet oliandnearL.Nat roni n
Tanzaniaandal s onearLakesTur kana& A.HomoHabi li
s( manwi t
habi li
ty)
BaringoinKenya.
 Thef os silswer efoundatOl duvaiGorge
TypesofAus tralopithecus i
n1 964byJonat hanLeakey.
 Itwasal s of oundatOmor i
vervall
ey&
1.Austr
alopithecusAnamens is KoobiF or a.
 Thes truct ureoft humbhadi mproved
 Thi sisthel atestatKanapoi&Al l
iaBay andhecoul dhandl etool s
.
attheLTur kanabyDrMeaveLeaky,Dr  Thes hapeofs kullres emblesmoder n
All
anWal ker&‘ Homi nidGang’(Ki meu man’s.
 Hehads mallt
eethands mallj
aw. 4.Hemadecl othesfr
om animalski
ns.
 Hewasaboutf i
vefeettal
l. 5.Hedevelopedlanguageforeff
ecti
ve
 Hehadabr aincapaci
tyofbetween500 commun i
cati
o n.
-800cc. 6.Hemigratedtowar merareas/regions

B.HomoEr
ect
us(
upr
ightman) C.HomoSapi
ens(
Thi
nki
ngman)

1. Hisfos silwasf oundatHadar& 1. Hehadas teep&wel lr oundedf or ehead.

Olorges ail
le. 2.Hehadabi gbr aincapaci ty- 1
000-
2.Hei nvent edf i
re. 1800 cc.
3.Thef os sil
swer eal s of oundatNi okot one 3.Hewasabout5f t
,6i nchest all.
RivernearL.Tur kana,Mor occo&S. 4 .Hew asu p ri
ght.
Afri
ca. 5.Hehadanadvanceds peech.
4.HemadeAcheul iant ool se.g.handaxe, 6 .Hisfo ssi
lsw erefo unda tEliyes pr i
ngs
Spearheads ,Cleaver sandar rowheads . nearLakeTur kana,Kanj er a&Kanam i n
5.Hewasupr i
ght. Keny a.
6.Hehadpr otrudingJaws . 7.Thef ossilswer eal s of oundatBodo&
7.Hewasabout5f eet ,6i nchest all/1.2 OmoR. Vi nEt hiopia&Nyal obai n
m. Tanz ania.
8.Hehadal ongs kull.
9.Hehaddevel opedat humb/handf or Typess ub- speciesofHomos api ens
grasping.
10.Hehadabi ggerbr ainbet ween700- 1.Rhodes i
anman
1250cc.  Hisf os s
ilswer ef oundi nNor ther n
11
.Hehadamor edevel opeds peecht han Rho desia( mo dernZ amb ia)
theear liercreat ures .
2.Neander t
halman
Hisdistinctchar acter i
s tics  Hisf os s
ilswer ef oundi nNeanderval l
ey
–Ger many- 1
856
1. Hehadabi gbr aincapaci tyofabout
700- 1250cc/Hi ght hi nki
ngcapac ity 3.Cro-Magnonman
2.Hewal kedupr ight/bi pedal.  Hewast all
erthanmoder nman,
3.Hehadabi li
tytogr as pobjects. st
rongerandbus hyeye- brows .
4.Hehadamor edevel opeds peecht han  Hel i
vedi nW.Eur ope.
theear liercreat ures .
5.Hehadal ongs kull. D.Homos apienss api ens
6.Hehadpr otrudingj aws .
7.Hewasabout5f t,6i nchest all
. 1. Heevol vedf rom t heHomos apiens.
2.Hewasmor eadvancedt hanHomo
Howheat tempt edt oi mpr ovehi swayof sapiens .
l
ife. 3.Hepl ansahead,makeaccur at e
forecas tsetc .
1. Hei mpr oveds t
onet oolsbyLeval lois. 4.Theymovedands ettl
edi ndi f
ferent
2.Hei nvent edf i
reandus edi tforcooki ng. regionsanddi fferentenvi ronment s
.
3.Hes et t
ledi ncavesf ors ecurity. Thist henbr oughtaboutt hei deaof
 races
. OldStoneAge/LowerPal
eol
it
hic
5.Hemademor ecomplexweapons
. (450,
000-50,
000years)
.
6.Hemadegar mentsfr
om ski
nsusing
bones.  I
tisconnect
edt
oHomohabi
li
s.
7.Hebuilthut
s.
st
1. HemadeOl dowant oolsi nt he1 halfof
theper i
ode. g.Chopper s ,Pebbl es,
Summar y Flakes .
Thes et ool swer ef oundi npl acesl ike
1. Aegypt opi thecus/Egypt ianApe. OlduvaiGor ge,KoobiF or a,OmoRi ver
2.Dr yopithecus/Af ricanus/Pr ocons ul/ Valley,Kaf uval ley,Shabapr ovi nce,
Woodl andMan/“ Chi ef” Alger ia,Mor occoandTuni si
a.
3.Kenyapi thecus/Ramapi thecus/Kenyan 2.Acheul ian/Pebbl et oolswer emadei n
Ape/Woodl andMan/As i
anApe the2nd hal fe.g.chopper s,handaxe,
4.Aus tralopi thecus/Sout her nApe/Man cleaver s,s craper s,arrowheads ,spear
Ape/Zi njant hr opus/NutCr ackerMan headset c.
5.HomoHabi li
s/HandyMan/Pr actical 3.Hecommuni catedus i
ngges t uresand
Man whi stl
ing.
6.HomoEr ect us/Upr ightMan 4.Heus eds tonet ool sformanypur pos es
7.Homos api ens/Thi nkingMan li
kes kinni ngani mal s.
8.Homos api ensSapi ens/Moder nMan. 5.Hel ivedi ns mal lgr oupst oas sisteach
other .
CULTURAL&ECONOMI CPRACTI CEOFTHE 6.Heat er awf oodasf i
rehadnotbeen
EARLYMAN invent ed.
7.Heobt ainedf oodt hroughhunt ingand
 Thi st imei sr efer redt oas ‘ STONE gather i
ng.
AGEper i
od. ’Thi siss obecaus eman 8.Theyus eds impl ehunt ingmet hodsl ike
useds t onet omaket ools. trapsandt hrowi ngs tonesast hey
 Iti sal socal led“ Paleolit
hic”whi ch chas edaf t
ert heani mal.
means“ Ol dSt oneAge”i nGr eek. 9.Hehadnocl othes ,butt hehai rybodi es
 Iti sdi videdi ntoTHREEmai ns tages, keptt hem war m.
namel y. 10.Theyhadnos peci f
ic/per manent
1) Ol ds toneAge( l
ower dwel li
ngpl aces ,andt her efor e cl imbed
Pal eolithic) ont reesandhi dei ncavesf or
-450, 000- 50, 000year sago protect ionf rom pr edators .
2)Mi ddleSt oneAge( mi d 11
.Hel ivednearl akesandr ivers .
Pal eolithic)
- 50, 000–1 5,000year s Oldowant ool swer eal sofoundatKaf u
- Al s ocal l
edMes ol
ithic vall
e y,S ha b ap rov inc e,A l
ge ria,Mo rocco
per iod. andTuni sia.
3)New/ lates toneAge( upper
Pal eolithic) Usesofs tonet ool sdur i
ngt hi ss tage
- 1 5,000-1 ,500year s
- Al s ocal l
edNeol it
hi cper od.1
i .Itwasus eds kinni ngani mal saf t er
hunting.
2.Itwasusedf
ordiggingupr oots. Ef
fect
sofdi
scover
yoff
ir
e
3.Itwasusedf
orcuttingmeat
4.Itwasusedf
orshar peningbone/wood 1.I tprovi dedwar mt hdur ingcol dt imes .
5.Itwasusedf
orsofteningors cr
aping 2.I tprovi dedl ightdur ingdar knes s.
ani
malski
ns. 3.I twasus edt oext ractpoi s onf rom
6.Itwasusedf
orprotection/defense plantsus edf orhunt ing.
4.Manus edf iret os of tenf oodbef ore
Mi ddleSt oneAge.( 50, 000- 1
5, 000year s) eating.Thi swasdonebyei t
hercooki ng
orr oas ting.
 Thi sper iodwasconnect edt ot heHomo 5.I tw asu sedt ohar denpot ter y.
erect us . 6.Manus edt hef i
r ef orhunt ing.
7.F irewasal sous edt hehar dent ipsof
1. Manmadei mprovedt ool snamed weaponsf oref f
iciency.
Sangoan/LupembanbyLaval l
ois 8.I twasus edasameansof
met hod/Mous teri
ane. g.s craper s, communi cation.
chi selpi cks ,daggerpi ckskni ves ,spear 9.I twasal s ous edt opr eser vef ood.
poi nt s,chopper s ,dagger set c. 10.Firew asu s edb yma nf o rs ec urity
2.Mi cr oli
thi ci ndustryal sodevel oped. agains twi ldani mal sasi twaskept
3.Mancont inuedwi t
hhunt ingand bu rninga t th e
gat her ingbuti nani mpr ovedway. ent ranceoft hecavesandbel owt he
4.Theyl i
vedi ncampsf orpr otect ion treesdur ingt heni ght s.
pur pos es . 11
.I twasus edt ocl earbus hest of acili
tate
5.Theyl i
vedi ncaves . settlement .
6.Theyf i
s hedonl akesandr i
ver s.
7.Theyus eds implehunt ingmet hodsof Duringt heMi ddl eSt oneAge,man
chas ingt heani mal sandt hrowi ng continue dh u ntingi ng roups ,butus ed
stonesatt hem aswel lasus i
ngt raps. bet termet hods ,whi chenabl ehi mt oki ll
8.Theys tar tedwear ingani mals kinsas evenl arg er a n i
ma l
s .
clot hing.
9.Theys tar tedpai ntingt hems el vesus ing 1 . Manl ivednearLakesandr iver s.
redochr eandoi l
. 2.Hemades impl es tonet ool s.
10.Di s tinctl anguagedevel opedt oenhance 3.Manhadnos peci ficdwel l
ingpl aces .
communi cation. 4.Hehi dehi ms elffr om pr edat or sby
11.Rockpai nt i
ngwasdoneoncavewal ls climbi ngont reesandcaves .
wher et heydr ewpi ct
ur esoft heani mals 5.Hedevel opedal anguagebyges t
ures
they andwhi stling.
hunt ed/Rockar t. 6.Hemadeor nament s .Pai ntedhi ms elf
12.Theydecor atedt hems elveswi t
h withr edcl ayandoi l.
neckl acesmadef rom s eedsandani mal 7.R ockp ain ti
n gc a mei nt oexi stence.
bones . 8.Hel ivedi ns mal lgr oupsf ors ecurity,
13.F irewasmadedur ingt hi sper iodandi t shar i
ngofr es our ces ,compani ons hip,
wasus edf ordiff
erentpur posesl i
ke andas si
s tingoneanot her .
cooki ng 9.Hewor eani mals kins .
food. 10.Hehunt edandgat her ed.
NEW /LATESTONEAGE/UPPER exchangedi
temswi
thot
her
s.
PALAEOLI
THIC/NEOLI
THI
CPERI
OD
–(
15,000-
1,
500years) Charact
eri
sti
csoftool
smadebyman
duri
ngthisstage.
 Thi
sisconnect
edt
othehomos
api
ens
1. Theywer es mal lins ize.
1. Manmadet ool swi ths killandpr eci son 2.Theywer
i ehaf ted/f i
xedwi t
hhandl es.
knownasmi crol i
thictool se. g.ar row 3.T h eyw er
ec o mp osite/ ma deo fmo re
heads ,s i
ckles ,Spear s,bows ,ar rows , thanonemat erial.
sli
ngs ,harpoons ,knives ,s awsand 4.T h eyw er
emo ree f
fic
ient/s harper.
dagger s. 5.Theywer es peci al
ized.
2.Manal somades helters/cave/s mall 6.Theywer el ight er.
hutsus ingbr anches ,gr ass&mudt o
protecthi ms elff rom has hweat her/wi d Howt
l heupr ightpos turei mprovedt heear l
y
animal s. man’ swayofl ife.
3.Manal sodomes t
icatedani mal s&pl ants
toens ur eregul arf oods uppl y. 1. Hewasabl et omove/ walk/runf aster
4.Hehadamor edevel opeds peechwhi ch wi t
hl ongs trides .
madecommuni cat i
oneas i
er . 2.Ma nc ouldu set hehandst ocar ryout
5.Gover nmentdevel opedwi t
hcus toms farmingact ivities.
bec omingl awst oimpr ovehi ss oci alli
fe. 3.Mancoul dus et hehandst ogr asp
6.H.Sapi ensdevel opedr eligiousas itemsconveni ently.
evidencebyt hepr acticeofbur yingt he 4.Mancoul ds pot/sightwi l
df ruitswhi ch
deadwi ththei rpos sess ions . heus edt ohunt /gatherfrom f ar
7.Hehadt i
met oengagei ns peciali
zed distance.
simplear tandcr aftwor k/pot t
er y/ 5.Mancoul ds eet hei mpendi ngdanger
weavi ng. from adi stanceandt akeappr opriate
8.Manl i
vedas ettledl i
fewher ethey me a s
u res.
establishedvi l
lages . 6.Manus edhandst omake
9.Manmadecl othi ngus ingt reebar ksand to ol
s/we apo nsw hichwer eus edfor
animals kins. diff
erentpur pos es.
10.Theydecor at edt heirbodi eswi t hr ed 7.Manus edt hehandt odef end/ at
tack
ochr e/wor eor nament s. theenemi es .
11
.Hedecor atedwal lsoft hei rshelter s/ 8.Manus edt hehandst oper form /car r
y
hutswi thani malpai ntings/ ani mal outdomes ti
cchor es/car ryingyoung
scenes . ones .
9.Manus edt hehandst oreachf orfruit
s
Others higherabove.

1. Heals ocont inuedimprovingonhunting Hunt i

ngmet hods.
&gat her i
ng.
2.Rockpai ntingbecamemor ecommon, 1 . Chasingaftertheani
malsandthrowi
ng
i
ndicatingi ni
tials
tagesofwr i
ti
ng. st
onesatt hem.
3.F i
shingwasdoneal ongriversandlakes. 2.Us ingothertraps/snares.
4.Hes tarteds omef or
m oftradeasthe 3.Di ggi
ngpi tsanddri
vingtheani
mal
 towardsit
. 4.Caves
4.Chasi
ngt heani
mal
stowardsclif
fswher
e 5.I
nf or
est
s.
theyfal
landevenbr
eaktheirlegs.
5.Chasi
ngt heani
malt
owardss wampy Usesofs
tonet
ool
sbyt
heEar
lyMani
nthi
s
areas
. st
age.

Ot
her
s 1. Protect i
onagai ns tenemi es/weapons
2.Di ggi ngr oot s
1. Us ingf ire,s ur roundi ngt hehi dingpoint 3.Cons tructings hel ters/caves .
oft heani malwi t
hf ire. 4.Ski nni ng/s crapi ng/peel i
ng
2.Wai tingf ort hem att heirwat er i
ngpoint
s.5.Cut ting/choppi ng.
3.Us eofot herani malsl i
ket hedog. 6.Maki ngcont ainer s .
7.Sewi ng.
Howear lymanobt ainedf ood. 8.Shar peni ng.
9.Maki ngot hert ool s.
1. Hunt ing
2.Gat her ing Aspectsofl i
fewhi chhavet heiror i
gi ni n
3.Gr owi ngcr ops theLat eSt oneAge.
4.Li ves tockkeepi ng/Rear ing
5.F ishing 1. Growi ngofcr opsandkeepi ngofani mals
/Agr i
cul t
ur e.
Disadvant agesofhunt i
ngbyt heear lyman. 2.Es tabl ishmentofper manents ettl
ement s
.
3.Maki ngmi crolithics t
onet oolse. g.s pear.
1.I twasdi ffi
cul ttol ocat eors potpr ey. 4.Cr aftinge. g.Pot ter yandbas ketry.
2.Ani mal swer edanger oust ohunt . 5.Begi nni ngofgover nment
3.I trequi redmanypeopl e. 6.Rel igion
4.Hunt ingwast i
resome.
5.Hunt ingwast i
mecons umi ng. Charact er i
s t
icst hatdi stinguis
hmanf r
om
6.Ani mal sr anf astert hanman. pri
mat es .
7.I twasunr eliable.
Disadvant agesofhunt i
ngi ngr oupsbyt he 1 . Uprightpos ture.
earlyman. 2.Mani sas ocialbei ng.
3.Mani sar eli
giousbei ng.
1.I tencour agedl azines samongot hers
. 4.Devel opeds peech/l anguage.
2.Conf lictmayar iseov ers har i
ngoft he 5.Hi ghbr ai
ncapaci ty/abi l
it
yt ot hink.
loot . 6.Mani sl es shai ry
3.Ther ewoul dbei nadequat epr eyfor
ever yone. Benefitsofs et tli
ngi nvi l
lagesdur ingt he
Lates t
oneAge.
Typesofdwel l
ingsus edbyt heear lyman
duringt heSt oneAgeper i
od. 1.F ors ecur ityreas onsagai nstenemi es.
2.Itenhancedt eamwor k/wor king
1. Rocks hel t
er s. toget her .
2.Tr eet runks . 3.Itens ur edmanofper manentdwel l
ing,
3.Ont rees . therebyr educi ngmovement .
4.Manbegangr owingcr opsens ur
ing . I ncr eas edhumanpopul ationwhi chcoul d
regularfoods upply. nol ongerbes us t
ai nedbyt hehunt ing&
5.Manwasabl et okeepl ivestockwhi ch gat her ings our ceoff ood.
providedani malpr oduct s
,thusr educing 2.Cl imat i
cchangeswhi chmadeani mal s&
hishunt i
ngact i
viti
es . plantr eliabil
it
yunpr edictableasi twas
6.I
tpr omot edi nteraction,thuss hari
ngof somet i
mesaf fect ed/Mi grationof
i
deasandr esour ces. ani mal smademant os eekan
7.Peoplewer eabl et oexchangegoods alter nat i
ves our ce/Reduct ioninani mal
ands ervices,henceget ti
ngwhatt hey popul ation.
didnothave. 3.Over hunt ingdepl eteds tocksofani mal s
8.I
tenabl edt hem t obui ldbet tershelter
s, onwhi chhumanbei ngsr eli
edf orf ood.
therebypr otect i
ngt hems el
vesfrom 4.Somet i
mes ,cal ami tiesl i
kebus hf i
res
harshweat hercondi tions. des troyedveget ation,whi chwasa
thr eatt opl ants&ani mals .
Reas onswhyt heear lymanl i
vedi ngr oups 5.Somecr opsandani mal shadeconomi c
duringtheSt oneAge. val ue.
6.Hunt ing&gat her i
nghadbecomemor e
1.F orcompani ons hip. tires omeaspeopl ehadt owanderl ong
2.F ors ecurit
y. dis tance.
3.Tohel poneanot her. 7.Someani mal swer edomes ti
catedt o
4.Tos harer esour ces. provi des ecuritye. g.t hedog.
8.Ashumanpopul ati
oni ncreas ed,ani mal
Whyt heear lymanhunt edi ngr oupsdur i
ng popul ationdi dt hes ame,andt hisi nt ur
n
theSt oneAgeper i
od. broughtabouts ti
ffcompet i
tionforf ood
wi thhumans .
1. Wildani mal sar edanger ous /
couldkill 9.Real i
zat i
ont hats omeani mal swer e
people. soci ale. g.cat
2.Theycoul ds urroundt heani mal. 10.Pr es enceofi ndi genouscr ops .
3.Spot ting/locatingt heanimalwas 11.Devel opmentofi mpr ovedt oolswhi ch
easier. enabl edef f
ectivecul ti
vationofl andf or
4.Les st imewasus edtocat cht he crops .
animal /l
esst ir
es ome. 12.Leadi ngas edent ary/per manent/
5.Togi vemor alencour agement /t
eam set tledl if
e.
spi
rit.
6.Theycoul dcat chmor eani mal s. Reas onswhyt heear lymandomes ticated
animal sandcr opsdur ingt heneo- l
ithic
period.

T0PI
C3 1.Dueincr
easeinhumanpopul ati
on,
DEVELOPMENTOFAGRI
CULTURE. henceneedformorefood.
2.Therewascompetiti
onforfoodbetween
Fact
orsthatfavor
edt hedevelopmentof ani
malsandhuman
earl
yagricul
ture(domesti
cati
onofcrops bei
ngs.
andanimals) 3.Overhunti
ngdepl
eteds t
ocksofanimal
s
onwhichhumanbeingsr el
iedforf
ood.
4.Hunt i
ngandgat her inghadbecome
ti
resome/i ns ecur e. 1. Thr ought rade
5.Cal ami t i
ess uchasbus hf i
res/f l
oods 2.Thr oughmi gr ationands et
tlement .
des t
royedveget ation/dr oveawayani mals. 3.Thr oughi nter mar riage.
6.Somecr opsandani mal shadeconomi c 4.Thr oughwar s.
value.
7.Ani mal swer edomes t
icat edt opr ovide Met hodsus edt opr oducecr ops&ani mals
secur i
ty. beforet heagr arianr evol ution.
8.Ther ewasachangei ncl imat ewhi ch
caus edar idit y/Weat hers omet i
mes 1. Diggi ngs ti
cks
hinder edgat her i
ng& hunt ing. 2.I rri
gat ion.
3.F allowi ng
Theor i
esaboutor i
gi nofagr icultur e. 4.Nomadi sm.
5.Smal lgar dens .
1. Cent r
if
ugalt heor y/Onear eat heor y/ 6.Openf i
elds ys tem.
Di f
fusion
Benef it
sofdomes t
icani mal s
Thishol dst hatagr icultur ebegani n
onear eaandt hens preadt oot her 1. Provi dedr egul arf oods uppl yi nf orm of
places . meatandmi l
k .
2.Ani mals kinwasus edf orcl ot hingand
2.I ndependentt heor y. beddi ng.
3.Hoovesandhor nswer eus edas
Thisonehol dst hatagr icul tur e cont ainer sanddr ink i
ngves sels .The
devel opedi ndependent lyi ndi f
ferent hor nwasal s ous edf orcommuni cation.
partsoft hewor ld. 4.Boneswer eal sous edf ormaki nga
Someoft hes epl acesi ncludedSout h var i
et yofpr oduct se. g.or nament s,
Wes tAs i
ae. g.I raq/Per sia,I ran/ needl es,weaponset c.
Mes opot ami a,Syr ia,Tur key, 5.Someoft hem l iket hecamelwer eus ed
Lebanon. fort rans por tpur pos e,enabl ingpeopl e
As i
ae. g.Gangesval ley,HuangHo/ tot ravell ongdi stanceswi thheav yload.
Yellowr i
ver ,Thai l
and,Mal ays iaand 6.Ot her sliket heoxenwer eus edi n
Indones ia. s l
oughi ng,t husi ncr eas edcr opyi elds.
Tropi calAmer icae. g.Sout her n 7.Pr ot ect i
onf rom wi ldani mal se. g.dog.
Amer ica,Cent ralAmer ica,Mexi co. 8.Somepr oducedmanur ewhi chgr eatly
Afri
cae. g.Ni l
eval ley,Al ger ia,W. impr ovedagr i
cul tur e.
Afri
ca,Kenya,Tanzani a,Et hiopi a. 9.Somecoul dbeus edf orhunt ingot her
Someoft heear lycent er sof wildani mal sl iket hedog.
Agr arians ys tem ar e:Yel lowRi ver, 1 0.Ani mal scoul dbeus edasas our ceof
ValleysofRi ver sTi gr isand weal th.
Euphr ates ,Ni leval ley,Danuber i
ver 1 1
.Coul dbeus edass ac ri
ficesdur ing
inEur ope,GangesVal ley,I ndus rit
ual s .
vall
eyandTr opi calAmer ica.
Eff
ectsofdomes t
icat i
onofani mal s.
Howear l
yagr i
cul tur es preadi nAf rica.
1.F oods ecur i
ty. popul ation.
2.Speci al
izat i
on. 6.Availabi l
ityofwat erf rom t her i
ver s
3.Labourpr oduct i
vit
yi ncr eased. TigrisandEuphr atesandr ainsf or
4.Devel opment&ut il
izationofs kil
ls. irr
igation.
5.Reducedchancesoff ami neoccur ri
ng. 7.Pol iti
cals t
abili
tyenabl edt hepeopl et o
6.Popul ationgr ew. continuewi thagr icul turewi t
hout
7.F oodpl antsunder wentgenet i
cchanges . interrupt i
on.
8.Humans ettlementsgr ew,hence 8.Availabi l
ityofs uitables oilwhi chwas
developmentofur bancent ers
. depos i
tedar oundt her iversdur ing
9.I ncr
eas ei ns ci
enti
fi
cknowl edge. fl
oodi ng.
10.Developmentofi rri
gat ion( better) 9.Invent ionandus eoff armt oolsl i
kehoes
11
.I ncr
eas ei ntrade&weal th. andpl oughsenabl edeas ierf armi ng.
1
0.Buildingofs toragef acilit
ies/gr anar i
es.
Earli
estcrops&ani malst obedomes t
icat
ed.11.Knowl edgeofi rrigat ionl i
kes hadoof .
1
2.Thear eawasendowedwi thi ndigenous
- Dogs -Bai ley cropsl i
kewheat&ani mal sl ikes heep.
- Yams -Mai ze
- Goats -wheat Met
hodsus edbyt heSumer iansi n
- Sheep -s orghum Mesop otami ator ecla i
m l
an d.
- Camel -mi ll
et
- Catt
le -Ri ce 1. Theycons tructeddykesal ongr ivers
t
os topflooding.
EARLYAGRI CULTUREI NMESOPOTAMI A 2 .T he yd ugd itchest odr ai nwat erfrom
(Ir
an) swamps .
3.Theyus edir r
igat ionont hel andeg
Mes opotami ameansl andbet weent wo can als(buck et) an ds ha do of.
ri
ver s,andi nthi scas et het wor i
versar e
Euphr atesandTi gris. Ef
fects/i mpact sofear l
yagr icul
turein
 Cr opsgowni ncluded:Bar l
ey,wheat , Mes opotami a.
Gr apes,Oni ons ,Figs,Vi nes,Date
c1 .I tenabl edt hepeopl et os ett
ledownand
Pal m,Ol i
ves ,Mel ons ,Cucumber set
concent r at
eonf ar ming.
2.Popul ati
oni ncreas ed,duet ot he
Factorst hatf avor ed:
increas ei nfoodpr oduction.
3.F oodpr oduct i
onincr eased,hence
1. Avai l
abi l
ityofcheaps lavel abourto
imp roveds tandar
d so fli
ving.
wor ki nt hef arms .
4.U r
b anc e ntr
e sdev el
o pegU r
,Ur uk,
2.Exi stenceoft rans ports ys t
emsl ikethe
Babyl onandNi ppur .
wheel ,canoesandani mal s
.
5.T r
ad eb e tweenc ommu nit
iesemer ged
3.Set tl
ementofpeopl ei nMes opotamia
andi ncr eased,duet othepr oductionof
from I ranplat eauwhohadt he
su r
plu sfo od.
knowl edgeofagr iculture
ng 6.Speci ali
zat i
onincr aftactivi
ti
esf oll
owed
4.Cons tructi
onofdykest ocont rolfl
oodi
7.I nfl
ue nce dth edev el
o pme ntof wri
ting
whi chenabl edt hem t ocont i
nuewi th
(cunei f
or m)&ar ithmet i
ct okeep
farmi ngt hroughoutt heyear .
reco r
d s.
5.Hi ghdemandf orf oodf ort hegr owing
8.Thei nvent i
onofthewheelf oll
owedt o 2.TheEgypt i
anss tartedl i
vingas et tledlif
e.
facil
it
atet het r
ansporti
ngpr ocessdur i
ng 3.Devel opmentofnewadmi nistr
at i
ve
farming. sys tems
9.Thecons tr ucti
onofs t
oragef aci
lit
ies. 4.Di fferents oci alcl ass esofpeopl e
1
0.Itledt otheadvancementofr el
igionin devel opede. g.Sol dier s,pr i
es t
set c.
Mes opotami a,byconnect i
ngt heirmany 5.Tr adei ntens if
iedwi ths urplus
gods product i
on.
toagriculturei
naway. 6.F ar mer sengagedi not heract i
vitiesl i
ke
1
1.Gover nmentwass trengthenedwi ththe pot tery/Speci alization.
compi l
ingofcodesofl aw. 7.Devel opmentofnewr eligiousbel iefs.
8.I ncreas ei npopul ati
on.
9.Mor eadvancedt ool swer edevel opedf or
farmi ng.
EARLYAGRI CULTUREI NEGYPT 10.Devel opmentofAr chi tecturee. g.
Pyr ami ds.
 Itdevel opedal ongR.Ni l
evalleyi n 11.Devel opmentofHi er oglyphicwr iti
ng,
Fayum depr ession. C alend ar,G e ome try& A rit
h me ti
cf o r
count ing
Factorst hatf avor ed. o fseas onsandr ecor dingagr icul t
ural
product i
on.
1. TheNi lepr ovidedwat erf orcommer al 1
ci 2.Impr oveds tandar dsofl iving.
us e.e. g.Shadoof ,Bas inandCanal 13.Ur bancent resdevel oped.
i
r r
igation. 14.Enhancedt rans por twi ths ail
ingal ong
2.Someoft hecr ops&ani malswer eeas il
y RiverNi l
e.
avai l
abl east heyal readyexi st
edt here.
3.Si ltdepos itedal ongt heNi l
er iverbanks Si milariti
esbet weenear lyagr i
culturei n
madet hes oilfer ti
le. EgyptandMes opot ami a.
4.Devel opmentoff armi ngt oolslikehoes
andpl oughs . 1.I nbot hitwaspr actisedal ongr iver
5.Devel opmentandus eofs t
orage va l
le ys.
facili
ti
es . 2.F ar mer sdependedonf l
oodwat erf or
6.Suppor tfr om thel eader sli
keMenes/ farmi ng.
Stablegover nment sunderPhar aohs . 3.Devel opeds ystemsofi rri
gation.
7.Invent ionandus eofShadoofandot her 4.Us edf armi mpl ement smadeofs tone,
formsofi rrigation. woodandl atermet al .
8.Ext ernali nfluencef rom Sout hWes tAs a 5.Devel
i opedas ys tem ofs torageand
wher ef armi nghadal readys t
ar ted. p r
e se r
v at
iono f foo d.
9.Nat uralpr ot ectionf r om theenemi es. 6.Us edbot hani malandhumanl abour .
10.Avai l
abi li
tyofcheaps lavelabour . 7.P l
a ntedi ndig en ou sc ro ps.
11
.Egypt ianshadt heknowl edgeofweat her 8.Tr adedi nf arm pr oduce.
forecas ting.
Reas onswhyear lyagr iculturewasdone
Eff
ectsofear lyagr icult urei nEgypt . alongr ivers.

1
. Pr
oduct
ionofmor
efood. 1
. Exi
stenceoff
ert
il
esoi
lsdepos
itedby
 ri
vers. 7.Bet ters tor agef aci l
itieswer ei ntroduced.
2.Avail
abil
it
yofwat
erf
orirr
igat
ion. 8.I mpr ovedt rans por t.
3.Transpor
tbyuseofr
iver
s. 9.Landwascons ol idat edandt hepeopl e
wer ef or cedt of encei t.
AGRARI ANREVOLUTI ONI NBRI TAIN. 10.F armswer ef enced/Landencl os ur e.
11.Es tabl ishmentofRoyalAgr i
cult ural
Di scover ies/i nvent ionsmadei nBr itai
nat Soci etyi n1 838whi chpubl i
cizedt he
thist imei ncludedus eoff ertil
izer,Cr op newi deas&t echni quesoff armi ng.
rot ati
on/Nor folks ys t
em,I ntercroppi ng, 12.Intr oduct ionofmechani zati
on.
sel ecti
vebr eedi ng,s eeddr ill
,i r
onhoe,i ron
plough,mec hani calr eaper ,mechani cal I
nvent ionst hatl edt oagr arianr evol utionin
thr esher ,tract or ,combi nehar ves ter,Royal Br i
tain.
agr iculturals oci etyet c.
1. Thes eeddr il
l.
Far mingact ivitiesi nEur opebef oreAgr ar
ian 2.Thehor sedr awnhoe.
revol ution. 3.Sel ect ivebr eedi ngofl ives t
ock.
4.I nt roduct i
on.
1.Us eofs impl e/pr imi tivet ools. 5.I nt roduct i
onoff er tili
zer .
2.Br oadcas tingmet hodofpl anting. 6.Mechani calt hr es her .
3.Landbel ongedt ot heF eudalLor ds. 7.Mechani calr eaper /Combi nehar ves t
er.
4.Landwasuncons ol idated.
5.I nter croppi ngwaspr act i
ced. FACTORSTHATF AVOUREDTHE
6.Mi xedf ar mingwaspr actised. DEVELOPMENTOFAGRARI ANREVOLUTI ON
7.Poorbr eedsofani mal sandcr opswer e I
NBRI TAI N.
us ed.
8.Heavi lyr eliedonhumanl abour . 1. Thei nvent ionofmachi nes.
9.Openf ields ystem /St ripfarmi ng 2.Di scover yoff er til
izer swhi chl edt o
12.Shi fti
ngcul t
ivation/F allowingofl and. highyi el ds .
13.Subs istencef armi ng/Smal lscal e 3.Di scover yofpes ticidesandf ungi cides
farmi ng. whi chf aci l
itatedcont rolofcr op
15.Commongr azing. diseas es .
16.Nous eofmachi nes/us eofani mal 4.Devel opmentofnewbr eedsofcr opsas
andhumanl abour . ar es ul tofr esear chi nagr i
cul ture.
5.Recl amat i
onofwas telandwhi chgave
Changest hatt ookpl ace. ri
s et omor ear abl el and.
6.Theencl os ures ys tem pus hedpeopl e
1. Abol iti
onoff all
ows . outoft her uralar eas&cr eatedr oom
2.Newcr opsl i
kepot at oeswer e f
orpl ant ationagr ic.
introduc ed. 7.Di scover yofcanni ngandr efr
iger at i
on
3.Appl icationofnewmet hodsoff armi ng madei tpos siblef orf armer st opr oduce
e.g.us eoff ertil
izer per i
s habl egoodsi nl argequant i
ties.
4.Pl annedi nter croppi ng. 8.Es tabl is hmentofRoyalAgr i
cul tural
5.Appl icationofs cient i
ficpr inciplesof Soci et y.
farmi nge. g.s electivebr eeding. 9.Demandf oragr icul tur alrawmat er i
als.
6.Pr ivat elandowner s hi p. 10.Hi ghdemandf orf oodbyt hehi ghur ban
 populat
ion. 3.Car tt racksandf ootpat hst hatwent
1
1.I
mpr ovementi
ntr
ans
por
tsys
tem e.
g. throughunf encedf ieldswas tedl and.
rai
lways. 4.Longdi s tanceswer ecover edbef or e
reachi ngs cat ter edpi ecesofl and,t hus
Effect s/
advant agesofl andTenur esystem in was ti
ngt ime.
Br i
tain. 5.Spr eadofani maldi s eas esduet o
commongr azi ng.
1.I tl edt odevel opmentofl ar ges cale 6.Bet terf ar mi ngpr act i
cesl ikes el ect i
ve
farmi ng,t husbr ingingmor el andunder breedi ngcoul dnotbeconduct ed.
product ion. 7.Thef ar mer swer ef or cedt os laught er
2.I tl edt oi ncr eas edf oodpr oduct ion someoft hei rani mal sdur ingt he
sincemor el andwasbr oughtunderus e. seas onofaut umnt henpr es ervet he
3.I tl edt oi ncr eas ei npopul ation. meatbys al t
ings incet heywer enot
4.F acilitatedmechani zationofagr i
cult
ure abl et opr ovi deenoughhay.
e.g.us eds eeddr il
l.
5.I tl edt oes tabl i
shmentof Effectsofagr arianr evol ut i
oni nBr itain.
i
ndus tr i
alizationwhi chpr ovi ded
empl oymentf ort hedi splaced. 1. Popul at i
onexpans ionast her ewas
6.I tenhancedcont rolofs preadofpes ts r egul arf oods uppl y.
&di s eas es&l edt ot hepr oduct i
onof 2. I mpr ovedf ar mi ngmet hodsl edt o
highqual itypr oduce. increas edf oodpr oduct ion.
7.I tl edt ot heappr eciat i
onoft hevalueof 3. Ledt odi ver sificationofagr i
cul tureas
l
and. newcr opsandbr eedi ng
8.I ti mpr ovedt rans por tandt ransportof met hodsi nani mal swer ei ntroduced.
agr i
cul tur alpr oducet ot hemar ket. 4. F armer sabandoneds mal ls cale&
9.I nvent i
onofnewmet hodsof subs istencef armi ngt olar ges cale
mai nt ainings oilfer ti
li
tye. g.us eof whi chf aci litated
manur e. mechani zat ion.
10.Es tabl ishmentofor ganizat ionst hat 5. Rur al-ur banmi grationbyf ar mer swho
dissemi nat ei nfor mat i
onaboutnew wer er ender edl andl es s.
agr i
cul tur al 6. Agr o- bas edi ndus triesdevel oped.
invent ionse. g.RoyalAgr i
cultural 7. Localandi nt er nationalt rade
Soci et y. intens ifiedandboos tedt heeconomy.
11.Newmet hodsofani malhus bandry 8. I mpr ovementi nt het rans por ts ystem.
wer epr act i
cede. g.Sel ectivebr eeding. 9. Enhancedr es ear chands cient ific
12.Itf acilitatedt hegr owt hoft rade. innovat ions .
13.Itl edt opr i
vat el andowner ship. 10. Ot herl andl es smi gr atedt oot her
count ri
esl ikeCanada.
Dis advant agesofopenf i
elds ys tem in 11. Thepr iceofl andwentup.
Br i
tainbef oreagr arianr evolution
Met hodsofagr icul tur ei nBr itaindur ing
1. Landwasunder util
izedasi twasl eft agr arianr evol ut i
on.
fall
ow.
2.Theexi stenceofs tri
pspr event ed 1. Mechani zat ionofagr icul ture.
mechani zat i
on. 2.Us eofpes ticides .
3.Moder ni r
rigationandl andreclamation 1 0.Demandf oragr iculturalandi ndus t
rial
met hods . rawmat erial
s .
4.Sel ectivebr eedingi nli
vest
ock. 11.Highdemandf orf oodbyt hei ncreasing
5.Cr opzoni ng. urbanpopul ati
on.
6.Wi des pr eadr es earchonanimal sand
crops. AGRARI ANREVOLUTI ONI NUSA
7.Us eoff ertil
izers .
8.Cr opr ot ati
on. Inventi
ons/di scoveriesmadeher e
9.Landcons oli
dat ion. incl
udedus eoff erti
li
zer ,cropr otati
on,
10.Larges calef armi ng. steelplough,reaper sfactory,cot tonpicker,
11
.Newandi mpr ovedagr i
cul
turalmethods. cottongin,tractor,combi nehar ves t
er ,
refr
igerati
on,telegraphandt elephone,
Reasonsf ormovementofEur opean electr
icit
y,oiletc
i
mmi grant st oAmer icadur
ingagrarian
revol
ution. Factorsthatfavored

1. Rel
igiousdiff
erences. 1.I ntr
oduct i
onofl andencl osur es ys t
em i n
2.Politi
caldif
ferences. Britainf or cedt hel andl es st omi gr ateto
3.Thel andencl osuresyst
em i
nBr
it
ain. N.Amer icawher et heyi nt roducednew
4.Labour ersandcr af
tsmenwhowere farmingmet hods .
l
ookingforbet t
erlif
e. 2.Avai l
abi lit
yoff er tilel andf orgr owi ng
diff
erentt ypesofcr opsl ikewheat ,
Factorsthatpromotedpl
antat
ion cottonandt obacco.
agricul
tureinEuropedur
ingtheagr
ari
an 3.Mor el andwasr ecl ai medandi rr i
gat ed,
revolut
ion. thusmor ef ertil
el andf orf ar mingmade
availabl e.
1.Invent ionofmachi nesf orextens ive 4.Gover nmentr ecogni tionofi ndi vidual
farmi ng. owner shi p( Homes teadAct1 860)
2.Abol itionoff all
owsens urednol os sof encour ageds ett lerst ofar m.
product ion. 5.Avai l
abi lit
yofs ui tabl ecl i
mat ewi th
3.Dis cover yoff erti
li
zer swhichledt ohigh enoughandr eliabl er ai
nf all
.
yields . 6.Gover nments uppor tt hroughgr ant i
ngof
4.Encl os ures ys tem pus hedpeopl eoutof fi
nanci alai dt of ar mer s/Cr edi tf acili
ty.
ther uralar eas ,thuscr eati
ngr oom f or 7.I ntr
oduct i
onofs lavesf orl abourens ured
plant ationf armi ng. adequat es uppl yofl abourf orf ar mi ng.
5.Dis cover yofpes ti
cideswhi chfacili
tated 8.Det er mi nat ionofEur opeani mmi gr ants
thecont rolofdi seas es. tos ucceedi nAgr i
cul tureast her ewas
6.Mi grat i
onofpeopl et ot ownscreat ed noot hers our ceofl ivelihood.
room f orpl antationf arminginther ural 9.I ncreas ei ndemandf oragr icultur alraw
areas/Landcons olidati
on. mat er i
alsbyEur opeanI ndus tr
ialis t
s
7.Impr ovementoft rans portespeciall
yt he encour agedexpans ionofagr i
cul ture/
railways ys tem. Avai l
abi lit
yoff or ei gnmar ket .
8.Devel opmentofnewbr eedsofcr ops 10.Mechani zat i
onofAgr iculture
throughr es earch. encour agedagr icul turalpr oduct ioneg
9.Dis cover yofr efri
ger ati
onandcanni ng. thei nvent ionof
 Cot tonGi nin1 793byEl yWhi tneyled 3.Cor
n/Mai
ze
toincr eas edcot tonacr eageandt he 4.Wheat
steelpl ough
byJohnDeeri n1 837. Ef
fect
sofagr
ari
anr
evol
uti
oni
nUSA.
1
1.Devel opmentoff oodpr eser vation
encour agedf armer stopr oducemor e 1. Diver si
f icationofagr icul t
urethrough
e.g. i
nt roduct ionofnewcr opsandani mals.
Refriger ati
on. 2.Newi nvent ionsi nf arm machi neryand
1
2.Devel opmentofgoodt ranspor t& othernewf ar mingmet hods.
communi cationnet wor k,enabl edf oodto 3.Popul at ionexpans i
on.
reach 4.Manypar tsofAmer icawer eopenedup
f
armer sont ime. forf armi ngands ett l
ement/
1
3.Applicat ionofSci entifi
cr es ear cht o Mechani z at
ionenabl edmor elandtobe
Agricul t
ur ee. g.Bi otechnol ogyandus e broughtundercul tivation/devel opment
of ofpl ant ationagr i
cul t
ur e.
f
er ti
lizerandpes ticides . 5.Incr eas edf oodpr oduct ion.
1
4.Increas ei npopul at i
oncr eat eddemand 6.Expans ionofagr o-bas edi ndustri
es.
formor ef oodwhi chl edt ot he 7.Sur plusf oodwasgi venashumani tari
an
expans i
onof aid.
agricul ture. 8.Incr eas edl ocalandi nt ernati
onaltrade
1
5.Discover yofcont roll
ingofani mal bet weenUSAandWes ternEurope.
diseas esl edt oincr eas ei npr oduct i
on. 9.Impr ovedt ranspor tandcommuni cation
1
6.Teachi ngofagr i
cul t
ur aleconomi cand net wor k.
extens ions ervi
ces . 10.I
tl edt oenhancementofr esearchand
Scient i
ficdi scover i
esi nt he
Char
act
eri
sti
csofagr
ari
anr
evol
uti
oni
n fieldofagr icult
ure.
USA. 11
.Mechani z at
ionr eleas edpeopl et o
sear chf orempl oymenti ntowns .
1.I
ntensivemechani zati
on/Us eof
machines . FOODSITUATI
ONINAFRI
CAANDTHE
2.Growingofhybr i
ds eedst hrough OTHERTHIRDWORLDCOUNTRI
ES
research.
3.Larges calef
armingact i
vit
ies. Caus
esoff
oods
hor
tage
4.I
ntensiveus eofferti
li
zers.
5.Growingofs everalcropslikemaize, 1. Manypar tsofAf r
icaexper i
encel i
tt
leor
beanset c/inter
cropping. nor ainatal lovers everalyears,l
eading
6.Cropzoni ng. tocr opfail
ur eandhencef oods hort
age
/nat uralhazar ds.
2.Ther apidpopul ati
ongr owthhas
overtakent hef oodpr oducti
onr at
e
resulti
ngi nfoods hor t
age.
Cr
opsgr
own 3.I nadequat efoods toragefacil
it
ieshave
contributedt of oodwas t
agesasf armers
1. Tobacco cannots t
oref oodf oral ongt i
me.
2.Cot t
on 4.Poors t
ateofr oadsi nmanycount r
ies
 hinder st rans por tat i
onoff oodf rom 15.Manyf ar mer shaveabandonedt he
areasofs urpl ust oar easofdef ic it. growi ngofdr oughtr es istantcr ops
5.Lowpr icesoff oods tuffshave whichwoul dbe
dis cour agedf ar mer swhomayhave us edi nt i
mesoff oods car cit
y.
inves teds omuchcapi t
all eadi ngt of ood 16.Over -reliance/dependenceonf ami ne
shor tages . reli
eff oodandot herf ormsofai dhave
6.Manyf ar mer si nAf rical ackenough made
capi talt opur chas et her equiredf arm peopl enott ol ookf orper manent
input s . solut i
onst ofoods hor tages .
7.Duet ocr opdi seas eandpes ts,al otof 1 7.Lackofmoder nf ar mi ngmet hodshasl ed
foodi sdes troyedei t
heront hef ar msor tolowf oodpr oduct ion.
int hes tor esl eadi ngt of oods hor tages .
8.Theemphas isoncas hcr opf ar mi ngat Ef f
ectsoff oods hor t
age.
theexpens eoff oodcr opshasl edt ol ow
foodpr oduct i
on,t huss hor t
agesoff ood. 1. Los sofhumanl ives .
9.Envi ronment aldegr adat iont hr ough 2.Manypeopl es ufferf rom mal nut riti
on/
def or es tation/over gr azi ngofani mal s deficiencydi seas es .
hasl edt os oiler os i
onl eadi ngt o 3.I thasf or cedpeopl et odependenceon
was teland,hencel owf oodpr oduct i
on. foodai d/r elieff ood.
10.Civ ilwar sf rom Af r
icahavedi spl aced 4.I thasl edt opooreconomi c
peopl ef rom t hei rf armsandt her efor e devel opmentasmoneymeantf ori tis
diver t i
ng usedt obuyf ood.
thei rat tent ionf rom f ar ming,r es ulti
ng 5.I thasl edt oi ns ecur i
t y/r aids/pol i
tical
ins hor tagesoff ood. unres taspeopl es tealf oodandl ose
11.Poorf oodpol icieshavedi scour aged conf i
dencei nt hei rgover nment .
farmer sast heyar enotgi venenough 6.St agnantofAgr o- bas edi ndus tr
iesand
incent ivesi n henceunempl oyment .
cas eoff oodf ailure/pooreconomi c 7.Di srupt ionofchi ldren’ seducat i
on
planni ng. childrendr opoutofs chool .
12.Theyoungabl e- bodi edyoungper s ons 8.I ncreas edf oodpr i
cesf ort hel ittl
et hat
mi gr at et our bancent res ,thusl eavi ng isavai l
abl e.
farmi ngt o 9.Ref ugeepr obl em aspeopl emovet o
theagedwhoar enotabl et o otherpl acest ol ookf orfood.
cont ribut emucht owar dsf ood
pr oduct ion,hencef ood Remedi es/s olutions
shor tages .
13.HIV/AI DSpandemi chasi mpact ed 1. Newf armi ngmet hodsneedt obe
negat ivel yonl abourf or ceinf ood intr
oducedbyt hegover nment s.
pr oduct ionas 2.Landr eclamat ionneedst obeadopt ed
inmai nlyaf f
ect st heener get icpeopl e. t oincr eas ef armi ngl and.
14.Poorl andt enur es ys tem /l and 3.I ntr
oducegoodf oods t
or agef acilit
iest o
fragment ationhasr educedt heacr eage reducewas t
age.
thatwoul dhave 4.Soundnat ionalf oodpol icyt obe
beenus edf orf oodpr oduct ion,hence adopt edbyt her es pect i
vegover nment s.
foods hor tages . 5.Thegover nment sneedt os topci vilwar s.
6.Pr ovisionofext ensions er
vicest o t
oreducet
heef
fectofdr
ought
.
educat ef armer sont heirl
and.
7.Re- affores tationneedst obe Howpoortranspor
thasl
edt
ofood
encour agedt oreducet heef fectof shor
tagei
nAf r
ica.
droughtonagr icult
ure.
8.Thegover nment sneedt omakef unds 1. Hight r
ans portcos t,thushi ghfood
avai l
abl ef ormachi neryandi nput. prices .
9.Thegover nment sneedt or educe 2.Poordi str
ibutionoff ood.
taxat i
ononf armi nputstoencour age 3.Del aysi nthet ranspor toffood,hence
farmer stoi ncreas etheirproduce. was t
esandl oss es
10.Thegover nment sneedt oimpr ove 4.Di scour agef armer s,hencel ow
trans por tandcommuni cati
onnet wor kt
o agr i
culturalproduct ion.
facili
tate 5.Under minesef fecti
venes sofagr i
cul
ture
movementandcommuni cationof extens ionof f
ices .
skillsandi deas . 6.Agr icult
uralinputdel ays,henceleading
11
.Thegover nment sneedt oencour age topoorpr oduct ion.
Fami lypl anni ngs oast ohaves mal land
manageabl ef amil
iesfort hef ood
avai l
abl e.

St
epstakenbyKenyat
osol
vef
ood T0PI
C4:
TRADE.
pr
obl
em.
Tradeist hel
egalexchangeofgoodand/
1. Enhancedr esear chi ni nstitutionslike ors er
vices.
KARI .
2.Agr icultur alt rainingi ns ti
tutionshave Met
hodsoft
rade
beenes tabl i
shedt otrainexper ts.
3.I nt
roduc tionofagr i
cultureasas ubject 1. Barter-exchangeofgoodsforgoods
.
inschool st oeducat el earner sonnew - Nomoneyi nvolved.
andbet tert echni quesoff ar mingt hat 2.Cur rency-Moneyi sthemedi
um of
couldi ncr eas epr oduct ionoff oodint he exchange.
countr y.
4.Educat ingt hepubl i
cont hei mportance Di
sadvant
agesofBar
ter
offami lypl anning.
5.F ormul at ionoff oods ecur itypol i
cye.g.a 1. Somegoodswer enoteas i
lyhandledas
minimum amountofcer ealsi n theywerebul ky.
governments il
oshasbeens et. 2.I twasnoteas yt oagreeont hevalue/
6.F oodi mpor tsdur ingdr oughts easont o exchangerate.
all
eviat et hes hor tage. 3.I ncasethet r
ader slackeddouble
7.Genet ical lyengi neer edcr opsand coinci
denceitwasapr obl
em.
animal shavebeenpr oduced. 4.Someoft het radegoodswer enoteas i
ly
8.Encour ager urali ndus t
r i
alizationto orneverdivisibl
e.
controlr ural-Ur banmi grat i
onbyt he 5.Lackofs torageval ueforperi
shable
energet i
cyout hs . goods.
9.Re- affor es tati
onhasbeenencour aged
Advant
ages Thi sclas si
fi
cat i
oni sbas edont hes cale,
volumeofgoodsands ervicesi nvolved,
1. Poorcount r
ieswi thoutadequat eforeign di stancecover edandmer chantsinvol ved.
cur r
enci esbenef itsbyexchangi ngwhat
theyhavewi thwhatt heydon’ thave. 1.Local
2.Encour agess elf
-r eli
ancei ndeveloping
count ries . -Iti sconduct edwi thinal ocali
tye. g.
3.Humanwant sares ati
s f
ied. Count ry.
4.I tcanhel pt opr omot el i
vings t
andards .
5.I tbenef itswher emoneyi snon- exist
ent .I tsfeat ures.
6.I tavoi dswas t
ageasdemandands upply
tendt oequat e. 1.I tinvolvest heexchangeofgoodsi nthe
7.I tpromot esi nteract i
onhencegood samegeogr aphi calar ea.
relation,peaceands tabil
ity. 2.I thasf ewmer chant s .
3.Var i
etyofgoodsi sl i
mi ted.
Advant agesofcur rency. 4.I tinvolvest heexchangeofgoodsi n
smal lvolume.
1. Eas i
lys tor edasweal t
hf oral ongper iod.
2.Eas i
lydi vis i
bleint os mal l
eruni t
s. Fact orst hatfavor edi tsor i
gin
3.I tislight ert ot r
ans por tcur r
encyas
compar edt ogoods/I tisconveni ent, 1. Sur pl
uspr oduct i
on.
sincei ti snotbul ky. 2.Cl imat eandenvi ronment alcondi ti
ons .
4.I tcanbeus edt omeas uret hevalueof 3.Nat uralcalami ti
es .
goodsands ervi
ces . 4.Popul ati
oni ncr eas e.
5.I tisconver t
ibleint oelectronicdevices
forpayment sunl ikegoods . Effectsofl ocalt rade.
6.I tisuni ver sallyaccept ed.
1. Peacef ulco- existenceamongpeopl e/
Disadvant ages . communi ties.
2.Devel opmentofur bancent ersf r
om
1.I tcanbeeas i
lylos t. tradingcent r
es .
2.F akecur renci escancomeup. 3.I tsatisfi
edt her equi rement sofal ocali
ty.
3.Deval uat ionoft hecur rency. 4.Newpr oduct swer emadeavai lableto
thepeopl e.
Char acteris ticsofcur rency. 5.I tledt oimpr ovedt rans por
ts ys t
em.

1.Its
houl
dbedi vis
iblet
oall
oweas yuse
insmal
luni
ts.
2.Its
houl
dbeaccept abl
ebyt hesoci
ety.
3.Its
houl
dremai nstabl
etogiveas t
able
val
ueoveryears.
4.Its
houl
dbedur abletoret
ainquali
ty 2.Regi
onalt
rade.

Types
/cl
ass
ifi
cat
ionoft
rade Char
act
eri
sti
csofr
egi
onalt
rade.
1. I
tinvolvesmor egoods . mer chant sinN.Af ri
cawhopr ovidedt he
2. Hadmor emer chant s. neededcapi tal
.
3. Wasbet teror ganizedwi thmar kets. 12.Agr icultureinW.Af ri
caprovideda
4. Peoples peciali
zedi nt r
adeast heir st
rongeconomyonwhi ch, wi dertrade
meansoft heirli
velihood. wasbas ed.
5. Pr esenceofmi ddlemeni nthetrade.
Goodsi nvol ved.
 Thistradebet weent wor egionse.g.
l
ongdi stancet r
adeandTr ans-Sahara From t heNor th–Sal t,Horses,glasswar e,
tr
ade. be ads, Mirro rs
, needles,perf
ume s, spi
ce s,
 Thelongdi stancet radet ookplace driedf ruit
s ,fir
ear ms,dagger sandcowr i
e
betweent heEas tcoas tofAf ri
caandt he sh ell
s.
i
nteri
or . From Sout h-Gol d,Slaves,kolanuts ,
 Someoft hecommuni t
iesincludedt he feathers ,H i
d esa ndsk i
ns,I
v or
y, Gu m,Dyed
Arabs,Swahi l
i,andMi j
ikendaet c. clothesandpepper .

Tr
ans
-Sahar
ant
rade Themai
nit
emswer
eGOLDands
alt
.

F
act
orst
hatf
avor
ed. Whyt
hecamelr
epl
acedt
hehor
se.

1. Existenceofl ocalt radei nW.Sudan& 1.Iti sstr

ongerandcar r
iesheavi
ergoods .
amongt heBer ber swhi chpr ovi dedt he 2.I tcant ravelforsever
aldayswithout
bas ef ort rade. wat erorfood.
2.Exi stenceoft r ader outesacr osst he 3.I tsbroadf eetenablesitt
owalkwi thout
des ertmadet rans portationeas ier. sinkinginthes and.
3.Theexi s t
enceoft hecamelwhi ch 4.I thasar eservoi
roffoodandwat erin
providedt rans portacr osst hedes er
t. theirs t
omachandhump.
(Packani mal s )
4.Tuar egspr ovi dedgui dancet ot he Rol
esofTuar
egs
.
caravansacr os stheSahar a.
5.Exi stenceofpower fulleader swho 1. Theyactedasgui dest othetrader s.
providedpol iticalstabilit
yencour aged 2.Theypr ovi
deds ecuri
tyforthet r
ader s.
tradee. g.Mans aMus aofMal i
. 3.Theypr ovi
det het raderswithbasic
6.Conques tands ettl
ementofAr absi n needsli
kefood.
Nor thAf rical edt ot hei ncreas eof 4.Theyact edasi nterpret
ers/Tr anslat
ors.
tradingact ivities. 5.Theymai ntai
nedt heOas i
sandwat er
7.Exi stenceoft r adegoodses peci allygold well
s.
ands alt. 6.Theypr ovi
dedaccommodat i
on/s helt
er.
8.Act ivitiesbet weenNor thAf ricaand
Sout her nEur opeandMi ddleEas t. Tr
ans
-Sahar
ant
rade
9.Exi stenceofOas i
swhi chpr ovidedwat er
andact edasr esti
ngar eafort rader s. Or
gani
zat
ion
10.Demandf orcommodi ti
esbot hi nNor th
andWes tAf ri
ca r es pectively. 1
.Itwasbet
weenthepeoplefr
om Sout
hof
11
.Exi stenceofr ichandent er
pr isi
ng t
heSahar
a,mai
nlyWesternSudanand
 theAr absf rom t heNor thofAf ri
ca. 3.Ext remeweat hercondi ti
onsoft he
2.Theweal thymer chant sf rom t heNor t
h des ert,e. g.ver yhotdur ingt hedayver y
provi dedt hef undsf ort hecar avans . colddur ingt heni ght.
3.TheCar avanl eader sas sembl edt he 4.Tr ader sof t
enl os tthei rwayi nt he
goodst hatwer ei ndemandi nWes tern des ertduet of r equents hiftingofr outs.
Sudan/Sal t
,clot hesHor s esguns ,and 5.Scar cityofbas icneedse. g.wat erand
weapons . food.
4.Thecar avanscol lect edt hebas i
c 6.At t
acksbyhos tiledes ertcommuni ti
es.
requi rement sf ort hej our ney. 7.Manywer eki l
ledbyt hef requents and
5.Thet rader stravel l
edi naconvoy/ storms .
car avansf ors ecur ity. 8.Di srupt ionoft hei rj ourneydur ingi nter-
6.Thenomads/Tuar egsgui dedt he communi tywar s/I ns ecur ityduet o
car avanst hrought hedes er t
. decliningandf al l
ingofki ngdoms .
7.Thegui deschar gedt hecar avansa 9.Languagebar rier/Lackofcommon
mi nimalf eef ort hes er vicesr endered. languagef ort rans act i
ngt rade.
8.Localagent sinWes t ernSudanact edas 1 0.Exhaus ti
onoft r adegoodses peci al
ly
inter medi ar i
esf oref fective gold.
communi cat ion. 11
.Theywer er obbedbydes ertpeopl e.
9.Thet rader sgavegi fts/t ribut et othe
ruler sinWes t
ernSudan. Decline
10.Goodsf r om Wes ternSudani ncluded
Kol anut s ,s l
aves&gol d. Reas ons
11.Thet radewasmai nl ybar tert ypes il
ent.
12.Ther ewer et hreet rader out esl inki
ng 1. Themai nt radi nggoodsgotexhaus t
ed
theNor thandWes ter nSudan. e.g.s altandgol d.
13.TheCamelwasus edt ot rans por tgoods. 2.Ast heBer ber sandTuar egsabdi cated
theirr ole,i ns ecur itygr eat l
yi ncr eased,
Trans- Sahar anTr adeRout es . thusexpos ingt hecar avanst oal otof
robber y/Al mor avi dsandTuar egs
1.F ez- Mar rkes h- Wadan- Wal ata invadedt her egi onofSonghai ,thus
2.Saj i
lmas a- Tuat -Gao- Timbukt u caus ingi ns ecur itywhi chdi s cour aged
3.Tuni sia-Ghadames -Agades -Haus al
and thecar avans .
4.Tr ipol i
-Fezzan- Bor nu 3.WhenPor tugalandSpai ni nvaded
5.Cai ro-Mur zuk-Bilma- Kono Mor occopor t sal ongAt lanticand
6.Saj i
lmas a- Wal ata-Taghaza- Andaghos t Medi ter ranean,s hecoul dnotacces s
goods ,hencet het radewasdi s rupted.
NB-Thes er out esar ecl as sifi
edas 4.TheOt tomanTur ksi nvadedNor thAf ri
ca
Primar y/mai nandSecondar y. caus edmanywar swhi chaf f
ect edt he
tradingact ivities .
Challenges/Pr oblemsencount er ed 5.I nsecur ityandanar chyi nt heWes t
ern
Sudanar eawheni twasi nvadedby
1. Longands tressfulj our ney. Mor occo/Pol iticali ns tabili
tyi nt he
2.Danger si nt her out ese. g.coul dbe regionwasat hr eatt ocar avan.
attackedbywi l
dani mal sandot her 6.Thedevel opmentandgr owt hofTr ans-
des er tcreat ures . At l
ant i
ct rade/Es tablishmentof
 commer cialpor t
satt heWes tAf ri
can 7.Ledt oi nt er act ionbet weent heNor th
coas tr ender edcar avanst rade Af ricaandSudanbel t.
unpopul arasi twass lowandr isky. 8.I ront ool swer ei nt r
oducedi nt her egion.
7.Ant i-s laver ymovements t
ar tedi n 9.St imul at edt hegr owt hofs mi thing
Britainpavedat hr eatt ot rade. technol ogy.
8.Res our cesi nt het wor egi ons( Nor thand 1 0.Acl as sofweal thymer chant semer ged
Sout h)cameundert hecont roloft he asar es ultofweal thear nedf rom t he
Eur opeansf ollowi ngt hei rcol onizat ionof trade.
thear eas . 11.Gr owt hofs t rongempi resandki ngdoms .
9.WhenEur opeansent er edt hei nt erior, 1 2.Tr adi ngcent resl atergr ewi nt our ban
theys tat eddeal ingwi tht hepr oducer s cent resegQi dar ,Lagos ,Por tNor vo,
direct ly,t husr ender ingt heBar bar sand Elmi na,Komenda,Gor eeandDakar .
Tuar egsus eles s/Col oni zat ionofNor t
h 1 3.Agr icultur ewasboos tedwi tht he
andWes tAf ricat ookovert her es our ces, i nt roduct ionofnewcr opsi nt her egion.
thusweakeni ngi t. HowWes tAf ri
canCommuni ti
esbenef i
ted
10.Increas edpos ses sionoff irear ms from t het rade( Tr ans–Sahar an)
intens i
fiedwar f
ar ebet weent rading
cent res . 1.
Theywer eabl et oacqui renewes sent i
al
commodi tiese. g.cl oth.
Eff
ectsofTr ans -Sahar aTr ade.
2.Commer ci alcent resdevel opedal ongt he
Negat i
ve trader out es ,andt hiswasaneconomi c
boos tt ot heWes tAf ricaneconomy.
1.I ncreas ewar far ei nt her egi on. 3.SomeAf rical eader ses tabli
sheds trong
2.Manypeopl ei nt her egi onwer e armi esus i
ngt heweal thandar msf rom t he
capt ur edass laves/depopul ati
onoft he trade/Revenuef rom t het radewasus edt o
regi on. strengt hent heempi res .
3.Decl ineofs omeki ngdoms . 5.Itenhancedl ocalt rade.
4.Des t ruct ionofwi ldl i
feduet odemandi n 6.Itf aci li
tat edt hes preadofI slam /I tl edt o
Ivory. thei ntr oduct ionofI s l
ami ccul tur eint he
regi on.
Positi
ve 7.ItopenedupWes tAf ri
cat ot heout side
wor ld,hencees tabl ishmentofdi plomat i
c
1.I mpr ovedmodeoft rans por ti nt he relat i
onswi thNor t hAf r i
ca.
regi onwi t
ht hei ntr oduct i
onofcamel s 8. Itboos tedagr icul turalpr oducewi thi ron
andhor s e. toolsacqui redt hrought het r
ade.
2.Shar i
al awwasi nt roducedi nt her egion. 9.Us eofShar ial awt oadmi nisters tat esi n
3.I sl
ami candAr abi ccul turess preadt o Wes tAf rica.
Wes ter nSudan.
4.I ntroduc tionofAr abi car chit ectur al Howt het rans -Sahar ant radel edt ot he
des igns . devel opmentofki ngdomsi nWes tAf r i
ca.
5.I sl
ami cs ystem ofeducat ionwas
introduc edi nt her egi on. 1.I twasas our ceofr evenuet hr ough
6.F aci l
itat edt hes pr eadofI s l
am i nt he impor tsandexpor tt axpai dbyt rader s.
regi onofWes t ernSudan. 2.Ki ngdomsacqui redf i
rear ms ,hor seand
 ot herweaponsf rom Nor t
hAf ricawhi ch hi
des
theyus edt oes tabl i
s hs trongar miest o andbeewax.
bui l
dempi resandKi ngdoms
3.I s lami cShar ia,( Isl
ami cl aw)whi chwas Factor
sthatf
avouredthegr
owt
hoft
he
i
nt roduc edbyt het r
ader swasus edi n Trans-
Atl
anti
ctrade.
admi ni strationoft heKi ngdoms
4.I s lami cr el i
gionwasus edasauni fying 1. Afri
cas laveswer es trongerand
factor . resistantt othet ropicaldi seas esand
5.I ts ti
mul atedl ocalt radewhi chwasa couldcopewi t
hs tr
ainands tr ess.
sour ceofr evenuef ort hes t
at etogr ow. 2.Demandf orWes tAf ricangoodsby
6.Thet rader smot ivatedt heki ngst o Europeans .
acqui ret hebenef i
ts. 3.Eur opeanexpans iont oWes tAf ri
ca
7.I tenabl edt heki ngst oes tablish 1490’s .
diplomat icl inkswi thNor thAf ri
caand 4.Thei ntroductionoff irear msf aci
li
tated
ot hercount riesf orfor eignexchangef or thecapt ureofs l
avesandhencet heir
weal th. supply.
Inter nationalt rade 5.I ncreas eddemandf ors lavesl abouri n
Itinvol vesdi fferentcount ri
esei theri none Europeancount ries.
cont inentoff ur ther . 6.Af ri
cachi efshaddev elopedat ast
ef or
Trans -Atlant i
ct rade Europeangoods .
-Thi st r
adei nvol vedAf r i
ca( mai nlywes t), 7.Af ri
cans l
avelabourwascheapert han
EuropeandAmer ica. Europeanl aborersandAmer icanIndi an.
-Thepeopl ei nvol vedi ncludedEur opeans , 8.Expl oitationofmi ner alsand
Africanmi ddl emenandchi efs,Amer ican establishmentofcr oppl antat ionint he
mi ddlemenandpl antationowner s. Amer icas .
-Thes peci ficcount r i
eswer ePor t
ugal , 9.Thei ncr easeddemandofr awmat erials
Spai n,Hol land( Net her l
ands )
,Br itai
nand forthegr owingindus tri
es .
France, 10.Thei ncr easedr i
valryamongEur opean
andAf rican- wer eNi ger i
a,Ghanaand power sf orcont r
olof over s eas
Senegal ,Whi leAmer i
canwer et he count ri
es .
Car ibbean 11.Thel ucr ati
venat ureoft rade.
IslandsandU. S.A. 12.Thecons tr
ucti
onofgr eatercapac ity
ships.
I
temsi
nvol
vedt
oAf
ri
ca 13.Ther eex i
stedwel ldef i
nedr out es.

1. Clothes Waysofobt
aini
ngs
laves
.
2.Or nament s
3.Al coholi
cbever
ages 1. Raidsor gani
zedbyi ndivi
dualsorchi
efs.
4.Ut ensil
s 2.War fareands ellofwarcapt i
ves/
5.F oods tuf
fs captivesofwar .
6.Gunandgunpowder 3.Abus eofpowerbyl eaders,t
hussell
ing
7.Met al
s theirs ubj
ectsfors elf
-i
nteres
ts.
4.Thr oughki dnapping/abduct ion-l
onely
NB/Fr
om Af
ri
ca,wehadslaves,tobacco, travelers.
gol
d,I
vor
y,gum,ti
mber,pepper,skinsand 5.Ent icement/t ri
cker y.
6.Sel
li
ngoffdebtor
s/Panyarri
ng. 7.Theywer es tor edi n“ war ehous es ”/
7.Cri
minal
sors oci
almi
sfi
ts. Bar accoonswhi lewai t i
ngt obe
trans por ted.
RolesofAf ri
cansi nt heTr ans -At lantict r
ade.8.Thes laveswer et ightlypackedi ns hips
andwer es hippedacr os st heAt lant ic
6. Theyact edasmi ddlemenbet ween underpat het iccondi tionswhi chmade
Eur opeanmer chant sandi nterior manyt odi ebef or er eachi ngt hei r
communi t
ies. des ti
nat ion.
7. Theyacqui r
ed/r aidedf ors laves . 9.I twasabar t
erf or m oft r ade.
8. Rul erss oldt hei rowns ubj ects/t hey 1 0.Thepr icesdependedons ex,s izeand
wer es oldass l
aves . age.
9. Theymar cheds l
avest ot hec oas t. 1 1.Int heAmer i
cas ,t hes laveswer es old
10. Theyt rans port edt radei temst othe thr oughauct ioni ng.
coas t. 12.Oncet heyhadbeenbought ,theywer e
brandedwi tht hemar koft heir
pur chas er st hent akent opl antat i
ons
andot herpl aces
WhyAf ri
cans laveswer epr eferr ed. 13.Pr oduct sf rom t hepl ant at ions/r aw
mat erialswer et henexpor tedt o
1. Theywer eavai labl ei nl argenumber s. Eur opeani ndus t ri
es .
2.Theywer ef oundt obecheapert ous e
thanEur opeanl abor er sandAmer ican
Indians .
3.Af ri
cans laveswer et houghtt obe Reas onsf ori tsdecl ine
immunet obot hEur opeanandt ropical
diseases . 1. Devel opmentofi ndus trialr evol utioni n
4.Theyappear eds trongerandt her efore Eur opeans hifteddemandf ors l
avest o
suitablef ormanualwor k. demandf oragr icul turalpr oduce.
2.At tainmentofi ndependencebyU. S. A
Organizationoft het rade. leftBr it
ainwi thoutcol oni eswher es he
coul dt akes lavest owor k/Cl os ureof
1.I toper atedal ongt hr eet ri
angul arr outes
, s lavemar keti nAmer ica.
namel yEur ope,Wes tAf ri
caand 3.Ri s ei nhumani tarianse. g.mi ssionar ies
Amer icas . inBr itainf orcedhert oabandons l
ave
2.TheEur opeansbr oughtmanuf ac t
ur ed tradeands laver y/Phi lant hr opis ts.
goodse. g.cl othest oW.Af ricaand 4.Thedevel opmentofl egi timat et rade
exchangedwi ths laves . whi chwasmor epr of
itabl eandl es s
3.Moneyt ofinancet het radecamef rom cos t l
y.
Europe. 5.Br itainabol isheds lavet radeand
4.Sl aveswer ecapt ur edi nt hei nt erior, influencedot hercount riesi nEur opean
yokedt oget herandmar chedt othe tos tops lavet radeands laver yby
coas t
si ncar avans . signi ngt reat ies .
5.Sl aveswer eobt ainedt hroughr aiding. 6.Leadi ngeconomi stsar guedt hatf r
ee
6.Sl aveswer es oldatpar ticularcent r
es peopl ewer emor epr oduct ivet han
alongt heW.Af r
icancoas tlikeLagos . slaves .Eg.Adam Smi th.
7.F renchr evoluti
oni n1 789ands preadof 5.Ledt ot hechangesi ns ocialroles/
i
tsi deasofl i
berty. separat i
onoffami li
es.
6.Thet radeledt ot heor igi
nofNegr os
Ot hers (BlackAmer i
ca)
7.I texpos edWes tAf ri
cat omanyt ypesof
8.Res ult
soft heAmer icancivilwarof1865 diseasescameupf ollowingt he
whi chwaswor nbyt hos eopposedt o conditionsunderwhi cht hes laveswer e
slavery. capturedandkept .
9.Us eofmachi nesonf armsrender ed 8.I talsoledtot heemer genceofacl ass
slavesunneces sary. ofweal thymer chantswhoaccumul ated
10.Res is
tancebyAf r i
cansi nW.Africaand alotofweal thf r
om t het rade.
thenewwor l
dmadet heEuropeanst o 9.Someoft hetradingcent resl at
ergr ew
abandons l
avet rade. intour bancent res.
11
.Needt oretainAfricansi ntheir 10.Itbroughtaboutf earandi nsecurit
y
homel andt oproducer aw material
sfor amongt hecommuni t
ies .
thedevel opingindus tri
es.
Economi c

1. Decl i
neoft heeconomi cand
agr i
culturaldevelopmenti nAf rica.
2. Br i
tai
nexpandedi tsindus t
ryandot her
I
mpactoft hetrade Eur opeancount ries.
3. Decl i
neoft heTr ans -Sahar ant radeas
Poli
ti
cal manyt radersfoundt heTr ans -Atlanti
c
trademor e
1. Warfarewasr evoluti
onizedbythe profit
able.
i
mpor tati
onoff ir
ear ms. 4.Pr opertywasdes troyedascommuni ti
es
2.Gr owthanddecl ineofs omeempi r
es raidedeachot herf ort radei tems .
andKi ngdoms 5.SomeAf ri
caleader saccumul atedweal t
h
3.ManyAf r
icacommuni ti
eswer el
eftweak andhenceacl as sofr ichmer chant s
andunabl etor es i
stthes cr
ambleand devel oped.
part
iti
onofAf ricawhi chfoll
owed. 6.Expans ionofpl antationsagr iculturein
4.Ledt ofoundingofLi beriaandSierr
a USAast herewascheapl abourbyt he
Leone. slaves .

Soci
al
TOPI
C5.
DEVELOPMENTOF
1. SomeAf r
icancult
uresspreadtoUSA. TRANSPORT
2.Depopul ationasmanypeopl ewer e
shippedawayass l
avesandot hersdi
ed. Transportist hemovementofgoodsand
3.F orcedemi grat
iontotheAmer icas/ /orpeoplefr om oneplac
et oanot
her
.
Mul l
atopopulat
ionemer gedinWes t
Afri
ca. Tradi
tionalformsoftransport
.
4.Manys l
avesdiedbeforeandaf t
er
reachingAmer i
cas. 1. Human
2.Ani
mal-Donkeys,Horses,Oxen,Mules: ani
malt
rans
por
teas
ier
.
Camels,Ll
amaandAl paca,Elephant
s,
waterbuff
alo,Rei
ndeer,Dogs. Advant
agesofus
ingadonkey.

Di
sadvant
agesofhumant
rans
por
t. 1.Itshoovesar emor esuit
ablef
orwalki
ng
onsandy,rockyormount ai
nouster
rai
n.
1.I
tisslow/t i
mecons uming. 2.Itcouldgolongeri ndrycondi
ti
ons
2.I
tistir
esome/t ir
ing wi
thoutwaterandf ood.
3.I
tisli
mi t
edinquantit
yofgoodscarri
ed 3.Itcouldcarrybiggerload.
atago.
4.I
tcanonl ycoverashortdis
tanceswi
th MODERNMEANSOFTRANSPORT
goods.
5.I
tiscumber some Roadtranspor
t

Advant
agesofani
malt
rans
por
t.  Cr edi tedt oPi erreTr esagues t(France)
JohnMet calf(Br itain)ThomasTel ford
1. Theycanbeus edi ninacces sibleareas
. (Brit
ai n)andJohnMcAdam.
2.I ti
scheapt omai ntainani malsegdog.  Thi swasenhancedwi tht he
3.Theyar es afes incet heyar enotpr one devel opmentoft hewheel .
toaccident s
.  Ther omans oldier si nvent edt he
4.Theyar eenvi ronment alfri
endly. mur ram ( Roman)r oads
5.Someani mal scans ensedanger .  Lat eri nt he1 th
9 c,t heBr itishdevel oped
thet ar macr oads .
Disadvant
ages  Br idgesanddr ainagewer edonebef ore
highwayswer edevel oped.
1. Theys l
owandt imecons uming/s l
ow.
2.Ani malsar eaf f
ect edbypoorheal th/ Ef
fectsoft hei nvent ionoft hewheel .
inj
uri
es/at tackedbywi ldanimal s
.
3.Ruggedt errain/ext remeweat her 1.I tmader oadt rans portfas ter,easierand
condit
ionshampert hemovementof comf or tabl
e.
animals. 2.Bi ggerl oadscoul dbe car ried
4.I thaslimitedcar r
yingcapaci t
y. 3.I tfacili
tatedi nter actionamongpeopl e.
5.Somear es t
ubbor nwhent ired. 4.I tenhancedt rade.
6.Ani maltrans porti slimitedtodayt ime 5.I tledt ot hedevel opmentofr oads .
andnotni ghtt ime. 6.I tfacili
tatedt raveloverl ongdi s
tances .
7.Itas sistedt hespr eadofs ervi
cesl ike
Ot
her
s pos t
ali nRome.
8.Iti mpr ovedands trengthenedar miesas
7.Theycanonlybeusedforshort theyus edchar i
otst otransports ol
diers
.
dis
tances. 9.Itai dedmovementofadmi ni
strators
8.Theyrequir
efoodandwater. betweenpl acesi nRome.
10.I
twasus edf orlei
s ureacti
viti
ese. g.in
 Aft
erthewheelwasdevelopedbythe Racing.
Sumerians
,itf
aci
li
tat
edt r
anspor
t. 11
.InChi na,itwasus edt omakehi gh
 Chart
swer enowdevelopedtomake qualit
ypot s .
Howt heinvent
ionofthewheel Char
act
eri
sti
csoft
heRomanr
oads
.
revol
uti
onali
zedtrans
porti
nEuropei
nthe
t
h
1
9 Cent ury. 1
1. Theywerebui l
ts t
rai
ght.
1
2. Theywereofhi ghs t
andar d.
1. Peoplecouldtr
avelfas
terthanbefore. 1
3. Theywereslightl
ycur ved.
2.Theycoul dcoverlongdist
ances. 1
4. Theywerehighways ,builthigh
3.TheChar i
ots/Wheelcartsmadet ravel abovethel
andt opreventf l
oodi
ng.
comfort
able. 1
5. Theyconsi
stedofnet wor koftunnel
s
4.Heavyl oadscouldbecarri
edov erlong andbri
dges.
dist
ances.
5.Tr avel
li
ngbecamemor esecur
e. Char
act
eri
sti
coft
armac/
moder
nroads

Devel
opmentofbi
cycl
e. 1. Theyar edur able.
2. Theyar eal l-weatherr oads .
 Cr editedt oKi rkpatri
cMacmi ll
an 3.Wat erdr ai
nseas il
y/havegood
(Scot l
and–1 839,Er nes sMi chaux drainage.
(France)–1 860,JamesSt anley( Brit
ain) 4.Theyar ewi de.
-1870,JohnDunl op-1 888,1 893– 5.T he yh avele s ssharpcor ner s/theyar
e
moder nbi cycl e. straight.
6.Theyhaveas mooths ur f
ace,thus
VEHICLE providinggoodmot ori
ngs urf
ace.
7.Theyar echeapandqui ckt obuil
d.
 1 760Homer( Germany)cr edi t
edt he
manuf actur eoft hevehi cle. Ef
fectsofr oadt ransport.
 Leanar dodaVi nci(Italy)
- 1 740-JacquesdeVanCans on,1 760J. H. Thecons tr
uctionoft hemoder nroadsi
s
Gener ios,1 769-Jos ephCugnot( Fr
ance),cr edi
tedt oThomasTel for
d( 1
757-1834)
,
1799-Wi l
liam Mehr us t(Airengi ne),1807
-Is aacdeRi vas ,1832-SamuelWr i
ght, Geor geWade( 1673-1749),JohnMacadam
Chr ist
ianHuygens ,1859-Et ienne (1
756- 1836),JohnMet calf
e( 1717-1
810)
Lennoi r,1884–Edwar dBut ter,Daimul er
Got tl
ieb, Car lBenz ,Mur dock ,Trevithi
ck
andWal terHai nwell.

Advant
agesofus
ingpi
pel
ineovervehi
cles
i
nt r
anspor
ti
ngoil
. Thefol
lowingar
etheeff
ect
soft
he
cons
truct
ionofther
oads.
1.Pipeli
nedeliversoilfast
ert hanvehicl
es.
2.Itiss af
erthanus ingvehicles. 1
. Tr
adehasbeenpr omoted.
3.Itens ur
esr egular/continuouss uppl
yof 2.I
ndustr
ial
izat
ionh asbeenenhanced.
oilt
or equi
redar eas/ 3.Urbancenter
sh avesprungup.
depots. 4.I
tearnscountri
eswi t
hforei
gnexchange.
4.Itiseas i
ertomai ntainthepi pel
inethan 5.I
tprovi
dese mp l
oyme ntt
oma ny.
vehicl
es. 6.I
thaspromot edothermeansof
 tr
anspor t. 1.Itf acilit
atedt het rans por tationofbul ky
7.Ithasopenedupnewar easfor rawmat erialst oi ndus tries .
development . 2.Itf acilit
atedt hef as tt rans por tat
ionof
8.Ithaspr omot edint
eracti
onandbet t
er bulkymanuf acturedgoodst omar ket.
i
nternationalunder
standing. 3.Itf acilit
atedt het rans por tationoff uel,
9.Timeandmoneyhavebeens aved. especi al l
ycoalt ot hei ndus tr i
es .
10.Hass avedl i
ves. 4.Itf acilit
atedt het rans por tationof
wor ker st ot hei ndus tries .
Advant agesofr oadt rans por t 5.Itpr omot edi nteract ionbet weent owns
andpeopl e,hencepr omot edi nves tment
1.I treducest hecos toft rans port/i tis i
ni ndus tri
es .
cheaperascompar edt ot heot herf orms 6.I tpr omot edt hemi gr ation&s ettlement
oft rans por t. ofpeopl et onewar easwhi chwer e
2.I tisf as terascompar edt owat erand sour cesofr awmat erial s.
railwayt ranspor t
. 7.Itopenedupmi ningandf ar mi ngi nt he
3.I tisf lexi bleascompar edt heot her i
nter iorofmos tcount ries .
formsoft rans por t
. 8.Itf acilit
atest het rans por tationofbul ky
goodsandmachi ner yfori ns tall
at i
oni n
Disadvant ages i
ndus tries.
9.Revenuef rom t her ailwayswasus edi n
1. Los sofl i
vesduet omanyacci dent s. settingupi ndus tries .
2. Envi ronment alunf riendl y.
3.Tr afficconges ti
on. Eff
ectsofr ailwayt rans por ti nt he1 9th
4.Wheni mpos sible,t heyi nconveni ence Centur y
theus er s.
5.Li mi tedt ocer tainar eas .egi tcannotgo 1 . Railwayt rans por thaspr omot edt he
beyondl ands . movementofpeopl e,t husencour aging
6.Cons truct ionofal l
- weat herr oadi s Soci al&cul turali nt eract ion.
expens ive. 2.Tr adehasbeeni nt ens ifi
ed.
3.Ithasboos tedi ndus t
r i
aldevel opment ,
Rai
lt rans por t thuscr eatingempl oyment .
4.Townsandur bancent er shaves pr ung
 I ts tar tedi n1804wi thRi char dTr evit
hic up.
maki ngMaj ori mpr ov ement sont he 5.Ithasopenedupr emot ear east ot he
locomot ives . outs idewor ld.
st
 I n1 812,JohnBl enkins onbui l
tthe1 6.Itf acilit
atedEur opeanpaci f
icat i
onof
succes s fullocomot i
v ewhi chr anoncas t the i
r o verse asc o l
o n i
e s.
-ironr ails. 7.Itf acilit
atedt rans por tat i
onofbul ky
 I mpr ovementwasmadel ater . goo d s.
 Di es elengi neswer et heni nvent edand 8.I tf acilit
atedt rans por tat i
onofi ndus tr
ial
laterr epl acedbyel ect ri
cengi nes . w orke rs/ lab ou r.
9.Itledt owi des preadmi gr ationand
HowRai lt rans porthass peededup settle me nt o fpe op l
e .
i
ndus trializat ioni nEur ope. 10.I
thasf acil
itatedot herf or msoft rans port
.
11
.Smokef rom t het rainsl edt opol lut i
onof
 theenvir
onment . tr
ansport
ati
onofBulkygoods .
1
2.Itwasas ourceofrevenuef
ort
he 3.Theywereus edforsupplyingsome
count
riesthatusedit. areaswit
hwat er
.
4.Theywereus edforir
rigati
on.
5.I
twasus edtocontrolflooding/f
or
Di
sadvant
ages drai
nage.

1.Iti sexpens ivet ocons t

ructsand
mai nt
ai n. Ai
rtranspor t
2.Iti sles sfl
exible-nodi vergi
ngor
revers e.  Thiss pacepos sibl
ewi thLeanadoDa
3.Itcancaus efatalaccidents. Vinciin1 452-1
519whenhei nventedan
4.Itpol lutestheenvi ronment . ornit
hopt er.
s
t
5.Iti snots elf-suff
ici
ents i
ncei thastobe  The1 reali
nvent i
onwasi n1903-05
supplement edbyr oadt ransport. whent heAmer icanWr ightbrothers
(Orvi
leandWi lbur)inventedan
Problemsas sociatedwi t
hr ailt
ransport
. aeroplane.

1. Railsdonotof ferdoortodoors ervices

. Di
sadvant
agesofAi
rTr
ans
por
t.
2.Theyar ecos tl
ytobui l
dandmai ntain
3.Di f
ferentrailgaugesus edbydi ff
erent 1.I tisexpens ivet opr ocur e/mai ntainan
countriesrequiretrans-
s hipment,thus aircraft.
delays. 2.Cons truct ionofai r
stripsr equiresal ot
4.St eepgr adientsareuns uit
ablefor ofr es our ces .
rai
lwaysasi tr
equireslevel i
ng, 3.Theai rcr aftscanonl yl and&t akeof fin
embar kment sandcons tructi
onsof speci fic/des ignat edar eas ,thus
bridges. inconveni enci ngt heus er s.
4.Ai rcr aftscannotcar ryheavy/bul ky
Watert rans port goodsascompar edt ot heot herf orms
oft rans por t
.
 Themeansofwat ertranspor tinancient 5.I tcanonl ybeus edbyt hewel ltodo
timesi ncludedRaf t
s,Logs/t r
eet r
unks, member soft hes ociet y,t husmaki ngit
Saili
ngs hips
,Boat s/Oardr ivenboats, inacces sibl et omany.
Canoes 6.I tsoper at i
onsar eaf fect edby
 Thi swasmadepos sibl
ebyus eofcanal unfavor abl eweat hercondi t
ions .
vessels,boat s,mot or-drivens hips, 7.Ai rcr aftsemi tgas eswhi chcont ributeto
moder npas sengerl i
ner s,freightvessel
s, thepol lut i
onoft heenvi ronment .
mi l
it
aryves sels,f
er r
ies. 8.Theus eofai rcraftsi nmi li
tarywar f
are
 Lat er,thePor tugues einvent edthe hasr es ultedi ndes truct i
onofpr oper t
y.
Caravel sandCar racksasmoder ns hi
ps. 9.Acci dent sbyai r
cr af
t sar ef atal/
chancesofs ur vivalar emi nimal .
Resultsoft hecons tr
uctionofcanal s. 10.Itrequi r esal otofexper t i
se/s kill
ed
per sonnelt omanagei tsoper ations .
1. Theyl i
nkedexi sti
ngwat erways .
2.I tshortenedr outesandhel pedi nthe Challengesencount eredi ns pace
expl
orat
ion. photographyandmappi ng.
1
1.Ithaspromot edt het ouri
stindustr
y
1.Iti
sacos tl
yvent ureasi trequi
reshigh especial
lyindevel opingcount r
ies.
technol ogy. 1
2.Ithasintensifi
edmi li
tarywar f
are.
2.Hos ti
leanduns uitablespace 1
3.Ithasledt owi despreadinternati
onal
environmentf orhumanl i
fe. terr
orismt hroughhi j
acking.
3.Pres enceofs olarandcos micradiat
ion 1
4.Ithascontr i
butedt oenvironmental
andmi crometeor i
tiesthatcanaffect poll
uti
on.
spacecr aftsandas t
ronauts. 1
5.Incaseofacci dents,itleadstomas s
ive
4.Extremet emper aturesli
kebr i
ght lossofli
ves .
sunlightanddar knes s.
Res
ultsofspaceexpl oration.

1. Ai rcr
aftsunl ikethes hut tl
eandot her
Advant agesofs paceexpl or ation. gadget sf orjourneyingi nt hes pace
havebeendevel oped.
1.Ithasf aci l
itatedourunder standi ngof 2.I thasenhancednewdi scover i
est hat
theuni verse. havei ncr easedourunder standingoft he
2.Ithasl edt oi mpr ovedmanuf act ureof universe.
aircr aftsandt elescopes . 3.I thasl edt ot hepr oduct ionofadvanced
3.Ithasl edt oi mpr ovedai rf orceweapons . ai r
forceweapons ys t emst hatar e
4.Ithasi mpr ovednavi gat i
on. danger oust ot heent irehumanr ace.
5.Ithasi mpr ovedweat herf orecas t
ing. 4.I thaspr omot edSci ent ificr esearch
parti
cul arlyinAmer icaandEur ope.
Eff
ect sofai rtr ans port. NASAandESAhavet akent hel eadi n
thi
sf i
eld.
1.Itf aci li
tateds paceexpl or ationf or
speci f
icandmi li
tarypur pos es . Effectsofmoder nmeansoft rans port.
2.Theyhavemadeevacuat i
onofpeopl e
from di sasterar easeas i
er . 1.I thasencour agedmi gr ationand
3.Theymaket hedel iveryofval uabl eand settl
ement
per ishabl egoodsandpeopl ef as terand 2.I thascaus edmor eacci dent s.
efficient . 3.I thasl edt ot hedis cover yofot herlands .
4.Ithasl edt oexpans i
onoft radi ng 4.Tr adehasexpanded.
act iviti
es . 5.Spacehasbeencont rolledandexpl oited.
5.Theyhavepr ovidedempl oyment 6.Smuggl i
nghasi ntens if
ied.
oppor tuni t
ies . 7.I thasl edt opol l
utionofenvi ronment .
6.Iti sus edt os praypes ticides ,hence 8.I thasf acili
tatedexchangedofi deas.
pr omot ingagr icult
ure. 9.I thasenhancedexpl oitationofnat ural
7.Theyar eus edt odes troymar audi ng resources .
i
ns ect sl i
kel ocus ts. 10.Ithasenhanceds oci aldevel opmentl ike
8.Itear nst hecount ryforei gnexchange. schools .
9.Ithaspr omot edi nternat ionalco- 11.Ithasl edt ogr owthofur bancent ers.
oper ation. 12.Ithaspr omot edempl oyment .
10.I
thasf aci l
itatedaer i
als ur veys , 13.Ithascaus edf i
nanci alcons trai
nst o
 us er s
. 2.I tsef f
ect i
venes sdependsonweat her .
14.Ithasopenedupmanypar t
soft he 3.Themes s agecoul dbemi ssedi fther e
wor l
d. wasnooneont hel ookout .
15.Ithaspr omot edi nt
er nationalterrori
s m. 4.I tcanonl ybeus edt ocoveras hor t
distance.
Howpoort rans porthinder sindus tri
ali
zation 5.Ther angeofmes s ageconveyedwas
i
nt he3rd wor dcount ri
es . li
mi ted.
6.I tisaf fectedbyt errain.
1.I thascaus eddel aysi nmar ketinggoods 7.I tcannotbeus edt oconvey
/pr oduct s. conf i
dent ialmes sages .
2.I thascaus eddel aysi ndel i
veringraw
mat eri
als . Advant agesoft raditi
onalf ormsof
3.I thasl edt ohi ghs uppl ycos tofr aw communi cat i
on.
mat eri
als .
4.I thasl edt ohi ght ranspor tcos ts
. 1. Theywer evi s i
ble,f asterandcheaper .eg
Fireands mock.
2.Someoft hem coul dover comet heodds
ofweat here. g.Dr um beat s.
3.Somewer ever ys peci f
ici ns endi ngt he
mes sagese. g.Sel ec ti
vedr ummi ng.
4.Somecoul dgi veaf eedbacke. g.
Mes s enger s.
5.Somecoul dal soexpl aincer taini ssues
TOPI C6.DEVELOPMENTOF e.g.Mes senger s.
COMMUNI CATI ON 6.S omec ouldk ee pt hemes sage
conf i
dent ialtot hei rc ommuni t
yast he
out si
der scoul dnotunder standt heir
Communi cat i
oni sthepas singofames sage
languagee. g.Mes s enger s .
from onepoi ntt oanother .
7.Somecoul dbeus edt oconveyr elayed
mes sagese. g.Dr um beat sandt rumpet .
Traditionalf or msofcommuni cati
on
8.Somecoul dbeus edatanyt i
meoft he
daye. g.Dr um beat sandt rumpet s.
1. Ver bal/l anguage.2.Ges ture-onbody.3.
Signal s-e. g.bananas .
Disadvant ages
4.F i
reands moke. 5.Dr um beat s.
6.
Mes senger s/r unners.
1. Somecoul dbemi sinter pr etede. g.
7.Hor nbl owi ng.8.Scr eams andcr ies.
10.
Ges tures .
Bells.11.Flags .
2.Somecoul donl ybeus edt opas sa
9.Whi stl
es .12.Semaphor e( Tower son
mes saget os hor t
erdi stancese. g.F ire&
hill
topswi thmovabl ear ms ).
smock ,&mes senger s .
13.Wr itt
en ( s croll
sandt ablets).14.Birds
3.Ther angeofmes s agesconveyedwas
li
mi tede. g.Smokeandf ire.
Disadvant agesoff i
re.
4.Somewer er es tri
ctedt ocer t
ainweat her
condi tions ,li
keF i
reandSmoke.
1. Smokes ignal scoul dbeeas il
y
5.Somewer eenvi ronment alunf riendl y,
mi sinterpr et ed.
 thustheydes tr
oyedwil
dli
fee. g.Fi
reand Advant
ages
smoke.
6.Somewer eslowe.g.Messenger s
. 1. Theycouldbestoredf orfut
ureus e.
7.Somewer eunreli
abl
ee.g.birds. 2.Theyconveyedaccur atemes s
ages .
8.Somecoul ddi s
tor
tthemes sagee. g. 3.Theycoul dbetranslatedintomany
Mess engers
. l
anguagesforeasierunder s
tandingby
9. Somei nvol
veddangerse.g.Mes senger manypeople.
couldbeat t
ackedonway. 4.Theypr ovi
dedreli
abl einf
ormations i
nce
i
tcouldnotbeforgot ten.
Disadvantagesofhor nbl owingasameans
ofcommuni cation. Factorst ocons i
derwhens endi
nga
mes sage.
1. Theywer enotef f
ecti
vei n
mount ainousr egions. 1. Theur gency/Ti me/Speed.
2.St rongwi ndsaf f
ectedt hemes sage. 2.Thecl arit
y/Compl exit
y/Si mpl ici
ty.
3.I twasl imi tedt othosewhocoul d 3.Thedi st
ancebet weent hes enderand
hear . ther eceiver.
4.I trequireds ki
ll
edper sons. 4.Avai l
abili
tyoffacil
it
ies/Met hod/
5.Mi s i
nterpr etationofthemes sage Means .
couldoccur . 5.Theconf i
dentiali
tyofthemes sage.
6.I twasnots ensit
ivetoconf i
dential
it
y. 6.Thecos tofthemeanst obeus ed.
7.I tcouldnotcoverawi derange.
Moder nmeansofCommuni cati
on.
Typesofmes sagest hatcouldbes entby
useofdr um beat s . 1.Tel ephone/cel lphone.2.Emai l.3.Radio.
4.Pager .5.TV.
1. Announcementofcer emoni esor 6.Tel egraph.7.Internet.
8.Satel l
it
e9.F ax.
f
estivals
. 10.Tel ex
2.Deat hormour ning 11
.Pr i
ntmedi a e.g.News papers,interest
3.Decl arati
onofwar . news paper s,magazi nes,
4.Ar ri
valofs tranger . per i
odicals(atregularintervals).
5.I mpendi ngdanger .
Moder nmeansofpr i
ntmedi a.

1. News papers.
WRI
TTENMESSAGES 2.Magazi nes.
3.Jour nals.
 Earl
ywr i
tingwasdoneons crolland 4.Per i
odicals.
stonet ablets
. 5.Books .
 Theear l
iestformswr i
ti
ngwer e 6.Pamphl et
s.
pict
ogr aphic( s
ymbolsforobjects)i
dea 7.Pos ters.
graphic( symbol sf
orideas
)exampl e- 8.Br ai
lle.
cuneiform bySumer i
ansand 9.Br ochures.
hieroglyphicsbyEgypt i
ans.
Advant
ages
 Telex - Pointtopointsystem t
hatus
es
1. Somearepot abl
ee. g.Cellphone. keyboardt otransmi
tt yped
2.SomeconveyPi ctur
emes sage,t hus textovertelephoneli
nesat
moreofreal
itye.g.TV. indivi
dualcompanyl ocati
ons .
3.Someconveyl i
vemes sagese. g.TV.
4.Somear eent ert
aini
nge. g.Radi o. Satellite-Ar tifi
ci aldevi cegoi ngr oundt he
5.Theyareeducat ivee.g.TV,r adio, earth,moonandot her
i
nter
net. pl anet ,trans mi t
tingbackt othe
6.Onecans er
vemanye. g.TV,Radi o. earths cientifi
ci nfor mat ion
pager-I tus es aphonet ocal lt hepager
Disadvant ages number .
- Theper sont hendi alst he
1. Theyhaveas hor tli
fes pan. numberofvoi cemes sage,and
2.Theyar enoteas ilyavai lable. withi nmoment s,thepager
3.Theycanbeus edast oolf or carriersal er t
edbyanaudi ble
pr opaganda. “beep”ors ilentvi br ation.Hi s
4.Theycangi vemi s l
eadi ngi nformat i
onor nocanber eadont hes creen.
adver t
s .
5.Theyar ecos tlyascompar edt ot he Impactoft elecommuni cat ion.
tradi ti
onalmeans .
6.Theypr omot es oci alcr imeegf r
aud, 1. Communi cat ionhasbeengr eat ly
dr ugabus eandt er r
oris m. changedf ort hebet ter .
7.Theypol lutetheenv i
ronment . 2.Managementf ort hei nformat ionhas
8.Theyhavepoorr ecept ionnet wor k/ beenenhanced.
frequency. 3.I thaspr ovi dedent er tainment .
9.Theycan’ tbeus edwi t houts our ceof 4.I thel pst obr ingr eal ityt ovi ewer s.
power . 5.I thaspr omot edcul tur alexchangeand
10.Theycaus eradi o-activity,hencehar mful under standi ng.
toheal th. 6.I thaspr omot edai randwat ert ransport
.
11
.Theyhaveer odedcul tur alvalues/ 7.Tr adeandbus ines shasbeenenhanced.
cont ai
n/caus eddevi antbehavi or/ 8.I thasmadeacces st oi nformat ioneas y.
Por nogr aphy. 9.Secur it
ys ys temshavebeeni mpr oved.
10.Pr omot edai r/s paceexpl or ation.
Telegr aph-us eofr adios ignal sorcoded 11.Ithasal s opr ovi dedandf acilitat ed
electricals ignals. empl oyment .
- Dot sanddas hesar eus edt or epresent 1 2.Ithaspr omot edeconomi cdevel opment .
number s,letters ,andpunct uat i
ons. 13.Liv esh a veb ee ns a ve d .
14.Ithasf aci l
itat eds torageofi nf or mation
mor econveni ent l
yt hrought heus eof
Facsimi let ransr ecei ver( f
ax) comput ers ys tem.
15.Ithaspr omot edf as tt rans mi ss ionof
- I tt rans mitstext ,nots ound ideas .
- I tcanal s otrans mi timagesorcopi es 16.It ha sfaci l
itat edt hedut yofweat her
pluspi ctures,phot oset c. for ecas ti
ng.
 1. Comput ersmakewor keas ier
.
Negat
ive 2.Itcans toreinformati
onef fecti
vely.
3.Itcanbeus edf orentertai
nment .
1.Ithaspr omotedi
nternat i
onalsocial 4.Itcanbeus edf oreducat i
on.
crime. 5.Itcanbeus edf orbusinessact i
viti
es,
2.Ithaspr omotedi
mmor ali
ty. thusE-commer ce.
3.War far
ehasbeenr evolutional
ized. 6.Itcant ransmitinfor
mat i
onwor l
dwide.
4.Itisaddicti
vetosomepeopl e. 7.Iti scheaptos endames sage.
5.Ithascaus ednoi
sepol luti
on.
6.Liveshavebeenl ostthrough Advant
agesofTV
radioacti
vit
y.
1. Theyconveyi nformat ionmor evividly
Fact orst hatunder minet heef fectivenessof thanot herf orms .
telecommuni cationss ervice. 2.Theyar eus edforent ert
ainment .
3.Theyar eus edt opas seducat ional
1. Por nogr aphi cmat er i
alsruint hemor al progr ammes .
fi
beroft hes ociet y. 4.Theyar eus edinadv erti
sement s
.
2.Mi sleadingadver ti sement sand 5.Theyar eef f
ecti
vei nt ransmi t
ti
ngi deas
i
nf ormat ion. sincei tcommandsat tention.
3.Thes ervicesar eexpens ive. 6.Theyhavecr eatedj oboppor t
unities.
4.Hass hor tlif
e. 7.I tbr i
dgest hel i
mi tationofr eal-ti
me
5.I ti sdi f
ficultt os t
or e. communi cation.
6.I lliteratemaynotbenef i
t.
7.I tmaynotbedet ailed,hencedoesnot
givef ullinformat ion.
8.I r respons ibler epor t i
ngcaus esdi sunit
y
andchaos . TOPI C7. DEVELOPMENTOFI NDUSTRY
9.I thasf aci li
tateddr ug-t raffi
cking
act i
viti
es . Indus trys tarteddur i
ngt het i
meoft heear l
y
10.Itcaneas il
ypor t
rayabi asedvi ew. man.
11.Itcanbedes t r
uctivewhenus edasa
propagandat ool. Ear l
ys our cesofener gy
12.Net wor kf ail
ur eaffect sthei roper ati
ons.
Wood
Limi tationsofapager Us es
1.I twasus edf ormaki ngf ir
ef orheatf or
1. Theycanonl yoper atewi thinacer t
ain war mi ngpeopl edur i
ngcol dspells.
range. 2.I twasus edi nmaki ng/cooki ngf ood.
2.Ther eceivercannotr eplybackt he 3.I tprovi dedl ightatni ghtordur i
ng
mes sage. darknes s.
3.Theyar eexpens ive. 4.Char coalf orheatf orf ir
ingpot teryand
4.Theydependonhi ght echnol ogy smel tingi ron.
Advant agesofwood
Advant agesofus i
ngE- Mai l
. 1.I tischeap.
2.I tiseas i
lyavai l
able.
3.Iti
sr enewable.
4.Itencouragesmasspr oduct
ionofgoods. Advantagesofwind.
Dis
advantages
1.Iti
saf f
ectedbyrain. 1.Itischeap/readil
yavail
abl
e.
2.Itpol
lutestheenvironment/Chocking. 2.I tsavest i
meandhumanener gy.
3.Deforestat
ion/Scarcit
yofcoal. 3.Itencouragesmas spr
oduct
ionofgoods
.
4.Iti
scumber s
omet ous e. 4.Itisclean.

Wat
er Di
sadvant
ages

1.I
twasus edt oturnwat erwheel s/ 1.I
trel
iesonnatur
e,hencenotr
eli
abl
e.
gri
ndingstonesinflourmi l
ls. 2.I
tcannotbecontr
oll
ed.
2.I
twasal sous edtowas h/cl ean
machines/Mai nt
aincleanliness. Sun
3.I
twasus edt ocoolthemachi nes.
4.I
twasus edt oturns pi
nningmachi nesin I
twasus
edf
ordr
yinggr
ains
.
tex
til
eindus t
ry.
5.I
twasus edt oproduces team powert o Advant
ages
.
dri
vemachi nes.
1.I
tiscl
eanandavai
labl
ewheret
her
eis
Advant
agesofwat
er. s
unli
ght.
2.I
tisfr
eel
yavai
labl
e.
1.I
tcanber eli
ables ol
ongast her
eis 3.I
tiscl
eanandnon-pol
lut
ant
.
enoughr ainf
all
.
2.I
ts avestimeandhumanener gy. Usesofmetal
sinAf
rica.
3.I
tencour agesmas sproduct
ionofgoods
.
4.I
tenhancesi mpr ovementofqual
ity Metalsus
edascurr
encyinpr
e-col
oni
al
producti
on. Af
rica.

Di
sadvant
ages
. 1. Gold
2.Copper
 Whenwat erl
evelislow,itcannotbe 3.Br onze
rel
iabl
e. 4.Iron
5.Si l
ver
Wind
Advantagesofmet al
s.
Uses
1. Theywer edurableascompar edtothe
1.Itwasus edt
opropelboat s/s ai
li
ng stonethat wasusedb efore.
s
hips. 2.Thecut t
ingedgecoul dbes harpened.
2.Itwasalsousedtodr i
ve/t ur
nwi ndmi
ls 3.I
l tcoul dbemadei ndi f
ferentshapes
t
ogrindgrai
n. af
terheat i
ng.
3.Itwasus edt
odrivewat erpumps . 4.Itwasnotwas teds i
nceitcoul dbe
4.Itwasus edi
nwinnowinggr ai
ns . smeltedandr eworked.
5.Itwasus edt
odrygr ai
ns .
1
.Gol
d h.Tomakecont
ainer
s,kni
ves
,Pans
,vas
es,
et
c.
a.Itwasus edtomakeornament sand
decorati
ons. Dis
advantagesofbr onze.
b.Ther i
chinEgyptusedittomakes word
andknifehandl
es. 1.Itlos
ess harpnes seasi
lyandbecomes
c.Itwasus edascurr
ency(coin). bl
untasthemet alissof
t.
d.Itwasus edasatradei
tem. 2.Itisexpensive.
e.Itwasalsousedtomakeweaponsand 3.I tisdif
fi
culttoget .
knif
eblades. 4.Itisnoteas ytogett heri
ght
f.Itwasalsousedasameas ureofweal
th. pr
oporti
onsoft hemet al
sused.

2.Copper

a.Itwasus edt omakeut ensil

sand 4.I
ron
cont ai
nerslikepot s.
b.Itwasus edt omaket ool se.g.chisels F
act
orst
hatf
avor
edi
tss
pread.
andaxes .
c.Itcouldal sobeus edt omake 1. TradebetweenAf r
icaandMes opotami a-
ornament slikeringsandbangl es. hadexistedevenbef ore.
d.Itwasus edi nmaki ngweaponse. g. 2.Bant usintheCongoBas i
nandt he
dagger sands wor ds . SouthernCushit
ess preadt hes kil
lsto
e.Itwasmi xedwi t
hot hermet al
sf or otherofAfri
ca.
variouspur pos ese. g.Ti nforbr onze 3.Tr avel
ersandmes senger sr ecei
vedi ron
All
oysl ik
ebr onze&br ass. gif
tswhichtheytookt ot heirhomes .
f.Itwasus edasamedi um ofexchange/ 4.Thoughwar f
areasHi tt
itesinvaded
usedascur r encyinf orofcopperbar s. Egypt.
g.Itwasus edasat radei t
em. 5.Devel opmentofagr i
culture,asbet ter
h.Itwasus edasmedi ci
nei .e.anoi ntment toolsweremade.
forwoundses peciallyi nCent ralAfri
ca.
i.Itwasus edt omakeKi ng’splaquesand I
tsus
es.
artwork/St atues/Hel met s
.
1.Itwasmedium ofexchange/Currency.
2.Itwasusedasat radeitem.
3.Br
onze. 3.Itwasusedformar ki
ngagri
cul
tur
et ools.
4.Itwasusedasameas ureofweal
th.
a.I
twasus edtomakeweapons . 5.Itwasusedformakingweaponsfor
b.I
twasalsous edt
omakes cul
ptures/ defence.
stat
uesanddecorat
ions. 6.Itwasusedasappar at
usforuseduring
c.I
twasus edasameas ureofwealth. ceremonies
.
d.I
twasalsotomaket oolsl
ikeshields
andchari
ots
. NB/Ir
on,Gol
d,Copper,Si
lverandBronze
e.I
twasus edtomakeor naments. wereusedascur
rencyinpre-col
oni
alAfr
ica.
f.I
twasus edasatradeitem.
g.Tomakemas ks. Di
sadvant
agesofus
ingi
ron
 3.I ncr eas edexpl oi t
at ionandus eofcoal ,
1.I tt ooheavyf ort rans por tati
on. ands teel .
2.I tisnots trongenoughf ormaki ngheavy 4.Ri s eoff act or ys ys tem i nt ownsi ns tead
machi ner y. ofcot tagei ndus triesi nhomes .
3.I teas ilyr us ts . 5.Thedevel opmentofbet terf or msof
trans por te. g.wat er ,r oadet c.
Effect sofi ronwor kingi npr e- coloni alAf ri
ca.6.I mpr ovedl i
vings t andar dsandan
incr eas ei nt hehumanpopul ation.
1.I mpr ovedagr icultur east het ool swer e 7.Langes cal epr oduct ionofgoodsby
us edt ocl earmor el andf orcul tivat i
on. machi nes .
2.Us eofi ront ool sl edt oincr eas edf ood 8.Devel opmentofs cient if
icr es earchand
pr oduct ion. us eofs c ientifi
cknowl edgei n
3.I ncr eas edf oodpr oduct ionl edt o pr oduct ion.
popul ationexpans ion. 9.Expans i
onoft radebot hl ocal lyand
4.Us eofi ronweaponsl edt oi ncreas ed inter nat ional ly.
war f
ar eandot herconf l
ict s
. 10.Ris eofmoder ncapi talismf ormor e
5.Expans ionoft radi ngact iviti
esbet ween weal thwhi chwasi nves tedbacki nt he
communi ti
es . indus try.
6.Pos ses s i
onofi ronweaponsand 11.Thegr owt hoft radeuni onmovementt o
impl ement sf acili
tat edmi grationsof cat erf ort her i
ght sofwor ker s .
somecommuni ti
es . 12.Incr eas ehumanpopul ationwho
7.Speci alizat iondevel opedass ome requi r
edmor emanuf actur edgoods .
peopl ewer ebl acks mi t
hsandcul t i
vators.13.Changei npol i
ticalcl imat ewhi chl edt o
8.I roni temswer eus edasmedi um of theacqui s i
tionofcol oni est o pr ovi de
exchange. rawmat er ialsandmar ketf ort he
9.Des truct ionoff ores tsi nfluencedchange indus tries .
ofc l
imat eandenvi ronment . 14.Impr ovementi nagr i
cul turet opr ovi de
10.Emer genceofs trongki ngdomsl ike wor ker swi thf oodandr awmat erials .
BugandaandBunyor o.
11.Newcul tur esas sociat edwi thi ron Factor st hatf avor edi ndus t
r i
alr evol ut ion
wor kingdevel opedi nAf rica e. g.t he
Leopar dCopj ei nCent ralAf rica&Nok& 1 .I ncr eas eds cient ifi
candt echnol ogi cal
Tar ungai nNi ger ia. knowl edgeands kills.
12.I tledt ot hedevel opmentofur ban 2.Sci ent ifi
cdi scover iesi nmanyf i
el ds .
cent resegMer oe. 3.Expans ionofTr ans por tand
communi cat i
onf aciliti
es .
INDUSTRI ALREVOLUTI ON I NEUROPE. 4.Popul at ionexpans ionandneedf or
mor ef oodandl abour .
Itschar act er istics 5.I ncr eas eddemandf orgoodsand
ser vicesbyEur opeanandi nt ernat ional
1. Theus eofmachi nest or epl acehuman mar ket .
andani mall abour . 6.Avai labi lityofenoughval uabl emi ner al
s.
2.Theus eofs team powerasnews ource 7.Devel opmentofs uppor ts ect or se. g.
ofener gyt or eplacewat er,wi ndand Bankandi nsur ance.
ani malpower . 8.Peaceandi nter nat ionalpol itical
 stabi
li
ty. increas eunempl oymente. g.Socialevil
s
9.Thegover nment’
sencour agement, l
ikepr ostit
ut i
on.
supportanddes i
retoappeargr eat. 5.Mor edemandf ors ervicesprovidedby
1
0.Armsr aceandinter
nationalspi
ritof hot els,banks ,pos tof f
icesetcincreased.
compet i
ti
on. 6.Ri sei ns ocialclas sesi nEurope.
1
1.Richmer chant
swhoi nvestedin 7.Genderi nequal ityincreased.
indust
ry. 8.Over crowdi ng
9.Spr eadofdi seas es.
Ef
fect
sofi
ndus
tri
alr
evol
uti
oni
nEur
ope. 10.Poorwor kingcondi ti
ons.
11.Longwor kinghour s
1. Mechani zat i
onf orpr oduct i
on. 12.Increas eofi ndus trialacci
dentsand
2.Incr eas edpr oduct ionofgoodsand injuries.
ser vices . 13.Empl oymentofwomenandchi l
dren.
3.Expandedbot hl ocalandi nter nat ional14.Inadequat es ocialameni ti
eslikehous i
ng.
trade. 15.Popul ati
oni ncreas ed.
4.Boos tt otr ans por tandcommuni c at
ion
forr awmat erialsandmar ket. Poli
tical
5.Ur bani zationt oaccommodat et hehi gh
numberofr ur al
-ur banmi grat ions . 1.I tfacil
itatedgr owt hofs crambl eand
6.Eur opeannat ionsamas sedweal th. partiti
onofAf rica.
7.Eur opeaneconomi esbecomedi versifi
ed,2.I tledt ot hegr owt hofMar xism
andhence,j obs peci ali
zati
on. (communi t
yt hroughs ocialism)
8.Joboppor tuni ti
eswer ecreat ed.
9.Expl oitati
onofnat ur alresour cesand Problemsf acedbyf actorywor ksinEurope
devel opmentofnews ourcesofener gy dur ingt hei ndustrialrevoluti
on
e.g.El ect
rici ty.
10.I
mpr ovementanddi scoveryofnewand 1 . Theywer epai dlowwages .
bet termet hodsoff ar mingduet o 2.Theywor kedf orlonghour s.
i
ncr eas eddemandf oragr icultur al 3.Theywer eexpos edtoacci dents.
product s. 4.I nadequat ehous ingmadet hem tolive
11.Poorwor ki ngcondi tionsledt ot he ins l
ums .
i
nt roduc t
ionofl egis l
at i
onfors oci al 5.Poors anitati
onl edt ooutbr eakof
refor msbyt heBr it
is hgover nmente. g. diseases .
Tradeuni ons . 6.Acci dentvi ct
imswer el ai
dof fwithout
12.Pr omot edr edevel opmenti ns cienceand compens ati
on.
tec hnol ogy.

Us
esofvar
iouss
our
cesofener
gy
Soci
al
Dur i
ngindust
rialrevol
uti
oninEurope,
1. Rural–urbanmigr at
ionf
oremployment
. varioussour
cesofener gysuchascoal,oi
l,
2.Sani t
ati
onandr efusedis
posalbecamea steam andelectri
citywereused.
probl
em.
3.Pol l
uti
onincreased. Coal
4.Livingcondit
ionsbecomebadduet o Us es
1. Todri
ves t
eam engines. i
ndustri
es( dr
ivi
ngheavymachi
nesin
2.Itwasus edt oheatwat er. f
actor
ies)
3.Itprovidedlight
ing. 3.I
twasus edtopumpwateroutofcoal
4.Itwasus edt odrivelocomoti
ves. mines.
5.Itwasus edasr awmat er
ialt
o 4.I
tpower edlocomot
ivesandshi
ps.
manufacturedyeandphar maceut
ical
pr
oducts. Di
sadvant
ages ofs
team

Di
sadvant
ageofcoal 1.I
tisnoteas il
ycontr
ollabl
e.
2.I
tisenvironmentalunfri
endl
y.
1.I
tisbulky,hencedi f
fi
cul
ttotranspor
t. 3.I
tisexpens i
ve.
2.I
tcausesairpollut
ion. 4.I
tisnotr el
iabl
easi tdependson
3.Mini
ngofcoalcanl eadt oi
njuri
es / avai
labi
li
tyofcoal.
deat
h.
4.I
tisanon- renewalsourceofenergy. El
ect
ri
cit
y.
5.I
tisexpensivetomi neandtransport
.
I
twasdis
cover
edbyaBr
it
oncal
ledMi
chael
Oi
l/Pet
rol
eum F
aradayi
n1831
.

1.Itwasus edasfuelintrans port. 1.Itwasus edforli

ghti
ng.
2.Itwasus edinindustr
yf orpr oducti
onof 2.I twasalsous edforheati
ngandcooki ng.
synt
heti
cfiber
. 3.Itpowerfactorymachines.
3.Itwasus edtogenerateel ectrici
ty. 4.Itwasus edincommuni cati
on–t hough
4.Itwasus edforli
ghti
nge. g.Par aff
in electr
icsignal
singadgets.
(
kerosene)
. 5.Itwasus edinpoweringtransport
5.Itwasus edtorunengi nesi nindus t
ri
es. vehicl
es.
6.Itwasus edtotarmar kr oads . 6.Itwasus edinpoweringenginesus edin
7.Itwasus edasgr eas
emet alsinindus t
ry. i rr
igat
ion.
7.Itwasalsous edinpower i
ngs at
ell
it
esin
Dis
advantagesofoil space.

1.I tisexpens ivetot ransport

. Advantages .
2.Pr os pecti
ngf oroilisexpens i
ve.
3.I taffectslandorenvi ronmentast he 1.Itcoul dber egul ated/cont rol
led/
areaofl andmays i
nk . Couldbes wit
chedonandof f.
4.I tisexpens ivetobui ldrefi
neri
es,which 2.I tcoul dbeputt omanyus eslike
bec omeus eles
swhenoi lisexhausted. l
ighti
ng.
5.I tmaycaus eout breakofdanger ousfi
re. 3.Itcoul dbeus edf arfr
om t hes our
ce/
6.I tdes tr
oysmar i
ne. I
ndus t
riescoul dbees tabli
shed
anywher e.
Steam 4.Itiscleanwor kingenvi ronment/Non
poll
utant.
1.I twasus edt oopendoor softemplesin 5.Thecos tofproduct i
onofgoodswas
Egypt . madecheaper .
2.I twasus edfors pi
nni ngintexti
le
Di
sadvant
ages 4.I tisus edf orcookingbys olarcooker s.
5.I tisus edi nirri
gationbys olarwat er
1.I tcannotbes t
oredl i
kecoalandoi l
. pumps .
2.HEPdependsonl evelofwat erinrivers
, 6.I tisus edi nheatingandl ighting
damset c. buildings.
3.Powerf ailureinconv eniences 7.I tisal sous edforpower ings atelli
tesin
cons umer s. space.
4.I tcanbedanger ousi fnotpr operly
handl ed. Disdvantage
5.Demandi svar iable,hencenoteas yto
satisf
ycons umer sal ltimes . Itdependsonnat ure,t herefor enotver y
rel
iable.
Atomi candNucl ear
Usesofi r ondur i
ngi ndus t
rialr evolut i
onin
I
twasi nvent edbyF r
enchcal ledAnt oine Europe.
Henr iBeckquer elin1 896( ur anium
producesr adiationorener gyi nwaves ). 1.I twasus edf ormaki ngmachi nesf or
Radio-act i
vi ty. textil
ei ndus t
ry.
2.I twasus edf ormaki ngwat erpipes .
1.I tisus edt oprovidel ighthomes . 3.I twasus edf ormaki ngpl oughs .
2.I tisus edt ogener at eel ect r
ici
ty. 4.I twasus edf ormaki ngs team engi nes
.
3.Dr i
vel ocomot i
vesandpl anes . 5.I twasus edf orbuildingt rains ,rail
way
4.I tisus edt odrives ubmar ines. li
nes ,s hi
ps ,wheels,br idges .
5.Radi o- act iveel ement swer epr oduced 6.I twasus edf ormaki ngf ar m machi nery.
byat omi cener gyf or2nd wor ldwar ,on 7.I twasus edf ormaki ngs urgicalt oolse.g.
Nagas aki&Hi r
os hima. Needl es .
6.I tisus edt owas hdi shesandkeepf ood
fresh. Usesofs teel

Di
sadvant
ages 1.I
twasus edincons tructi
onofr ailway
l
ines,br i
dgesetc.
1.I
nwar ,i
tisfat
altopeopl
e. 2.I
twasus edformaki ngcar sands hips.
2.Poll
utionenvir
onment–air. 3.I
twasus edformaki ngmachi nes.
3.Radioacti
vit
ycausesdamagetocr
ops
, 4.I
twasus edinreinforcingconcr etei n
ani
malandhumanbei ngs. buil
dingandr oofi
ngbui l
ding.
4.Acci
dent sarefat
al. 5.I
twasus edformaki ngf oodcont ainers
andut ensil
s.
6.I
twasus edformaki ngs urgicaltoolse.g.
Blades.
Sol
ar 7.I
twasus edt omakef arm machi ner y.

1.I
tisusedfordryingagri
cult
uralpr
oduct
s.
2.I
tisusedfordi
s ti
ll
ingofsal
twaterto
obt
ainsal
tcrystals. INDUSTRI
ALI
ZATI
ONI
NBRI
TAI
N
3.I
tisusedforheatingwater.
F
act
orsf
or.
Thi
swastheti
mewhenmanydiscover
ies
1. Ther ewashi ghpopul ationwhi ch weremadeint
hef
iel
dofs
cience.
providedmar ket
2.Tr adingact ivities ,duet oher 1
. NicholusCoper
nicus-1473-
1543(
Poland)
relati
ons hip/accumul atedweal thf rom - Earthandotherplanetsmovedaround
trade. thes unonceayear .
3.Ther ewasgoodt rans por tnet wor k.
4.Ther ewer emer chant sandmi ddlemen 2.Gal
il
eoGalil
ei-1 546-
1642-(I
tal
y)
s
t
classpr ess urizedt hegover nmentt o - Bui
ltt
he1 t el
escopetoobservethe
adoptmeas ur est of avor uni
vers
e.
indus t
ri
alizat ion.
5.Avai l
abil
ityofmi ner alr es ourcescoal 3.SirI
saacNewton-1
642-1
727
andI ronor esr es erv es ,coalet c. - Lawofmotionandgravi
ty.
6.Someoft hei nvent i
one. g.St eam engi ne
wer edonei nBr itain. 4.Antoi
neLavoi
sier-1743-
1794(
France)
7.Avai l
abil
ityofr awmat erials. - Dis
cover
edhydr ogenandoxygen
8.Landencl os ur eens ur edl abouri n el
ementsinair
.
indus t
ri
es .
9.Avai l
abil
ityofcapi t
al( weal th) 5.JohnDal t
on–1766-
1844(Br
)
10.Scientif
icknowl edgeands kil
ls. - DiscoverAtomi
cTheory(At
oms
)
11.Politi
cals tabi l
ityandpeace/Br itainhad
as trongnavy/mi l
itar y. 6.BenjaminFr
ankl
ine-1
706-
1790(USA)
12.Avai l
abil
ityofnewsandi nformat ion - Stat
edthatli
ght
eningisafor
m of
throught hedevel opedmedi a. el
ectri
cit
y.
13.Wel lestabl i
s hedbanki ngandi nsur ance
sys t
em. 7.MichaelF
araday-(1791
-1
867)
14.Noi nternalcus tom bar ri
er( freet rade - I
nventedelect
ri
cit
y.
policy).
15.Existenceofcot tagei ndus t
ries . 8.JamesMaxwell1831
-1879
16.Gover nments uppor tsandgoodwi ll.
- Showedthataccel
erati
onofel
ectr
ic
char
gesemiteelect
romagneti
cradi
ati
on.
I
nvent
ionst
hatrevol
uti
onal
izedt
ext
il
e
i
ndust
ryinBri
tai
n.
9.ThomasEdi
son-1879
I
nventedt
heelectr
iclamp.
1. TheFl
yingshut t
le.
2.TheSpinningj enny.
1
0.Gugl
iemoMar
coni
3.TheWat erframe.
- I
nventedt
her
adio.
4.TheSpinningmul e.
5.ThePowerl oom.
1
1.HeinnahHertz1857-1
894
6.TheCot tongin.
7.TheCylindri
calcal i
co/ThePr
int
ing - Showedt hataccel
erat
edel
ectri
c
machi
ne. chargesproducewavesofl
ightand
otherfor
msofener gy.
SCI
ENTI
FICREVOLUTI
ON
1
2.Char
lesDar
win–1
809-
1882
- Devel
opedt
heEvol
uti
ont
heor
y. - Devel
opedt
hecanni
ngpr
oces
s.

1
3.Charl
esLyall–Br 8.Car
olusLinnaeus–Sweden.
- Saidthatt
heeart
h’ssurf
acehas - Cl
assif
iedandnamedanimal
sandpl
ant
s.
changedandtheproces
sconti
nues
.
I
nvent
ionsi
nindus
try.
1
4.Al
exanderGraham Bel
l-1
877
- I
nventedthetel
ephone 1
. JamesJoul
e–England-
1852
- Provedt
hatheati
safor
m ofener
gy.
1
5.GeorgeSt
ephens
on–1 781-
1848
- I
nventedr
ail
waylocomoti
ve. 2.James Wat
t–1769
- I
mprovedst
eam engi
ne.
1
6.Got
tli
ebDaiml
er-1887.
- I
nventedt
hepetrolvehi
cle. 3.JohnKay–1733
- I
nvent
edtheflyi
ngs
hut
tl
e.
1
7.TheWrightbr
others–WilbourandOvi
le
–1903 4.JamesHar
greaves–1764
- I
nvent
edt heaeropl
ane. - I
nvent
edthespinni
ngjenny.

I
nvent
ionsi
nagr
icul
tur
e. 5.Ri
char
dAr
kwr
ight-1
769
- I
nvent
edt
hewaterf
rame.
1
. LordTownshed–1 674-1
738
- Recommendedt heus eofmanur
eto 6.SamuelCr
ompton-1
779
i
mpr ovesoi
lfer
til
it
y. - I
nventedt
hespinni
ngmul
e.

2.SirJohnBannetLaws1 843 7.ThomasBell

-1785
- Setups uperphosphat
ef act
oryin - I
nventedt
hepr i
nti
ngmachi
ne.
Londontomanuf act
ureferti
li
zer
.
8.EdwardCart
wri
ght
-1789
3.Just
usVonLi
eBig-Ger many–1 803- - Invent
edthest
eam powerl
oom.
1873
- Setupamodernf
ert
il
izerindus
try. 9.El
iWhitney–1
793
- Invent
edthecot
tongi
n.
4.Jet
hroTul
l1702
- I
nvent
edthes eeddr
il
l. 1
0.Ott
oHahnandStres
sman(Ger
many)-
1
831
5.CyrusMcComi c1
837 - Di
scover
ednucl
earener
gy.
- Establ
ishedaf
act
oryt
opr
oducet
he
reaper. I
nvent
ionsi
nmedi
cine.

1
. AdreasVaesal
uis–151
4-1
564
6.Andr
ewMeikl
es1786 - Pioneer
edanatomy(di
ssect
ionand
- Madethemechani
calt
hreas
her
. examinat
ionofhumancorps
es)

7.Ni
chol
asApper
t.–F
rance–1
810
2.Wi
ll
iam Harvey–Engl
and1578-
1657 1
4.1943-Li
fesupport
ingmachine/Ki
dney
- Di
scoveredtheci
rcul
ati
onofbl
ood. dial
ysismachinehasprol
ongedli
vesof
kidneypat
ients.
3.Edwar
dJenner-Engl
and-1
749-1823
- Dis
cover
edvacci
neforsmallpox.
1
5.JonasEdwar dSalk–1 961
.
4.Wil
liam Mort
on-Am –1 81
9-1
868 - Discoveredvacci
nef orpol
io&ot
her
- Usedetheranaest
hesiaongumsto vaccines
,nots mallpox.
rel
ievepaindur
ingfi
ll
ingoft
eet
h.
1
6.DrChr i
stianBer
nar
d( S.
A)–1967
5.JamesSimps
on - Discoveredhear
t,l
iver&ki
dney
- Dis
cover
edchlor
ofor
m. tr
ans pl
ant.

6.LouisPasteurF
rance-1
822-1
895 1
7.1
961
-Hear
t–Valverepl
acementwas
- Discover
edbacteri
aandpas
teur
izat
ion. t
est
edonhumans.

7.JosephLis
ter-1827-1
912 1
8.1
965–Softcont
actl
ens
eswer
e
- Dis
coveredant
isepti
cforsur
ger
y. i
nvent
ed.
s
t
8.RobertKoch–Germany1843 1
9.1978–1 t
estt
ubebabi
escamei
nto
- Dif
fer
enti
atedbet
weenbacter
iaf
or being.
anthr
ax,TBandCholer
a.
20.
1943–Kidneydi
agnos
ismachi
newas
9.SirRonaldRoss–1857-1932 invent
ed.
- Discoveredt
hatanophel
esmosqui
toes st
tr
ans mitmal
ari
a. 21
.2006–1 tes
ttubebabi
esi
nKenya.

1
0.Wi
lhelm Ront
gen –1894–1923 22.
Researchoncur
eforHI
V/AI
DS
- Di
scoveredX-raysi
n1895. conti
nues.

1
1.HideyoNoguchiJP–1 876–1 928 23.SirHenr yBes smer–( 1813-1898)
- Discover edvaccineagai ns tyell
owfever. - Pur if
ieds teelbyus eofbl as
tofai r.
- Resear chedoncur ef ors yphili
s.
24.EtinneLenoi r
-1 859
- I nvent edt hecombus t
ionengi ne.
1
2.Lands teiner–1881-1 955
- Devisedt hebloodgr oupi ngt echni
ques
FACTORSTHATF ACILITATEDSCI ENTIFI
C
i
n1 900.
REVOLUTI ON
- Facil
itatedbloodt rans fusionandt he
storage,egbl oodi nbl oodbanksf orlat
e
1. Per iodf orrenaissancel edtol ongingfor
use.
knowl edge,hence,peopl edevel opedan
inter estinresear ch.
1
3.AlexanderF l
emmi ng–s et–1 954
2.Di s cover yofpr i
ntingledt os preadof
- Discover edpenicil
lini n1 928. ideas .
3.Peopl ewer ef acedwi thmanypr oblems
 in health,f ood & ot herbas i
cs,hence i
ndus triali
zat ion.
theyhadt of i
nds ol
utions . 5.Ther ehasbeenl os sofl ivest hr ough
4.Suppor tfors ciencebygover nmentsin i
ndus trialacci dent s.
Europe. 6.Dat apr oces sing/s tor agehasbeen
5.Over seast r
avel sanddi scoveryofnew i
mpr ovedbyus eofc omput ers.
l
andss ti
mul atedl earning. 7.Robot shavebeendevel opedwhi ch
6.Religi
onhadf ail
edt oans wermos tof haver educedoverr elianceonhuman
theques t
ions ,hencepeopl er esor
tedto l
abour/r educedl abourcos t
s.
scienceasanal ternative. 8.Devel opmentoft elecommuni cationhas
l
edt obuyi ng/s ellingofgoodsont he
I
mpactofs cient ificr evol utiononagr i
culture. i nt er net/e- commer ce
9.Res ear chhasenabl edi ndus tri
est o
1.I ncr eas edf oodpr oduct ion. recycl ewas tepr oduct si nmanuf acturing
2.Eur opeans ci ent ifi
cr es earchi n us abl egoods .
agr icul ture.
3.Pr es er vationoff oodt hr oughcanni ng Ot her s
andr efr i
ger at ion.
4.I tledt oi ncr eas edpopul ation. 10.Revol ut i
onal isedmi li
tar yt echnol ogy-by
5.Agr icul tur ehasbeendi vers i
fiedwi th manuf actur eofdanger ousweapons .
newf ar mi ngmet hods . 11
.Devel opmentofs at elliteshasenhanced
6.F ar mi nghasbeenr evol utional isedwi t
h expl or at i
oni ns pace.
thees tabl ishmentofpl ant ation
agr icul ture/ lar ges cale. I
tsimpactonmedi cine
7.F oodr el ateddi seas esduet o
cons umpt i
onofchemi callyt reat edand 1 . Thr oughmedi cal
stor edf oods . res ear ches /exper iment s,t ermi nal
8.Ri s eofpes ts trainswhi char er esi
s t
ant dis eas eswhi chus edt oki ll/di sfigur e
topes ticidesduet ocont i
nuousus eof peopl ehavebeenr educed/ eradi cated.
thes ame. 2.Advancementi nmedi calSci encehas
9.Soi lfer tili
tyhasi mpover ished. hel pedt or educeds uffer i
ng/ tor el i
eve
10.Biot echnol ogyi sat hr eatt ot radit
ional peopl ef rom pai n.
crops . 3.Ithasmades urgicaloper ationss aferby
reduci ngt henumberofpeopl ewhodi e
I
tsimpactoni ndus tr y. dur ingandaf teroper at ions .
4.Thei nvent ionofvacci neshashel pedt o
1. Machi neshavebeeni mpr ovedwhi ch prevent/cont rolt hes pr eadofdi seas es
producegoodsonl arges cale. l
eadi ngt oi ncr eas edl if
eexpect ancy.
2.Al ter nat i
ves our cesofener gyhavebeen 5.Thet echnol ogyofdevel opi ngt es ttube
devel opedf orus ei ni ndus tries . babi eshashel pedchi ldles scoupl est o
3.I nvent ionofs team engi nehasi mpr oved havechi l
dr en.
trans por tationofr awmat er i
alst othe 6.Ithasl edt ol os sofl ivest hr ough
indus tries/ pr oduct stot hemar ket. Geot her mal .
4.Thedevel opmentoft hepr intingpr es s 7.Thei nvent ionshavemadei tpos siblef or
hasenabl edpeopl etor eadandacqui re trans pl ant sofbodypar tss uchast he
knowl edge/i nfor mat i
onabout hear t,liverandki dneys ,t her eby
 sustai ninghumanl if
e. 1. Abundantnat uralr esour cese. g.i ron.
8.Advancement /s ophist
icatedmedi cal 2.Avai l
abi lityofs our cesofener gye. g.
equi pmentwhi chper for
m comput er Coal .
assis t
eds urger yhavebeendevel oped. 3.Ent er pr i
s ingci tizense. g.Banker s.
9.Ithasl edt ojobcr eat
ionf or 4.Devel opmentoft r anspor tand
medi cs /otherwor kerswhoper f
orm communi cat ion.
variousdut iesi ntheheal thinst
itutions. 5.Avai l
abi lityofr awmat er ials.
1
0.Ithasl edt odi scovery/manufactureof 6.Pol iticals tabi l
ity.
drugsf ortreating/cur i
ngdi f
fer
ent 7.Gover nments uppor tencour aged
diseas es . res ear chatuni ver s i
ti
es .
1
1.Carel es sdisper salofmedi calproduct s 8.Avai l
abi lityofl abourf rom t hehi gh
tolos sofacci dent sandlos soflives. popul at i
on( Ski ll
edandUns kill
ed) .
st nd
1
2.Cont racept i
veshavel edtoimmor ali
ty. 9.1 and2 wor ldwar s.
10.For ei gni nves tment s,duet ocapi t ali
s m
Factorsunder mi nings cienti
ficrevolutioni
n phi los ophy.
developi ngcount ries.
Germany
1. Shor tageoff undst oi nvestin
i
ndus trializat i
on. Factor st hatf avor ed.
2.Hi ghl evelofi gnor anceandi ll
it
er acy.
3.Educat ions ys tem doesnotputmor e 1. Avai l
abi lityofi ndus t
rialener gyf r om
emphas isonSci enceandr esearch. sour cesl ikecoalandH. E.P.
4.Br ai ndr ai
n. 2.Avai l
abi lityofi nt er nalandext ernal
5.Over dependenceondonors uppor t. mar ket .
6.Lackofadequat es uppor tfr
om 3.Avai l
abi lityofi ndus t
rialr awmat er ials
gover nment s . li
kei r onor e.
7.Shor tageoff acili
ties . 4.Avai l
abi lityofcapi talfori ndus tri
al ization.
8.Hugef oreigndebtwhi chcons umesmos t 5.Pol iticaluni t
yofal lGer mans tatesunder
oft hecount ry’sr es ources. thel eader shipofBi smar ck.
9.HI V/AI DSasi tweakenst helabour 6.Acqui s it
ionofAl s aceandLor rainef rom
f
or ce. Francei n1 871boos tedhermi ner al
10.Pover tywhi chaf fect sthemar ket. res our ces .
11
.Pol iticali ns tabi l
ityhencenot imef or 7.Avai l
abi lityofs killedanduns kil
led
i
ndus trializat i
on labourf rom t hel ar gepopul ation.
8.Gr owt hofBanki ngandi ns urancei nt he
EMERGENCEOFSELECTEDWORLD count r y.
INDUSTRI ALPOWERS 9.Avai l
abi lityofwat erf ori ndus tri
alus e.
10.Goodt rans por tandcommuni cationi n
U.
S.A form ofr oadsandr ail
way.
11.Avai l
abi lityoft hegover nments uppor ted
-Shewascol oni zedbyBr it
ainuntil04/07 indus tryandencour agedGer man
/1776wheni ndependencewasgai ned. ent repr eneur s.
12.Ent er pr i
s ingnat ur eoft heGer mans .
Factst hatf avor edi ndus tri
ali
zati
on 13.Thees tabl ishmentoft heZol lver ein,
removedt radebar ri
er sandl edt of ree

51
 t
radeand
economi
ctr
ade. Pr
obl
emsencount
ered.

JAPAN 1. Longper iodsofcol oni zati

on.
2.Poort rans por tandcommuni cat i
on.
Fact or st hatf avor ed. 3.Shor tageofcapi t
al.
4.Poort echnol ogy.
1. Longper i
odsofpol iti
cals tability. 5.Lowl i
ter acyl evel .
2.Af terWW2,Amer icans t
eppedi nwi th 6.Toughcompet iti
on,evenf r
om
financi al&t echni calknow-howt os t
op devel opedcount ri
es
herf rom f all
ingt ocommuni sm. 7.Pr ot ect ioni s tpol i
cies ,adoptedpr event
3.Japanes ewor kforl if
e/Cul tureofhar d privat eent er prisesandf oreign
wor k/Ent er prisingc it
izenswhower e inves tment .
wi lli
ngt oinves tini ndus try. 8.Pover tyhences mal ldomes ti
cmar ket.
4.Suppor tfrom t hegov er nmentbyi nviti
ng 9.Pol i
ticali ns tabilit
y.
for eignexpat ri
at es . 10.Poordi sas termanagements tr ategi es.
5.Hi ghl ydevel opedr enewabl ehydr o- 11.Lackofs ki ll
edper sonnel/Br aindr ai
n.
el ectricpowerf r
om l arger iver s. 12.Poorener gys upply.
6.Avai l
abi l
it
yofSki lledanduns kill
ed 13.Mos tr es our cesar eunder -expl oi ted.
labour . 14.Peopl es ’pr eferencet oi mpor tedgoods .
7.Goodst r
ans por tandcommuni cat ion
net wor k. BRAZI L
8.Japanes egover nmenti nvi tedf or eign
inves torst oi nves tint hecount r y.  She’ st he5th l arges tcour tl
yi nt hewor l
d
afterCanada,Chi na,USAandRus s i
a.
Ot her s  Sheat tainedheri ndependencef rom
Por tugali n1 882.
9.Geogr aphicalf act or sass hehadaver y  Shet henpr ogr es s
edi npet r
ol eum,
smal lpar ts uitabl ef oragr icultur e. mot orvehi cle,ai rcr aftelectricity
10.Gover nmentmadeeducat ion indus tri
es .
compul soryandencour agedr es ear ch
aft ert heWW2 Problemsf aced.
11.Peopl ewer eencour agedt os tudy
abr oad,hencet echnol ogi cal 1. Highpover tyl evel,hencel ow
devel opment . pur chas i
ngpower .
12.F inanci als uppor tf ori ndus tri
alizat ion 2.I nabi lit
yt oexpl oitnat ur
alres our cesdue
13.Avai l
abi l
it
yofr awmat er ials. tol es spopul ati
oni ns omear ease. g.
14.Japanes egoodsar eofhi ghqual i
ty, Sout her nr egi on.
hencemar ketabl e. 3.Compet i
tionf r
om t heal ready
15.Exi s t
enceofcot tage/l ocali ndus tries indus tri
al izedcount ries.
whi chwer enotcompl et elydes tr oyedby 4.Monopol yofr esour cesbymul t i
nat ional
WW’ s. compani esi nBr azil,thust he
gover nmenti snotabl etout il
izet hem
I
NDUSTRI ALIZATI ONI NTHE3RD WORD fori ndus trialus e.
COUNTRI ES. 5.Hugef or eigndebt ,thuss pendi ngal ot
 ofmoneypayi ng/ser vici
ngt hef or ei
gn
dept.  Shegai
nedindependencefr
om t
he
6.Poortechnol ogywhi chhi ndersef f
ective Sout
hAfri
canBoersin1994.
expl
oitationofr esour cesf or
i
ndustrialization. F
act
orst
hatf
avor
edheri
ndus
tri
ali
zat
ion.
7.Mostoft hei nves t
orsar efrom the
Westerncount ries&t heyr epatriateal l 1. Avai l
abi li
tyofmi ner al/nat ural
theprofitbackt otheircount ries. resour cese. g.I r
onwhi chpr ovi dedr aw
8.HIV/Ai dswhi chcl ear stheener get i
c mat erialsf ori ndus triali
zat i
on.
peopl
e,t huss pendingal otofr es ources 2.Avai l
abi li
tyofbot hi nternalandext ernal
onmanagi ngt heaffect ed. mar ketf orhergoods .
3.I ndus tri
algoodsf rom Sout hAf ricaareof
Factorst hatf avor ed. goodqual i
ty,hencecancompet ewi th
thos eoft hedevel opedcount ries.
1. Avai l
abi li
tyofbot hs killedanduns kil
led 4.Thehi ghpopul at i
onpr ovidedbot h
labourf rom t hel argepopul ation. skil
ledanduns kil
ledl abour .
2.F reet r adebet weenBr azilandot her 5.Devel opmentofmanys our cesofener gy
count riespr ovi dedherwi t
hext ernal topr ovi depowerf ori ndus trializati
one. g.
mar ketwhi chenabl edhert o HEP.Andt hes uppl yofcoal .
suppl ementherl ocalr awmat er ialswi th 6.Goodt rans por tnet wor kboos tedt he
thei mpor t
ed,f oreignexchange/mar ket. t ranspor tationofr awmat er i
alsand
3.Avai l
abi li
tyofenoughnat uralr esour ces product s,i ncludingAi r.
e.g.Coalwhi chpr ovi dedr awmat erials 7.Avai l
abi li
tyofcapi talf rom t radeofot her
forindus tr
ialization. mat erialsl ikemi ner als.
4.I mpr ovedt rans por tandcommuni cation 8.Pol iti
cals tabi l
ity,es peci all
yaf ter
facil
itatedt r
ans por tact ivi
ties-r aw Apar thei d.
mat erialsandpr oduct s . 9.Gover nments uppor tt hrought he
5.Es tabl i
s hmentofbankswhi chf aci l
it
ated adopt ionofs ound/f avor ablepol i
cies
thepr ovisionofl oanst opeopl ewho whi chpr omot ei ndus tri
alizatione. g.
inves tedi ni ndus try. Tariff
soni mpor t
s .
6.Theheavyi nfluxoff or eignersbr oughti n
foreigncapi talwhi chwasi nves tedi n Challenges/Pr obl ems .
indus tries.
7.Gover nments uppor t. 1. Longper iodofApar t heidr ule.
8.Readi lyavai lableHEPandcoalf or 2.Compet i
t i
onf rom mor edevel oped
ener gyi nindus t
ries. count ries .
9.Appl i
cat ionofs ound5yearpl anwhi ch 3.Rampanti ndus trials tr
ikes .
impr ovedt hei ndus t
r ials ector. 4.Hi ghpover tylevel s .
10.Obt ainedf or eignai df rom ot her 5.Hi ghl evelofi ns ecur i
ty.
count riesandor gani zat ion. 6.HI V/AI DS/s hor tageofl abour .
11.Impr ovedf armi ngmet hods ,henc e 7.Di scrimi nat or yapar thei dr ule.
reli
abl ef ood.
12.Politi
cals t
abi li
tybyt hegoodl eader s. I NDI A

Sout
hAf
ri
ca  Shewascol
oni
zedbyBr
it
ainf
rom 1
750-
 1
947. 2.Highpopul ations t
rai
nst hegover nment
all
ocationst ot heagr i
culturalsector
.
F
act
orst
hatf
avor
ed 3.Highpover t
yl evels.
4.Inadequat etrans portand
1. Shehadgoodi ndus tri
albas edand communi cati
oni nf
rastr
uct ur
e.
cottagei ndus t
r y. 5.Naturalcalami tiese.g.Dr oughtand
2.Avai labili
tyofr awmat erialse. g. fl
oods .
Miner alslikecoal . 6.Polit
icalconflictswi t
hPaki stanandcivi
l
3.Avai labili
tyofener gyf r
om var ious unres t
.
sourcesl ikecoalandHEP. 7.HIV/AI DS.
4.Goodt rans portandcommuni cation
networ k.
5.Avai labili
tyoff undsf rom t rade.
6.F avor ablet echni calands cient i
fi
c
educat ionwhi chpr oduceds cientif
ic TOPI C8. URBANI ZATION:
exper ts.
7.Es tablishmentofbankswhi chpr ovided Thi smeans–t hepr ocessbywhichpeople
loanst opr os pect i
vei nves tors. areattr
act edtoliveintownsorlarge
8.Suppor tf
rom t hegov ernmentt hrough sett
lement .
goodpol i
ci ese. g.5yearpl anandal so
protect i
vet ar i
ffswer eappl i
edt oprotect Earl
yur banizat
ion–i nAfri
ca
homei ndus tr
ies .
9.Pol iti
cals tabi l
itywhi chhascr eated/ Someoft heear l
yurbancent r
esinAfr
ica
providedaf avour abl
eenvi ronmentf or i ncl
udeCai ro,Mer oe/MeroweandKi lwa.
invest menti nindus t
ry.
10.Largepopul ati
onwhi chpr ovidedmar ket Factor
st hatfavoredearlyurbancent
resin
andl abor . Afri
ca.

Gover
nmentpol i
cieswhichf
aci
li
tat
ed 1. Alongr ivervalleysf orwat er,hence
i
ndust
rial
izat
ioninIndi
a. larges ettl
ement s .
2.Ar easwi t
hf ert
iles oil
s/Agr icult
ural
1. Promotionoft echnicalandSci enti
fi
c areas
educati
on. 3.Ar easwi t
hgoods heltered/Pr otect
ed
2.Res t
ri
cti
ononi mpor t
edgoods . areas .
3.Devel opmentofheav yindus t
ri
esby 4.Ar easwi t
havar ietyoft radingact i
vit
ies
stategovernmentpl ans . 5.Ot her swer ees tablishedal ongmai n
4.Emphas i
soni ndus t
riali
zati
onint he5 communi cation/Tr ans portr outes.
yearplans. 6.Ot hercent r
ess tartedar ound
5.Encour agementoff or ei
gninves tmenti
n admi nist
rativear eas.
thecountry. 7.Somecent r
esal sodevel opedar ound
mini ngarea.
Challenges/Pr oblems.
Factorst hatledt oear l
yur bani zati
oni npre
1. Compet i
ti
onf rom alreadydevel oped -col
oni alAfri
ca
countri
es.
1. Tradi ngact ivit
iesbet weendi fferent
communi ti
esl edt ot hedevel opmentof Fact
orst
hatcauseddecli
neofur
ban
tradingcent reswhi chl aterbecame cent
ersi
npre-coloni
alAf
ri
ca
towns .
2.Di s cover yofcr opf armi ngl edt ot he 1. Collaps eofs tat ekingdomse. g.Kus h
devel opmentoff armi ngcent reswhi ch 2. Collaps eoft radewhi chevent ually
attractedl argepopul ationandl at er deniedt hem r evenue.
bec amet owns . 3. Out br eakofdi seas eswhi chaffected
3.Cent rest hatwer eus edf orr eligious bothpeopl eandl i
vestock.
act i
viti
esl aterdevel opedi nt ot owns . 4. St if
fc ompet i
ti
onf rom ot hertowns .
4.Regi onst hathadadequat es ecur ity 5. Exhaus t
ionofmi neral
sl ikegol di n
attractedpopul ationconcent rat i
on Sofala.
leadingt odevel opmentoft owns/ 6. Changei ntrans por tr
out esast he
secur epl aces . newonesby- pas sedt heol dt owns
5.Pl acest hatwer eus edf oradmi nis t
rat
ive anddi vertedt rade
funct i
onsdevel opedi nt otowns . t
oothert owns .
6.Pl acesal ongt hecoas twher es hips 7. Shor t
ageofwat er/dr oughti ns ome
stoppedf ors uppl i
esdevel opedi nt o townsmadepeopl etomi gratet o
towns/habour s. otherar eas.
7.Mi ningact iviti
esat tract eds ettlement s 8. Eur opeancol oni zationofAf r i
cawhi ch
whi chl aterbecamet owns . crusheds omet ownsdur ingwar sof
8.Pl aceswher ewat erwasavai lablef or resistance.
us eat t
r acteds ettlement sandl ater 9. Warofconques tsalsol edt othe
bec amet owns . coll
aps eofs omecent resl i
keGedi .
9.Exi s t
enceoft r
ader out esacces s i
ng
manypl aces/s omet ownsdevel opedat Mer
owe/Mer
oe
cros sroads .
10.Cent resofl earningl ikeAl exandr iaand - WasonthebanksofRi
verNi
lei
nSudan
Timbukt udevel opedi nt ourbancent res - Wasf
oundedin650BC.
/educat ionalcent res .
11.Individuali nterestsofs omel eader s F
act
orsf
ort
hegr
owt
hofMer
owe
12.Ar easwi t
hf erti
les oilsat tracted
set tl
ement ,hencegr ewi ntot owns . 1.Availabil
ityofnat uralres ources
especiall
yi ronor e/I rons melting.(MAI
N)
Whyear
lyurbancent
ersi
nAf
ri
cawer
e 2.Itwasl ocat eds t
rategi
cal l
yatt he
l
ocat
edalongri
ver
s. i
ntersect i
onofdi f
ferenttranspor t&
communi cationr outes.
1. Plentyofwat erfordomes t
icuse. 3.Itwasf ores ted,henceabundantwood
2.F ertil
es oil
sal ongt herivervall
eywas f
uel.
neces saryforf arming. 4.F erti
les oi l
s,henceagr icult
ur al
3.Eas yt ransportal ongther i
ver. productionwashi gh.
4.Irrigati
onf orf armingwaseas ywit
h
wat erfrom ther ivers. 5.Tr adi
ngacti
vit
iesar
oundthear
ea
5.Pl entyofwat erfrom ther i
versfor at
tractedlar
gesettl
ement
s.
i
ndus trialpurpos e.
6.Religi
ouscent
re,hencet
empl
eswer
e 5.Cul t
ure- whi chat tr
actedmi grantsfr
om
cons
truct
ed. ther uralar eas .
6.Heri ndus tr
ywhi chwasexpandedwhen
Eff
ect sofitsgr owt h foodpr ocess i
ngpl ants&cons t
ructi
on
wor kswer ees tabli
shed.
1. Mer oi
ticlanguagedevel oped. 7.Wasacent r eofeducat i
on&medi ci
ne,
2.Newar chi
t ecturaldevelopments
. andt hisat tractedpopul ati
onf r
om all
3.I ronandot heri ndustri
esdevel
oped. directions.
It
sfunct i
ons 8.Theopeni ngoft heAs wanhi ghdam
encour agedi ndustrial
izat
ioni nthet own,
1.I twasani ron- working,hencei
ndus t
ri
al thusexpans i
on.
centre 9.Openi ngofSuezCanali n1 869openeda
2.I twasami ningcent reforir
onore. newt rader out ewhi chwasus edby
3.I twasal soar eligi
onscent r
e. thous andsofEur opeans .
4.I twasat radingcent r
e. 10.Internat i
onalt rade,ast heot her
5.I twasanadmi nist
rati
veandpolit
ical count rieswer edisruptedbyt hewor ld
centre. w ars.
6.I twasat rans portcentre.
Functions

1.I tisthecapi t alofEgyptandpol it

ical
Problemss heexper i
enced centreofAr abwor ld.
2.I tisat rans por tandcommuni cat i
on
1. RiseofAxum Ki ngdom i nEt hiopiawhi ch centref orNor thAf rica,Mi ddleEas tand
deniedheracces st oRedSea. Cent ralAf ri
ca.
2.Increas ingdes er ti
fi
cationoft her egion 3.I tisat radecent re.
whichaf fect edagr i
culturalact i
vit
ies . 4.I tisar ecr eat ionalcent re-stadium and
3.Itwasf ac edwi thext ernalat tacksegby enter tainmenthal lsar ebas edt here.
Axum. 5.I tisahi st oricalandt ouristcent re,
4.Ther ewasdepl etionofmi ner alsegi ron. hous ingEgypt i
anci vil
izati
on.
6.I tisthecount ry’sadmi nistr
ativecent re.
Cairo 7.I tisar es ident ialt ownwi thmanypeopl e
stayingar ound.
Wasf oundedi n969AD 8.I tisani ndus trialcent r
easmany
indus tri
esl i
ket extil
e,f oodpr oces s
ing
Factorsf orhergr owt h etcar el ocat edt here.
9.I tisacul t uralcent re,wi ththeat r
es
1. Avail
abi l
ityofwat erfrom Ni lefor wher epl aysar eper f
ormed.
domes t
icus eandt rans por t
. 10.Itisaneducat ionalcent rewi t
h
2.Itwass i
tuat edi naf airlyflatar eat hat univer sitiesar oundt het own.
all
owedt er ri
torialexpans ionoft het own.1 1
.I tisar eligiouscent rewi t
hr eligious
3.Thef erti
les oi
lal ongt heNi l
eval l
eyl ed offi
cesandbui ldingsl i
kemos ques .
toproduct ionofenoughf oodf ort he
population. Problemsf aced
4.Rel i
abl etr anspor tbyr ail
wayandr oad.
1. Overcrowdi ngresul
tingfrom high 1.Itwasat radingcent r
easmany
population. commer ci
alactivit
iestookpl acei nand
2.Increas edcr i
mer at
eduet o aroundthetown.
unempl oyment . 2.Itwasadef ensecent reass everal
3.Tr aff
icconges ti
ons. hidi
ngplaceswer econstructedf oruse
4.Unempl oymentduet ohighpopul at
ion. duringwar.
5.Inadequat efoodsupply. 3.Itwasar el
igionscent r
easmos ques
6.Pol l
utionofwat er,Airandnoi se. werecons t
ructedar oundt het own.
7.Poorhous i
ngwi t
hthecons tructi
onof 4.I twasanadmi nis
trat
ivecent r
e,housi
ng
slumst ocat t
erforthelowear nersand someadmi nistrati
veoffi
ces .
theunempl oyed.
EARLYURBANI
ZATI
ONI
NEUROPE
Whyearlyur
bancentersi
nEgyptwer
e
es
tabl
ishedal
ongRiverNi
le. Factor
sthatfavoredr
api
durbani
zat
ioni
n
t
h
Europeinthe19 centur
y.
1. Avail
abili
tyofwat erfortransport.
2.Wat erf r
om ther iverf ordomes ti
c/ 1. Rapi dindustri
al i
zationwhi chattrac t
ed
i
ndus tr
ialuse. largenumber sofpeopl e.
3.TheVal l
eyhadf ertil
es oilf
orfarming/ 2.I ncreas edminingact i
viti
eswhi ch
avai
labil
ityoffood. attractedpeopl et os ettl
ear ound.
4.Ni l
eval l
eyhadcoolt emper at
ureswhich 3.Avai l
abili
tyofcapi talfori nvestment/
encourageds ettlement . Existenceofr ichpeopl ewhower e
5.Veget ationalongt her i
verprovided willi
ngt oinves t.
buil
dingmat erials. 4.Encl osur ecreat edthel andl essnes sthat
mi grat
edt our bancent resf or
set t
lement .
5.Expans ionoftr anspor tand
Ki
lwa communi cati
on.
6.Expans ionoftr adingact iviti
eswhi ch
I
twasf
oundedi
n10th cent
ury. attractedpeopl et os ettl
eandi nv est.

F
act
orsf
orhergr
owt
h Res ul
tsofur
bani
zat
ioni
nEur
opedur
ingt
he
t
h
1
9 C.
1. Strategi cpos i
tionwhi chat t
ract
ed
mer chant sasi twasconveni ent 1. Overcrowdingi nurbancent resasmany
stoppingt here. peoplecamef orj
obsands ervices.
2.Tr adees peciallyi ngoldfrom Sofal
aas 2.Limi t
eds ocialamenitiese.g.schools
theywer ecl ose( MAI
N) . whichcouldnotaccommodat et he
3.I nf
luencef rom t hePer s
ianswi t
hur ban growingurbanpopul ation.
cultures . 3.Envi r
onment alpoll
utionfrom gas esand
4.At tractiveandgr eatbuil
dingse.g.the noisefrom theindustries.
greatMos que. 4.Rapi dindustri
ali
zati
onasmanyr i
ch
5.Goodl eader shipbyt hes ult
ansof peoplemovedi ntoinves t
.
Shirazidi nasity. 5.Increasedcr imerateduet ojoblessnes
s
Functions andpover t
y.
6.Expans ionofcommer cialact ivitiese.g. per for medt her e.
banki ng. 2.I ti sacent reofeducat ionasi nhous es
7.Expans ionofagr icul tureasf ar mer stri
ed col l
egesanduni ver si
ties
tot akec areoft hei ncr eas i
ngpopul ati
on.3.I ti sar eligionscent rehous i
ngs ome
8.I ncreas ei nmi ningac ti
vit ieswi thnew chur chesandr el
igiousof fices.
mi ner alsondemand. 4.I ti sas por tscent reands omegames
9.Soc ialinter acti
onbet weendi fferent compet itionsar econduct edt hereeg
communi ties,es peci all
yi nur banar eas. Ol ympi cgames .
10.Mi grat i
onofpeopl et ot heur banf or
empl oymentandot hers er vices . Probl ems
11.Expans ionoft rans por tand
communi cat i
ont of aci l
itat emov ementof 1. Hi ghcr i
mer ateduet ounempl oyment
goodsandpeopl e. andpover t
y.
12.Expans ionoft radeasdemandand 2.Shor tageofs ocialameni tiesduet o
suppl yi ncreas ed. incr eas ingpopul at i
oni nt het own.
3.Conges tionduet or ural-ur banmi grati
on.
Athens 4.F as ts pr eadofdi s easesduet o
over cr owdi ng/conges tion.
Oneoft heear li
es tci tiesi nGr eece. 5.Unempl oymentduet ouncont roll
edr ural
-ur banmi grat i
on.
Factorsf ort hegr owt hofAt hens
Reas onsf ori tsdecl ine.
1.I twass urroundedbymount ai nsandt he
sea,hencemaki ngi ts ecur e. 1. Out br eakofwarbet weenSpar taand
2.Educat i
on/Cent r eofl ear ni ng. At hens .
3.Tr adi ngandcommer cialact ivities . 2.Pl agueout breaki n429BCwhi chledt o
4.Rel i
gi on/Cul t
ur alcent reast empl es los eofl ives .
wer ebui l
tar ound,t husat tract i
ng 3.Theci tywasbur ntdownbySpar ta.
set t
lement s. 4.I twasconquer ed byMacedoni aunder
5.F er t
ileval l
eyspr ovi dedenoughf ood thel eader shipofPhi li
pandhi sson
from t hef ertil
es oils. Al exandert heGr eat.
6.I thadgoodpor tf aciliti
eswhi ch
facili
tateddocki ngofwat erves sels. Char act er isticsofGr eekci tys tat
es
7.Wasanadmi nistrat ivecent r
e.I twas
alsoanadmi nistrat i
v ecent re,t hus 1. Bui ltofhi ll
sf ors ecur i
ty
attract i
ngl arges et tlement sofpeopl e. 2.Hi ghl ypopul ated
8.Avai l
abi li
tyofwat erf ordomes ti
cand 3.Eachci tyhadapal ace.
commer cialus e. 4.Hadr es ident ialhous es
9.Cr eationandmai nt enanceofs trong 5.Pol itical l
yi ndependentofeachot her.
cav alry,infantryandnavypr ovi ded 6.Hadacommonr eligion,l anguageand
secur i
tyanddef encet ot heci ty. cul tur e
7.Hadmanyt empl es .
Funct i
onsofAt hens . 8.Hadopenai rmar kets

1
.Iti
sacent
reofcul
tur
easpl
aysar
e London
 byther i
ch.
Capi
talci
tyofEngl
and 2. Rural
-ur banmi gr
ationasthepeopl e
wentt os eekempl oyment.
F
act
orsf
ori
tsgr
owt
h 3. Poorhous i
ngwi t
ht hegrowthof
sl
umsf orthepoor .
1. Locat i
on–att hebanksofRi verThames 4. Highcr imerateast hepoorandt he
–t huseas yacces s. unempl oyeds oughtanalter
native.
2.Indus tr
iali
zatione. g.t
ext i
les. 5. Unempl oymentduet ohighrateof
3.Tr adingact i
viti
es . populationgrowth.
4.Influxofpeopl efrom r
ur alBr it
ainand 6. Poll
utionofenvi r
onmentbyt hehi gh
otherpar tsofEur ope. populationandhumanact i
vit
ies.
5.Ear lyes tabli
s hmentofcul tur alactivi
ti
es
l
iket heat res portswhichat tracted MODERNURBANCENTRESI
NAF
RICA
peopl e.
6.Act i
viti
esoft heRomanswhent heys et Nai
robi
upadmi nistrati
veandcommer cial
activi
tiest here. Fact
orsbehinditgr
owt
h/ whyitwaspi
cked
t
h
7. Goodt ranspor tandcommuni cat i
on asar ai
lwaydepoti
n19 Century.
networ k.
8.Avai l
abilit
yoff inancefrom t hebanks . 1. Adequat eandr eli
ablewat erf r
om
9.Cent reofgover nmentbus ines ses/ Nairobiriver .
admi nistrati
ve. 2.Levelgr oundf oreas ycons t
r ucti
onwor k.
3.Locat ionatt hemi ddleofMombas aand
F
unct
ions LakeVi ctoriafort rans port.
4.Coolt emper atur eswhi chf avor ed
1
. ItisaI ti sat r
ans portand Europeans ettlement
communi cationcent re-roads, 5.I dealtoacces st hewes tacr osst he
airportset c, Rivervalley.
2. Politi
calandadmi nist
rativec entr
e 6.Tr adingact ivit
iesat tractedmanypeopl e
withadmi nistr
ationof f
ices. inthear ea.
3. Itisacommer cial/t r
adi ngcent r
e 7.Tr ansferofcol onialgover nment
withmar ketsands hops . Headquar ter sin1 907.
4. Itisani ndus tri
alcent r
ewi t
h 8.Pol it
icalstabi l
ityint hecount ryat t
racted
industriesbas edi nandar oundt he forei
gni nves tors.
town. 9.Coolcl i
mat es uitablef orfarmi ngand
5. Itisaneducat ionalcent rewi th Europeans ettlementi nthes urrounding
univers it
iesandcol l
eges . areas.
6. Itisat our i
stcent rewit hsome
promi nentbui ldi
ngsandact i
v i
ti
es. F
unct
ions
7. Itishis toricalcent r
ewi t
hs tored
mat erialcul tureinmus eums
1.I .
thasthegovernment’sadminist
rat
ive
headquart
er.
Pr
obl
emsencountered. 2.Iti
sacommer ci
alandtradingcentr
e.
3.Iti
salsoaf i
nanci
alcentre,wit
hthe
1
. Pover
ty-asthepoorwer
eexpl
oit
ed centr
albankhous edthere.
4.Iti
sat ransportandcommunicat
ion addres
sHIV/AIDS.
centre. 9.Civi
ceducat
ioni
sbeingpr
ovi
dedon
5.Iti
st heheadquarterf
orint
ernat
ional AIDS/HIV.
bodiese.g.KQ,UNEPet c
6.Iti
sat ouri
s tcent
re. Johannes
bur
g

I
tpr
obl
ems F
act
orsi
nfl
uenci
ng

1. Unempl oymentduet ohi ghr at eof 1.F oodf r om t heagr icult

ur allyrich
popul at iongr owth. nei ghbor hood.
2.Poorhous i
ng/Sl umsf ort hepoorand 2.I tsl ocat ion- onpl ain(vel d)whi chmade
theunempl oyed. cons truct ionver yeas y.
3.I nadequat es ocials ervicesandf aciliti
es. 3.Avai labi l
ityofcoalwhi chpr ovi ded
4.Conges tiononr oads/t raffi
cj am duet o ener gyf ormi nes ,indus triesandhomes .
highnumberofvehi cleswi thpoors tate 4.Ot hermi ner alsl ikei r
onor eand
ofr oads . diamond.
5.Poort ownpl anning,hencepoor 5.Wat erf rom VaalRi ver/Cl eanwat er
drai nageandf l
oodi ngdur i
ngr ain. suppl yf orbui ldingandt rans por t
6.Pol l
ut i
onf rom indus tr
iesandvehi cles 6.Di s cover yofGol di nWi twat ersr and.
andot herhumanact i
vities .
7.Hi ghnumberofs treetf ami l
ies . Function
8.Wat ers hor tageduet ohi ghpopul ation
growt handi l
legalconnect ionsofpi pes . 1.I tisat rans por tandcommuni cat i
on
9.Hi ghr at eofHI V/AI DSi nfection cent r
ewi thr oadsandr ailways .
res ulti
ngf rom i mmor alact ivitieslike 2.I tisani ndus trialandmanuf act uring
pros tit
ut ionandhomos exual ity. cent r
ewi ths omei ndus triesi nt het own
10.Highcr imer at e/i nsecur it
yduet o 3.I tisaf inanci alcent re–wi t
hmany
unempl oymentandpover ty. banks .
11
.Hi ghpopul at i
onduet oi ncreas edr ural- 4.I tisaneducat ioncent rewi ths everal
urbanmi gr ationins ear chf or j obsand uni ver sitiesi nt het own.
others er vi ces .
Problems
Soluti
ons .
1. Lar gegapbet weent her ichEur opeans
1. Newhous ingpr ojectsar ebei ng andt hepoorBl acks .
devel oped. 2.I ndus t
r i
alpol lut ioni shi ghi nt het own.
2.Soc ialf aci l
itiesar ebei ngi ncr eas ed. 3.HI V/AI DS hasaf f
lict
edmanypeopl ein
3.Rai ltrans por thasbeenr e-i
nt roduced town.
4.Expans ionofi nformals ect ore. g. 4.Poorhous ing/Shant ies/Sl umsi nthe
empl oymenti nJuakal i
. townduet os hor tageofhous i
ng.
5.Rehabi litationofs treetf ami l
ies . 5.Hi ghr at eofunempl oymentwi thi nthe
6.Newwat erpr oj
ect shavebeen city.
devel oped. 6.Hi ghes tc rimer at ewi thi
nt het own.
7.Wat ercompanyhasbeenpr ivat i
zed. 7.Hi ghr at eofpover tyamongt hepeopl e
8.Or gani zat ionsar ebei ngf ormedt o int het own.
8.Conges ti
oni nt heci tyduet or ural- 1. Abundantr ainfal lands uit ables oi l
s ,thus
urbanmi gr ation. soundeconomybas edonAgr ic.
9.Ther ei ss ti
lldi s cr i
mi nationagai ns tthe 2.Thei rconques tsear nedt hem t erritor y,
blacksbyt heEur opeanst husconf l
icts. human,ani malandnat ur alres our ces .
10.Expens ive/i nadequat emedi calf aci l
iti
es.3.Abl el eader swhower eabl etouni tet he
11.Negat i
veat titudet owar dsadher encet o peopl e.
gover nmentpol i
ci es . 4.Cent ral i
sedgover nmentwhi chr educed
12.Inefficientadmi nis trat i
ves ys tem. chancesofconf lictofi nt er est.
5.St andi ngar myandnavywhi chwas
Solutions strongandl oyalf ordef ens eand
territor i
alexpans ion.
1. Bet terhous inges tat es 6.Decl ineofBunyor oKi tar aki ngdom
2.Cr eat ionofAI DSawar enes s. creat edapol iticalvacuum t obef il
ledby
3.Cr eat ionofmor ej oboppor t
uni ti
es . Buganda.
7.TheKi ngdom wass mal l&uni t ed,t hus
I
mpactofagr ar ianandi ndus trial eas yt ohol dt oget herf oreas y
development sonur bani zation. admi ni stration&s t abil
ity.
8.Cont actwi tht hecoas t
alt rading
1. Enabl edpeopl et ol eadas ettledl i
fe. communi ti
ese. g.Ar absandSwahi liin
2.I tcr eat edl andl es snes s,t husmi grat i
on longdi s t
ancet radewhi chenabl edt hem
ofpeopl et our bancent r est owor ki n togai ngunsf ordef ens e.
indus tries. 9.Gandat raditionwhi chdi videdl abour
3.Devel opmentofmi nesat tractedmor e madeever yonet ober es pons ibl e.
humans ettlement . 10.Highpopul at i
onpr ovidedenoughl abour
4.I ncr eas edf oodpr oduct ion,and ands ol diers.
cons equent l
yt radedevel opedand 11.Annexat i
onofBi ddu,Kyagweand
mar ketcent resat tr actedmanypeopl e. Bus ogabyBugandai ncr eas edher
5.F inanci ali ndus trydevel opedi nur ban sour cesofs laves ,i ron,i vor yand
cent r esduet oagr ar ianandi ndus trial li
ves tock,t huss t rengt heni ngt he
act i
vi ties,whi chat tractedmanypeopl e. economy.
6.Somepor tsdevel opedast ownst o 12.Thenei ghbor ingKi ngdomseg.Tor o,
expor tagr icul tur alandmi ner alpr oduct s. Ankol e&Bus ogawer eweak,andhence
7.F ar m mechani zat ioni nt heagr i
cultur al offerednochal l
enge
sect ordi spl acedl abour er swhot hen 13.Theywel comet heBr it
is hi nthe1 9th
mi gr atedt our bancent rest ol ookf or Cent ur y,whohel pedt hem t oexpand.
jobs .
8.Somet ownsgr ewasf oodpr oces s i
ng Poli
ticalor ganizat ion
cent r es .
9.Pr oducedr awmat er ialsf ori ndus tries , 1 .TheKi ngdom washi ghlycent ralized
thusf ur therexpans ionoft owns . underKabaka.
T0PI C9. ORGANI ZATI ONOFAF RICAN 2.Kabakawasal sot hecommanderi n-chief
TH
SOCI ETI ESI NTHE1 9 C ofthear medf or ces .
3.Kabakahadt hepowert ohi r
eandf ire
BAGANDA seniorgover nmentof ficials.
Factor sofgr owt h 4.Kabakaappoi nt edacounci lofmi ni sters
whoas s i
s tedhi m,t husKat iki
ro/Mugema 1. Hewast hecommander -in-chi
efofthe
(PrimeMi ni
s ter),Omul amuzi( Chief armedforces.
Jus ti
ce)andOmuwani ka( Tr eas urer). 2.Hecont roll
edtrade
5.Ther ewasLuki iko( Par l
iament )whi ch 3.Hewast heheadofgover nment.
advis edt heKabaka. 4.Hewast hechiefpri
estashepr esi
ded
6.TheKi ngdom wasdi vi
dedi nt oCount ies overal
lreli
giousacti
vit
ies .
/s azasr uled/headedbys azachi efs.Thei r
offi
ceswer ei niti
allyinher ited,butl ater Howcent
ral
izat
ionofaut
hor
it
ycont
ribut
ed
appoi nt edbyt heKabaka. tot
hegrowt
hofBugandakingdom.
7.Sazaswer efur thers ub- dividedi nto
Gombol olaunderGombol olachi efs . 1.Itenhancedef f
ectivecont r
olofthe
8.TheGombol olaswer es ubdividedi nt o kingdom.
divisionscal l
edMi lukaunderMi lukachi efs
. 2.Itpromot edt hecont r olofother
9.Kabaka’ spos iti
onwasher edi tary. tradit
ionalleader se. g.clanheads,thus
10.Ther ewer emi norchi efsi nchar geof broughtuni ty.
clans( Bat aka)whos echi ldr enwer e 3.Itenhancedl oyaltytoones ingl
eleader.
rewar ded 4.Itledt oemer genceofabl eKabakas,
bys er vingt heKabaka. whopr opell
edt hekingdom f rom
11.Ther ewer egover norswhower ealso strengtht os trength.
appoi nt edbyt heKabakaf ort hevas sal 5.Mi ni
mals ucces si
ondi sputes.
states ,
calledBat angol e
12.TheKi ngdom hadas t
andi ngar myf or
defens eandexpans ionoft heki ngdom. Rol
esofLuki
iko

Rol
esofBat
aka. 1.ItadvisedKabaka.
2.Itrepres entpeopl e’sneedst oKabaka.
1. Guar dingt heclan’sland. 3.Itactedascour tofAppeal/I tadvisedon
2.Col lectingt ax. disput es .
3.Mai nt aininglawandor deri ntheclan. 4.I tdir
ect edt hecol lecti
onoft axes/how
4.Set tli
ngmi nordisputes . theweal t
hoft heki ngdom woul dbe
spent .
RolesofKabaka 5.IthelpKabakai nadmi nistration.
6.Itmadel awsf ort heki ngdom.
1. Hewast heheadoft het radit
ional 7.Itcheckedt heact ivit
iesoft he
reli
gion- Lubaale. gover nment/checki ngont he
2.Hebes towedhonor stopeopl ewho execut ive.
gaveexcept i
onalservicet oKingdom 8.Itdebat edoni ssuest hataf f
ect edthe
3.Hewast hes upremej udge/headoft he kingdom.
judi
ciar y/f i
nalcourtofappeal .
4.Heappoi ntedandf ir
eds enioroffi
cial
s Functi
onsofSazachi efs.
egSazachi efs.
1.Theymai nt ainedl awandor der .
Others 2.Theycol l
ectt axes .
3.Theyr ecr uitedmenf ormi lit
ar ys er
vice.
4.Theys et
tl
edis
putes/Theytri
edcasesin Mukas
a –godoff
ert
il
it
y
cour
ts.
5.Theywer emembersoftheLuki
iko/They Ki
wanuka –godofl
ight
eni
ng
advi
sedtheKabaka.
Nawagenyi–godofdr ought
Economi
cor
gani
zat
ion 10.Theyhadr eligiousl eader se. g.Kabaka
11.Shr i
neswer econs tructedandpr eserved
1
. TheKi ngdom economywasbas edon forwor shi
p.
agricult
urewi th 12.Ther ewer es orcer er s(Bal opo)
t
hegr owi ngofbananasass taplefood. 13.Hi stori
anskeptl iveact ivitiesandevent s
2. Theymadecanoes/boat sforfishi
ng oft her oyalfami l
yatt heRoyalcour t
.
andf orus ebyt henavy. 14.Theyadopt edI sl
am l aterandot hersto
3. TheKi ngdom Par ticipatedi nl ong Chr isti
anity.
dist
ancet r
ade. 15.TheKabakawasatt het opoft hes oci
al
4. Theypr acticediron- wor king. or ganizati
onwi t
hr el i
gious
5. Theymadecr aft
se. g.bas kets/They andjudici alpor tfolios.
manuf acturedbar kcl othes . 14.TheKabakawast heweal thi estperson
6. Ther ewass al
tmi ningandi ronat andhi spr oper t
yi ncl udedl andandl ar
ge
Biddu. herdsofcat tle.
7. Theyf ishedonLakeVi ctoria 17.Thepeas ant swhower et hemaj ori
ty
8. Theykeptl i
ves t
ocke. g.cat t
le. clear edlandands ervedi nt he
9. Ther ewasal s
ohunt ingand armedf or ces .
gathering. 18.Ther ewasdi vis i
onofl abourasmen
clear edlandwhi l
el adi espl ant edand
Soci
alor
gani
zat
ion weeded.

1
. Theywer ebas edoncl an,each Shona
havingitst radit
ionsfrom gener ati
on
togener ation. Theyar
eBant
usf
rom Zi
mbabwe
2. Theyf el
lincl assese. g.Royalclass
(KingandRoyalchi ef
s )andBakopi Pol
it
icalor
gani
zat
ion
(peasants).Therewasl it
tl
econt act
betweent het woclass es. 1. Theywer er ul
edbyaKi ng( Mwene
3. Theybel ievedi nbot hgoodandbad Mutapa)whohadabs oluteaut hor i
ty
spiri
ts. overthes ubjects.
4. Boyswer eeducat edbyt hefat
her s 2.TheKi ng’spos it
ionwasher edit
ar ysoas
anduncl es ,whilethegi rl
sbyt heir toreduces uccessiondi sputes .
mot hersandaunt s. 3.TheKi ngwasas si
stedbys ever alpeopl
e
9.Kabakaheadedt raditi
onalr el
igi
on– egthecour ts t
ewar d.
l
ubaal e. 4.Ther ewasanadvi sor ycounci lwhos e
9. Theybel i
evedi nmanygodse. g. workwast oadviset heki ng.
Katonda –cr eator 5.TheKi ngdom wasdi videdi ntopr ovi
nces
underprovincial/les serchi efswho
Ki
buuka –godofwarort
hunder weredirectlyanswer abl etot heki ng.
6.Thepr ovinceswer edi videdi nt o
 chiefdomsr ul
edbychi efs. Mhondor o(Cl ans piri
ts)andChami ruka
7.Undert hechi efst herewer eheadmen (NationalSpi r it
).
whower ei nchar geoft hevillages. 4.Theyhadi nter medi ar i
es( Svikiro)who
8.Theyhadas tandingar mywhos emain wasadepar t
edf ami l
yorcl anmember .
dutywast odef end/expandt heempi r
e. 5.Chami r ukas et t
ledcl andi sputesand
9.Theki ngwasas imbolofuni tyashe protect edt hecl ans( communi t
y)
wass emi -divine. 6.Rozwicl anpr ovi dedpr iest
swho
10.Ther eex i
stedpr i
es tswhoact edas presidedoverr eligiouscer emoni esand
spiesf ort heki ng. sacrifi
ces .
7.Theywer edi videdi nt oclanswhos e
King’sas s i
stant s nameswer ecoi nedf rom ani mal slike
monkeys ,whos emeatwasnever
1. Headcook cons umed.
2.HeadDr ummer 8.Theyl ivedi nci r culars tonebui ldings .
3.Seni ors oni n-law 9.Theyr espect edt heel dersf orpeace
4.Ki ng’ ssister/Emper or’ss i
ster/Queen whent heydi e.
si
s ter 10.Theyhads acr edpl acesf orwor shipeg
5.Gat ekeeper/Chancel l
or/Doork eeper Shrines ,wher es acrifi
ceswer eof fered.
6.Queenmot her 11
.Theyhadar oyalf ir
et hatkeptbur ning
7.HeadofAr my intheki ng’scour t
.Thi sfir
es ymbol ized
8.Ni nepr i
nci palwi ves/Wi vesoft heking unit
yamongt hepeopl eandaut hor ityof
9.Tr eas urer theki ng.

Economi
cor
gani
zat
ion As
ant
e /As
hant
i

1. Theycul tivatedl andandgr ewcr opse.g.  Theyar eAkan- speaki ngpeopl efrom
mi l
letandCas s
ava. SouthernGhana.
2.TheyKeptl ivest ocklikecattl
e.
3.Theyf ishedal ongr i
versandl akes . Factorsforgrowt h
4.Theymi nedgol d.
5.Theyi ron-wor kedf orweaponsandt ool
s.1 . Supportfrom theot hercommuni t
iesas
6.Theypar ti
cipatedi nt helongdi st
ance theywer erelated/uni tyamongt he
trade. severalstat
est hatemer gedar ound
7.Theymadecr aftse.g.barkclothes . Kumas i.
8.Theyhunt edandgat heredforwi l
d 2.Theypar ti
cipatedini nternationaland
animal sandf ruits. l
ocalt r
adewhi chbr oughtt hem weal t
h.
3.Theyhadabl eleader se.g.Os eiTutu
SocialOr ganization. 4.Theyhadas tr
ongagr i
cul t
uralbas e
whichens uredt hem foodt hroughout
1. Mwenemut apawast heChi efpr i
estand theyear/Ther egi
oni nwhi chi twas
hewasr egardedasas emi -
divineking. sit
uatedwasgoodf orf arming,hence
2.Theybel i
evedi nas upremecr eatorGod reli
ablefoods upply.
whom t heycal l
edMwar i
. 5.Theyhadacent ral
izedgover nment
3.Theybel i
evedi nbot hgoodandbad whichens urednopol it
icalconf li
cts.
spirit
s:Vadzi mu( f
amilyspiri
ts) 6.Odwi r
afes t
ivalwasus edt ocr eate
 har monyi nt heki ngdom. 5.TheOmanhener epr es ent edt he
7.Theyhadal ar geSt andi ngar my/ As antehenei nt heconquer eds tates/
Mi l
itarys trengt hbas edonacqui si
tionof Omanhenewer eaut onomousbutwer e
gunsandgunpowder . expect edt opayt ribut et ot he
8.Theyhadacommoncul tur ewi thint he As anteheneandcont ribut es ol dier sin
kingdom andt heGol denSt oolwhi ch ti
mesofwar .
ens ureduni ty. 6.Theyhadas tandi ngar myf orext ernal
9.Needt of reet hems elvesf rom Denkyr a def ense.
rule. 7.TheyhadaGol denSt ooli ntroduc edt o
10.Theywer ebr aveandpr oud,andr eady thebyAs ant eheneOs eiTut ui nt he1 8th
todoanyt hi ngt okeept hei rkingdom Cent ur y,andi ts ymbol izeduni ty.
strong. 8.Theyhadawel l-es tabl i
s hedj udi cial/
cour ts ys tem bas edatKumas i,headed
Howt radel edt ot hegr owt hoft heAs ant e byAs ant ehene.
Kingdom TheOmanheneswer egi venpowert o
trymi norcas esi nt hepr ovinces .
1.F rom t het rade,t heyacqui redr evenue 9.TheannualOdwi raf es tivals t r
engt hened
tos us taint hear my. solidar i
tyandnat ional ismi nt he
2.Weaponswer eobt ainedf rom t het rade kingdom.
toexpandt heki ngdom.
3.Theweal thf rom t het radeboos tedt he Rol esofAs ant ehene.
fameoft heki ng.
4.Needf orgoodst oex por tencour aged 1. Hewast heheadoft heki ngdom.
theki ngt oconquermor et er rit
or i
es . 2.Hewast hechi efpr ies t/wi t
nes s edt he
5.Theki ngus edt heweal t
hf r om t het r ade swear ingi nofappoi ntedof ficials .
tor ewar dloyalpr ovi ncialr uler s. 3.Hes atont heGol dens toolwhi chwasa
symbolofuni ty.
Poli
ticalOr gani zat ion 4.Heappoi nt edgover nor sofves sels tates .
5.Hechai r
edt heOdwi raf es ti
val .
1. Theywer eacent ralizeds tatel edby 6.Hewast hes upr emej udge.
As antehene;andwer egr oupedi nto
threedi visions :nucl ear( Kumas i)
, FunctionsofOmanhene.
Amat oo( out s ides tat es )andt he
conquer eds tates . 1. Hehadt her ightt odecl arewaragai ns t
2.As antehenewast hecommanderi n- anot herOmanhene.
chiefoft hear medf or ces . 2.Her ecogni zedt her ightofAs ant ehene
3.Theconquer eds tat eswer er uledby toi mpos el evi es .
theirki ngsbutt reat edaspr ovincesof 3.Heat tendedOdwi raf es tival.
As ante.As ant eheneappoi nt ed 4.Hegr ant edci tizenst her ightt oappeal
repr esent ativei neac hconquer eds tate. tot hehi ghes tcour ti nKumas i.
4.TheAs antehener uledwi tht hehel pofa
conf eder acyofki ngs( Omanhene) , NB/TheOmanheneus edBl ackSt oolasa
Conf eder acycounci l. symbolofaut hor ity.
Theyt ookanoat hofal l
egi ancet o
ens urel oyal tyt ot heAs ant ehene. Economi cOr gani zat i
on
 5. ItwasusedbytheAsant
eheneto
1. Theyt r
adedwi t
ht hei rnei
ghbours. wieldmuchres
pectamongtheOyoko
2.Theymi nedgol d. clan.
3.Theygr ewcr opsl ikeyams .
4.Theykeptl ivestockt hecattl
e. I
mpor
tanceofOdwi
raf
est
ival
5.Theyhunt edandgat heredforwild
animalsandf ruits. 1.I
tpromot edunityamongt hepeopl e.
6.Theywer ebl acksmi t
hsandt heymade 2.I
tprovidedanoppor t
uni
tyfortheki ngs
toolsandweapons .. t
os ett
ledisputes.
7.Theymadecr af
tsl ikebasketryand 3.I
tbroughttheki ngstoget
hert opledge
pottery l
oyalt
y/t ri
butet otheAsantehene.
8.Theypr acti
cedf ishingalongr i
versand 4.I
tprovidedanoppor t
uni
tyfortheki ngs
l
ak es. t
ohonourt hedead.
Socialorganizati
on

1. Theki ngdom compos edofmany

communi t i
eswhos poket heAkan
language.
2.Theywer eor gani zedi nclansmadeup
ofr el
at edf ami l
ies.
3.Mar ri
agewasexogamous .
4.I nheritanceofpr oper tywasmat ril
ineal.
5.Thecommuni tywasboundt oget herby
theGol denSt ool.
6.Theyhadanannualf estival(Odwi ra)
hel datKumas it ohonourt heances tors
.
7.Theywer edi videdi nt os ocialcl asses/
strati
fi
cat ion.
8.Theki ngswer er egar dedass emi -
divine
/r eli
giousl eader s .
9.Theywer epol ytheis ts/wor s hipped
manygods .
10.Theances torsmedi at edbet weent he
peopl eandt hegods .
11
.Theybel ievedi nas upr emeGodcal led
Onyame.

I
mpor
tanceoft
heGol
denSt
ool
.

1. I
ts ymboli
zed/promotedunity.
2. I
ts ymboli
zedthepoweroftheki ng.
3. I
tcontainedthesoulorspi
ritofthe
Asantepeople.
4. I
twasas ymbolofadmini
str
ationand
royalr
egali
a.
TOPI
C10.EUROPEANI
NVASI
ONOF 6.Theywantedt
os t
opsl
avetradeand
AFRI
CAANDTHEPROCESSOF i
ntroducel
egi
ti
matet
rade.
COLONI
ZATION.
 Pol
it
ical
SCRAMBLEANDPARTI
TIONOFAF
RICA
1. Bismar ckandt her iseofGer manywhi ch
changedt hebal anceofpoweri nEurope,
- Thi
smeanst heper
iodwhent he
ascount ri
esr ushedf orcol oniest o
Europeanpower
srushedforanddi
vided
redress .
Afr
icaamongstt
hems el
ves.
2.Af terFr ance’sdef eati nt heF ranco-
Prus s
ianwarof1 870,s hedeci dedto
Met
hodsus
ed
lookforcol oniesf orcompens ati
on,as
Ger manywant edt omakeherf orgetthe
1. Divi
deandr ulepolicy,thusAf r
icans
defeat/mi l
itari
sm.
weret ri
ckedt ot ur
nagai ns
teachot her
3.Publ icopi nioninEur opewasf or
i
nor dert oweakent hem.
acquisitionofcol oniese. g.Thr ough
2.Decept ion/Tr eacher y/LuringAf ri
cans
press.
withEur opeangoods .
4.Nat i
onal i
sm/ I
mper iali
s m,ascount ri
es
3.Mi li
tar yforce/conques t/expedi t
ions.
compet edt oacqui remanycol oni
est o
4.Si gningoft r
eatiesandagr eement s/
provet hatt heywer epower f
ul.
Collabor at
ions.
5.F renchact i
viti
esi nWes tAfricat o
Ther ewer et wot ypes:Parti
tionand
acquirecol oniesencour agedot her
Protect i
onisttreati
es .
countriest ojoint hes crambl e.
5.Char teredt r
adingCompani es .

Caus
es.  St
rat
egi
c

1. Cont rolofRi verNi leandi tss our ces

 Economi
c
coul dfacili
tateEur opeanact i
vitiesin
Africa/Egypt ianques t
ion.
1. Tol ookf ormar ketfort heirpr oducts
2.Ri verCongowasal soat t
racti
ve,asi t
fol
lowingi ndus tr i
ali
zati
on.
wasbel ievedt hatt hear eahadmi neral
s.
2.F oll
owi ngt hei ndus tri
ali
zat i
on,t hey
(Frenchact i
vitiesi nt heCongoandWes t
gener atedal otofweal t handt herewas
Africa).
needf orapl acet oinves ttheirs urpl
us
3.Por tugal,Belgi um andF r
ancecl aimed
capital.
forCongo,Br itain&Ger manydes i
red
3.Theywer el ooki ngformi neralsor
forcol oniesint her egion/Ki ng
met als,whi chwer ebel i
evedt obe
Leopol d’sact iviti
esi nt heCongo.
existi
ngi nAf r
ica.
4.Mos tpar tsofAf ri
cahadgoodcl i
mat e
andf ertil
es oilss uit
ablef orfar mingand  Soci al
othereconomi cact ivi
ti
es .
5.Eur opeant rader sinAf ri
caas kedf or 1. Campai gnagai nsts lavet r
ade/
protectionf rom t heirmot hercount ri
es H uma n i
tari
anf a ctor.
uponf ac i
ngcompet iti
onf rom t heAf r
ican 2.Chr ist
ianr evivali nEur opei n1 8th
mer chant sandt hosef rom ot her Cent ury-ast heChr i
sti
ansf el
ti twas
Europeancount ries. theirr espons ibili
tyt os preadt hef ait
hto
 otherpar t
soft hewor ld/t oprot ect duet ol ackofs ophisti
cat edweapons ,
mi ssionar i
es . skil
ledf ighters ,anddi seases,
3.Raci als uper iorityf eltbyt heEur opeans , drought&f ami ne.
thust heywant edt os preadt heir
civili
zat ion/Pat ernal i
sm. Rolesofexpl orers
4.TheEur opeanpower swant edt os et
tl
e
thes ur pluspopul at i
on. 1. Theyar guedt hatAf ri
cawasdar k,and
5.Rol eofi nfluent i
ali ndividualsin henceneededl i
ght .
Eur opeane. g.Wi l
li
am Macki nnonandDr 2.Theyi ncreas edt heGeogr aphical
Davi dLi vings t
one. knowledgeofAf ricani nteriorinEur ope.
3.Theymadeknownt oEuropewhatt he
Ot hers Afri
cai nteriorcoul dof fere. g.l
abor ,
minerals.
6.Thechal l
engeoft hes preadofI slam 4.Theyopenedupt hei nteriorofAf ri
caf or
whi cht heEur opeanmi ss i
onari
eswant ed othergr oups .
tos t
op. 5.Theyappeal edt ot heirgover nmentt o
7.Ther ewasneedt os preads ocial takeupcont r
oloft hei nteriorofAfrica.
refor msi nAf rica,ast heEur opeans
cons ider eds omepr act i
cesinAf ricaas Rol esofmi ssionaries
inhuman e. g.humans acri
fi
ce.
8.Soc ialmi sfit
si nEur opewer etobe 1. Theypac ifi
edt heAf ri
cans .
res ettledi nAf r i
ca. 2.Theycal ledupont heirmot hercount ri
es
9.Mas smedi aal soinf luencedby forprotect i
on.
publ ishi ngs uppor tivei nformation.
Rolesoft rader s

Reas
onswhyEgyptwasofs
trat
egi
c 1. Theys i
gnedt r
eatieswi t
hAf ri
car uler
s.
i
mportancet
oBri
tai
n. 2.Theys etupcol onialadmi nis
trati
on.
3.Theypr ovidedcheapadmi ni
strati
ve
1. Duet otheopeningoftheSuezcanal capital.
thatopenedtoIndianOceanfort
rade. 4.Theyi nterferedwi thlocalpolit
ics.
2.Pr ovi
dedas hortroutetoI
ndi
aandt he 5.Theyappeal edf orhelpfrom ot her
FarEast. count r
ies.
6.Theyi nves tedheavi l
y,hencemade
 Pul
lfact
or: colonizationinevitable.
t
h
Afri
cahadmi nerals ,butduet o Europeanact i
vit
iesinAf r
icainthe1 9
fr
equentci vilwar s,diseases
,t hey Century.
wereweak.
Thegoodnat uralhar bors. 1. Theywer einvolvedintrade.
Thenavi gabler iver s. 2.Theywer espreadingChr is
tiani
ty.
Well-developedt radewi thtrade 3.Theywer einvolvedinexplor at
ion.
routesandcent r esi ntheinterior
. 4.Theywer ees t
ablis
hings ett
lements.
Disunit
yamongAf ricancommuni t
i . 5.Theywer
es esigningimper i
altreati
es/
Weaknes sofAf ricancommuni ties establ
is
hingcolonialrule.
6.Theywer emining. prot ection
7.Theywer ei
nvolvedinfarming.  Ther ewasr i
valrybet weenBr i
tainand
8.Theywer ei
nvolvedinstampingout FranceoverEgypt ,whi chwasf ort he
sl
avet r
ade. lat
er ,s i
nce1 798.
9.Theywer ei
nvolvedinspreading  In1882,Br itainsuppor tedt he
l
egit
imatetrade. gover nment( British)agai ns tUr abi
10.Theywer ei
nvolvedinestabli
shi
ng Pas haandhi srebelgr oup-s ingle
medical/healt
hcentres. handedl y.
 Thet wohadagr eedt odos o,j ointly.
Howindus
tri
ali
zati
oni
nEuropecontr
ibut
ed  Britaint henmovedandoccupi edEgypt .
tos
crambleforcol
oni
esi
nAf r
ica.  Francewast henf orcedt odiver ther
attent i
ont oCongo.
1. Europeancountr
iesneededmarket
sfor  In1880,F rances entexpedi t
iont o
thei
rmanufactur
edgoods Congo.
 Thegr oup/expedi tionl edby
2.Eur opeancountr
iesneededraw Sar vorgonanDeBr azzas ignedt heDe
material
stofeedthei
rindus
tri
es Brazza-Mokokot reat ywi thchi ef
MakokoofTeke.
3.Europeancountr
iesneededar
east
o
 Thet reatywast henr atif
iedbyt he
investt
hei
rs ur
pluscapi
tal Frenchpar li
amenti n1 882.
 Leopol dIIt hendeci dedt os endhi s
4.Eur
opeancountr
iesneededagri
cul
tur
al
agentt odot hes amei nt her egion.
l
andinAfr
icatogrowfoodcrops  Por tugalgotal armedandappr oached
Britainf oranagr eementwhi chgave
5.Eur
opeancountri
esneededcheap
Por tugalt her i
ghtovert hemont hoft he
l
abourfr
om Afr
icanst
opr oducer
aw CongoRi ver .
mater
ial
s  Topr eventwarbet weenEur opean
power s,Bi smar ckpr opos edf ora
6.Europeancountr
iesdevel
opedahigh
conf erenceatBer li
ni n1 884.
demandofmi neral
sspecul
atedt
obe
avail
ablei
nAfri
ca
Ber
li
nconf
erence–1
884-1
885
Courseoft
hes
crambl
eandpar
ti
ti
onof
Af
rica - Itwasat tendedbyr epresentativesf r
om
allEuropeanpowerandAmer ican–f rom
 I
n1 876,Leopol dIIofBelgi um convened 15/1
1/1
884t o16/02/ 1
885.
ageogr aphicalconferenceonAf r
icai n - I twasmai nl
yai medatl ayingr ulesand
Brussels. guideli
nef ort heEuropeanpar t
itionof
 Theconf erencebor etheAf ri
can Afri
ca.
i
nternationalAssociati
onpr esided by
LeopoldI I
. Res
oluti
onspas sed( TERMS)
 TheAs sociati
ons etupt radingand
Scienti
fi
ccent ersincent ralAfrica,for 1
. Anypowert hatlaidclai
m onanyAf ri
can
thepurpos eofs uppressings lavet rade. countrywast ooccupyt hel aterf ul
ly.
 Thecent erswer etobegi venmi li
tary
2.Anypowerl ayingcl aimsonanyAf rica li
kescorchedearthpol
icywhich
territ
or ywast oinf ormt heot hersf or dest
royedt heeconomicbaseofmos t
rati
ficat ion. communi t
iesthusweakeni
ngt hem.
3.Ri ver sCongo,Ni gerandZambezibas i
n
woul dbef reef ort rade. Ef
fect
soft
hepar
ti
ti
on
4.Congobas inwasgi vent oLeopol dI Iand
itwasopenf orf reet r ade.I tl
ater 1. Europeansgai nedf ameandpr esti
gef or
bec ameCongoF reeSt ate. havi ngcol oni alpos s essions .
5.I facount rycl aimedt heCoas t,the 2.I tspeededupeconomi cdevel opmentof
immedi atehi nter landbecamet heir Europeannat ions .
spher eofi nf l
uence. 3.I tledt ot hei ntroduct i
onEur opean
6.Sl avet radewast obes t
oppedi nfavour admi nistratives ys temsi nAf ricae.g.us e
oflegi timat et rade. ofChar teredCompani es .
7.Eur opeanpower sr eas ser t
edt heir 4.Newboundar iesi nAf r
icawer edr awn.
occupat ionandcont r
oloft heAf ri
can 5.I ntroduct ionofEur opeanl anguagesi n
territ
or ies . Africa.
8.Peacef uls olvingofconf l
icts. 6.Thes ettingupofboundar iesl edt othe
9.Af ri
cant erritorieswer epar tit
ioned,t hus splitofs omecommuni ti
ese. g.Somal i
.
eff
ect ives pher esofi nf l
uence. 7.Af ricacont i
nuedt omai nt aincl oserlinks
10.Europeannat ionsvowedt opr otect withEur opeancount ri
est hr ought rade,
miss ionar ies&t rader si nt heir ar eas educat ionanddi plomat i
cr elat i
ons/
regar dles soft heirnat ionaliti
es. Neocol oni ali
s m.
8.Expl oitativemeas uresl ikef orcedl abor ,
FACTORSWHI CHF
ACI
LITATEDEUROPEAN taxat ionandl andal i
enat ion.
COLONIZATI
ONOFAFRI
CAI NTHE19TH 9.Af ricancul t
ur eswer eunder mi ned/
CENTURY. Europeanci vilizationwass pr ead.
10.Itledt ot hef allofs omeAf rican
1. Weakpol it
icalor gani zati
onamong Kingdomse. g.As ant e.
Afri
cacommuni ty/Lackeds tr
ong
l
eader shipe. g.Smal lpoliti
calunits. Economici
mpactsoft
hes
crambl
eand
2.Lackonuni tyamongAf ri
cans . part
it
ionofAf
ri
ca.
3.Nat uralcalami t
iesandepi demicse.g.
Droughtanddi seas eshadweakened 1
. Afr
icabecameasourceofr
awmateri
als
Afri
cans andmarketsonEur
opeanmanuf
act
ure
4.Col l
abor ati
onbys omeAf ri
caleader s
. goods.
5.Af ri
canwar riorswer enotwel ltr
ained
ascompar edt otheEur opeans . 2.Devel
opmentofi
nfr
ast
ruct
ure
6.TheAf ri
cansl ackedmoder nweapons .
7.Eur opeansr eceivedr einforcementsor 3.Disr
upti
onofAfri
cant
radi
ti
onal
mili
tarybackupf r
om homeandf rom economicact
ivi
ti
es
othercol onies .
8.Somecommuni t
ieswer edemor ali
zed 4.Recruit
mentofAfr
icalabourf
or
af
tert heirleader swer ecapt uredand Europeaneconomicgain
evenki l
led.
9.Eur opeanpower sus edr uthlesstacti
cs 5.I
tspeededupeconomi
cgr
owt
hof
 Eur
opeancount
ri
es spreadofChr i
sti
anity/heal thf
aci l
iti
es
establ i
shed.
6.Afr
icawasunderdevel
opedduet
o 9.Clos ertiewer eforgedbet weent he
exploi
tat
ionofherres
ources Africansandt heEur opeanswhi ch
creat edover dependenceonEur ope.
7.I
ntr
oduc
tionofl
arge-
scal
eagr
icul
tur
e 1
0.Intens i
fi
cat i
onofwar f
areamongAf rican
communi ties .
8.I
tcreatedover-
dependenceonEurope 1
1.Infrastr
uct urewasdevel opedtol i
nk
byAfri
caonfinanci
alandtechni
cal agr i
cultureandmaj ormi ningcent r
es .
suppor
t 1
2.Introductionofnewpol i
ciesli
kef orced
labourandt axati
onwhi chwer e
9.Afr
icanswereint
roducedonthe unpopul aramongAf ri
cans .
i
nternati
onals
ystem oft
radeand
f
inance Posit
iveef
fect
sofEur
opeancol
oni
zat
ionof
Afr
ica.
1
0.Gr
owt
hofi
ndus
tri
es
1.Thei nhumans lavet radewass topped
11.Economi cexpl oi
tationt hrought axati
on andr eplacedbyl egi t
imatet r
ade.
andl andal ienation. 2 .T h eyi n tr
o d uc edn ewc r
o pswhi chwer e
grownonl arges cale.
12.Therewasi ntroduct i
onofwagel abour 3.Moder nmet hodswer eoff armi ngwer e
toAf ri
ca introducedwhi chi ncreasedyi elds .
4.F ar mingandt radingact i
vitiesby
Eur opeansl edt ogr owthoft owns .
5.Newmeansoft ransport&
I
t seff
ectsonAf r
icancommuni t
ies . communi cationi ntr oducedbyt hecol onists
whi cheas ed
1. Afri
cansl os tindependenceas movementofpeopl e.
Europeanses t
abl i
shedcol onies . 6.Chr istianmi ss i
onar i
esintroduced
2.Af ri
caneconomi esweakenedbyt he Wes ter neducat ionwhi chenabl edAf ricans
Europeanexpl oitati
onoft her esources. t or ead
3.TheAf ricans ys t
emsofgover nment andwr ite.
wer erepl acedbyEur opeans ys t
ems . 7.Theyi nt r
oducedmoneyasamedi um of
4.Af ri
cansadopt edEur opeanl anguages ex changewhi chwasamor eef fi
cient
whichbecameof fi
ciallanguagesi nthe met hod
colonies. oft rade.
5.Moder nAf r
icans tateswer ecr eat edby 8.SomeAf ricant raditi
onalpr act i
ceswer e
theboundar i
esdr awndur ingt he abandonedduet omi ssi
onaryi nfluence.
parti
tion. 9.Manuf act ur edgoodswer ei ntroducedt o
6.Af ri
canl andwasal i
enat edasEur opeans t heAf r
icanswhi chchangedt hei rlif
e-style/
establis
hedper manents ettlement s
. Es tablishmentofi ndustri
eswhi ch
7.Af ri
cansl os ttheirlives/pr oper tyas impr ovedt heeconomy.
theyt ri
edt ores i
stEur opeanoccupat i
on. 10.Thei nter i
orwasopenedupandbecame
8.Af ri
cancul turewasunder mi nedwi t
h knownt ot her es toft he
int
roduc tionofWes terneducat i
on/ wor l
d.
11.Modernhealthf acil
it
ieswereint
roduced Thecommuni
ti
esi
nvol
ved:
i
nAf ri
cawhi chledt oeff
ect
ivecontr
olof
tr
opicaldi
s eas es. 1.Pogor
o.2.Ngindo.3.Mbunga.4.Ngoni
.5.
12.Sociali
nteractionwasenhancedt hrough Zaramo.6.Luguru.7.Wamakonde
thes t
udyofAf ricanlanguages. 8.Wamwer a.9.Ndendeul
e.10.Bena.1
1.
13.Europeansint r
oducednews our
cesof Matumbi.1
2.Sangu
energyegHEP.
Caus
es

Eur
opeanact
ivi
ti
esi
nAf
ri
cabef
ore1
850. 1. TheAf ricansr es entedt hef orcedl abour
i
nt roducedbyt heGer mans .
1. Theywer ei nvolvedi nt radingact i
vi t
ies. 2.TheAf ricansdi slikedt hehar shrul eby
2.Theys pr eadChr i
stianity. theAki daswhower ef orei gner sand
3.Theywer ei nvolvedi nexpl orati
on. br utal.
4.Theywer ei nvolvedi ns preadoft he 3.TheAf ricanswer ef or cedt ogr owcot ton
Wes terneducat i
on. oni nfer ti
lel and.
4.Ger mansmi s treat edAf ricanr ulers/
AFRICANREACTI ONTOEUROPEAN har shGer manr ule/whi ppi ngt hem i n
COLONI ZATI ON publ ic/f loggi ngt hem
5.TheAf ricanswer eagai ns tthet axat i
on
- TheAf ri
c acount riesr eactedi nthet wo i
nt roducedbyt heGer mans .
ways :somer esistedasot her s 6.Ger manof fi
cialss exual lyabus edAf r
ican
coll
aborat ed women.
- Someoft her esistanceswer eactive 7.Ins pirationbyt hepr ophecyofKi nj ekit
ile
whileother swer epas si
ve Ngwal e.
8.Theywant edt or epos s es st heirland
Resist
ance: from t heGer mans .
9.TheNgonif oughtt os eekr evengeover
causes theBomamas sacr eof1 897.
10.Theywant edt or egai nt hei rlost
1. Pri
de/hos til
it
y. i
ndependence.
2.Pat ri
otism andnat ional i
sm 11
.T heGer mansdes pis ed/l ookeddown
3.F earedl os sofpowerandweal th. upont heAf ricans ’wayof l if
e/
4.Tomai nt aintheirt errit
oriali nt
egrity. C hristia nityV sT rad i
tio na l
.
5.Val uedt hei rfr
eedom.
Cour seoft her ebel l
ion.
 Ther ewasAr medandpas sive
resis
tance.  AKol elopr i
es tcal ledKi njekit
ile
Ngwal emobi l
izedpeopl ei n1904-f or
MajiMaj iup- ri
sing( 1
905- 1
907) traini ngands prinkledt hem wi th
‘magi cwat er ’-whi cht heybel ieved
- Thi soccur r
edi nSout hEas tern hadpowert ot urnr endert hebul l
ets
Tanganyi ka,ledbyKi nj
eki ti
leNgwal e, u se l
e ss.
AbdallaMpandaandNgameya.  I tt henbegani nJul y1 905,whent he
Pogor oofKi loper efus edt opi ck

73
 cot ton. oppos edt ot heAf ricans ol dier swho
 Ther ebel sat tackgover nment usedt het radi tionalmet hodsoff ight i
ng.
mi ss i
ons ,pos tsands hops . 3.Di suni ty/Hat redt hatexi s tedamong
 TheGer manshi redZul u,Sudanes e Africancommuni tiesmadet heGer mans
andSomal imer cenar ies. defeatt hem eas il
y.
 Af tert heUwer ekabat tl
ei ns ept -1905,4.TheGer manus eoft heScor chedEar t
h
they( Afr i
cans )r es ortedt oguer il
la met hodoff ight ingwhi chl edt ofami ne,
tact ics. henceweakenedt heAf ricans/Af ri
cans
 I tdr aggedonupt o1 907whent he wer eweakenedbyf ami newhi chmade
Africanswer ef or cedt or etreat ,wi t
h them t owi t
hdr awf rom t hewar .
mos toft hei rleader sar restedand 5.Themagi cwat erofKi njeki til
ef ai
ledt o
other sexecut ed. prot ectt heAf r i
cansagai ns tt heGer man
 Mat umbiwar ri
or supr oot edc ot tont o bullet s.
provoket hechi efs . 6.Capt ur e/I mpr is onment/Execut ionof
Africanl eader sdemor alizedt heAf ricans
.
Resul t
soft heMaj iMaj i 7.Ger manadmi nis trator sr ecei ved
reinfor cement .
1. Des tr
uct ionandl oot ingofpr opert y. 8.Thel ar gepower fulcommuni t i
eswho
2.Los sofhumanl ivesdur ingt hewar . hadbeendef eat edbyt heGer mans
3.ManyPeopl ewer edi splaced. befor e,di dnotj oint hewar .
4.Ther ewaswi des pr eadf ami neand 9.Af ricansl ackedcoor dinat ion/
star vation. organi zat ioni nt hei rf i
ghtagai nstthe
5.Ther ewass ufferingasmanyAf r
icans Ger mans .
wer ear r
es tedandi mpr isoned.
6.I tcr eat edf earandi ns ecur ity. Whyt heAf ricansi nTanganyi kawer e
7.I tbr oughtaboutdi visionbet weent hos e againstt heus eofAki das .
whor es istedandt hos ewho
collabor ated. 1. Akidaswer ef or eigner s .
8.Ger mancol oni algover nmentchanged 2.TheAki dast ookt heAf ricans ’chancesof
itspol iciese. g.abol itionoff orcedl abour. admi nis trationi nt hei rcount r y.
9.I tlaidf oundat i
onf orf ut ureofAf rican 3.TheAki daswer ebr utal/Har sht ot he
nat i
onal i
s m. Africans/Whi ppi ngAf r i
canse. g.
10.Rej ect i
onofcul tureandt rus ti
nAf rica fl
oggi ng.
medi cinemen. 4.Aki dass exual lyhar ass edt hei rwomen.
11.Fear ,hence noar medr esistanc et il
lthe
riseofnat ional ism af terwor ldwart wo
12.Thepeopl et ur nedt oeducat i
ont ol earn Ref ormsi nt roducedbyt heGer mansaf ter
whi teman’ scul tur eandt odef eathi m. t heMaj iMaj i
.
13.Theeconomi cact ivitieswer edi srupt ed.
1. Communalcot tongr owi ngwass topped.
Reas onsf ort hedef eat 2.F orcedl abourf ors et tl
erf armswas
stopped.
1.I nfer i
or it
yofAf ricanweaponswhi ch 3.Cor por alpuni shmentwasf or biddenand
coul dnotmat cht heGer mans . settler swhomi streat edt hei rwor ker s
2.Ger mans ol dier swer ewel ltrainedas wer epuni shed.
4.Bet tereducat ionandmedi cals ervi
ces thusleadi ngtot heGr eaterRevol tof
forAf r i
canswer eint roduced. 1888-1 890.
5.Africanswer ei nvol vedint he  I
n1 890,warbr okeoutbet weent he
admi nistrati
onoft her egi
onasAki das FrenchandMandi ka.
andJumbes .  Theyaccus edeachot herofvi olat
ingthe
6.Acol onialdepar tmentofGer man Bisandugut r
eaty.
gover nmentwasf or medi n1 907t o  Hedi videdhi sarmyi ntot hree( 3)
clos elyi nves t
igat ei ntheaf fair
si f groups :onear medwi thModer nrif
les,
Ger manEas tAfrica. t nd
he2 onehel pedi nevacuat ingt he
7.Extrat axationont heAf ri
canswas peopleandt he3rd conquer edt henew
reject ed. areasf ors et
tl
ement .
8.Kiswahi l
iwasaccept edasanof fi
cial  Heexpandedhi sempi ret ooccupy
language. areasf rom Mali
,I voryCoas tandGhana
9.Anewgover nor ,Lor dRechenbur gwho witht henewcapi talatDabakal a.
wass ympat het ictot heAfricanswas  However ,hewast hendef eatedaf ter
broughtandhecens orednews papers 7yrs.
thats uppor tedEur opeansagai nst
Africans .

Samor
iTour
eoft
heMandi
nka
Caus
esoft
her
esi
stance.
 Hewasbor nin1830i nGui nea-ofDyula
clan. 1. Topr eser vethei ndependenceofhi s
 Hismot herwascapt uredin1 853asa empire/Tos topF renchcol onizationof
slavebyal ocalrul
er. hisempi re( MAI N) .
 Het hens ervedi nt
her ul
er’sarmyfor 2.Topr otec ti
mpor tantpl acesandar eas
7yr stobuyhi smot her’srelease. l
ikeBur agol dmi nes
 Thisi swher eheear nedmi li
tarytr
aini
ng 3.Hewant edt oexpandhi ster r
it
or yand
andexper ience. hedi dnotwantt owi ths t
andany
 Het henes tabli
shedhi sempi re obstaclei nhisway.
Mandi nkawi ththecapitalatBisandugu 4.Hedi dnotl iket heF renchcol l
abor ation
in1881. withhisenemi esast heygavet he
enemi esweaponsegTi ebbaofSi kas so.
Course: 5.Hadconf idencei nhi sl argewel lt
rai ned
anddi scipli
nedar mywi thmoder n
 Ont he28th mar ch1886,hes i
gnedt he fi
rearms .
Bisandugut reatywitht heF rench, 6.Hewant edt omai ntainhi ss ocials tatus
defini
ngt heboundar iesoft hes pheres asal eaderi easAl -I
mam,at itlehe
ofinfl
uence. adoptedi n1 874.
 Samor iusedt hetreatyasat r
ickto 7.Hewant edt opr otec thi stradewhi ch
enablehibui ldhisempi re. earnedh i
m reven uet op urchas ea rms
 Dur ingt hi
speacef ultime,t heF r
ench andammuni ti
on.
suppliedTiebaofSi kas so,Toure’s 8.H ew antedt os afeguar dI slam from
tr
adi t
ionalenemywi t
hweapons . Christi
ani nfl
uence/Hewasf ightinga
 Theyal soincitedthepeopl eagai nsthim, holyw ar (Jihad).
 9.Hewant edt opr eser veMandi nk acul ture. i nspi redhi ss oldi ersdemocr aticallyin
10.Hewant edt opr otectt heMandi nkal and theas signmentofdut ies .
from t heEur opeanoccupat ion. 7.Heus eddi plomacyeghes i
gnedt he
11
.Hepl ayedof ftheBr i
ti
shagai ns tthe treat yofBi s sandugu( 1
886)t ogetmor e
French. timet oor gani zehi ms el f/Hepl ayedt he
Br i
tis hagai ns tt heF rench.
Disadvant ages/chal l
engesoft he2nd 8.Hewasabl et opayhi ss oldierswel l
.
empi re. 9.Hes hift
edhi sempi r
eandcapi talf urt
her
inlandt ogi vehi ms elfmor et i
met ore-
1. Hewascutof ffrom t heBur aand organi zehi sf or ces .
Wangar agol dmi nesandt r ader outes 1 0.Hiss oldi er swer ef ami l
iarwi tht he
andhencecoul dnotobt ainr evenue terr ain,t hef actwhi chenabl edt hem t o
topur chas ear ms . beef fect ive.
2. Hewascutof ffrom F r eet ownwher e 1 1.Hehadadequat ef oods uppl ytos ustain
heus edt oobt ainar ms . hisar my.
3. Thes out her nboundar ywasopent o 1 2.Us eofhor s esbyhi ss oldiers ,enhanced
attacksf rom I vor yCoas t. thei ref f
ect ivenes s.
4. TheBr itishoccupat ionoft heAs ante
in1886madehi mt oadvancei nt hat Whyhel ost
direction.Thi smeantt hathewas
surroundedbyenemi esf rom al l 1. Dis uni tyashi sAf ricannei ghbor s
directions( t
heF renchandt heBr it
ish). r efus edt oal lyduet oj eal ous y.
5. Thel ocalpeopl edi dnots uppor thi m 2.Hef ailedt oconvi ncet heBr itis
hagai ns t
ashewass eenasanal ien. theF renchast hey( Br itish)s awi tas
agai ns tt heBer linconf er enceof1 884.
Whyt her es istancepr otract ed( las tedf or Hispol i
cyofnon- inter f
er ence.
l
ong) 3.Det er mi nat ionbyt heF rencht o
es tabl i
shanover seasempi remade
1. Hisar mywasequi ppedwi thmoder n them t ous et hei rs uper iorweapons .
weaponswhi chhepur chas edf rom 4.Cons tantmovementofhi sar myand
Eur opeans ,andot her sfr om l ocal peopl edeni edt hem t imet oconc entrate
blacks mi ths . onmeani ngf ulact i
vities ,hencel acked
2.Hehadal arge,s trongandwel lt r
ai ned food.
army,di sci plinedandor gani zedar my. 5.Thenewl yconquer edr egi onsr es ented
3.Heus edMandi nkanat i
onal ism andI sl
am him andal liedwi tht heF rench,ast hey
touni f
yt hes oldiers/Heconvi ncedhi s felthewasi nsens iti
vet ohuman
peopl et hatt heywer ef ight ingaj ihad suffer ing.
agai nstt heF rench. 6.Ashemoveds out hwar d,hel os t
4.Heal sous edguer ill
awar fareand valuabl ear easl ikeBur agol dmi nes .
scor chedear thpol icy whi chpr oved Thi spar alys aedhi mt ot heext entofnot
effectiveagai ns ttheF rench. bei ngabl et opayhi ss ol diersand
5.Someofhi ss older shads ervedi nt heir mer cenar ies .
Frenchcol oni alar myandhencewer e 7.TheF renchempi rebes iegedhi sCapi tal
,
fami l
iarwi tht hei rfightingt act i
cs . blocki nghi sr et reatt her ebyf orcinghi m
6.Hewasacompet entmi litaryl eaderwho tos urrender .
 st
8.Hispoli
cyofdi pl
omacy ofplayingoff (Shaka’sWar s )i
nt he1 halfofthe19th c.
theBrit
ishagai nsttheFrenchf ai
ledas  Theywer eledbyMz ilikaziwhodi edi n
theBrit
ishr efusedtosuppor thim when 1868.
theFrenc hattackedhim  Hewass ucceededbyhi ss onLobengul a.
9.TheScor chedEar thpoli
cyheus ed  TheEur opeanscamef orgol dwhichhad
madehi speopl eimpoverishedand beendi scover edi nTr ans vaal,asthey
tur
nedagai nsthi m. extendedt ot hel andi nNor th.
1
0.TheBr i
ti
s hs t
oppedt hesupplyofguns  Lobengul ahads ucces s f
ullyavoideda
toTourei n1893. confrontati
onbydi plomacy,butnowhe
hadt ores istforcef ul
ly.
Ef
fect
s  Lobengul as ignedt wot r
eat ies:Moff
at
andRuddConces sion.
1. Mandi nkadi sintegr atedast heF r
ench
establishedt hems elvesi nt hear ea/ Externalpr oblemst hatfacedLobengul a’ s
Los sofi ndependence. kingdom.
2.Pr oper t
ywasl oot edanddes troyedas
theMandi nkaappl i
edt hes cor ched 1. TheBr i
tishwer einteres tedint heGol d
earthpol icy. mi nesi nMat ebel el
and.
3.Manyl i
veswer el os tduet ot he 2.Mat ebel elandof f
eredgoodgr azingl and
protractedwarbet weent het wogr oups. tof or ei
gner s.
4.Thet radit i
onali ns t
itut i
onsoft he 3.TheBr i
tishbel ievedt hatoccupyi ng
Mandi nkawer edi srupt ed/ weakened, Mat ebel el andwoul dbeawayofout -
thusr ender ingt hem i neffect ivein fl
anki ngt heBoer s.
dischargi ngt hei rdut ies/funct ions/Los s 4.Ext er nalat tacks .
oftraditionall eader ship. 5.Landal ienat i
on.
5.Itlaiddownt hef oundat ion/ growt hfor
Afri
cannat ional ism. Reas onf orEur opeani nter es t
6.SomeMandi nkaf ledt oot herar ease.g.
Ghanat oavoi dF r enchcol oni alrul
e. 1. TheBr i
tishSout hAfricacompany
7.Tour ewascapt uredandexi ledi nGabon want edt oexpl oitther egi onbet ween
i
n1 898andl aterdi edi n1 900. LimpopoandZambeziofmi neralweal th.
8.Economi cact ivitieswer edi s ruptedby 2.Cl imat eofMat ebelel andand
thewar /t her ewasdecl i
nei nt r
adeand Mas honal andwass ui
t abl eforEur opean
miningbyMandi nka. set t
lement .
9.Ther ewasanout br eakoff ami neduet o 3.Mat ebel elandl ayt hedi rectrout efrom
neglectoff ar mi ngac tivit
ies . thecapei nSout hAf r
icat oCai ro,wher e
10.Thewarcr eat eds uf f
er ing/mi sery Ceci lRhodeswant edt oext endedhi
amongt hepeopl el eadi ngt oa s t
ate Br i
tishaut hori
tyt o.
ofdes pai r. 4.Mat ebel elandwasnotr eadyt o
s
urr
enderi
ndependencewi
thoutf
ight
ing.
Lobengul
aandt
heNdebel
e-1
893
Caus
es:
 Theyori
ginatedf
rom Tr
ansvaalt
o
Matebel
elandinModernZi
mbabwe. 1
. Thecont
rover
sialRuddconces
sionof
 TheymigratedduetotheMfecane 1888.
 2.TheNdebel elos tthei rcontrolover ammunitionandagunboatt opat rolthe
theirs ubj ectst heShona,owi ngt ot he Zambezi.
Briti
s hcont r
ol. 5.Lobengulaandhi shei rswer et obepai d
Theywer epr event edf r
om r aidingthem. 1 00poundpermont h.
3.TheBr it
is hinci tedt heShonat orebel
agains tthem. o In1890,200whi tesmar chedf rom S.
4.Los sofl andt ot heWhi tes ett
ler s
. Afri
caintoMas honal andandhoi sted
5.Los sofl ives t
ockt ot hecompany theUnionJack( Br it
ishF lag)at
off
icials. Sali
sbuty( Harare)on1 2th September .
6.Impos iti
onoft axesont hem e. g.huttax o Europeans ettlersincitedt hes hona
whichwer ecol l
ectedwi thal otof againsttheNdebel e.
ruthlessnes s. o WhenLobengul as enthi st roops
7.Afri
canswer efor cedt owor kont he againstthes hona,t heEur opeans
Europeanf armsandmi nes. gotanoppor tunit
yt oi nvade
8.TheBr it
is hwant edt os tartthewari n Matebeleland.
ordert opor trayt heNdebel east he o Hewasdef eated,anddi edonhi s
aggr essor sandt hereforeconquerand wayt oZambezi .
impos et hei rrul eont hem. o Hiscommander s(Indunas )
Surrendered.
Course/ event s/pr oces s
Reas
onsf
orhi
sdef
eat
 1887,Lobengul as ignedat reat
ywith
PietGr obler. 1. Smallpoxweakenedt heNdebel e.
 Hes ignedanot heroneon1 1/02/1888 2.TheBr i
tis
har mywasbet t
ertrainedand
withJohnMof fat. wellorganized.
 Accor di
ngt othel ater,Lobengulawas 3.TheShonas upportedt heBriti
shagains
t
nottoent eranyagr eementwi thany theNdebel e.
otherEur opeanpowerwi t
houtthe 4.TheBr i
tis
har mygotr einf
orcementfrom
author i
tyofBr i
ti
sh. S.Afri
ca.
 On30t hOct1 888,t heRuddConces si
on 5.TheBr i
tis
hhads uperiorweaponsas
wass igned. compar edtot heNdebel e.

I
tst
erms Ef
fect
s

1. TheBr i
ti
s hSouthAf ri
canCompanywas 1. Deat hs/Mas sivelossofl i
ves .
givenabs olut
eright sformi ningin 2.Ther ewasl ossofindependencebyt he
Mat ebel
elandandMas honaland. Ndebel e.
2.Lobengulawoul dnotent erany 3.TheNdebel elosttheirlandt othe
agreementwi thot herEur opeanpower Brit
ish/Landal i
enation,ast heywer e
withoutthecons entofCeci lRodes . pushedi ntoreserves.
3.Lobengulawaspr omi s
edt hatnomor e 4.St arvationamongt heNdebel east heir
than1 0(t
en)Eur opeanwoul dbes entto economi cact
ivit
ieswer edisrupted.
hiscountryatonce. 5.Ther ewasl ooti
nganddes tructi
onof
4.Lobengulawaspr omi s
ed1 ,000br eech- property.
loadingri
fleswit
h1 00,000r oundsof 6.Bul awayo,t hecapitalcityofNdebel e
 wasdes troyed. powerofI ndunas .
7.Ther ewaswi des preadf earand
i
ns ecur ity. Effect s
8.Itpr ovokedant i-Br itishf eel i
ngswhi ch
partlycont r i
but edt ot heChi murenga 1. Los sofShonaandNdebel e
war sof1 896- 1
897. independence.
9.TheNdebel emi litar ypowerwas 2.Los soft hei rlandast heNdebel ewer e
weakened. relocat edt onewl andatl owl ands .
10.TheNdebel ewer es ubj ectedt ot axat i
on. 3.Thecompanyappoi nteds omeNdebel e
11.TheNdebel ecat tlewer econf i
scat ed. Indunaasheadmen.
12.TheNdebel ewer es ubj ectedt of or ced 4.Sever efami neduet odes truct i
onof
l
abor . proper t
y.
5.I tledt ogr eatl ossofl ives.I tledt o
Chimur enga–1 896- 97 initi
at i
onofpol i
ticalandeconomi c
refor ms .
(Ndebel eands hona)–l eader si ncl
uded 6.I tledt oannexat ionofmor el andand
Sigi
nyamat s he,NehandaandKakubi cat t
leascompens ati
on.
7.Thef ail
ur eofMwar iCul tmademanyt o
Caus es conver ttoChr istianity.
8.I tuni tedt heShonaandt heNdebel e
1. TheNdebel ewer enothappyf orl os ing whohadbeent r
adi ti
onalenemi es .
theiri ndependence. 9.Lobengul af l
edt oBul awayoonr eali
zing
2.Los sofl andbyNdebel e. thatdef eatwasemi nent .
3.Ndebel ecat tl
ewer econf i
s catedbyt he
Br i
ti
s hSout hAf ricac ompany. Reforms
4.In1 859,t her ewasout breakofRi nder
pes t.TheBSACor der edf ort hes hoot ing 1. Taxat ionwasr efus edf r
om pound2t o
ofal lcatt l
e. pound1 .
5.F orcedt axat ion. 2.Af ricanswer eal l
owedt opar ticipatein
6.F orcedl abor . agr icult
ur alact i
vities.
7.Companyof f
icialshadi nterferedwi th 3.Bet tereducat ionandf acilit
iesf orAf rica
tradebet weent hes honaand wer ei ntroduced.
Por t
ugues e,andt hei niti
alwer enot 4.Col onialadmi nistrat i
onwast ail
or edto
happy. suitt heAf ricans .
8.Shonat radi t
ionall eader swer eleftout 5.Mi ss i
onar iesgott heoppor tuni t
yt o
ofthenewBr i
tishadmi nistrati
on. spr eadt hei rf aithaspeopl el ostf ai
thi n
9.Rel igiousbel i
efi n1 859,t her ewas thei rtradi ti
onal .
outbr eakofdr ought ,fami neandl ocus t 6.I ndunaswer er ecogni zedasheadmen&
i
nvas i
on.Thi swasi nt erpret edtomean noShonapol icewer et obes tationedi n
thatGodwasnothappywi ththe Ndebel ear ea.
pres enceoft hewhi teman.Sohehadt o 7.Companyr ulewasdi s creditedbyt he
ber es istedt ogoaway. coloni alof fi
ceduet opoor
10.Policebr ut ali
ty,ast hechi efnol onger admi nistration.
hadpowert opuni sh.
11.Thecompanyr ef us edt or ecognizet he Reas onf ort hei rdef eat( Ndebel eandShona)
1. Dis uni tyamongt heAf ri
cans . 1. Lewani kahadcomet opoweraf tera
2. Super i
orityofBr iti
s hweapon. toughandbi tters truggl ewi t
ht heKol olo.
3.Wel lt rai
nedandor gani zedBr itishar my. Het henwant edt ocons olidatehi s
4.I ndunasl ackedmi litarypr acti
ceast heir positi
onandwant edt ocons olidatehi s
regi ment shadbeenbr oughtdown positi
onandpoweragai ns tinter nal
ear lier . enemi es .
5.Br i
tis hgotr einfor cement sf r
om 2.Hewasi nf l
uencedbymi ssionar iesashe
Bot s wanaandSAf rica. thoughthewoul dbenef itfrom t hem.
6.Ar res tandexecut ionoft heircul t 3.Hewant edt opr omot et radebet ween
leader s . hispeopl eandt heBr itish.
7.St rongbel iefinMwar icul twor k ed 4.Chi efKhamaofBamangwat o( Bot swana)
agai ns tthem ati tpr ovedf uti
le. urgedLewani kat oacceptt heBr it
ishas
8.Det er mi nat ionbyRhodest os uppr es s hehaddonet hes amei n1 883.
ther es istanceandes tabl i
shef fective 5.Lewani kawast hreat enedbyt he
occupat i
oni nfluencedhi mt onegot iate Portugues e,Boer sandGer manswho
forpeacewi thI ndunas . surroundedhi m pr es s ingf orcont rol
overLozi/Pr otect ionagai ns text ernal
Rolesofr eligioni nChi mur enga. enemi ese. g.Ndebel e.
6.Her ealizedf ut il
ityofr es isti
ng.
1.I tpr ovi deduni ty/i tmobi l
izedf i
ghters. 7.Lewani ka’ sdes ir
ef orWes terneducat i
on
2.I tpr ovi dedl eader shi p. andci vilizat i
on.
3.I tpr ovi dedcour aget ot hef i
ght ers. 8.Topr es er veeconomi cs tructur eofhi s
people.Ther ewaspr es suref rom
COLLABORATI ON mineralconces sions eeker shencehe
wasf orcedt oal l
ywi that l
eas toneof
 Somecommuni tyco- operat edwi th them forpr otect ion.
theEur opeans .E. g.Baganda,Lozi 9 .H i
sc ou ns elorss u ppor tedhi mi nhi s
(Luyi ) decisiont ocol labor ate.
10.Hewant edpr ot ect ionf rom ot herAf ri
can
Lozi communi tiesl iket heNdebel eandt he
Shona.
 Theywer es ituat edi nmoder n
Zambi a. - I n1890,hes i
gnedt heLochnerTr eat y.
 Theywer er uledbyLewani ka,when
theEur opeansar rived.Theyr edby Ter
ul ms :
Li tunga( king)
Hecol l
abor atedbys i
gni ngt reat i
es 1. Brit
ishSout hAf ricaCompany( BSAC)
wit
ht heBr i
tishwhi chi ncl uded: wasgi vent heexecut iver ightst omi ne
TheHar ry-War eConces si
onof1 888, inallar easi nBul ozi ,exceptf orcer tain
TheLochnerTr eatyof1 890, tradi
tion a lmi n es .
Cor yndonTr eat yof1 900andThe 2.Thecompanywoul dpayLewani kapound
Lewani ka- Lawl eyt reat yof1 898. 2,00 0p er y ea rsa n dr o yaltyo f 4%of
anymi ner alf oundandmi ned.
Reas onsf orcol labor ation 3.T hec o mp an yw o uldb uil
t school sand
 promot etrade. Br
it
ish.
4.Lewani kawasr educedf rom absol
ute
monar chyt oconsti
tutionalmonarchy. 1. Heal lowedmi s
s ionari
estos ett
le/
5.Thecompanywoul dappoi ntaresident oper ateinhist errit
ory.
toLealuitos upervis
et hecompany 2.Heal lowedt heBr i
tis
ht oexploi
t
i
nteres tsandt oadviseLewani kaon miner alsi
nhi st erri
tory.
forei
gnaf f
airs. 3.Heaccept edtheBr it
ishprotect
orat
e
6.Buloziwoul dbepr otectedagainst overhi sterri
tory.
externalattack. 4.Heal lowedaBr itishresi
dentt o
perform admi ni
s trati
vedutiesinthe
 In1 898,t heLawl eyTr eat ywass i
gned area.
bet weenLewani kaandRober tCor yndon
(Britishres i
dent ). Eff
ect soft hecol l
abor ation
 Thi st reatyr educedt hes izeoft hear ea
ruledbyLewani ka. 1. Lewani karecei vedpaymentof2000
 In1900,anot hert reat ywass i
gned– P ou ndsy early.
Cor yndonTr eaty. 2.Hel osthisaut hor ityast he
admi nist
rati
onwast akenoverbyt he
Br i
tishSout hAf r
icaCompany.
3.TheBr i
ti
shSout hAf ri
caCompanyt ook
overt hecont roloft hemi ner als.
4.Lozil andwasal i
enat edandgi vent ot he
TermsofCor yndont reat yof1 900. B ri
tishs ettl
ers.
5.TheLoziwer ef or cedt opayt axess oas
1. Britishgover nmentwoul dbe toma i
n t
ainthea d mi ni
strati
o n.
respons i
blef oradmi nis trationofBul . 6.TheLoziwer
ozi et opr ovidef orcedl abor
2.Thecompanywoul dappoi ntof fi
cial sand fort hes ettl
ers .
payf ort headmi nis trationoft hear ea. 7.T h eL oziweree mpl oyedi nt heci vil
3.Thecompanywoul dpr ovi des chool s, ser vice.
i
ndus tr
ies ,pos t
als erviceset c. 8 .Th eB ri
ti
shSout hAf ri
caCompany
4.Lewani kawoul donl yr ecei ve850pound devel opedi nfras t
r uctureinBar otseland
peryr . / Ed ucation/ Sp re adC hristi
an it
y.
5.Loziwoul dhaver ight sovergame,i on 9.TheBr
r i
ti
shes tabl ishedt heirr ul
ei nN.
wor kingandt r
ee–cut ting. R ho desiap eace f
u ll
y.
6.Thecompanywasal lowedt oacqui r e 10.Lewani kawashonor edwi tht het i
tleof
l
andont heBat okapl at eau. P aramo untCh i
e fu ntilhisd eath.
7.Thecompanymai ntainedi tsright st o 11
.TheBr i
ti
shus edBar otselandasabas e
mini ngi nBul ozi. toconquert henei ghbor i
ngcommuni ti
es.
8.Lewani kawast os tops l
avet radeand 12.Th eL oziwerep ro tectedb yt heB riti
sh
witchcr aftinhi sar ea. from ext ernalat tacks .
9.Lewani kawasmadechi efofBar ots e.
10.TheBr iti
shwoul dpr otectLewani ka’ s Bagandacol l
aborat i
on
Kingdom.
- Reas onsforMut es a’scol l
abor ati
on
HowLobengul acollabor at edwi tht he
1. Hewant edhi speopl et oacqui re fixed:89member s=60not ables ,6
Wes t erneducat ion,medi cineet c. Kabaka’ snomi nees ,20Sazachi efsand
2.Hewant edt or educet hepoweroft he mi ni ster s.
Islam andt r
adi ti
onal i
stbyes tabl i
shi nga 7.F r eehol dt itleswer egr antedt ot he
cent r ali
zedaut hor ity. Kabaka,member soft heRoyalf ami ly,
3.Hewant edpr otect ionagai nstMukamaof 1,000mi norchi efs.
Bunyor o. 8.About½ ofBuganda’ sbecomeCr own
4.Hewant edt opr ot ec ti
onagai nstKhedi ve land
IsmaelofEgyptwhowant edt oex t end 9.Conf irmat ionBuganda’ sr ightwi th
hiski ngdom t oBunganda. ter ritoriesacqui reddur i
ngwar swi th
5.Hewant edt ot radewi thEur opeans . Bunyor o.
6.TheBagandawer ehos pi tablepeopl e 10.Hut -t axof3r upeeswast obecol lected
whowel comes tr anger s . byt hechi ef stohel pr ai se
7.Hewant edt echnol ogicalexper t
sand revenuef oradmi nis tr
ation.
skillst obegi vent ohi speopl e.
N/B- Fact or scons ider eddur ingt his
Reas onsf orMwanga’ scol labor ation. agreementt her eforewer eBoundar ies ,
Gover nment ,LandandF inances .
1. Hewant edpr otect ionf r om int ernal
enemi eses peci allyt her eli
giousgr oups Res ul tsofAf ricancol labor ati
on
li
ket het r
adi t
ional ist,Mus l
ims ,Cat holics
andPr otes t
ant s. 1. Col labor at i
oncommuni ti
esl ostt heir
2.Hewant edpr otect ionf r om hi sex ter nal independence.
enemi eslikeBunyor o,Khedi veI smaelof 2.I nt roduct ionofChr i
s t
ianandEur opean
Egypt ,Ankol e,Tor o. influencei nBuganda.
3.Tos af eguardhi ss upr emacyovert he 3.I slami ci nfluencei nBugandadecl i
ned
nei ghbor i
ngcommuni tiese. g.Bunyor o 4.Bugandagotpr ot ect i
onbyt heBr i
tish
Kitar a,Ankol eandTor o. agai ns tthei rtraditionalenemi esl ike
4.Hewant edt os ecur ehi spos iti
onasa Bunyor o.
leader . 5.Kabaka’ spower swer er educedi nt he
faceoft hegr owi ngeducat edmember s
Termsoft heBugandaagr eement- 1900 oft heLuki iko.
6.Kabakagai nedr ecogni t i
onandwas
1. Br it
is haut horityoverBugandawas ref er r
edt oasHi sHi ghnes s .
conf ir med. 7.Bugandawasgi venanadvant ageous
2.TheKabakawast ober ef erredt oas‘ His pos iti
oni nt hecol onialadmi nistration
Highnes s’ andwasus edt oconquerot her
3.TheKabakawast oexer cisedi rectr ul
e, communi ties .
unl i
keot herl ocalr ulers . 8.Bugandaadvancedmor eeconomi cal l
y
4.Hewast obeas s istedby3mi nister s: thanot hercommuni tiesasi tacqui red
Kat ikiro,Omul amuziandOmuwani ka. manuf act ur edgoodsl ikecl othes .
5.Luki ko,( traditi
onall egi slature)was 9.Bugandabenef itedf rom Wes tern
formal lycons ti
tut edast hecount ry’s educat ionandmedi ci
ne.
par liament&cour tofAppeal .
6.TheCompos it
ionoft hel egislaturewas
HowAfricancol laborati
onwi ththe 1. Theyhadas hort
ageofmanpowert o
Eur
opeanshas tenedcol onizationinAf ri
ca. rul
eovert hewhol eregion.
2.TheBr i
ti
shhadas hortageoff undsto
1.Itencour agedEur opeanst os ett
leon payfortheadmi nistr
ati
on.
Afri
canl and/Los sofAf ricanland. 3.Theyal sowant edt oprevent/avoid
2.Itcreateddi sunityamongt heAfricans. resi
stancef r
om t heAfricans.
3.ItassistedtheEur opeansi nconquer i
ng 4.Theyhads ucceededel s ewheree.g.
othercommuni ti
es . I
ndiaandUganda.
4.Itassisted/enabl edEur opeanst o 5.Theywant edt or educeexpens es/cos t
establi
sht hei rcontrol/ent rench eff
ecti
ve.
thems elves. 6.Theywant edt opr epareAf r
icaself
-rul
e.
7.Theywant edt os avetime.
TOPIC11.
COLONI ALADMI NISTRATI ON TheBr i
ti
s hinNi geri
a.

Thecompani
esi
nvol
ved. Whyi
twasus
edi
ntheNor
th.

1. RoyalNi gerCompany. -
GEORGEGORDI E 1. Lugar dwant edtomai ntai
nandr etain
2.Imper ialBrit
ishEastAfrica Africaadmi nis
trati
ves ys t
em t omi nimize
Company. WILLIAM MACKNON resis tance.
3.Ger manEas tAfri
caCompany. KARL 2.Ther ewasal readyawel l-established
PETERS sys tem ofgover nmentbas edonI slamic
4.Bri
ti
shSout hAfri
caCompany. CECIL l
aw( Shar i
a) .
RHODES 3.I thads ucceededi nIndia,Ugandaand
- Eur opeanpower susedDi rect,i
ndirect
, Ghanaands otheyhadapoi ntof
assimil
at i
onandas sociati
on. refer ence.
I
ndirectrule 4.Poort r
ans portandcommuni cati
on
networ kwasuns uitabl
et ot heBr i
tish.
- Wasus edbyBr itaini
nGambi a,Si err
a 5.I twascos t-eff
ectiveasAf ri
canswoul d
Leone,GhanaandNi geri
a. bel ef ttodomos toft hewor kasf ew
- Afr
icancommuni tieswerer ul
edby Europeanswoul dbeempl oyed.
powerfulchi
efs. 6.Br itishl ackedenought rainedmanpower
- Thiswasputf orwardbySi rFredrick fort hevas tterrit
ory.
Lugard,aBr i
ti
shHi ghcommi ssionerin 7.Languagebar ri
er/Communi cation
NorthernNigeri
a. barr ierast heEur opeanswer ei gnor ant
oftheAf ri
canl anguages .
Rol
esofEmi
rs 8.Theadopt ionofdualmandat epol icyby
theBr i
ti
shgover nmentencour agedt he
1. Collectedt axes. devel opmentoft hecol onyf ori t
sown
2.Sol vedmi nordisputes
. goodandt hegoodoft hepeopl e.
3.Or gani zedcommunalwor k.
4.Recr uit
edl abourforEuropeanf
arms
. I
tsbenef
it
s/mer
it
s(i
ndi
rect
)
5.Mai nt ainedlawandor der.
1
. Ni
geri
awasrul
edwi
thoutempl
oyi
ng
Reas
onsf
ori
tsadopt
ion. manypeopl
e.
2.Itgavethel ocalpeopleaf eelingthat i
ndependence.
theywer erulingthems elves. 2.I
thel pedt opr es er veAf r
icanculturein
3.ItmadeNi geriansnati
onal is
ticast he ther egi onast heBr i
tishdi dnotwantt o
developedapos i
ti
veat ti
tudet owar ds i
nt er f
er ewi tht heAf r
icanwayofl i
fe.
thei
rcount ry. 3.I
tl edt oabol i
tionofs laveryands l
ave
4.Itneverinterf
eredwi t
ht heAf rica trade.
cult
ure. 4.TheBr itishabol ishedF ul
anisystem of
5.Inf
rastr
ucturewasdevel oped. taxat ionandr epl acedi twithas ingletax
oneachvi llage.
I
tsdemer
it
s/pr
obl
ems/whyi
tfai
led(
in 5.Ret ent ionofMus li
ml aw/Shar i
amade
Sout
h) ther egi ont ol agbehi nd.
6.TheAf ricanchi efsbecameweal thier
1. Didnothaveacent r al
izedi ndigenous thant her es toft hepeopl ebecaus e
sys tem ofadmi ni
s tration. theywer epai df ort hei rservi
ces .
2.Lackofhomogenei tyint heSout h 7.Tradi tionalr ulersbecameunpopul ar
bec aus ether ewer emanyt ri
besand amongt hepeopl eduet otheirnew
hencemanyl anguages . rolesofcol lect ingt axes/F or
ceful
3.TheBr iti
shi ntroducednewi dease. g. recr uitmentoff ellowAf ri
cansas
forcedl abourandt axat ionf orwhi ch l
abour ersf orEur opeans/ass oldiersto
theywer eoppos ed. fi
ghti nt hewor l
dWar s .
4.Thef ailureoft heBr iti
s hadmi nis t
rat ors
tounder standt hes ocio- economi cand DI RECTRULE
politicals ystem ofSout her nNi ger ia
whi chwasbas edont heof f
iceoft he - Thi swasus edbyBr i
taini nZimbabwe
Obamadet hem gi veupeas ily. (Sout her nRhodes ia).
5.Oppos i
tionf rom t heeducat edel it
ewho - I tinvol vedcompl eter eplacementof
fel
tl ef toutofadmi nistrat i
onoft hei r Africanl eadersbyt hewhi tes.
owncount ry/Leader ship.
6.Oba’ sofSout hernNi ger iahaddef ined I
tschar act eri
stics
power s ,sowhent heywer egi venwi de
rangi ng,t hepeopl ebecamedi suni ted/ 1 . LargenumberofEur opeans ett
ler
s.
Exces sivepower smadet hem unpopul ar
. 2.TheBr iti
shs ettl
ersbel i
evedt hatthe
7.Mi s us eofpowerbyt hewar rantchi efs territor ywast obeawhi tesett
ler
whor aisedt axesf ort hei rownbenef i
t. colony.
Theyal sos exual l
yhar as sedwomen. 3.F oral ongt ime,itwasr uledbya
8.Us eofex ces sivef orc et os uppr es sany commer ci
alcompany–( BSAC) .
form ofr es i
s t
ancepr ovokedr es ent ment 4.Thecompanywasheadedby
e.g.t hes hoot ingofwomendur ing admi nistratorsass i
stedbychai rmenof
demons t
rationagai ns tt heBr i
tish. Europeanci vilservant s.
5.Ther ewasaLegi slativeCounci l
I
tsef f
ect s compr i
s i
ngf ourcompanynomi neesand
elect edcompanyr epr esentati
ves.
1. TheBr iti
shmodi f
iedt hepr evious 6.I twasappl iedt oAf r
icanswhos e
sys tem ofadmi ni
s tration,t husmaki ng resis tancehadbeenbr okenby
theAf ricant radi t
ionalr ulersl oset heir Europeans .
7.Eur opeansacqui redlarget r
actsofland Briti
shdomi nions ettl
ement .
andt hereforeadoptedmeas uresto 1
1.1896- 97Shona- Ndebeleupr isi
nghad
compelAf ricanstopr ovi
def or
cedlabour. er odedEur opeanconf idencei nlocal
8.Af r
icansdi dnotpar ti
cipateinthei
r admi nist
ration.
governance. 1
2.Theexi stenceoft heBr i
tis
hSout hAf r
ica
9.Ther ewaswi despreadofs uff
eri
ngand Companyper sonnelont hes potwho
oppres si
onofAf ri
cansi nthehandsof wer efami l
iarwi t
ht hear eaaswel las
settl
err egime. theBr it
ishs ystem of admi nis
tration.
10.Therewasr acialsegregati
onegus eof 1 3.TheBr i
ti
shf oundt heZi mbabweans
paral
leldevel opmentpol i
cy. uncooper ative.
11
.Ther ewasr es t
ri
cti
vevot i
ng
quali
ficati
ons . Hi
erarchyofcompanyr ul
e

1. Admi
nist
rator
.
2.Legis
lati
veCounci
l.
Whyi
twasus
edi
nZi
mbabwe. 3.Overseer.

1. Theyhadenoughper s onnelont hes portF unctionsoft hechi efs .

whower ef ami li
arwi t
ht hear eaaswel l
ast heBr i
t i
s hadmi nistrat i
ves ystem. 1. Col lectt axesonbehal fofthecol onizers.
2.TheBr it
ishSout hAf ri
caCompanyhad 2.Recr uitlabourf ort heEur opeans
enoughf inancet opayt he 3.Super visecommunalwor k.
admi ni
strator s. 4.Sol vedmi nordis put esamongAf r
icans.
3.Theyai medatcont r
ollingt heec onomy 5.I nter pretedgover nmentpol i
ciest othe
ofZi mbabwet omaxi mi zepr of it. peopl e.
4.Theywant edt oens urecompl et econt rol
oft heAf ricanst oavoi dr esistance. Landappor tionmentact- 1930
5.Zi mbabwel ackedacent rali
zeds ystem
ofgover nment/Thet radi ti
onals ystem 1 . Nat iveRes erveAr ea- setasidef or
andi ndi
genouspol it
icali nstitut i
ons Africanpopul ati
on.
sincet heyhadbeendes tr
oyeddur ing 2.Nat ivePur chas eAr ea-Als
of orAf ri
can
theBr i
ti
s hwar sofconques t
. coul dbuyl andt her e.
6.The1 896- 1897Shona- Ndebel eupr i
sing 3.Eur opeanAr ea-excl usivel
yf orEur opeans.
shookEur opeanconf i
dencei nl oc al 4.Unas signedAr ea–s etas i
def or
admi ni
strator s. expans i
onofgover nmentbui ldings.
7.TheBr it
ishai medates tablishinga
Britishdomi ni
ons ettlement . It
sef fect s
8.TheBr it
ishf oundt heZi mbabweans
uncooper ative. 1. Landal i
enat ion,asmanyAf ri
canswer e
dis placed/pus hedi ntoreser ves.
Other s 2.Af ricanshadl i
mitedr i
ghtss incet heday
-to- dayr unni ngwasi nthehandsoft he
9.Mi ningandpr ospect i
veoper ationswer e Br i
t i
s hwi thoutmuchr ef
erencet othe
bes texecut edt hroughdi r
ectr ule. Africani nterests.
10.Theyai medates tablishi ngZi mbabwea 3.Af ricanswer es ubj ectedt ofor cedlabour
 /heavyt axat i
on. andNyas
aland(
Mal
awi
).
4.TheBr it
ishSout hAf ricaCompanywas
givent oomuchpoweri nt he Ter
ms/F
eat
ures
.
admi nistr
at ionoft hecol ony
5.Itunder mi nedt heAf ricaneconomyas 1. Eacht er rit
or yhadi tsowngover nment
somewor kedi nt heWhi tefar
ms . respons iblef orlocaladmi nistrati
on.
6.Itl edt othedevel opmentoft rans port 2.TheBr itis hwer edi rectlyinvolvedi nthe
net workint hecount ry. admi nis trationoft het wonor ther n
7.Int roduc t
ionofnewcr ops/Lar ge protect or ates .
plantationf arms . 3.Af ri
canAf f
airsBoar dwasf ormedt o
8.Itunder mi nedt heAf ricanculture/ ensur et hatnor acistr ulesagai ns t
I
nt roduc t
ionofWes t
er neducat i
onint o Afri
canwer epas sed.
thecount ry/Spr eadofChr i
stianit
yi n 4.TheF eder alpar l
iamentdeal twi th
thecount ry. matter si nvolvingmor et hanone
9.Af ricanswer edeni edf reedom of terr
itor yandf oreignaf fair
s .
movementbybei ngconf inedin  I n11/
11/ 1965,whi tes et t
lersrebel led
reser vesandr equi redt ocar r
y succes sfullyagai nstt hecol onial
i
dent ifi
cationcar ds . gover nmentunderUDI( Unil
ateral
10.Ledt other i
seofAf ricanNat i
onal is
mi n Declar at i
onofi ndependence)l edbyI an
thecount ry. smith.
11
.Af ricant r
adi ti
onalr uler slosttheir  I n1970,UDIr egi
medecl ared
politi
calaut onomyands ervedas thems elvesar epublicandchangedt he
puppet soft heBr itish/Los sof cons ti
t ution:vot ingf orAf ri
canswasnow
i
ndependence. basedoni ncomeandEur opeanscoul d
purchas el andf rom t hegover nment .
Duti
esoft
heNat
iveAf
fai
rsDepar
tmenti
n
Zi
mbabwe. Ef
fect
sofBr
it
ishr
ule

1. Al
locat
ionofl
andt oAfri
cans. 1. Africanswer edi spl
acedast heirland
2. Coll
ecti
onoft
axes . wasal i
enat ed.
3. Recrui
ti
ngofAfr
icanlabour 2.Af ricansl eader slosttheirpowerand
independence.
I
ndus tr
ialconcil
iati
onAct( 1934) 3.Af ricanswer eexpl oi
tedast heypai d
taxes .
- Itwast oprotectwhi tewor kersfrom 4.Af ricanscul turewasunder minedi n
Afri
cacompet i
tione. g.Settingupt rade favourofEur opeanChr i
s t
ianit
y.
unions. 5.Tr ans port,tradeandi ndus t
rywer e
- Whi t
es ett
ler
sagi tatedforf or
mat i
onofa impr ovedi nt hes ett
lerareas .
f
eder at
ionfort he3cent ralAfrican 6.Dayt o-day,r unningoft hecol onywas
terri
tor
ies,toover powert heAf ri
cans. ves tedi nthehandsoft heBr iti
sh
withoutmuchr ef
erencet ot heAf ri
can
CentralAfri
canF eder ati
on interests.
7.TheBr iti
shSout hAfri
caCompanywas
- Itcompr i
sedSout her nRhodes ia givent oomuchpoweri nt he
(Zi
mbabwe)Nor thernRhodes ia(Zambia) ad min i
strati
o no fthec ol
on y.
8.Under minedt heAf r i
cant radi t
ional iteas yf ort heF rencht oappl yi t
.
economy. 2.Thepeopl eoft hecommuneshadhada
9.I ntroduc tionofnewcr opsi nther egi on. longi nt eract i
onwi ththeF rencht raders,
10.Afr i
canswer es ubject edt of orcedl abour. admi ni stratorsandmi ss i
onar ies;and
11.Introduc tionofWes ter neducat ioni nt he thismadet hem appr eciateEur opean
count ry. cult ur e.
12.Afr i
canswer edeni edf r
eedom of 3.Ahi ghper centageoft hei nhabi t
antsof
movementast heywer econf i
nedt o thecommuneshadbeenconver tedt o
res er vesandwer er equi r
edt oc arry Chr is tianityandt hismadei tpos si
bleto
Ident ifi
cat ionCar ds. appl yt hepol i
cy.
13.Ledt other iseofAf ricannat i
onal ismi n
thecount ry.
ASSI MILATI ON
Pri
vilegesoft heas similatedAf ri
cansi nthe
Thiswaspr act icedbyF r ancei nthe4 f
ourcommunesofSenegal .
communes-St -Loui s,Dakar ,Ruf isqueand
Goreei nSenegal .F ranceal s
ocol oni zed 1. Theywer eal l
owedt ovot edur i
ng
Algeria,Tuni sia,Mor occoandMaur itani a. elect ions .
Itwasal s opr actisedbyPor t
ugaland 2.Theywer eal l
owedt ovi eforpos i
ti
onsi n
Belgium. theF renchpar liament( chamberof
deput i
es ).
- I tinvol vesacompl et eabs orptionof 3.Theywer eal l
owedt owor kandl i
vei n
peopl ei nt oanot hercommuni ty. France.
- I twaspr act is
edbyt heF renchi nWes t 4.Theyr eceivedF rencheducat i
on.
Afr i
ca( Senegal )
. 5.Theyhadf reedom ofmovementwi t
hin
Condi tions th eF re nche mpire.
6.Theywer eexempt edf rom payi ngt axes.
1. Abl et os peaki nF rench. 7.T he yw erea ll
ow e dt ob eco meF rench
2.Adi stingui s hedr ecor di nt hemi litary citizens .
ser vice. 8.T he yw ereexempt edf rom ar bitr
ary
3.Adi stingui s hedr ecor di nt hecol oni al ar r
es t.
ser viceadmi nistrationf oratl eas t1 0
year s. Char act er isti
csofas simi l
ationpol i
cy.
4.Acqui siti
onofas ets tandar dof
educat ion. 1. Admi nistrativeas s
imi l
at i
on.
5.Showgoodconduct . -Thecol onieswer er egar dedas
6.Ber eas onabl yr ich. p rov inc eso f Fr
e n ch.
7.Showl oyal t
yt ot heF renchgover nment . 2.Pol iticalas s i
mi l
at i
on
8.Pr act i
semonogamy. - Fre n c hc oloniesw erer epr esentedi n
theF renchchamberofdeput i
es( Lower
Factor st hatf aci l
itated. h ou se )
3.Economi cas simi l
ation.
1. Highper cent ageofMul latosi nt he -Fre n c hc urrenc yw asus edi nt he
popul ationoft hecommuneswho coloni es .
appr eciat edt heEur opeancul turemade 4.Per s onalas s i
milation.Af ricanswer e
 gi
venF renchci
tizens
hipandot
her
pr
ivi
legesenjoyedbyF r
enchci
ti
zens Howi
twasdone

-
TheF renchr egardedt heiroverseas  Senegalwasdi videdi nto4communes .
provincesasF r
enchpr ovinces.  DakarwasHQ.
-
Afr i
canswer emeantt obecomeBl ack  Cent ralgover nmentwasheadedby
French. Gover norGener al,undert heF r
ench
-
Lawsus edi nt hecol onieswer emade mi nisterofcol oni esi nPar i
s .
inPar isbyt heF rench.  Lieut enantGover nor simpl ement ed
-
Col onieswer et oel ectdeput i
est o cent ralpol icies .
repres entthem i ntheF rench  Thegover norcoor dinatedact i
viti
esin
nat i
onalAs sembl y. var i
ouscol oni esands ettl
eddi sputeof
-
Theyemphas i
zedF renchcul t
ureand thef eder alcol oni esanddi s tr
ibuted
educat ion. expens esamongt hecol onies .
-
Thr ougheducat i
on,l anguageand  Thecol oni eshadadvi sorycounci lto
reli
gion,peopl ebecame advi set heGover norGener al.
as si
milatedandacqui redF r
ench
 Mos tadmi nistrat or swer efor mer
cit
izens hip.
mi l
itaryof ficer s.
-
TheF renchcur rencywasus edin
 Thel owes twasF r enchadmi nistrat
or.
coloniest oenhanceeconomi c
relati
onship.  Africanswer ei nvol vedinover all
-
Tr adewascont r
olledbyF rance. admi ni s
trat ion.
-
Elect i
onswer edoneonuni versal  Lawswer emadei nPar i
s.
suff
rage.  Africanswer eempl oyedi ni ndus t
ri
es.
 SomeAf ricansbecomeChr ist
ianswhi l
e
Reas
onswhyi
twasus
edi
nSenegal other sbecomeMus l
ims.
 Frenchl anguagewass poken.
1. Many‘ Mul att
os ’(chi l
drenofmi xed
parent age) . I
tsbenef
it
stoAf
ri
cans
.
2.Af ricanswer efami liarwi thEur opean
trade,col onialadmi nistratorsand 1. Afri
canscouldbecomemember sof
mi ssionar ies. Frenchparli
ament .(LowerChamber ).
3.Mos toft heAf ricanshadal r
eadybeen 2.As simil
atedAfricanswer erespect
edlike
conver tedt oChr is t
ianity. French.
4.TheF renchcons i
der edt heircul tur
eand 3.Theywer eprotect edunderFrenchlaw.
civil
izat i
ont obet hebes ti nt hewor l
d. 4.Af ri
cansreceivedhi ghereducati
on.
5.Thei deasoft heF renchr evol utionof 5.Cr eatedenli
ght enmentwhi ch
1789mot ivatedt heF rencht os preadthe spearheadedNat ionali
sm.
ideasofl iber t
y.
6.Touphol dt heideal soft her epubl i
can It
sproblems/f
ail
ures/Whyi
tfai
ledi
n
gover nmentegequal it
y,liber tyand areasoutsi
det
hecommunes.
fraterni t
y.
7.I twaspar toft hepol icyofdi videand 1
. Communi cat
ion/
languagebarri
ermade
rule. i
tdiff
icul
tfortheadminis
trat
orstobe
8.I twaseas yt or uleas similatedpeopl e. ef
fect
ive.
2.Poort rans por tnet wor khamper edtheir s
ervi
cei
nar
mybeext
ended.
mobi l
ityt her ebymaki ngi tdi f
ficultto
reachcer tainar eas . Diff
erencesbet
weentheBr
iti
shpol
icyof
3.Res istancebyAf ri
cant radi ti
onalr uler
s indi
rectandtheFr
enchpol
icyof
whof ear edl os soft heirpos it
ions . assimil
ati
on.
4.Thepol icyofas simi l
ationr equi r
ed
patience/ wast i
mecons umi ngs ince 1. TheF renchus edt heas s imi lated
Africanswer enotr eadyt of orsaket hei
r Afr i
cansi nt headmi nistr at i
on,whi let he
waysofl ife/cul ture. Br iti
shus edt het r adi t
ionalchi efs.
5.Theyf acedoppos iti
onf rom Mus limswho
2.Af r i
cant raditionalr uler sundert he
wer eoppos edt ot heF renchval ues Br iti
shr ul er etainedmos toft hei r
whi chembr acedChr is
tiani t
y. power swher east hechi ef sundert he
6.Theappoi nt edchi ef swer eunder mi
ned Frenchr ulehadl imi tedpower s.
byt hei rfel lowAf ricansast heywer e 3.TheBr it
is hcol oni eswer eadmi nistered
viewedascol oni alagent s . ass epar at eter rit
or ieswhi l
et heF rench
7.Res istancebyt heF r ench col onieswer eadmi ni ster edas
trader s/bus ines smenwhof eared pr ovincesofF rance.
compet itionf rom t heAf ricans . 4.Mos tF renchadmi nis trator swer e
8.Theyl ack edadequat efundst os ust
ain mi lit
ar yof fi
cer swhi let heBr it
ish
theiroper at ions . admi nistrator swer ebot hpr of
es sionals
9.Res istancef rom t heF rench andnon- profes sional s.
parliament arianswhof ear edbei ngout-
5.TheF renchcol oni esel ect edt hei r
number edi nt heChamberofDeput ies. repr es ent ati
vest ot hechamberof
deput iesi nF rance,whi let heBr it
ish
Ef
fects col onieswer enotr epr es ent edi nt he
Hous eofCommonsast heyhadt heir
1. Racialdi scri
minationwasmi nimalinthe localcounci ls.
colonies . 6.Lawsus edi nt heF renchcol onieswer e
2.I tunder mi nedAf r
icancul t
ur e. madei nt heChamberofDeput i
esi n
3.F renchgoodsandmoder nwayss pr
ead France,whi l
ei nBr itishcol oniest he
inWes tAf ri
ca. lawswer emadebyt heCol onial
4.Educat edAf ri
canss pearheaded Legi slativeAs s embl ies.
nationalismi nAf r
ica. 7.I nt heF renchcol oni es,as simi l
ated
5.Af ri
canswer erepr es entedbydeput i
es Afr i
cansbecameF renchci ti
zenswi thf ul
l
intheNat ionalAs sembl y. right s,whi l
et hos ei nt heBr i
tish
col oniesr emai neds ubj ect s .
 Thepol i
cywasof ficiall
yabandonedi n 8.Br iti
shi ndi rectr ulepr es er vedt he
1945,t henr eplacedbyas sociati
on. Afr i
cancul t
ur eswhi l
eAs s imi l
ation
 Accor dingt otheas sociat i
ont heAf ri
can u nd ermi ne dA f
r i
ca nc ultu re s.
wer eal l
owedt oret aint heircul t
ure.
 Theywer et reatedass ubject sor2nd Similar i
tiesbet weent heF renchandt he
cit
izens . Bri
tishs truct ureofadmi nis trat ioni nAf r
ica.
 Theyal socomeundert hel awof
‘I
ndigenous ’accor dingt owhi chthey 1. Bot hhadagover norast hechi ef
coulds ufferarbitraryar r estort heir ex e cutiveo fth ec olon y .
 2.Theybot hhadpr ovi
ncesas Africanism.
admini
str
ati
veuni t
s. 5.Labourpar t
yinBrit
ainands oci
alis
tand
3.Bot hhaddistr
ict
sasadmi nis
trati
ve communi stpart
iesinEuropecri
tici
zed
uni
ts. coloni al
ism.
s
t
4.Bot hhadlocati
onsasadmi ni
strat
ive 6.1 and2nd worldwarsencouragedt he
uni
ts. Africans .
5.Theybot hhads ub-l
ocat
ionsas 7.Uni tedNat i
onemphas i
zedtheneedf or
admini
str
ati
veuni t
s. politicali
ndependence.
T0PI C12.EMERGENCEOFNATI ONALI SM IN
AFRICA. MethodsusedbyAf
ri
canst
oai
rthei
r
gr
ievances
.
- Thi sist hefeelingofpri
deforone’sown
country/nation,patri
oti
sm and 1
. Secretmeet ingsandpublicral
li
es.
belonging 2.Stri
kesa ndb oycot
ts/go-sl
ow s/si
t-i
ns
- Compl eteloyaltyanddevoti
ontoone’s /prot
es t
s .
nation/country. 3.N ewspape r
sandmagazi nes.
4.Petit
ionsanddel egati
onsto
Reasonsf oremer genceofnat
ional
ismin i
nternationalmeetings.
Afr
ica 5.Arme ds tr
ugg l
e.

1. Europeaninvas i
onofAfrica. Rolesplayedbyex- wars oldiersint he
2.Es tabli
shmentofcol oni
alr ule. growt hofAfri
canNat i
onal i
s m after1945.
3.Eur opeanalienationofthef erti
leAfri
can
l
and. 1. Theyappl iedmi lit
ar ys kil
ls/t actics
4.Raci aldis
criminationbyEur opeans . acqui
redtof i
ght co l
on i
a l
ist
s .
5.Af ri
canculturewasunder mi nedby 2.Theyt rai
nedAf ri
canNat i
onalistsi n
Europeans. mil
it
ary/f i
ght i
ngs kil
ls.
6.Eur opeaneconomi cpol
iciesonl y 3 .T heyjoined/ f
orme dN ationalist
favouredthem. movement s.
7.Eur opeansinterferedwitht heAf r
ican 4 .T heyorgan ized/mobi l
izedAf rican
polit
icali
nsti
tuti
ons . Nati
onali
sts .
8.Ur banenvi r
onment . 5 .T heyma de/ servicedweaponsus ed
9.Wes terneducation. bytheNat ionali
sts .
10.Lackofempl oymentbys chooll eavers
ands ervi
cemen. National
ismi nGhana( Gol dCoas t)

Ext
ernalf
act
orsf
orAf
ri
cannat
ional
ism. - Itst
art
edin1860’
swhentheFant
e
conf
ederat
ionwasfor
medagai
nstthe
1. Exis t
enceofs omei ndependentAf r
ican Bri
ti
sh.
states.
2.I nternati
onalopinionagainstcolonial
ism,Factor
st hatcaus
ed.
especi al
lybyt hecommuni sts.
Col onial
ism wasadvocatedbyc api
tali
st.1
s .Inadequat eAf
ricanrepr
esentati
onint
he
3.Af ricanss t
udyingabroadf or
medgr oups. Legi
slati
veCouncilcauseddiscont
ent
4.I nternati
onalactivi
ti
ese.g.Pan- amo ngtheG hanai
ans.(pol
it
ical
)
2.Los sofpowerbyt het radi t
ionalAf r ican
Chiefscr eat eddi scont entagai ns tthe - I
twasl edbyt hebigs i
x( Kwame
coloni algover nment .( pol i
tical ) Nkrumah,Danquah,Wi ll
iam Ofori
,Addo,
3.Theneedt oguar dagai ns tpos siblel and AdjeiandObet s
ebiLampt ey).
ali
enat ionbyt heBr itishuni t edt he - Partiesinvol
vedUni t
edGol dCoas t
Afri
cans .( economi c) Convent i
on( UGCC)–1 946,Convent ion
4.I ntr
oduc tionoft axat ionbyt hec oloni al Peopl e’
sPar t
y( CPP)–1949,Nat ional
gover nmentmadet heGhanai anst o LeagueofGol dCoast(NLGC)–1 941and
resent .( economi c) NationalLiberat
ionmovement( NLM) .
5.Themeagerear ningsbyAf r icansf r om
thes al eofcocoat oEur opeansc reat ed CPP,UGCCandNLM f
oughtf
ornat
ional
ism
discont entamongt hem.( economi c)
6.Theor derbyt hecol oni algover nment
thatt hef armer supr oott hei rcocoadue Rol
esofKwameNkrumahint
hes
truggl
efor
topr eval enceoft he“ Swol lens hoot ” i
ndependencei
nGhana.
diseas eups ett hem.( economi c)
7.Thei nvol vementofex- s ervi cemeni n 1. Hef ormedt heCPPwhi chi nvolvedthe
nd
the2 Wor l
dWari ns piredt hem t of i
ght commonmani nthes truggl efor
forthei ri ndependence.( pol iti
cal ) independence.
8.Theat tainmentofi ndependenceby 2.Hewasar r
es t
edwi t
hot her sin1 950
India/Paki stani n1 947encour agedt he beforehi sreleas eandbecomel eaderof
Ghanai anst odemandort hei rr i
ghtt o governmentbus inessint henewcabi net.
gover nt hems el ves.( pol it
ical ) 3.Hi spar tywonel ecti
onsi n1 954and
9.Theexi st enceoft heyoungeducat ed 1956,andgai nedi ndependencef or
Ghanai answhohadunder st oodt he Ghanai n1 957.
ideasofdemocr acy/f reedom,who 4.Hewr otenews paperslikeTheAccr a
inspiredt hemas sest owar dsawor thy EveningNewsandmagazi nesexpandi ng
caus e.( soci al) hisviewsoni ndependencef orAf ri
cans
10.Highr at eofunempl oymentamongt he inGhana.
Afri
canscr eat edr es ent ment/ 5.Hel eddel egationsabr oad.
discont ent .( economi c) 6.Heor ganizedpeopl etopr otestagainst
11.TheUNOChar ter’sdecl ar ationoft he inj
us t
icesbyt hecolonialgover nment .
impor tanceofpol i
ticali ndependenceof 7.Hehel dr all
ieswher eheeducat edthe
allpeopl ei ns piredt heGhanai ans . peopleont hei mportanceof
(polit
i cal ) independence.
12.Thechar ismat icleader s hipbyKwame 8.Hemadepet i
tionsandr epresent ed
Nkrumahandot herl eader suni tedt he people’sgr i
evancest ot hecol onial
peopl ei nt heirs t
ruggl eagai ns tcol oni al government .
domi nat ion.( pol i
ti
cal )
13.Thes el ect ivegr ant i
ngoft radi ng Howat tai
nmentofindependenceforGhana
li
cens est oEur opeant rader swhi l
e motivat
edl i
ber
ati
onofot herAfr
ican
denyi ngt hes amet ot heAf ricans countri
es.
createddi scont ent.( economi c)
14.Shar pi ncr eas ei nfoodpr ices . 1
. Nkrumahbecamevocalinadvocat
ingf
or
(economi c) l
iberat
ionofAf
ri
cancountr
ies.
2.Ghanagavef i
nanci alhel pt oot her nati
onal ismi nMozambi que.
Af ricancount ries .
3.Itmot i
vat edot herAf ricancount r
iesto 1. Por tugues eadmi nistratorsrepl aced
s trengt hent hei rs truggl e. traditionalchi ef s.
4.Heal l
oweds omeAf ricannat ionalis
tsto 2.Por tugues edi splacedAf ri
cans i ntheir
es tabl ishmi l
itarybas esi nGhana. land.
3.Af ricanswer ef orcedt opayt axes.
Methodsus edi nGhanat os t
rugglef or 4.Por tugues edi sres pectedAf ricanculture.
i
ndependence. 5.F or cedl abour .
6.Soci aldi s criminat ionagai nstAf ri
cans .
1.For mat ionofpol i
ticalpar t
ies. 7.Res trictiont oAf ricanf reedom ofs peech
2.Wr iti
ngpr otes tl etter stonews paper s andi ntellect ualadvancement .
andmagazi nes . 8.Cr ueltyt oAf ricansbys ecuritypol i
ce.
3.Mas spr ot es t
s/demons tr
ation/ 9.Mul ti-nationalcompani esexpl oit
edt he
boycot ts/St r i
kes /Go- sl
ows . res our cesi nMozambi que.
4.Vi olentr iotsandr ebel li
onse. g.1948. 10.Mozambi cansl earnedabout
5.Hol di ngpol iticalr alliest oeducat e li
ber alizat ionel sewher ei nAf ri
caand
mas ses . gotencour aged.
6.Us edl egi slativeCounci l. 11.Mozambi canswer ef orcedt ogr owcas h
7.Theycompos eds ongs/poemst oat t
ack cropsatt heexpens eoff oodcr ops,and
col oni alism. theywer ef orcedt os elltos pecifi
c
8.Madei nter nat i
onalcont acts/f oraf or Por tugues ecompani esatl it
tlepay.
s ympat hy. 12.Africanshadnochannelt hroughwhi ch
theycoul dvoi cet hei rgrievances .

Pr
obl
emsf
acedbynat
ional
ist
sinGhana. How Port
ugalbenef
it
edf
rom Mozambi
que
bef
ore1900.
1. Wr angl esbet weenl eader slikeNkr umah
andDanquar . 1. Acqui r
edmi ner alresour cese.g.gold.
2.F ormat i
onofot herpol i
ticalpar t
iesi n 2.Sheenj oyedt hes t
atusofpr esti
ge
theNor thvi zNat i
onalLi ber ati
on duet oowner s hipofcol oniesi n
Movement( NLM) ,thusr ivalrybetween Africa.
parties . 3.Shegotcot t
onandot hercas hcrops
3.Somechi efsandt heirsuppor t
ers from Mozambi que.
oppos ednat ionali
s m,thusdi sunit
y. 4.Shef orcedAf r
icanst opayt axes.
4.Har ass mentbycol onialaut hority.
5.Des tructionofcocoaandi nflati
on, HowNyer ereas si
stedl iberati
onmovement
hences hortageoff unds . i
nMozambi que.
6.Decl arationofs tateofemer gency,
hencenomovementandas sociat
ionby 1 . Heof feredthem achancet oopen
national ist
s. thei roffi
cesinTanzani a.
2. Li ber ati
onmovementgr oupswer e
Mozambi que allowedt oestablishbas eson
Tanzani as oil
.
Caus esf oremer genceofAf rican 3. F RELI MOf ighterswer eal l
owedt o
 trainonTanzani as oi l/Nyer er e 2.Li ber ationcommi tteeofOAUs uppor t
ed
uni fied thenat ional ist
swi thf inanceand
diff
er entf act ionsofl iber at i
on weapons .
movementt omer ge,whi ches tablis hed 3.Por tugalr ef usedt ol i
s tent ot he
fr
ontf ort he gr ievancesoft heAf r
icans .
li
ber at ionofMozambi que ( F RELI MO) . 4.Thecount rywasf ores tedandconduci ve
4. Heopenedt hebor derf oras ylum forguer rillawar f
ar e.
seeker sfrom Moz ambi que. 5.Succes soft heMauMauf ight ersi n
5. Hewasvocali ncondemni ng Kenyai ns piredt hem.
col oni ali
smi nMozambi queashe 6.UNOdenouncedcol oni ali
s m,t hus
spokei n boos t
ingt hemor aloft henat ionalists.
Var iousf ormse. g.Uni tedNat i
ons
Organi zat ion.
6. Hes uppl i
edt hes older swi thar ms& Met hodsus ed
mi litaryai d.
1. Ar ticlesi nnews paper s.
Problemsexper iencedbyl i
ber ati
on 2.Or gani zat i
onsandpol iticalpar t
ies .
movementi nMozambi que. 3.Vi olence.
4.I nter nat ionalf or aandr all
ies .
1. Cat hol icChur cht hreat enedmember s 5.Boycot ts,hungers tri
kes .
whos uppor tedF RELI MOwi th
excommuni cat ion. Whyt henat ional i
s tsinMozambi quewer e
2.As sas s i
nat ionofMondl ane,t hel eaderof s ucces sfuli nt heirs tr
uggl ef or
themovementwasas et back. i
ndependence.
3.Pover ty,hencel ackofes sent ialsl ike
food. 1. Suppor tf rom t heAf ri
canss incet hey
4.Somet imeswasf acedwi thi nter nal want edt ol iber atet hecount ry.
divisionsduet oi deol ogi caldi ffer ences 2. Thecount ryasi dealf orguer il
lawar f
are.
ands el fishnes se. g.Af ricanel itel edby 3. Theyat t
ackedt hePor t ugues efrom
Rev-Ur i
aSi mangoandLazar o dif
ferentpoi nt s .
Kavandamevi ewedF RELI MOasal adder 4. Theyf oughtonat errai nt owhi cht hey
toacqui repowerandeconomi cas sets. wer ef ami liar.
5.Att hebegi nni ng,t her ewascompet it
ion 5. Cons t
ants uppl yofi nfor mat ionf rom the
from ot herr i
valguer ril
lamovement se.g.Af ri
cans .
COREMO. 5. Suppor tf rom t hecommuni stcount ri
es
6.ThePor tugues ewer es uppor t
edby e.g.USSRandChi naf ort hebas icse. g.
Sout hAf ri
ca. medi ci ne.
7.ThePor tugues egover nmentr uthl essly 6. OAUl iber at ioncommi tteewi t
hi ts
suppr es sedt henat ional istmovement . Headquar ter satDar -Salaam
8.Por tugalout lawedpol iticalmovement s. hos tedt heguer i
llas.
7. Theyi nc or porat edwomenwho
Whyt hemovementbecomesvi olent mobi lizedAf ricansi nt hecount ry.
8.Theycol labor atedwi t
hf i
ght ersf rom
1. Thenat i
onal istswer es uppor t
edand Sout her nRhodes i
a.
encour agedbycommuni stcount ries . 9.TheAf r
icancombat antswer ef ri
endl y
wit
ht hel ocal
sfortotal support
. Peacef
ulmet
hodsus
edbyt
henat
ional
ist
s
1
. Uni tythroughmi ngli
ngofpeoplefrom
di
fferentethni
ccommuni t
ies. 1.Demons tr
ations/Peacef ul
1
1.Thecoupi nPortugalin1974bys ol
diers demons trati
ons
whower enotinfavourofcol oni
ali
sm gave 2.Sendi ngpet iti
onst ot heBr i
ti
sh
a government
helpinghandt oF RELI
MO. 3.Seeki ngs uppor tfrom t heOAU&UNO
4.F ormingpol iti
calpar t
ies
Sout hAfri
ca 5.Condemni ngapar thei dinchurches
6.Hungers tri
kes
-Col oni
zedbyBr itai
nandBoer s(Holl
and/ 7.Mas smedi a/news paper s/Pamphl ets/
Nether l
ands ) Journals
8.Boycot t
s/Si t
-ins/Go- sl
ows/Tr ade
Ther ewer e4t ypesofnat i
onalism:Afri
can unions
Black,Afrikaaner/Boer ,European/Whi te
andCol our ed/Mi xedracesnat i
onalis
m. DemandsofAf ricanNat ionalCongr ess
(ANC).
Thel eader s.
1.Themember swer eagai nstl
and
1. NelsonMandel a.2.WalterSisulu.3. ali
enati
onbyt heWhi tes .
Rober tM.Sobukwe. 2.Theywer eagai nstt hedi scr
iminator
y
4.Des mondTut u.5.SteveBi ko.6.Rev- l
aws .
JohnDube.7.Ol i
verThambo 3.Theywer eagai nstt heMas t
ersand
ServantsActwhi chexpos edthe
Met hodsus ed Afri
canst of orcedl abour .

1. Demons t
r ati
ons . Theobj ect i
vesoft heANC.
2.Sendi ngpet iti
onst otheBr i
ti
sh
government . 1. Touni teal lblackst owi nmaj ori
tyrule
3.Seeki ngs uppor tfr
om theOAUandUNO. i
nSout hAf rica/F i
ghtfor
4. Hungers tr
ikes . independence.
5.Condemni ngapar t
heidinchurches. 2. Encour ageauni tedant i
-Racial
6.Us eofmas smedi a/news papers/ activiti
es/oppos eapar theid/Racial
pamphl ets . discr i
mi nation.
7.Tr adeUni ons/Boycot t
s/Gos lows. 3. Remov eal lfor msofi njusti
ces/
8.Economi candpol i
ti
calsancti
onsbyt he economi cexpl oitation.
int
ernat i
onalcommuni t
y 4. Towi navot e/F ranchi seforallt
he
9.Ar meds truggl e/Violence/Riots/ peopl eofSout hAf r i
ca.
Guerril
lawar fare.
10.Useofpr ess uregroups . Reas onsf ornat ional i
smi nSout hAf r
ica.
11.Formingpol i
t i
calparti
es.
12.Wor l
dl eader scondemnedapar thei
din 1 . Devel opmentofChr ist
ianitywhich
conferencesl ikeOAU. taughtt hat“ Allpeoplear eequal ”.
2.Al ienat ionofAf r i
canland,cr eati
onof
Bant u- stans .
3.I nf
luencef rom Pan-Af ri
cani s
m whi ch armeds t
ruggle.
advocat edf orindependence. 8.Theyhaddi f
ferentappr oachesi ntheir
4.Par ticipat ioni nWor l
dWar2whi ch struggl
e( moder ate/radi calwi ngs),
earnedt heAf r
icansexper i
enceand thuscreatingal oopholewhi chwas
courage. exploit
edbyt hegover nment .
5.Expl oitationofAf r
icanlabour ersatl itt
le 9.Useofdi videandr ulepol icyt otackle
payandunderpoorc ondi ti
ons . theAf r
icans.
6.Raci aldi s cr i
minationwhi chwasagai nst 1
0.Manynat i
onalist
swer ef orcedt oflee
theAf ricansi nr esidentialar eas, theircountry.
educat ion. 1
1.Nat i
onali
stswer ealwayst rai
ledby
7.Des i
r et or egaintheircul tur eagains t secretpoliceonapar thei dins t
ructions.
Anglicani zat ionwhi cht heycons ider ed
ali
en. Res
pons
ebyWhi
teGover
nment
8.Br it
ishdomi natedt hem i nal lspher esof
li
feyett heycoul dneithers peaknor 1. Res trictiont onat ional i
s tactiviti
es .
under standAf ri
kaner slanguage. 2.Res trictiont omovementofpeopl e.
9.TheAf ri
c ansdi sl
ikedcar r yingofpas s- 3.Banni ngofmeet ings .
bookst hatr estri
ctedt hei rmovement . 4.I mpos iti
onofhar s hl aws .
10.Banni ngofpol iti
calpart i
esl i
keAf r
ican 5.El imi nationofl eader se. g.St eveBi ko.
NationalCongr essandTr adeUni ons . 6.Us eofcur fewsors tateofemer gency.
7.Out lawi ngofpol iticalpar ti
es .
Problemsf acedbyt henat ional i
sts . 8.Ar res tsandi mpr is onmentofpol i
tical
leader slikeSt eveBi ko.
1. Arres t
sandi mprisonment/det ent ionof 9.Ar res ti
ngofbl ackj ournal i
sts.
somenat ionali
stscr ippledt hei r 10.Banni ng/cens or ingofnews paper slike
activit
ies ,hences l
owi ngdownt he ‘WeekendWor ld’news paper .
struggle/Somenat i
onal istswer eki l
led,
whi chledt olowmor ale,hences lowi ng Gr ievancesoft heAf ricansagai nst
downt hemoment um oft hes truggl e. aparthei di nSout hAf rica.
2.Banni ngofpol it
icalpar tiesbyt he
gover nmentmadei tdi ff
icultfort he 1. Afr i
canswer enotal l
owedt ovot ef or
national i
stt ocoor dinatet heiract ivities. blackr epr esent ativesi ngover nment .
3.Thenat ionalist
swer enotuni ted,t hus 2.Theywer epr ohi bitedf r om li
vingi n
creatingt ensi
onamongt hems elvesand ur banar eas/s har ingf acil
iti
eswi tht he
render ingt heirs t
ruggl el essef f
ect ive. Whi t
es .
4.Thegover nmentenact edpas sl aws 3.ThePas sl awsr es tr i
ctedt heAf r
ican
whi chr es tr
ict
edmovement ,thus movement .
hamper ingt heirinteract i
ons . 4.Theywer econf inedi nt oBant us tans/
5.Theyl ack edadequat efundst of i
nance res erves .
thes truggl e,thuss lowi ngdownt hei r 5.Thel abourl awsdeni edt hem equal
oper ati
ons . empl oymentoppor tunities.
6.Theyl ack edpr es sfreedom,maki ngi t 6.Lowqual ityeducat ionpr eparedt hem f or
dif
ficultfort hem tos preadt heiri deas . onl yl owl evelj obs .
7.Theyl ack edadvancedweaponst her eby 7.TheLandAct sgavewhi tesexcl us i
ve
maki ngt hem l essef fectivei nt hei r right soverl and.
 mili
tarywi ngofANC.
Pol
it
icalref
ormsint
roducedbyPr
esi
dent 9.I
n1 962,hel edANCt oAdi sAbabaand
Fr
edrickdeKler
ck. othercount riestofi
ghtforchangei n
SouthAf r
ica.
1. Hereleas
edallpoli
ti
calpri
soners. 1
0.I
n1 963,hes entencedt ol
ife
2.Her epealedapart
heidlaws. i
mpr isonmentonRobi nIsl
and.
th
3.Heal l
owedAf r
icantotakepartin 1
1.OnF eb1 1 1
990-hewasr eleased,and
el
ecti
ons. becomet hepr esi
dentofANC.
st
4.Hel i
ft
edbanonpol i
ti
calpar
ties
. 1
2.I
n1 994,hewast he1 democrati
c
presidentofi ndependentSouthAfrica.

HowAf
ri
canCount
ri
esas
sis
tedSout
hAf
ri
ca.
Poli
ticaldevel opment sinSouthAf rica
between1 990and1 994t hatledt opeaceful1. Guer ril
lafighterswer et rai
nedi nt hese
int
roduct i
onofmaj orityrul
e. Afr i
cacount ri
ese. g.Algeri
a.
2.Embar go/s ancti
onsf orSout hAf r
ican
1.Releas eofpr omi nentAf r
icanpol i
tical trade.
pris
oner se.g.Mandel a. 3.Pr es sur efrom OAU.
2.Initi
at i
onofdi aloguebet weenal lraces 4.Mat erialandf inancialsupportf rom well
-
byPr es identDeKl erk. wis her s .
3.Hol dingofMul ti
-racialel
ectionsi nApril 5.Pol iti
calas yl
um t opoliti
calrefugees .
1994. 6.Pr ovidedf oraandvenuesf ormeet ingsto
4.Rel axationofapar thei
dlawst hr
ough dis cus sapar theid.
constitutionalreforms/Accept ingAf ri
can 7.Pr ovidi ngfighterst oSout hAfrica.
poli
tical 8.Theycondemnedapar theidregi me.
l
eader s.
Rolesofchur chi npr omot i
ngAf r
ican
RolesofMandel a. nati
onal is mi nSout hAf ri
ca

1. Hewasbor nin1 918. 1. Chur chl eader se.g.Des mondTut u

2.Hej oinedyout hleagueofAf ri
can preachedagai nstApar t
heid.
Nat i
onalCongr es s
. 2.I nvolvedi nmas smobi li
zationoft heir
3.In1 952,hewasi nvolvedi norganizing Chr i
st i
anf oll
ower stof i
ghtapar theid
execut ionsofDef i
ancecampai gnofANC pol i
cies.
thenhewasel ectedDeput ypres i
dentof 3.Conduct edmas si
veci vi
ceducat i
ont o
ANC. bec omeawar eoft heirpolit
icalrights.
4.Hewasar r
estedandconf i
nedt o 4.Appeal edt oot herchur chesand
Johannes burgf or6mont hs . gover nment stocomet or escueoft he
5.In1 956,hewasbannedwi thANC,and sufferingbl acks.
hear res ted. 5.Pr ovidedwel f
ares ervi
cest odi s
pl aced
6.Hewasr eleased1 961. andi njureddur i
ngt hes tr
uggl e.
7.Hewr otear ti
clest oliberati
onj ournal 6.Pr es smedi aownedbyt hechur ches
attackingl i
berat i
onpar tycons ti
tuti
on joinedi ncondemni ngapar theid.
whi chfavor edwhi temaj orit
y.
8.In1 961 ,hef ormed‘ Umkhont owes izwe’ RolesofANCi nthes trugglefor
i
ndependencei
nSout
hAf
ri
ca.
Fact
orst
hatdi
scouragednati
onal
ist
ic
1.Itor ganizedpeacef ulprotes tst ofight n20th cent
movementi ury.
forAf ri
canr ights.
2.In1952,i tor ganizedadef i
ance 1. Limi t
ednumberofs upportersatt he
campai gnagai nstsegregationl aws . begi nning.
3.Ituni t
edt heBl acks/Af ri
cansi nt heir 2.Lackofi nter nalrecogniti
onands upport
strugglef ori ndependence. bycol oni alpower s.
4.Theyhadaf i
ghtingwing“ Umkhont owe 3.Conf li
ctofopi nionoverpol iciesand
Sizwe”( Spearoft heNat ion)whi ch strategi es .
foughtf ori ndependence. 4.Li mi t
edf reedom ofs peechand
5.Thr oughi tsl eaders,soughtf or movement .
internationals upport
.Thel eader sus ed 5.Super iordi plomacy,economymi li
tary
diplomat icef forttowint hes uppor tof andi deol ogy- ofthecolonist s.
thei nternat ionalcommuni ty. 6.Har ass mentanddet enti
ons .
6.Itor ganizedguer il
lastruggl eins i
de 7.Us eofr adi opr opagandabycol onial
Sout hAf rica.Thi swast hrough gover nment s .
sabot agee. g.bombi ngofs trategic 8.Wi des preadi l
li
terat
eandi gnor ance.
install
ationse. g.powers tat i
ons . 9.Tr ans por tandcommuni cation.
10.Disuni ty.
Factorsthathas
tenedat tai
nmentof 11.Pater nal i
s tat t
itudee.g.Ger manswho
i
ndependencebyAf r
icancount
ri
esi
nthe thoughtAf ricanscoul dneverr ule
2nd hal
fofthe20th C. thems elves .
12.Divideandr ulepol i
cybycol oniali
s t
.
1. Gr owi ngpol it
icalawar enes s
.
st
2.1 and2nd wor ldwar . Rol
esplayedbynat
ional
ist
sins
truggl
efor
3.I mpr ovedt r ansportnet work. i
ndependencei
nAfri
ca.
4.Mor er adiosandnews paperswer e
acc es siblet oAf ri
cans . 1. Theypr ovidedl eadership.
5.Col oni algover nmenthads tarted 2.Theyact edass pokes men.
initiatingr eform pr ogrammesi nAfrica 3.Theys etuppol i
ticalparti
es.
6.F avor ablei nternationalopinionagai nst 4.Theypubl icizedpeopl e’sgri
evances
.
col onial i
sm. 5.Theyr epr es ent
edt hepeoplein
7.F or mat i
onofUNO,whi chwasagai ns t i
nternational/nat i
onalfora.
col onial i
sm. 6.Theyi ns pi
r edoneanot her.
8.Mor eyoungAf ri
canshadat tained
uni ver sit
yeducat ione. g.Kenyat ta,
Nkr umahet c. WORLDWAR1
9.F or mat i
onoft radeUni ons.
10.For mat i
onofpol i
ti
calpar t
ies. Caus
es
11.Fur therdet eriorati
onofpol i
tical,social
andeconomi ccondi ti
onsf ort he 1.FormationofAl
li
ancesaf
terthe
Afr i
cans . Unif
icati
onofGermany.
12.Afr i
cawasget tingexampl ef rom ot her 2.Armsr aceinEur
opeencouraged
count riese. g.Ghana. countri
estobemor eaggressi
ve.
3.Nationalismi nt heBal kansf uel edthe –71 ,Ger manyhadannexedAl saceand
alr
eadyexi st i
ngr i
valryinEur ope/Maj or Lor rai nepr ovi ncewoul datonet imego
Europeanpower squar rel edbecaus eof forr evenge.
suppor tofdi fferentnat ionaliti
eswhi ch  Bi smar ckal sos ecr et l
yencour aged
want edi ndependenc efrom Tur key. Fr enchoccupat ioni nNor thAf rica,to
4.DefeatofF rancedur ingt heF ranco- diver therat tent i
onandi nter est.
Pruss i
anwarmadet ol ookf oranexcus e Heal sowant edF r
ancet ocol lidewi t
h
togot owar . Italywhos enat iveswer ei nTuni si
a.
5.Mor occancr isis/Al gecir asbySpai n,  Fr ancecons equent lyoccupi edTuni siain
Germany,F ranceandRus s
ia. 1881 .
6.EuropeanI mper ial
ism /Di ssati
s f
acti
on  Italyt henj oinedt heDualAl l
ianceandi t
duringt hes har i
ngofcol oniesdur i
ng bec omesTr ipleAl l
iancei n1 882
theBer linconf erencecr eatedmi st
rust (Ger many,Aus t
r i
a-Hungar y,Romani a,
amongEur opeanpower s . Italy) .
7.Assas si
nat i
onoft heAus tro-Hungar ian  Romani aalsoj oi ned.
heir,FranzF er dinandatSar aj
evoby  Thi sal armedRus siaandF rancewho
GavilloPr i
nci pe. res pondedbyf or mi ngt heF ranco-
Rus sianAl liancei n1 892.
Ar
msr
ace
 Lat eri n1 901 ,Br itainr econciledwi t
h
Fr anceandf ormedanewal l
iance-Dual
 Thehos til
it
iest hathademer gedamong Ent ent e( under standi ng).
theEur opeanpower sovercol onies
 Br it
ai nal sos i
gneds eparatet reatywi t
h
mot ivat edthem t obui l
ds trongerf orces
Japani n1902t oj oi n.
i
npr epar ationf orwar .
 Japanhaddef ens ivepr oblemsf r
om the
 Themaj orcompet iti
onher ewas
FarEas t
.
betweenBr itainandGer many.
 In1 904,Rus siaj oinedt heDualEnt ente.
 Br i
tainhadbeent hes t
ronges tonwat er.
 Thes et womaj oral liancesf uel ledout
 I
n1 906,s hel aunchedt he“ Dr eadnought”
int owor ldwarone.
battles hip.
 TheGer manst henenl argedt heirKiel Needf orrevenge
Canalandcons t
r uctedanot hers imil
ar
tot heBr i
tishDr eadnought .
 Manypoweri nEuropedesiredtos ett
le
 F ranceandRus siaal sodi dt hes ame theol ddis pute.
andcaus edi nter nati
onalt ens ionwhi ch
 Francewant edt orevengeagainst
lat
eronbr okei nt owor ldwarone.
Ger manyf ort helossofAlsaceand
Lorraine.
Confli
ctingAl l
ianceSys tem
 Francewaseagert oacquiremor e
terri
toriesi nAfri
caandt heref
ores he
 Thisr ivalryl edt ot hef ormat ionof
wasal waysr eadytotakeonany
alli
ance.
s
t op portuni
tyt hatcome sherway,liket he
 The1 onewast heDualAl liancel edby wor l
dwarone.
Ot t
oVonBi smar ck.
 I
twasmadeupofGer manyandAus tria- Bal kannat ionalis
m andwar s( 1
912–1 91
3)
Hungar y_i n1 879.
 Dur i
ngt heF ranco-Pr ussianwarof1 870
 Byt heendoft he1 9th centur y,Tur key andhi swife-Sophi ewer eas sass
inated
wasweakandunr uly( s i
ckmanof i
nSar ajevo-capitalofannexed pr ovince
Eur opean) . ofBos nia.
 Mos toft hepeopl ei nt heTur kishEmpi r
e - Theas sassinati
onwascar ri
edoutbya
want edachangee. g.TheyoungTur ks Bosnians tudent-Garr
iloPrincipewho
movement . wasbackedbyas ecretSer b
 Sev er als tatess t
ar teddecl aringt heir organizati
oncal l
ed“ UnionorDeat h”
independence. (bl
ackhand) .
 Aus tr i
at henannexedt wooft heTur kish - Germanyas suredAus tri
a-Hungaryoff ul
l
statesnamel y-Bos ni aandHer z egovina. support.
 Ser bi apr otes t
ed,s ayi ngt hats hewas - Consequent ly,on23rd July1914,Austri
a
ther ightfulleaderoft hes tates . sentanul timatum toSer biacontaini
ng:
 In191 2,t heUni onoft heBal kans
(Greece,Ser bia,Bul gar i
aand 1. Anexpl anationoftheas sas si
nation.
Mont enegr o)conf ront edt heTur ki
sh 2.Apol ogy.
gover nment . 3.Suppr es si
onsofallant i
-Aus t
rian
 Theyat tackedTur keycl aimingt hatthe publi
cat ionofAus tri
anof f
icial
si nt he
youngTur kswer eper s ecut i
ng i
nves tigation/inquiry,includingt hetri
al
Chr istiansi nMacedoni a. ofthecul pri
t.
 Thisbecomest st
he1 Bal kanwar . 4.Par ti
cipat ionofAus t
rianoffici
alsint he
 In191 3,t he2nd Bal kanwarbr okeout i
nquiryagai nstthesus pects.
whenSer biaandBul gar i
acl aimedf or 5.Di smis salofalloff
ici
alswhom Aus tri
a
theowner shipofMacedoni a,whi cht hey objectedt o.
won. 6.Aus trianpol icetoent erSer bi
at o
enforcet hos edemands .
 Bulgar iagothur tandwant edt or ecover
herl os sinf uture.
 Serbi
aaccept edal lexceptt he4th.
 Ser bi abecameambi ti
oust of reeal lthe
Slavsi nTur keyundert he( Ser bs ,  Consequentl
yAus tria-Hungar ydeclar
ed
Slovaks ,Pol es,Sl ovenesandCr oats). waronSer biaon28/ 07/1
914.
 Aftert st
he1 Bal kanwar ,Ser biawas  Russi
aas si
stedSer bia,withGer many
deni edt heoccupat ionofAl bani a,and tr
yingtodemandf orher( Rus s
ia’s
)
thismadeherbi tter. wit
hdrawalwi thouts uccess.
- Ther ewer es us picionsofSer bia  WhenRus siar ef
us ed,Ger manydecl ar
ed
emer gi ngasapower f
uls tate. onRus s
iaon03/ 081 914.
- Thist her eforecaus edal otof  Germanythenat tack edBelgium on
inter nat i
onalt ens ionwhi chonl y 04/08/1
914,Br it
ainhadt ointervene,
requi redas mal lpr ovocat i
ont or esultin andthusthewarwasi nfullgear.
tot heWor l
dWar1 .
Cour
seoft
hewar
.
I
mmedi
atecaus
e
 Ast hewarstat
edbot hall
iances
 Assassi
nati
oninSaraj
evo. expectedqui
ckvictory.
- On28/ 06/1
914,Ar
chdukeFranz  Thiswasami scal
culati
onbyt he
Fer
dinand,thehei
rofAustr
ianthr
one Generals
.
 TheGer manscomeupwi t
ht he
 Schl ieff
enpl anputf orwardbyGener al ter
r i
tori
esinF arEast.
Alf
r edVonSchl ieff
en( 1891-1
906)–chi ef  Belgium,Ser bi
aandMont enegro
ofGener alstaff
. supportedt heEntente.
 Accor dingtot hepl an,theywer eto  TurkeyandBul gar
iajoinedtheTripl
e
attackF rancet hroughBel gium and All
iance,whi chchangedi t
snamet o
quickl ywi nthewar -beforetur ni
ngt o centralpower s,whil
etheTr i
pleEntent
e
Rus sia. becamet healli
es/Al l
iedpowers.
 Thewarwasf oughtonf ourfronts:
wes ter nf r
ont( FranceandBel gium)and Eas
ter
nFr
ont
Eas ternf ront(Rus si
aandt heBal kans).
 Ther eex ist
edot herpl aceswhenwar  Ont hisf ront ,Rus s iamobi li
zedf orces
tookpl acee. g.E.Af ri
cabet weent he fastert hant heGer manshadexpect ed.
Britishandt heGer mans .  Theyhoweverf aultedwhent hey
attackedAus trali
aandGer manyatt he
Wes
ter
nfr
ont samet ime.
 Theys omehowover power edAus t
ral
ians
 TheGermansi nvadedBel gi
um and befor et heywer epus hedbackbyt he
Luxembourgtowar dsF r
ance. Ger mans ,whor ecal l
edGener al
st
 BySeptember-1 914,theGermanswer e Hindenbur gf rom r et irementaf tert he1
onlyf
if
tymilesfrom Paris,t
husforci
ng Rus sianv ictory.
thegover
nmentt ofleetoBordeauxin  Hel edt heGer man’ svi ctoryagai nst
Pari
s. Rus siansi nt hebat tl
eofTannenber g
andMas urianl akesi nAugus tand
 Overconf i
dencemadet hem tof i
ghton Sept ember -191 4r es pect i
vely.
theeas ternf rontandt hewes ternfront,  Ger manst ookWar sawandPol andf r
om
whi chcr eat edaVacuum bet ween. Rus sia.
 TheBr i
ti
s ht henat tackedt hem.  TheAl liesl aunchedt heGal li
pol i
 Thisf orcedt heGer manst ofallbackat campai gni n1 915t oopenupDar donell
es ,
Mar neRi ver. whi chhadbeenCl os edbyTur keyt o
 Afterf all
ingback,t heydugt renches. Rus sia.
 Thei ropponent sal s odidt hes ame.  Thiscampai gnhoweverf ail
edduet o
Otherweaponswer ebr oughti ne.g. fail
ur eofAngl o- Frenchat tackon
pois ongasbyt heGer mans .Aeroplanes Cons tant i
nopl e,t husal lowingt heTur ks
byt heGer mans ,andus eoftanksby tor einfor cet hei rar mi es .
British. Bulgar i
aj oinedt hecent ralpoweri noct-
 I
nMay1 915,t heal l
iest ouredt he 1915,f ollowi ngt hef ailur eoft heAl li
es .
stationst ot heirs idebypr omi si
ngt he  In191 6,t heRumani ansj oinedt heAl li
es.
Africant erritori
es( dis
tricts)ofTr i
este  In191 7,Rus s i
awi thdr ewf rom t hewar
andTr eat yaf t
erthewar . duet os hortageofar ms ,food,cl othes
 Otherbat t
lesoccur redatVer dum and trans por tandcommuni cationand
SommeRi ver ,wher emanys oldiers incompet entl eader shi p.
wer eki ll
edandot her sinjured.  Theywer eweakenedmor ebyt he
 By1 91 5,Japanj oinedt heEnt ent eside- outbr eakoft heNov-1 91 7( Bols hevik
withhopeofcapt ur ingt heGer man /communi stRevol ut i
on) .
  I twasl eakedt oBr i
tis hint elli
gence
Thewor s thappenedats eai n1 918wher e whi chpubl ishedi ti nnews paper s,
theGer manNavyover power edt heBr itish thuspr ompt ingUSt oj oi nt hewaron
inthepaci fic,t hought hef ormerwer el ater theAl li
ess i
de.
ondef eat ed. 3.USandBr itishi nt elli
gencel i
nkeds ome
 Thi sdef eatcomesatt heF alkl andI s land. oftheGer man’ ss ympat hizer swi t
h
 Byt heendofi tal l,Br itainwasabl et o i
ndus trials abot agei nf actor i
esand
ret ainhernavals upr emacy. tr
adeuni oni nUSA,t husGer manswer e
 Sheus edt hist obl ockt hecent ral not tob et ru sted .
power s ,es peci allyGer many. 4.Thedecl ar ationofunr es tri
cted
 I tal soenabl edt hem t ocapt ur ecol onies subma rinew arfareb yt h eG ermans
from t hecent ralpower s. i
n 1
9 1
7o na lls hip st rad ingw i
thB ritain.
 I tal sof acilitatedcommuni cat onamong 5.I
i n1 915,t heGer manss unkal inercal l
ed
theal lies . Lusitaniao ff thec oa st of I
re l
a ndl e a ding
tolos soft hous andsofl ivesi ncl udi ng
Foral lthi st i
me,UShadr emai nedneut ral 100A me ric an s.
andi sol atedf rom t heEur opeanaf fai r
s. 6.TheUSAf ear edt hats houl dt heAl liesbe
defeated,t hent hepayment sofl oans
1. Thi swasaccor dingt ot heMonr oe earli
ergi vent ot hem wi llnotbepai d.
Doct rineof1 823whi chdi scour agedher 7.Shew an te dt os a fegu a rdh er tradew ith
from i nter feringwi thanyEur opean Bri
ta i
n .
affairs . 8.Shewant edt ous ei tasawarbet ween
2.Someofherci tizensal sower eof demo crac ya nda risto c racy .
Ger manor iginandhencef ear eda
rebel l
ionf rom t hem.  I nF eb1 91 5,Ger manydecl ar edal l
3.Thewarhadnott ouchedherdi rectly Seasar oundBr itainawarZone,t hus
unt il191 6. sink i
n ga llv es se l
ss p orted .
4.Shef ear edanout br eakofaci vilwar  Thi swasai medats tarvingBr i
t ain.
bet weenAmer icansofGer mandes cent  On07/ 05/ 1915,Ger manU-boat
andt hos eofot herEur opean (submar ine)s unkaBr iti
sh1 28
nat ional ities . Amer icanswer ek illed.
 UScongr es svot edf ort he
Later,s hej oined. decl arat ionofwaronGer manyi n
Apr il191 7.
Reas ons :  Thef i
nalbat tlewasf oughti nF r ance
inwhi cht hecent ralpowerwas
1. Pr es sur ef rom f r iendsandr el ativesof defeat edi n1 918.
FrenchandBr i
tis hi nUS.  Aus tria-Hungar ianEmpi recol laps ed.
2.Ger manf or eignmi nis terAr thur  Ger mans oldier sr ebel led.
Zimmer mans entat elegr am t oGer man  Kai s ersGener alsdes ertedhi m.
Embas syi nMexi co.  Het henf ledt ohopl and.
 I nt hisl et t
er/t elegr am,heur ged  Democr aticands oci alistpol iti
ci ans
Mexi cot ojoi nanal l
iancewi th from Ger manydecl ar edGer manya
Ger manyandat tackedUSf rom t he republ icbef oremeet ingt hes upr eme
Sout h. commanderoft heAl liesF erdinand
 F
ochon1 7/1
1/
191
8,whogavet
hem weremor eexper
iencedandcompetent
t
hefol
lowingter
msandcondi
ti
ons: i
nwart hanthecentralpower
s.
1
1.TheSpanishfl
uweak enedthecent
ral
1. Ger manyt ogi veupal lhercol oni es. power
s.
2.Al lGer manf or cest obewi t
hdr awf r
om
theRhi ne
3.Al lGer mans hi pst os ur rendert ot he Whyt heVonSchl ieffenpl anf ail
ed.
Alli
es .
4.Somepar tsofGer manywer et obe 1. Ger mani nvas i
onofF rancewasnotas
occupi edbyt heAl lies . fas tasexpect edast heyf aceds ome
5.Al lal l
iespr isoner sofwart ober eleas ed. s et backs .
2.Ent ryofBr itainint ot hewaront he
 Theywer egi ven72hour stor es pond. Al li
ess ide.
 On09/1 1/1 91 8,t heGer manshadno 3.B o ths ideswer eevenl ymat chedi n
alternat ivebutt os i
gnf ort het erms . ter msofweapons ,t hant heGer mans
 On1 1/1 1/1 91 8,1 1:00am t hewarcomet o h adt hou ght.
anend. 4.Rus siamobi li
zedherf or cesf ast
ert han
expect ed,hencet heGer manf orceshad
Whyt heAl li
eswon tob ed e pl
oy edt ot heE as ternFro nt
ear l
iert hanant icipat ed.
1. Theyhadmor es ol di ersf r om many
count r i
es -25. Peaces ettlement
2.Theyhadadequat ef inanci aland
indus trialr es our cesi nEur opeandt heir  Apeaceconf erencewast obehel dat
coloni es . P a ri
si nJ an -1919 .
3.Theal liedpower shads uper iorweapons  I n1 91 8,Pr esidentWoodr owWi lsonofUS
ascompar edt ot hecent ralpower s . h adp rop osed1 4p ointso nw hi
cht he
4.Theal liedpower sr ecei veds uppor tf r
om neededpeacewi t
hGer manywoul dbe
otherpower swhi chboos tedt hei rabi l
it
y b as ed .
int hewar .
5.Thenavyoft heal lieswass uper iort o Theyar e:
theoneoft hecent ralpower sandt hey
blockadedt hes eas ,t huscut ti
ngof f 1. Abol iti
onofs ecr etdi plomacy.
suppl iesf ort hecent ralpower s . 2.F r eeNavi gat i
onats eaf oral lnationsat
6.Ger manywasdes er tedbys omeofher anyt i
me.
suppor tersi nt hel at eryear soft hewar 3.Removalofembar gobet weens tates .
andhadt of ights ingl ehandedl y. 4.Reduct i
onofar mament s.
7.Theent ryofUSAi nt hewari n1 917, 5.A d justme ntso f co l
on ialc lai
msi nt he
boos tedt hes tr engt hoft heal lies . i
nt eres tofpeopl econcer ned.
8.Ther ewaspol it i
calunr es t/i ns tabi l
ityin 6.Ger manf orcest ovac at eRus si
an
Ger manywhi chaf fect edhermi lit
ar y ter ritory.
strengt h/ar mymut iny. 7.Bel gi um tobei ndependent .
9.Thef ailureofSchl ief fenPl an/Del ayed 8.Al saceandLor rainet ober eturnedt o
attackonF rancet hr oughBel gium. Fr ance.
10.Theal lies’pol itical/mi litaryl eader s 9.It alianf rontierst obebas edon
 nationali
ty. tothealli
esasr eparati
onmoney.
1
0.Aus tr
o-Hungaryt obes elf
-determined. 4.Germanywasr est
rictedtoanar myof
1
1.Serbia,Mont enegro,andRomani atobe 100,000menandi tsequi pmentwas
vacatedandSer biagivenaccesstos ea. l
imited/Reducehermi l
it
arys t
rengt
h.
1
2.Non- Turkstobei ndependent 5.Germanywasr equi
r edtor el
easeallher
1
3.Independencef orPolandwi t
hacces sto pris
onersofwar .
sea. 6.AllGermanforcesWes tofR.Rhinewer e
1
4.Creat i
onofani nternati
onalassoci
ati
on tobewi t
hdrawn.
tomai ntainpeace. 7.I
tpr opos
edt heformat i
onoft heLNt o
managewor ldpeace.
 However,t
hetreat
ywassigned, 8.Therewast obenouni tybetween
thr
oughunderprot
estf
rom both GermanyandAus tr
ia.
part
ies
.
Res
ult
soft
hepeacet
reat
y
 Thepower s/par ti
esmeti nPar isinJan
–1 919anddr aft edt hetreat i
eswhi ch 1. Ger manyl os tal lhercol onial
wer es ignedl at erThet reat yof p ossess i
on sa n dw e res upe r
visedbyt he
Ver sail
les : LeagueofNat ions .Ger manywasf orced
topaywarr epar at
ionofoverpound6. 5
1. Treat yofSer verwi thGer manyon28/ bill
iont ot heAl lies( 6,600mi ll
ion) .She
06/1 919. wasonl yabl et opay1 2.5%.(moneypai d
2.Tr eat yofStGer mai newi thAus tr
iaon1 0 byacount r ythatl os twarRepar ations)
/09/1 919. 2.Ger manys izewasr educedby1 /8and
3.Tr eat yofNeui llywi thBul gar i
aon27/1 1 herpopul at i
onby6. 5mi l
li
on.
/1919. 3.Ger manyl os tthepr ovi ncesofAl s ace
4.Tr eat yofTr i
anonwi thHungar yAugus t- an dL orrain ep a rtof S chleswiga n d
1920. East ernSiles iat oF ranceandas tripof
East ernPr us sia.
Thiswasl atercal l
edt het reat yof 4.Theci t
yofDanzi gbecamef r
eeunder
Laus anne,Swi tzerlandi n1923. thes upervis i
ono fLe ag ueo fNations .
5.TheSaarval l
ey( withdepos i
tsofcoal
However ,thispeaces ettl
ementwas andi r
on)wass uper v i
s edbyLeagueof
domi nat edbyWoodr owWi lsonUSA, Nationsf or1 5year s,t hent hepopul ati
on
LloydGeor ge- PM-Br it
ain,Geor ge woul dvot eei t
hert obel ongt oF ranceor
Clemenceau- FranceandVi ttorioOr l
ando Ger many.
-Italy. 6.Ger manywasr es t
rictedt oanar my
recr ui
tmentof1 00, 000men.Thear my
Termsoft het reat y. wasl i
mi t
edi nequi pmenti tcoul dus e.
7.I tpr eventedanyuni onbet ween
1. Ger manywasf or cedt os urrenders ome Ger manyandAus t
ria.
ofhercol oniesi nEuropet ot heallied 8.Hungar yandYugos lavi abecome
power s/Al sace- Lorrain/Saarval ley. independent/news tatesemer ged.
2.Ger manywast os urrenderherover eas 9.F
s inlandbecamei ndependentofRus si
a.
rd
coloniest ot heLeagueNat ions . 10.Polandr ecei veda3 ofi tsterri
tor ythat
3.Ger manywast opay6. 5bi ll
ionpounds hadbeent akenoverbyGer manydur ing
 thewar. overbyt heLeagueofNat i
ons .
1
1.Rhinel
andswastor
emai
nwi
thout 7.Thes izeofGer manywasr educedby
Germant r
oops
. an8th andherpopul ationby6. 5mi ll
ion.
8.Manypeopl ewer edi s placedl eadi ngt o
Reas onsf ort hef ailureofpeaces ettlement . ref ugeepr obl em.
9.Pol iti
calboundar yofTur kishwas
1. Ger manywaswhol lyblamedf orthewar reducedasSyr ia,Pal es ti
ne,I raqand
andt hepuni shmentwast oohar sh.The Egyptwer eno- l
ongerherpos ses s i
ons .
treat ywasas sumedt opuni s hand 10.Newnat ionswer ecr eat edi nEur ope
humi liatet heGer mans ,who e.g.Yugos lavi a,Hungar y.
cons equent lyres ent ed. 11.Di s integr at ingofempi resi nEas ter n
2.I nt eres tsoft hecol onizedpeopl ewer e Eur ope
notcons i
der edbyt heal li
es ,ast he 12.Ri s eofdi ctat or sinEur opel i
keHi tler.
col oni albenef itswer ehandedovert o 13.I tledt odevel opmentandus eof
Fr anceandBr itainasmandat esof advancedmi litaryequi pment ,e. g.
LeagueofNat ions . submar i
nes ,poi songas ,ar mor edt anks ,
3.I talywasamaj orpower ,yets hewas andai rcraf t
s .
givenar awdeali nt hepeace 14.I tledt onat ional isticf eelingsamong
set tlement ,ass heonl ygotSt ri
awhi ch Afr icanswhopar ticipat edi nt hewar .
for mer l
ybel ongedt oAus tri
a. 15.Ther ewasadvancementoft hear tof
4.I nt eres tsoft hemi norit
ywer enot sur ger yduet omanywarcas ual ti
es
cons iderede. g.Aus tri
a/ GermanUni on whor equi redoper at ions .
wasdi sallowedyett heAus tri
answer e 16.Ger many&heral lieswer emadet opay
fori t. repar ations( wardamages )t ot het i
me
5.TheUSAs enat edi dnots uppor titast he of6. 5Bi l
lionPounds .
USAcons t
ituti
ondi dnotal l
ow 17.TheLeagueofNat ionswasf or medt o
commi t
mentt os uchor ganizat i
onsl ike pr omot epeaceamongnat ions .
theLeagueofNat ionswhi chwas 18.USAemer gedasal eadi ngwor ldpower
pr opos edbyWoodr ow. andmos tEur opean count riest ur nedt o
herf ori ndus trialandf inanci alneeds .
Resul tsoft heWW1 19.Ther ewaswi des pr eadofdi s eas es .
20. Ther ewasadvancementi nt hef i
el dof
1. Mas s i
vel os sofhumanl i
vest hatwer e medi cine.
ki l
led.
2.Ther ewass tarvat ionbecaus emos tof Economi c
thepr oduct i
vepeopl ewentt owarand
landandcr opswer edes troyed. 1. Endedt heeconomi cdomi nat i
onoft he
3.Pr oper t
yofgr eatval uewasdes t
r oyed wor ldbyEur opeancount ries .
e. g.ci ti
es . 2.Mas s i
vedes truct i
onofpr oper ty.
4.Economi cact ivitieswer edes tr
oyed 3.Cr eat edunempl oyment .
leadi ngt oeconomi cdepr es si
on. 4.Sl oweddowneconomi cdevel opmentof
5.Lar ges umsofmoneywer es penton mos tcount ries/Ledt oeconomi c
thewar ,t husl eadi ngt oweak depr es sion/Eur opeancount riesr el i
ed
economi esofEur ope. oncol oniesf oreconomi cgr owt h.
6.Ger manover seascol oni eswer et aken 5.I tl edt odevel opment si nengi neer ing.
6.Lar ges umsofmoneywer es pentduring 1. Ass embl y
thewar .
 Al lthemember swer er epresentedin
theAs sembl y.
 Metannual lyattheheadquar ter
 Cont roll
edbudgetoft heor ganizati
on
THELEAGUEOFNATI ONS  Admi ttednewmember s
 Appoi ntednon- permanentmember sto
 Thei deaofani nt
ernationalas s
oc i
ati
on thel eague’ scouncil
s
waspr oposeddur i
ngt heWor l
dWar1 ;  Cons ideredt hesigningoft reati
es.
andi nt hePar i
speaceconf erenc ein  Its uper visedthewor koft hel eague.
April1919.  Appoi ntedj udgestot heCour tof
 Itwases tabl
ishedon1 0/01/1
920-wi th I
nt ernationalJusti
ce.
i
tsHeadquar ters-
Genevai nSwi t
zerl
and
2.Secr etariat
Aims
 Itwast headmi ni
strative
1. Tos trivefordisarmamentoft hewor l
d.
2.Toat taininternat
ionalpeaceand  Itwasheadedbyagener als ecret
ary
secur ity.
3.Toguar anteepol iticalindependenceof Er i
cDr ummondofBr i
tainwast he1 s
t
G.S.-
members t
at esandwor l
dcount ries . 19-
33
4.Tos olvei nter nationalconf lictst hrough
dialogue.
5.Tot akej ointef fortagai nstaggr es sors 1 . Col l
ect edmat erial
sneededf ormeet i
ngs.
throughi mpos i
tionofs anct i
ons . 2.Publ ishedr elevantr epor t
s.
6.Mai ntaingoodwor kingcondi tions. 3.Car ryingoutal lresearches
7.Super viset er r
itoriest akenoverf rom 4.Impl ement eddeci sionsoft hel eague
theCent ralpower s . 5.Li nkedt heor gansoft heLeague/
8.Toas s i
sts ufferingcount riest hrough provi dingcont inuitybet weenone
abol i
s hings l
aver yandi mpr ovingl abour meet ingoft heoft hecounci lort he
condi tions . As sembl yandt henext .
9.Ter r i
tor i
esl os tbyt hecent ralpower s 6.Car ryingoutal lcorrespondences
wer et obeent rustedt oformeral lies relatingt ot heLeague.
whower et ogover nonbehal foft heLN.
10.Tocr eat eper manenti ns t
ituti
onst o 3.Per manentCour tofInternationalJus ti
ce
impl ementt heobj ectivesoft heLeague
li
ket heAs sembl y.  Es tabl ishedbet ween1 920- 1
922
 Bas edi ntheHague–Net herlands
 Itcompr i
sed1 1judgesand4deput i
es
whos ervef oraper i
odof9year s.
 Its et tleddi sput esbet weens tates .

St
ruct
ure 4.I
nter
nat
ionalLaborOr
gani
zat
ion
 Establ i
shedi n1919totakecareofthe 14.Super vi
s edther epatri
ationoffmany
wor kers’wel f
are. prisoner sofwarf rom 26count r
ies.
 Others pecial
izedcommi t
teeswere 15.Thecommi t
teesont heintell
ect
ual
establ i
shedwi thintheLNtodealwith cooper ationhelpeds tatestopr omote
speci aliss
uesl ikechi
ldwelfar
e,dr
ug educat ion&
rel
at edpr oblemset c. i
deasconcer ningpeace.
16.Dr ewupconvent ionsconcer ni
ng
I
tsachi
evement
s transpor t
ationininternationalroads,r
iver
s
and
1.IthasPr omot edheal ths erviceslike oceans .
fi
ght i
ngdi seasest hrought he
Int
er nat i
onalHeal t
hOr ganization. I
tsf
ail
ures
2.Itchampi onedf ort hewel f
areoft he
wor kerst hrought heInt ernational 1. Si mo- Japanes edi sput eof1 931was
LabourOr ganization. nevers or
tedout .TheJapanes e
3.Itprovidedr eli
eft other efugees/war invadedManchur iaregi onofChi na.
casualties/ areashi tbyf aminet hr ough Whent hel eagueas kedhert owi t
hdraw,
theRef ugeesCommi s sion. sher efusedandpul l
edoutoft hel eague
4.Itsettleddi sput ebetweendi ff
erent in1 933.
Europeancount r
ies/Members t
at es. 2.1 935,Beni toMus soliniinvadedEt hiopia.
5.Itsuper visedmandat et errit
ories Whenhewast oldtos tep,hewenton&
throughMandat esCommi ssion. pul l
edoutoft heLeague.
6.Itorgani zeddi sarmamentconf erences 3.I twasf ail
edt os t
opGer manyf rom
inEur ope. violatingt het ermsoft heVer sail
lese.g.
7.Helpedi nt her econstruct i
onof sheembar kedonr ear mament
Europeancount r
iese. g.Aus tria. pr ogramme.
8.Itcont roll
edt het raff
ickingofdanger ous 4.Manyot hernat ionsembar kedon
drugsandt radei nchi ldrenandwomen. rearmamentpr ogrammes .
5.Ger manyi nvadedPol and&Aus tri
ai n
Ext
ras between1 936- 1
939,Rus s i
a
inF inland- 1
939,wi t
houtt heLeague’ s
9.Hel pt opr eservewor ldpeaceby I
nter vention.
encour agingmember stos et
tl
edi sputes
throught heI CJ. Whyitfai
led
10.Admi nisteredtheSaarr egion&t hecity
ofDanzi g,des pit
ehos t
il
it
ybet weent he 1. SomeEur opeancountriesopposedthe
Pol es&Ger mans . Versail
lesb ecauseitfavouredtheal
li
ed
11.Succes sfull
yendedt hewart hattook power sthatfoughtGer many.
placebet weenGr eeceandBul gari
ai n1921. 2.USAd idn otsu ppor
t t
heL eague
12.As s ist
edi nt heeconomi c becaus eitdidnotwast oinvol
vein
recons tructionofEur opeancount ri
ese. g. Europeana ff
airs/Mo nroeD oct
rine/
Aus t
ria. Refusedt ojoin.
13.Hel pedt or egul
atet hemanuf actureof
armsandt heirs ell
,holding
dis ar
mamentmeet ings .
3.Member s hi
poft heor gani zationwasnot whichwasdictat
ed.
thati ncl us i
veass omecount rieswer e  I
thasmadeGer manybit
terand
lef
toutwhi leot her swer enotgi vena sus
pi ci
ousandhence,athreatt
othe
chancet oj oin. world.
4.TheLeague’ sconf er enceof
ambas sador svi olatedt heobj ectiveof Caus
es
mai ntai ningwor ldpeacebys uppor t i
ng
somecount ries ’claimsagai 1. Thei
ns tot nabi
her s. l
ityoft heLeagueofNat ionst o
5.Mos tmember swer econcer impl
nedaboutementi tsr es olut ionsandpuni sh
theirs over eignt yasoppos edt thos
ot heewhovi olatedt hem encour aged
int
er es toft heLeague. theaggr essor st opur s uet hei r
6.Somemember sadapt edt ot obj
hepolect
i ivesorambi
cyof tions ,andt hi s
appeas ementt owar dscer tainrintens
egimesifi
edt ens ioni nt hewor l
d.
soast oavoi dconf ront at i 2.Ther
on,t his iseofdi ct ator si nt he1 920’ sand
weakenedt heLeague. 1930’ sdes troyeddemocr aticr ight s
7.Shor tageoff undsf ort hel es
eaguet peci
o allyi nRus sia( Jos ephSt alin),Ital
y
impl ementi tspr ogr ammes . (Beni toMus olini),Spai n( FraiscoF ranco)
8.I tlackedi tsownar myt oi mpl andGer
ementi t
smany( Adol fHi t l
er )
.They
deci sionswher epeacewast hrover
eat t
hrewdemocr
ened. aticgover nment s,
Itdependedont hegoodwi l r
loftear
hemedt hems elvesandengagedi n
member swhoatt imeswer act
eunr sofaggr
el i
able. es sion,at tackedot her
9.Thes ear chf orcol oni esdi ver tcount
edt he r
ies .Thi saccel er atedt ens ioni n
member s ’attent ionf r om t t
heacthewor
ivitiesl
d.
oft heLeague. 3.Es tabl i
s hmentofal l
iances ys tem
10.Riseofdi ct
at ors hipr egi mesi bet
nEur weenmaj
ope orpower sencour agedact s
weakenedt heLeagueast hediofaggr
ctat ores
s si
onbecaus eoft hef eel ingof
refus edt oacceptt hedeci s i mut
onsoft uals
he uppor t.
League. 4.Thepol i
cyofappeas ementbyF rance
11.Economi cdepr es sionof1 andBr
929weakened i
tainencour agedt hedi ct ator sto
mos toft hewor ld’seconomi escarr yonwi
,hence t
ht hei ract sofaggr es sion.
theywer enotabl et os uppor5.Thegr
tt he eatdepr es sionof1 930s
Leaguef inanci al l
y. intens ifi
edeconomi ci nabi l
itiesand
12.Rear mamentofGer many.( mai for
n) cedcount r i
est opr act i
ceeconomi c
prot ectionism.
6.Thegr owt hofnat ional is m made
count r
iest obei nwar dl ooki ngand
ther eforewer er el uct antt opar ticipate
WORLDWAR2 inin tern ati
o n al i
s su es .
7.Unf avour ablecondi ti
onsi mpos edon
Aftert
heWor l
dWar1 ,theLeagueNation Ger manybyt heVer s aill
est r eat y
wases tabl
ishedtopreventfur
therwar . humi l
iatedandmadehernur seagr udge
Thishoweverf ai
ledandmadei tinevi
table agai nstt heal li
edpower s .
fortheWor l
dWar2t otakeplace. 8.Ther iset opowerofAdol fHi tl
erandhi s
 Thi sWorldWar2coul dbeat tri
but
edt o det ermi nationt or es tor eGer many’ slost
thetought er
msoft heVersail
lest
reaty glor yledt owarashei nvadedot her
 count ries.  ByF eb- 1940,t heF i
nnswer edef eated.
9.Armamentandi ncreas edar medf orces  Attempt sf orpeacewer emadebuti n
increas edt ensioncont raryt ot he vain.
wis hesoft heVer s
ai l
lest reat yon  Ger manyat tackedDenmar kon9/ 4/
1940
product i
onofar msandt r
ai ni
ngof andover power edt heal l
ies .
nat i
onalar mi es.  On1 4/06/ 1940,t heGer mansr eached
1
0.TheSpani shcivilwar( 1936- 1
939)l edby Par is.
Gener alFrancowasadmi redand  On22/ 6/ 1
940,F rances ur render edand
suppor t
edbyMus soliniandHi tlerwho signedanagr eementwi thGer many,and
provi dedhi m withmi l
itaryas s i
s tance. surr ender edAl sace-Lorrain,N.F r
ance
Dur ingt hewar ,Ger manywasabl et o andAt l
ant icCoas t
li
ne.
tes therweaponsandal sopr act i
ceher  Ger manyat tackedBr i
taini nJul y1940.
wart acti
csl i
kebombi ng
 Thiswast hebat tleofBr itain,whi ch
civil
iant argetsfrom t heai r.
provedt oot oughf orGer many.
1
1.Hitler’saggr essionwhenhei nvaded
 Mus solinicapt uredF r
enchandBr iti
sh
Czechos lovakiain1938af terwhi chi t
Somal il
and&Egypt .
turnedt oPol and.BritainandF rance
coul dnott aket hes eaggr es s
ions  On8/ 11/1942,Br i
tishandAmer i
cans
anymor eandt heydecl aredwaron attackedMor occo,t hus,over power i
ng
Ger many.Thi swast hebegi nni ngof theAxi s .
WW2.  On22/ 6/ 1
941 ,Ger manyat tackedRus sia.
 Rus s i
answon,andi nJuly43,Rus si
an
Cour
seoft
hewar compl etel ywont hebat tle( Bar barossa)
th
 OnJul y14 ,Japanat tackedSout hEas t
 I
thas2maj orgr oups -All
iedf orces As i
a,andat tackedAmer icancont roll
ed
(Britain,F rance,andUSA)andt heAxi s Philippines .
power s( Ger many,I taly&Japan) .  Shewasembar goedbyt heAl li
es.
 I
twasf oughtonWes ternandEas t
ern  Ast het wo( Japan&Amer ica)wer e
f
r onts . negot iat i
ng,Japanat tackedAmer i
can
 Ger manyf orgedauni onwi thAus t
ria- navalbas eofPear lHar bourf rom theai r
.
10/3/ 1
938andus editt oclaim  Amer icai nevi tablyent eredt hewar .
Sudet enlandofCzechos l
ovaki a.  On8/ 12/ 1941 ,Br i
tain,USA&Net herl
ands
 I
n1 939,I t
alyi nvadedandoccupi ed decl aredwaronJapan.
Albani a.  Int heF arEas t,Br i
tishus edherbas esi n
 Hitleral socl aimedDanzi gCi ty,bef ore Indiat oat tackJapan.
f
or gingt heNazi -
Sovi etpactof  Japant henat t
ackedI ndiai n1944,and
f
r i
ends hipwi thRus s i
a. all
ieswoni nt hisbat t
leofKohi ma.
 On1 /9/1939,Ger manyi nvadedPol and
 Br i
tainandF ranceas kedhert o Def
eatofItal
yandGer many
wi t
hdr aw
 Whens her efused,t heydecl ar edwaron  Theal li
esat t
ackedIt
aly’sIs
landofSici
ly
heron3/ 9/1939 inJuly1943,causi
ngr ebell
ionagai
nst
 Rus siaat tackedPol andf rom t heEas t. M uss
o l
inii
nItal
y.
 Shewascompl etel
yoccupi edbyt het wo. Germanys teppedinandr escued
 On30/ 11/1
939,Rus siaat tackedF i
nland. M uss
o l
inif
rom pri
son.
 ByDecember1 944,Germanywasunder Whyt
heaxi
slos
tthewar
pressuref r
om alli
esfrom allfr
onts.
 On6/06/1 944,thealli
edf orces 1. Theal li
eshadmanys uppor t
ers ,hence
l
andedi nFrancetol i
berat
eher . mor emanpower .
2.Ger manyf ailedt ocont rolherexpans i
ve
 Thisliberati
onwasachi evedon25/8/
conquer edterritories.Somehadt olook
1944,andBel gi
um on
forlibertyandt urnedagai nsther .
2/9/1 944
3.USent r
yi ntot hewaronal li
es’s ide
 I
n1 945,al l
iesenteredGer manyf rom
afterJapan’ sat tackonPear lHar bour .
theWes t.
4.Theal li
edf orcescont roll
edt heNor th
 Germanswer edri
venoutofYugos l
avi
a. seawhi chtheyus edt obl ockade
 Hitl
erf l
edt oanunknownpl aceinBer l
in Ger many.
wher eheki ll
edhims el
finApr i
l-1
945. 5.Ger many’ sforceswer eover s t
retchedby
 On7/05/1 945,theGer mans fi
ghtingwaronmanyf r ont s.
surrendered. 6.Theal li
edhads uper iorweapons -atomic
/naval .
Def
eatofJapan 7.Theal li
eshadmor eweal t h/r es ources
e.g.indus tr
ialandf inanci alres our ces.
 Aft
erGer manys urrender ed,Japan
8.USSRr ecover edf rom herl osses ,
vowedt ocont i
nuef i
ghting.
rearmedandat t
ackedGer many.
 USAdevel opedatomi cbombwhi chhad
beent es
tedi nJuly1945i nNewMexi co Ext
ras
desert
.
 USpres i
dent -
HarryTrumanagr eedto 9.Axisr ans hortofr awmat erial
s/
useiton6/08/1 945onHi ros
hima Stretchedbeyondt heircapacity.
ki
ll
ing78,000peopl e. 1
0.MiscalculationbyAxi spower s/
 On8/8/1 945,Rus siaat tackedJapan. Ger manymadet act i
calmistakes.
 Americadr oppedanot herl ongerbomb 1
1.Theaxi smades erioustacti
calmi st
akes
onNagas akion9/8/1 945,ki l
li
ngover e.g.Japanf ai
ledt oreali
zet he
40,000peopl e. i
mpor tanceofai rcraft
sandconcent rated
 Consequent l
y,Japans ur renderedon1 5 onpr oduci ngbat tl
eships.
/8/1 945.
Rol
esofUSAi
nthewar
WhyHit
lerwasint
erestedi
nRus
siaatt
he
begi
nni
ngofthi
swar . 1.Shepr ovidedmoder nmi li
taryequipment
tot heall
ies .
1. Hewant edRus si
a’srichnatural 2.Shepr ovi dedf i
nancialsuppor tt
ot he
resourcesli
keoil. all
ies.
2.Rus siaprovi
dedas paceforGer many’
s 3.Shepr ovidedmi li
tarypers onneltothe
expans i
on. all
ies.
3.Hewant edtoconquerRus si
af or 4.Shebl ockedt hePanamacanalagai ns
t
presti
ge. theaxi spower s
.
4.Hehadunder r
atedRus si
a’sRedar my 5.Shedr oppedt heat omicbombat
andpeopl e. Nagas akiandHi r
os hi
maf orcing
5.Hewant edRus si
a’srichgrains. Japant os urr
ender .
Res
ult
soft
hewar devel
oped.

1. Manyl i
veswer elos
t,asanes ti
mat ed 1
4.Therewast hees t
ablishmentUni
ted
tot
alof30mi l
li
onpeopl earebelievedto Nati
onsOr ganizat
iont o mai nt
ain
havebeenki ll
ed. worldpeaceandpr eventanot
herwar
fr
om taki
ngpl ace.
2.ThebombonJapanr eleasedradio-
acti
ves ubs
tanceswhi chaffect
edmany 1 5.Germanyandhercapi tal
,Berl
inwas
l
iveslongafterthewar . divi
dedintot wo.

3.Manypeopl
ewereinj
ured/maimed/ 16.Itdestroyedt hemyt hofEur opean
Per
manentheal
thcompli
cat
ions
. mili
tarys uper iorityduet ot hedef eatof
theBr i
tish&Amer i
canf orcesi ntheF ar
4.Pr oper tywasdes tr
oyedashomesand EastbyJapan.
bridgeswer edemol i
shed. 17.Itstr
engt henednat ionalismi ntheot her
5.Tor t
uredur i
ngt hewarl edt o partsoft hewor ldast heAf ri
canshad
psychol ogicalandemot ionalpr oblemst o parti
cipat ed.
famili
es ,individual s&nat i
ons.
6.Ext ernalt radeal mos tcamet oa 18.Createdbi tt
erf eelingsandmi str
us t
stands ti
llduet of earandi nsecur i
ty. amongt hecount ri
est hatf oughti nt he
war.
7.Thecommuni stzoneext endedt ocover
halfoft hecont i
nent alEur opewhi ch 19.Itcausedeconomi cdepr ess i
onasl ar ge
resultedi nt hecr eationoft he“ Iron sumsofmoneywer espent .
Cur t
ain”t hatgeogr aphicallydivided
Europedownt hemi ddle. 20.Therewasi mpr ovementi nt hemi l
itary
8.Agr i
cultureandi ndus trywer edi srupted technology.
duet ol ackofr awmat erialandhuman
resour ce. 21.Therewast hecr eationofI sr ael/St at e
oftheJews .
9.I nadequat ef ood,s helterandcl othing.
22.Therecameunempl oymentas
10.Pre-warbal anceofpowerwasdes troyed demor alizeds er vicemeni ncr eased
asnewpower sl ikeUSAandUSSR demandf orjobs .
emer ged. 23.Therewasdi splacementofpeopl e,
hences ufferi
ng.
11
.I tledt os preadofcommuni smi nEas t
ern
Europe. INTERNATI ONALRELATI ONS

1
2.USAas s
istedtheweakenedWes ter
n  Thisistherel
ati
onbet weennat i
ons.
powerstopr eventthem f
rom f
all
ingint
o Itbecamenecessaryt odevelopsome
thehandsofcommuni s
m.Thiswas goodr el
ati
onsaft
ert heWor l
dWar2t o
thr
ought heMar shalPl
an. healthewoundsoft heeffect
s .
1
3.Therewasdi vis
ionofEuropeintotwo  Thisoccursatdi
ff
erentlevelsand
opposi
ngbl ocs,hencetheColdwar categori
es.
 I
nter
nat
ionalOr
gani
zat
ions
a)I
nternat
ionalGover
nment
alOrgani
zat
ion
1
. Economi
c (I
GO)e.g.UN,CommonWeal t
h&Af ri
can
Union
 Thi
sinvol
vestr
adeandot
her
commerci
alact
ivi
ti
es b)Int
ernationalNon- governmental
Organizations(INGO)e. g.RedCr oss,
2.Di
plomat
ic Amnes tyI nt
ernational&Tr ansparency
I
nternational.
 Conductofr
elat
ionst
hroughpeacef
ul Member s hipmaybegl obal,r
egionalor
means. asotherwi sedefined.
 Thi
sisdonethroughambassador
s

Benefi
tsofInt
ernat
ionalGover
nment
3.Pol
it
ical Organi
zati
ons

 Thi
sisbet weencountr
ieswit
hs i
mil
ar
pol
it
icalacti
vit
iesandi
nsti
tut
ions
1. Theyrovi
demember swithaf or
um to
consul
t
4.Soci
o-cul
tur
al 2.Theyactasr egulators
3.Theyenhancepeaceands ecuri
ty
 Unders
tandi
ngofcountr
ieswithf
ami
ly 4.Theycont ri
butet oenhancingequitabl
e
setuptoappreci
atet
hediff
erent dis
tri
buti
onoff acil
iti
es.
cul
tur
es.
UNI
TEDNATI
ONSORGANI
ZATI
ON(
UNO)
 Iti sinexchangeofdancer s,mus i
cians,
spor tsetc.  Wases tablishedatt heendoft heWor l
d
War2t oreplacet heLeagueofNat i
on
Benef it
s ands ignedon25/ 4/ 1945,bef oreit
startedf unctioningon24/ 10/1945.
1. Pr omot i
onofeconomi cgr owt hthrough
tradewhi chenabless t
atest oacquire Aims
goodst heydonothave 1. Tomai ntaininter nationalpeaceand
secur ity.
2.Pr omot i
onofpeaceands ecur it
y 2.Todevel opfriends hipbetweennat ions.
3.Topr omot es ocialpr ogressandbet ter
3.Pr omot i
onofcult
uralexchangeswhi ch
li
vings tandar dsf orpeopl e.
enhancesi nter
nationalunder standing 4.Topr omot ecul t
ur alinteractionbet ween
members tates.
4.Itenhancescol l
ectivesolvingof
5.Topr otec tthei nter es t
sofmi nori
tyand
probl emsofglobalconcer nse. g. vulner abl egr oupsl i
kewomenand
ter r
or i
sm children.
6.Topr omot eeconomi cdevel opmentt o
 recons t
ructt hewor ldeconomy/To  Eachoft he5per manentpower shavea
buildt heeconomi esoft hecount ries rightt ovet oadeci sion,orabs tain.
aff
ect edbyt hewar .
7.Tor epl acet heLeagueNat ionswhi ch
hadf ai l
edt opr eventanot herWor ldWar .1 .Itmai nt ainsi nter nat ionalpeace&
secur ity.
I
tspr inci pleor gans 2.It i
nv e s ti
gat esdi s put es,whi chmay
threat eni nter nat ionalpeace.
1. Gener alAs sembl y( GA) 3.Itcal lsupons tatest os ett
let hei r
2.Sec ur itycounci l(S.C. ) disput esbynegot iation.
3.Int er nat i
onalCour tofJus tice(ICJ) 4.Itrecommendst hepr ocedur est os ett
le
4. Economi candSoci alCounci l disput es/Advi semember s .
5.Tr us tees hi pcounci l( T.C.) 5.Itdet er miness ituat i
onswhi chmay
6.Sec r etariat(S) threat enpeaceandt akeact ion.
6.Itadmi ts,s us pendsandexpel s
member sfrom UN.
1. Gener alAs sembl y( G. A.) 7.Itcal lsuponmember st opr ovi def orces
agai ns taggr es sor s .
 Al lmembers tat esar er epr esent ed.
1.Itl iais eswi tht heSecur i
tyCounci lin 3.Inter nat ionalCour tofJus t
ice( I
CJ)
maki ngr ecommendat i
onson
mai nt enanceofpeace&s ecur i
ty. 1.Itcanappl yi nter nat ionalconvent i
onst o
2.Itdi scus s esiss uesr elatingt o es t
abl ishr ulesr ecogni zedbyt hes t
ates .
i
nt er nat i
onalpeaceands ecur it
y. 2.Inter nat ionalcus tomsmayal sobe
3.Itel ect sjointlywi tht heSecur i
tyCounci l
, appl iedasl aw.
thej udgesoft heI CJ/Appoi ntst he 3.Itmayappl ygener alpr inciplesofl aw
Sec r etaryGener al. recogni zedbynat ions .
4.Itr ecei ves/Act sonr epor tfrom t he 4.Itmayal soappl yj udicialdeci sionsby
Sec ur ityCounci landot herUNor gans . nat i
ons .
5.Itappr ov esUNbudget/Appor ti
onst he  I thandl escas esofi nt
er nat ional
amountofcont r i
but ionbyeachmember bor der s
,t reat mentofdi plomat i
cs taf
f,
stat e. cr i
meagai nsthumani tyet c.
6.Itel ect snon- members tat esofSecur it
y  I thas1 5j udgesf rom di f
fer ent
/Economi c/Soci alf ields. nat ionsel ect edbyt heGener al
7.Itpr omot est hedevel opmentof As s embl yandSecur it
yCounci l.
i
nt er nat i
onall aw.
8.Itf aci lit
atest her ealizat i
onofHuman 4.Economi candSoci alCounci l( E.S.C.)
Right s/F undament alf r
eedoms .
9.Itpr omot eshi gher/bet ters tandardsof  I tcompr ises54del egates
l
ivingamongnat i
ons .  Theymeett wi ceayear
Foref ficiency,i thass etupt hef oll
owing
2.Secur ityCounci l( SC) speci al izedcommi s si
onsasf ol l
ows :

 I
thas15member s5per
manent( na, 1
Chi . St
ati
sti
calcommis
sion.
F
rance,Rus
sia,UK&US). 2.Popul
ati
onc ommi
ssion.
3.Commissi
onofst
atusofwomeni n 1
972-
1982-Kur
tWal
dher
eim-
Aus
tri
a.
devel
opi
ngcount
rieses pecial
ly.i
nt he
thi
rdworl
dcount
ries . 1
982-
1991
-Javi
erPer
ezdeCuel
lar
4.Commissi
onfors
oci aldevelopment. –Peru
5.Commissi
ononNar coticdrugs.
1
992-
1996-Bout
rosBout
ros Ghal
i-
Egypt
I
tsf
unct
ions
.
1
997-
2006-Kof
iAnnan-
Ghana
1.Itini
ti
at esstudiesandr epor tsongi ven
mat t
ers . 2006-
pres
en,BannKimoon
2.Itrecommendsonr espectf orhuman
right
s. 1.Itr egis t
er streat i
es .
3.Itdraftsconvent i
ons&pr esentst o 2.Itpubl is
hesr epor ts.
Gener alAs s
embl yonmat tersofi t
s 3.Itconduct sres earch/Sur veyeconomi c
areasofoper at
ion( jur
isdiction). ands ocialtrend&pr obl ems
4.Itconvenesi nternationalconf erenceson
4.Itadmi nisterspeacekeepi ngoper at
ions
economi cands ocialmat ters andmedi ateint ernationaldi s put
e.
5.Itco-ordinatesactiviti
esofs pecial
ized
5.Iti nf
or mst heSecur it
yCounci lonany
commi s si
onsandagenci es. threatofpeace.
6.Itco-ordinatestheNGO’ swi ththeUN.6.Iti nterpretsandt ranslatess peeches
anddocument si ntoUNof f
icial
l
anguages .
5.Trustees hi
pCouncil(T.
C.)
7.Iti mpl ementl aws/pol iciesand
decis i
onsbyot heror gans .
 Ithas5per manentmember sand6non- 8.I tadmi nisterspr ogrammes .
permanent .
 Ittakescar eofthecolonialboundari
es. Languagesus edi nt heirmeet ings .
 Thes eboundaries/t er
rit
oriesincl
ude,
thosepl acedunderthecounci l 1.Engl i
sh
voluntaril
ybyot herpower s,under 2.F rench
LeagueNat i
onandt hosef r
om ax i
s 3.Spani sh
power s. 4. Chi nes e
5. Rus s i
an
6.Secr et
ariat 6. Ar abic

 I
tdeal swi t
hadmi nis
trat
iveday-t
o- PERF
ORMANCE
dayact i
viti
esoft heUnit
edNat i
on
 I
ti sheadedbyt heSecretar
y- Achi
evement
soft
heUni
tedNat
ion
Gener al
-whos ervesfor5year sandmaybe 1
. Pr
omot
edpeaceands
ecur
it
y
re-elect
ed.
e.g.1945-1953-TuygveLie-Nor  Thr
way oughpeace- keepingmi ssi
ons ,United
Nationsobs er
ver s,sanct
ions,settl
ing
1
953-1
961-DagHammarkj
old-
Sweden i
nter nat
ionaldi
s putesandr esearching
onpeaceands ecurit
y.E.
g.Congo- 1960
1
961-
1971
-UThant-Bur
ma( Nyanmar
) -1
963,I raq&I r
an-1 980-1
988Mi ddle
 East-1
948-1949,Ir
aq-Kuwait-
1990-1
992 8. Haspr omot edint
ernat
ionalco-
 Int
ernat
ionalCourtofJust
ice(ICJ) operati
oni ndeali
ngwi t
hglobaliss
ues.
provi
desjustresol
uti
ontoi nt
ernat
ional
probl
ems Itpreservesenvir
onmentt hr
ough
UNEP
2.Disar
mamentef f
orts -Iteducatesofdangersofdamaging
Ozonel ayer.
 Throughpol i
ciesappr oach,ithashelped
toreduceet hmanuf actur
erandus eof 9.Hasmanagedt ocombatt er
rori
smt o
arms .E.g.Ant ar cti
ctreat
y- 1
995i n somee xt
e nt
.
Antarcti
ca,Tlat elolcoTreaty-1967- 1
0.All
evi
ati
ngchr onichungerandr ural
banningnucleari nLati
nAmer i
caand pover
tyindevel oping countr
ies,Credi
t
Caribbean,Sout hPaci f
icNuclearZone thr
oughInternationalFundf
or
Treaty-1985f or badet est
ingand Agri
cul
turalDevel opment(I
FAD).
dampi ngofnucl earmat eri
als
.
1
1.I
thass ets
tandar
dsf
ors
eaandai
r
3.Humanr
ight
sagenda t
ravel
.

 December1948,uni versal 1
2.I
thasi mpr
ovedhealththr
oughvaccines
,
declar
ati
onofhumanr ight
swas educati
onons mal
lpox,HI
Ve.t
.c.
adopted.
 1989,Conventionont heright he 1
soft 3.I
thasencouragedexchangeofcult
ural
chil
dwases tabli
shed. programmes.

4.Pr
omot
edRi
ght
sofwomen CHALLENGES /PROBLEMSOFU.
N.

 Ithaseradicatedallf
ormsof 1.Ideol ogi caldiff
erencesamongl eadersof
discri
minat
ionagai ns
twomenand diff
erentcount ri
es
createdfor
af orthem toar
ti
cul
ate 2.Lackst hemachi neryt oenf orceits
issues. decision/St andi ngar my.
3.Vet opoweroft hebi gf ive;Br it
ain,US,
5.Haspr ovidedhumani t
arianas si
stance Rus si
a,F ranceandChi na.
4.Loyal tyt ootheri nternat i
onal
-
Tor efugees organizat ions
5.Nat ional ism andNat i
onali nterests.
-
Betterhous ingpr opos al
s 6.Nat uraldi sast
ers/Epi demi cs,hence
placeanunexpect eds trainont heUN
-
Reli
eff oodt ohungers tr
ickenar eas resour ces .
6.Pr omoteddemocr acyandgood 7.T e r
roris m /I
nternat i
onalt errori
sm.
governance 8 .D i
ff
ere n tlevelso fdev elopme nt.
9.Ar msr ace- accumul ati
onofar mament s
-
Iteli
mi natedcol oniali
sm and byp o w erfulcoun tr
iest h r
ea t
e nedw or
ld
apart
heidwi t
hdi ctatorship peace.
10.Votingasabl ock.
11.Occur rencesofmanyconf li
ct sbet ween mat erialsf orcons t
ruction.
andwi thincount ries. 6.I tpr ovi deseducat i
ont ot hevul ner able
12.Fail
ur ebys omemember st or emi ttheir groupsi nor dert opr omot eliteracy.
subs cription,hences hort
ageoff unds . 7.I tas si
s tsinevacuat ingpeopl eaf f
ect ed
byf loodst os afergr oundt oaver t
WAYSTHROUGHWHI CHTHEUNI TED suffering.
NATIONSHASPROMOTEDWORLDPEACE 8.I tpr otect sr efugeesbyens uringt heir
ANDSECURI TY respect/obs ervanceofbas ichuman
ri
ght s.
1. Dispat chingofUN-Peacekeepi ng
miss i
onst oconf li
ctareas. COMMONWEALTH
2. Sendi ngUN-obs erverstoconf l
ictareas.
3.Sendi ngf actfindingmi ssionst oc onfl
ict Thes ear e54s tateswhi chwer einiti
ally
area. pa r
t o ftheB riti
s hE mp i
re .
4.UN-s peci alenvoysandr epr es entati
ves
Itor i
ginat edi n1 839,t hen1 931,thust he
ares entt onegot iat
eorar bitratef or
BritishCommonweal thfrom t heBr i
t i
shr ule
peacebet weenoppos inggr oups .
inIndi a.
5.UNs anct ionsar ei mpos edt hatdef ythe
resolut ions . In1961 ,Sout hAf r
icapul ledoutwhenher
6.TheI CJhel pst os et
tledisput esamong apar theidpol i
cywascondemned.She
states. rejoinedi n1 994af terer adicati
ngt hepol i
cy.
7.UNpeacemes sengersar es entt o
encour ageandcoor dinateef for tsforthe ItsCat egor i
es
organi zat ion.
8.UNus esNon- Gover nment al( NGOs )to 1. Br itainandherdomi nionsofCanada,
resear chf orthecaus eands olut i
onst o Au strali
aa ndN ewZ e aland.
theconf l
ict. 2.Af ri
canNat ions
3.As i
annat ions
Waysi nwhi cht heUNpr ovides 4.I s l
andsf rom t heCar i
bbean,Paci ficand
humani tarianas sistance. M ed i
te rr
a nea n.

1.Itassistsrefugees/di spl acedper sons  Themembershavenof

ormal
withclothesi nor dertopr eser vehuman agr
eement
.
dignit
y. Ai
msofCommonweal
th.
2.Ithelpsinr es ettl
ingdi splacedper sons
bynegat i
ngf ort heirres ettl
ementi n 1. Topromoteworldpeaceand
safeareas . i
nter
nati
onalunderst
andi
ng
3.Itprovidesr elieffoodi ndr ought 2.Topr omotedevelopmenti
npoor
er
stri
ckenar easi nor dertoaver tlossof members t
ates
.
li
ves . 3.Topr omotecooperati
onbet
ween
4.Itprovidesmedi cals uppliest ot he members t
ates
.
vict
imsofwar/ot hercalami tiess oasto
restorehumanheal th.
5.Itprovidess hel t
ert othedes er ving
casesbybui ldinghous es/gi ving Pr
inci
plesofCommonweal
th
1. Topr omot epeaceands ecur it
y Financeanddef ensemeetannual l
y.
2.Toens ureper sonall i
ber tyandequal i
ty  Themi nis t
ersf oreducat ion,health
ofrightsforal lcitizenswi thno andl awmeetonceaf ter3year s.
discri
mi nat i
on.  Theyal sof r
equent l
yvi sitmember
3.Tooppos eal lformscol onialdomi nati
on count ri
es .
andt obecommi ttedt opr inciplesof
humandi gni tyandequal ity. 3.Secret ariat
4.Tof i
ghtpover ty,ignor anceanddi seases
andpr omot et her i
sei nl i
vings t
andards.  I tco- or dinatesbus i
nes s
5.Toenhancef reei nternationalt rade.  I tcirc ulatespr ogr ammes
6.Topr omot eco- operationt ocombat  I tor gani zest heHeads ’meet i
ng.
inj
us t
ices.  I tencour agespr oj
ects .
7.Topr omot eexchangeofknowl edge.
8.Tof orm mul tinat i
onalas soci at
ionsbas ed Has350member s
oncons ul
t ation.
 I tisheadedbys ecretarygener aland
I
tschar acteristics 2as sistant s.
st
 The1 as sis
tantdeal swi th
1. Themembers t
atesus eEngl is
hasa
internat ionalaf fair
s,legalco-
commonl anguage.
oper at i
onandi nformat ion.
2.Theyappr eci ateeachot her’scul tural nd
values.  T he2 oned e alsw it
he conomi c
3.Themembers t
atesco- oper atei n affairs,expor tmar ketandf ood
educat i
one. g.exchangepr ogr ammes . p r
o du ction.
st
4.Themembers t
atesr ecogni zeQueen  The1 one( S.G.)wasAr noldSmi th
Eli
zabet hasHeadofCommonweal th. o fC an ada .
5.Members tateshavecommonmi li
tar
y
tr
adit
ionsbas edonBri
ti
shmi l
it
ary Speci
ali
zedagenci
es
syst
em. 1
. Commonweal
thagr
icul
tur
albur
eau
6.Theyparti
cipatei
nCommonweal th
games .
 I
tcoor
dinat
esagr
icul
tur
alact
ivi
ti
es.
7.Theyhaveeconomi cti
es/ther i
ch
assi
stthepoor /t
echni
calai
d.
2.CommonF undf
orTechni
calCo-
oper
ati
on
I
tsOr
gani
zat
ion/s
truct
ure
 I
tadvisesyouthprogrammes
1. Headsofs t
atesummi t
 Itismadeupofpr esi
dentsorpri
me
3.Commonweal thyouthprogr
ammes
minister
s
 Theymeetaf t
er2year s
 I
tinvol
v esyoungpeopleinacti
vit
iesof
 Theydi scus
spolit
icalandeconomic nat
ionalint
erest
s.
problems
2.Mi nis
t er
ialmeetings 4.Commonweal thScienceCounci
l
 Themi
nis
ter
soff
orei
gnaf
fai
rs,  I
tco-
ordi
nat
esdevel
opmentofr
egi
onal
 programmese.
g.Ener
gyandr
ural governance
technol
ogy 9.I
tpr ovi
desforum formembers t
atesto
airthei
rviewsoni nter
nat i
onalaf
fai
rs
5.Commonwealt
hRegi onalHeal
thCo- withonevoice.
oper
ati
onSecr
etari
atforEastAfr
ica, 1
0.I
tpr omotesrespect,tr
us tandfri
endshi
p
Sout
handCentral
. 1
1.I
tpr ovi
desmachi nerytomai nt
ainpeace
1
2.I
tpr omotesdevelopmentofl egal
 I
tpr
omotesco-
oper
ati
oni
nmedi
cal systems.
s
ect
or. 1
3.I
tpur por
tsyouthpr ogr
ammesgear ed
towardsnati
onal devel opment
6.Commonweal
thdevel
opmentco-
oper
ati
on Achi
evement
sofCommonweal
th.

 I
tfi
nancesandTr
ainsmember
s 1. Members tateshaver ecei vedt echnical
knowhowt hrought hepr ovi s i
onof
7.Commonweal thpar li
ament ary exper tsandadvi ser sinvar iousfields
as sociation e.g. agricu l
ture.
2.Devel opingmembers tateshave
 Themember shol dpar l
iament ary acqu ireds k i
llsma n p ow ert hr ough
meet i
ngsf orexchangeofi deas. provi si
onofs cholar s hi
psandt r
aining
progr ammesbyt hedevel opedmember
8.Commonweal thpr essuni on states .
3.Members tateshaveconduct edt rade
 I tenhancescommuni cat i
onbet ween amongt hems elveswi t
hr elat i
veeas e.
member s. 4.T h ereh a sb e enc u ltural inte racti
o n
CommonWeal thMar ketisf i
nancedby amongmembers tat ese. g.games .
CFTC( Commonweal th 5.Devel opedmembers tat eshave
Fundf orTechni calCo- oper ati
on prov idedf inan ci
a la idt ot hedevel oping
Commonweal t
hYout h member s.
Progr amme( CYP) ,&Commonweal t
h 6 .Itha sp rovidedaf or um f ormember
Sciencecounci l( CSC) . statest oai rt heirvi ewswi thonevoi ce
oni nternat ionalis s ues
FunctionsofCommonweal th 7.I thaspr ovidedamechani smf or
mai ntainingpeaceamongmember
1.I tpr ovidespar t
ner shipco- operati
on. statese. g.Commonweal thPeace
2.I tpr ovidesf i
nanci alas si
s t
ance. Keepi ngF orcewhi chwass entt o
3.I tsuppor tseducat ionandt raini
ng. Zimbabwe.
4.I tencour agest radeamongmember 8.Pr omot edf riends hi pandunder standing
states . amongmembers tat est hr ough
5.I tpr omot est echni calco-oper ati
on. conf erences .
6.I tenhancess ocialandcul turalco- 9.Enhanceddemocr at i
zat i
onpr oces sin
oper ation devel opingcount riesbys endi ng
7.I tpr omot esunder s t
andingand obs erver st omoni t orel ect ions .
tolerance. 10.Ithasayout hpr ogr ammewhi chas sist
s
8.I tpr omot esdemocr acyandgood project sandact i
vi tiesi nitiatedbyt he
 youthsinmembers tates. blocsinmat terspertainingpolit
ical
,
1
1.Ithasenhanceddevel opmentofl egal socialoreconomi cdifferencesand
system amongmembers tates.Thisis i
ndependentappr oacht oi nt
ernati
onal
donet hroughs econdmentpr ogrammes orforeignpolicy.
andadopt ionoflegalpr ecedent sby  Otherfoundermember si ncl
udedJos i
p
members tat
es. BrozTitoofYugos l
avia,Kwame
1
2.Thecommonweal t
hpr es sunionf ost
ers NkrumahofGhana,DrAhmedSukar no
closecooper at
ionbet weenbr oadcast
ing ofIndonesia,ChouEn- LaiofChina,et c.
stat
ionsofmembers tates.  I
twass tar
tedi n1953.

I
tschal
lenges Reasonsf
orther
iseofNon-
Ali
gned
Movement(NAM)
1. Domi nancebydevel opednat i
onse. g.
Britain 1. Tohandl eint ernati
onalpol iciesoft he
2.Pol iticalins t
abi l
ityins omecount ri
es newlyi ndependents tatess incetheydi d
disrupt sitsoper ati
ons . notwantt ojoineitherbl ocks .
3.I nadequat efundst or uni tsdayt oday 2.Toencour agepeacef ulco- exi s
tence
activiti
es amongmembers t
at es.
4.Wi t
hdr awalofs omemember se.g.1 961, 3.Tos afeguardt heindependenceoft he
Sout hAf rica. developingnat ions.
5.Di videndl oyaltypr eventt hes piritof 4.F orthedevel opingnat ionst oes t
abl i
sh
unity. thei
rowndi sti
nctident ity.
6.Non- exis t
enceofexecut iveaut hor i
ty 5.Toenabl et hes tat
est ogetmaxi mum
weakenst hedeci si
onmaki ngand aidfrom thebl ocsf ordevel opment .
impl ement ati
onofpol icies . 6.Theemer gingnat i
onsdi dnotwantt obe
7.Spi ritofnat i
onal ism ass omemember i
nvolvedi nt hecol dwar .
statesconcent rateont hei rnational 7.Neededco- oper at
iont oaver tanother
issuesatt heexpens eoft he worldwar .
organi zation. 8.Topr omot eeconomi cdevel opmentof
8.Raceandcol ourdi scrimi nationwhi ch membercount ries
under minesuni tyint heor ganization 9.Tomakef undsavai l
abl ef ort he
9.I deol ogicaldi f
ferencewhi chal socaus es i
mpr ovementofagr icultureandf ood
divisionsi nt heor gani zation productioni ngener al.
10.Per sonal i
tydi f
ferenc eswhi chaf fectsto
policyoft ogether nes s. Cr
it
eri
aformember
shi
p
11
.Needt ocor rectcol oniali njusti
ces
creat edmi sunder standing. 1. Acountryshouldconsist
entlys upport
themovementf ornati
onal
Non-
Ali
gnedMovement(
NAM) i
ndependence.
2.Shoul dnotbeamemberofamul t
i-
 Thi
si sthepoli
cyofneutr
ali
tyor l
ater
almi l
it
aryalli
ancee.g.NATOand
i
ndependenceofpol i
cyandcautionin WARSAW PACT.
i
nternati
onalaff
air
s. 3.Acount ryshouldhaveadopt edan
 I
twasf oundedbyJawaharlalNehruas i
ndependentpolicybasedont heco-
notsidi
ngwi t
hei t
herWestorEas t
ern exi
stenceofstateswithdif
ferent
 pol
it
icalands oci
alsystems. opportuni
tytoparti
cipatei
nglobal
4.I
facount ryisamemberofabi lat
eral deci
s i
onmaking.
mil
it
arys houldnotbebas edonc ontext
ofgreatpowerconfli
ct. 2.Co-
coordinat
ingBureau
5.I
fthecount r
yhasmi li
tarybasefora
f
orei
gncount ry,i
tshoul dnotbebas ed  Itr
eviewsandf aci
li
tatesact
ivi
ti
es
oncontextofwaragai nstagreatpower. wit
hinNon–Al i
gnedMovement .

NB/1&2ar
ethemai
n. 3.Worki
ng gr
oups,cont
actgr
oups
,tas
k
f
orcesandcommitt
ees
Ai
msofNon–Al
ignedMovement
e.g.commit
teeonPal
est
ine,gr
oup
1. Tos af eguardt hes over eignt yofmember onHumanr i
ght
setc.
states .
2.Tof ightf ordecol oni zationof3rd Wor ld  Theymeetof tent odi scus sissuesin
count riesandcur rent lyt henewf orm of thei rjur i
sdi ction.
neo- colonialis
m.
3.Towor kfordis armamentof 4.Non- aligneds ecur i
tycounci lcaucus
super power s.
4.Todi scouragemi li
tar yal l
iances I
tcons tant l
ys trivest oadoptuni fi
ed
promot edbyt hes uperpower s
. positionsons ummi tsandmi nist
erial
5.Toencour ageact ivepar ticipationint he confe ren ceind e ci
sionma k i
ng .
Uni t
edNat ionPr ogr ammesbys peaking
withonevoi ce.
6.Topr omot eeconomi cindependenceof 5.Joi ntco- coor dinat i
ngcommi tt
ee
membercount ries.
7.Tof ightr acismi nt hewor ld.  Itco- or dinat esco- operationbet ween
8.Topr omot eneut r
alityamongmember s. Non- Aligneds ecuritymovement
9.Toes tablishnewwor ldeconomi cor der gr oups .
withgoodt ermsoft radef or
primar ycommodi tiesf rom member 6.Co-or dinat i
onofnon- alignedcount ri
es
count ries. i
not herUNcent res
10.Tof inancei mpr ovementofagr icult
ur e
byavai labil
it
yoff unds .  Itgi vescons ider ati
ont o
11
.Topr ovideani nternat ionalf orum fort he
es tablishmentofar r
angement sf orco
weakernat i
onst oexpr esst hems elves
-or dinationsofi nternational
withonevoi ceasi nt heUNO.
or gani zationHeadquar terandNon-
AlignedSecur i
tyMovement s.
I
tss tructur e
1
. Co-
ordi
nat
ion

 I
tsadmi nist
rat
ionisnon-
hier
archi , 7.Tr
cal oi
ka(Past,Pr
esentandfut
urechai
rs)
rotat
ionalandincl
usi
ve,thus
provi
dingallmember swi
than  Theydiscussst
rategi
esandfor
mat
ofoff
ici
alel
ecti
ons.
 GeneralAssembl
y,ofi
mpor
tancet
o
8.Panelofeconomi
sts Non-Ali
gnedMovement.

 Itassessesthei nt
ernati
onal 4.Mini
steri
almeet
ingoft
heco-
economics i
tuationfrom t
he coor
dinati
ngBureau
perspecti
veoft hedeveloping
countri
esandi dentif
ytheiris
sues  I
tisi
nchargeofpr
epar
ati
onf
or
ofconcern. summit
s.

5.Meeti
ngofmini
ster
ialcommi
tt
eeon
9.Document
ati
on methodol
ogy

 Thi
sisdonebyt
hehos
tcount
ry.  I
tdeci
desonmet hodstobeus
edi
n
i
mplement
ingdecisi
ons
.
1
0.Deci
sionmaki
ng
6.Meetingoft hestandi
ngmi nist
erial
 Itisdonebyconsensust
opromot
e commi t
teeoneconomi cco-operation
sol
idar
it
yandunit
y.
 Tos t
rengthenSout h-
SouthCo-
Ai
msofvariousNon-
Ali
gnedMovement operati
veandact i
vatediscussions
meet
ings betweendevel opmentand
developi
ngcount r
ies.
1
. Conferenceofheadsofs
tat
eand 7.Mini
ster
ialmeetingsi
nvariousf
iel
dsof
government i
nter
nationalco-
operat
ion

 Ithas2commi t
tees-1forpol
it
ical  Theydiscus
sdifferentis
suese.
g.
and1foreconomicis
s ues. i
nfor
mati
on,agricult
ureetc.
 Itmeetsevery3years. 8.Extr
aordi
narymeetingsoftheco-
coordi
nati
ngBureau.
2.Mi
nis
ter
ialconf
erence
 Theyaddr essexcepti
onalcas
est hat
 I
trevi
ewsdevelopmentand callf
orurgentattenti
on.
i
mplementat
ionofdeci
sionsofAi
ms
ofNon-
Ali
gnedMovement 9.Meeti
ngsoft hewor ki
nggroups,task
f
orces,contactgroupsandcommi tt
ees.

 Theymakecont
ri
but
ionst
oNon-
Ali
gnedmovement
3.Minis
ter
ialmeet
ingi
nNewYorkdur
inga
sessi
onofUnit
edNati
onGener
al
Assembly.

 Iti
smadeupofmi ni
str
iesoff
orei
gn
aff
air
stodel
iber
ateonagendaof Gr
owt
hofNon-
Ali
gnedmovement
 Af
ri
ca.
s
t
1
.1 s
ummi
t–Bel
grade-
1961 Othersummi t
sinthator derfol
lowedlater
discus
singandemphas izingont heissues
 I
twasat
tendedby25countri
es. alr
eadydi scussed.
 I
tai
medatprevent
ingnucl
earwar. Theyincluded:Belgrade- 1989,Jakart
a-
1992,CartagenadeI ndi
a- 1995,Durban-
2. 2nd Summi
t–Cai
ro-
1964 1998andKual aLumpur- 2003.

 I
tfocus
edonpr oblemsofmember Hownon-Ali
gnedmembers
tat
ess
afeguar
d
s
tatesaft
ercol
oniali
sm thei
rnat
ionals
ecur
it
y.

3. 3rd Summi
t-Lus
aka-
1970 1. Bykeepi ngof ff
rom confli
ctsofnon-
ali
gnedmember s.
 Itdis
cussedpeace,i
ndependence, 2.Bymai ntainingtheirsoverei
gnty/
co-oper
ationanddemocrat
izat
ion. independence.
3.Bymai ntainingtheireconomic
4. 4th Summi
t–Al
gier
s1973 independence.
4.Bynoti dent i
fyi
ngwi theit
her
 I
tai
medateconomi
cpr
omot
ioni
n communi sm orcapi tal
ism.
members
tat
es. 5.Bymai ntainingtheircult
urali
denti
ty.
6.Bynotj oiningmi l
it
aryalli
ances
5. 5th Summi
t–Col
ombo-
1976 NATO/ WARSAW PACT.

 Itdi
scuss
edtheli
berat
ionof Achi
evement
sofNon-
Ali
gnedMovement
ZimbabweandNamibiaand
aboli
ti
onofApar
thei
dinSouth 1.Ithaspr ovidedi nternationalf orum
Afri
ca. wher emember scans peakwi t
hone
voice.
t
h
6. 6 Summi t-Havana- 1
979 2.Ithasencour agedmember stoput
forwardt heirnat i
onalint er estsbefore
 Itdiscussedenemi esofNon- thoseo ftheb locs.
Ali
gnedMovemente. g. 3.Ithasenabl esmembercount ri
est o
i
mper i
ali
sm,coloni al
ism, e xer
t t
h eirv ot
ingp ow er / infl
ue ncein
neocoloniali
sm etc. wor l
daf f
airs.
4.Ithass peededupat tainingof
t
h
7. 7 Summi t
-NewDel hi-1983 indepen d encefor thosec ount ri
esthat
wer estillundercol onialism.
 I
tdi s
cus sedpeace,nucl ear 5.Ithasp ro mo t
e dpe acea n ds ecur i
tyby
di
sarmament ,etc. encour agingmembers tatest oobs erve
neutralit
yi ns uperpowerconf l
ict
.
6.Ithaspl ayedakeyr olei ndi sarmament
t
h
8. 8 Summi t–Har ar
e1986 b ycond emn ingt hea rmsr a ce.
 I
tdi s
cus sedinIndependencefor 7.Ithaspr omot edt hecr eat ionofanew
Nami biaandapar theidinSout
h internati
o nale conomico rd erby
 encour agi ngmembercount r i
est ot r
ade 1 3.Shor t ageoff undsduet opover tyof
withanyoft he2s uperpowerbl ock/ somemembers tate,hencenotabl et o
fi
nanci alas s ist
ancef rom bot hpower remi tt heirs ubs cri
pt i
onsont i
me.
blocs .
8.I thasgi venf undst ot heneedy COLDWAR
count riest hr oughaf und,cr eat edt o
addr es sdemandi ngci rcums tances .  Af tert heWor l
dWar2,unt i
edSt atesof
Amer icaandUSSRemer gedaswor l
d
ProblemsofNon- AlignedMovement su per p ow e r
s .
 Duet oi deol ogicaldi f
ferences ,mi s trust
1.I thast oomanymember s- 116by2004. ands us picionemer gedbet weent hem.
2.I tlacksanar myt oenf or cei tsdeci sions  USSRf earedt hatUSAwoul dbombher
3.Pol i
ticali ns tabili
tyi ns omemember theways hehadbombedJapan.
states ,henceaf fect ingt heircont ribution  USAandheral li
est henadopt ed
tot hemovement . capit alis m whi chr eferst opr oduct ion
4.Di fferenc esovert erritor i
alboundar i
es . bas edonpr i
vat eowner shipofpr oper ty.
5.Mos toft hemember shaveweak  USSRandheral li
esadopt ed
economi cs ,hencedi fficultfort hem t o communi sm whi cheducat esf orcl ass es
meett hei robl igat ions . societ yandmeansofpr oduct ioni s
6.Somemember s ’int er ests( nat ional ) ownedbyt hecommuni ty.
haveconf lictedwi tht heNon- aligned  Eachs idet henwentoutt os preadi ts
movement system
7.Per sonaldi fferenceshaveal s
o
 Bot ht riedt os t
opt hes pr eadofeach
devel oped.
other ’ si deologi es.
8.Member s hipt oot heror gani zat ionshas
 Thi ski ndofcol dr elati
onsbet weent he
affect edt heNon- alignedmovement .
twos idesi swhatcamet ober ef
er redt o
9.Di fferenc esnotr el atedt ot heNon-
ast hecol dwar .
ali
gnedmovementpr incipleshav e
emer gede. g.dur ingCol omboSummi t-
Weaponsus ed
June1 978- Sever alAr abs tateswer e
keenons eei ngEgyptexpel ledf rom t he 1 . Wor dsandPr opaganda
Non- alignedmovementbecaus es hehad 2.Us eofvet opower .
signedas epar atepeacet reat ywi th 3.Spi ritofnonco- oper ati
on.
Israel .Thi swasnotwi thint heNon- 4.Economi cs anct i
ons/Embar go
ali
gnedMovementpr inciplesbecaus e 5.Power st opr ovidef i
nanci alaidt o
thet wocount r
iesdi dnots i
gnt het r
eat y enemi esoft heoppos i
ngbl oc.
witht hes uperpower s . 6.Mi l
itar yai dt oenemi esoft heoppos ite
10.Break- upofSovi etUni onandendof side.
coldwarast her ival ry
s ubs i
dedhencedes tabilizest he Caus es
mov’ t.
11.Ideol ogi caldi ff
er encesbet weenmember 1 . Occupat i
onofEas ternEur opebyt he
-Stat es ,henceweakenedt hei r Sovi etUni oncaus edf earamongUSA
cooper ation. andi tsal l
iesi nWes ternEur ope.
12.ItlacksaSecr etar iatandt hismakest he 2.Di sagr eementbet weenUSSRandUSA
coor di nat ionofvar iousact ivitiesdi ff
icult. overt her educt i
onofar ms .
3.Thei deol ogicaldi ffer encepur suedby recover
yofEuropesolongasthe
USAandUSSRcr eat edmi strus t/ stat
escouldco-oper
ate
sus picionamongt hem,l eadingt o  Thiswasreject
edbyRus s
ia.
hos ti
lity.
4.Thedomi nationoft heUNbyUSAand COMI
NFORM &COMECON
heral l
ieswascheckedbyUSSRt hrough
theus eofhervet opower ,thus  Commi tinformat i
onBur eau( COMI FORM)
increas i
ngtens i
on. wases tabl
ishedbySt al
int ocount eract
5.Thei nvol vementofbot hUSSRandUSA USeconomi cprogr ammes .
inEur opeanconf lictsi nt hel at e1940s  Itwast oco- or
dinatethewor kofthe
creat edt ens i
onamongt hem. EuropeanCommuni stpartiesand
6.Amer ica’sMar shallpl ant orevi ve enforceideologiesconformi t
y.
Eur opeaneconomi esaf tert hewarmade  Heal sosetupt heCounci lforMut ual
USSRt ocount eractbyf ormi ngas imil
ar Economi cAs si
stance(COMECON)whi ch
one/Communi stI nformat ionBur eau wast oachievewhatt heMar shallpl
an
(COMECON) ,thusenhanci ngt ens i
on. wast odo.
7.For mat ionofmi li
tar yal li
ancesl i
keNATO  Ithoweverf ail
edbecaus et heRus si
an
byUSAandheral liesl edt oUSSRand economywasweak.
heral l
iestof or m as imi l
aral liance/
WARSAW PACT,t husi ntens ifyingthe NATO&WARSAW PACT
rivalry.
8.Cons t ructi
onoft heBer l
inwal  Nor
lbyUSSR thAt l
anticTreat yOr ganizati
on
inGer manyt obl ockWes t
erni nf
l (NATO)wases
uence t
abl i
s hedi nApr il1
949.
ledt oi ncreas edt ens ion.  Itwases tabli
shedasanal li
anceagai nst
9.Di f
ferenc esovert hes tatusofGer anyf
many orm ofaggr es sion.
aftert heWW2.  ThiswasbyBr i
tain,F rance,andBel gium
etc.
Course  Thes ovietthens i
gnedt heWar sawpact
inPol andon1 4/05/ 1995wi thEas t
Aft
ert heWor l
dWar2,Rus si
aandheral l
ies Ger manyands i
xot herpower s.
remaineds tr
ongwhi l
etheiropponents  Thisi ntensif
iedt hecol dwar .
wereweak.
 Ger manywasal sodi videdi nto2Eas t
1. Tr
umanDoct rine an dWe st,withR u s
s iaC o-op er
a t
ingw it
h
East .
I nMarch1 947,theUSPr esi
dent  T hetwobecamecompl etely
HarryTrumancameupwi t
h‘Truman independentofeachot her.
Doctri
ne’whi chs t
atedthat
USAwasr eadyt oassis
tanypeople COLDWARI NASI A
fi
ghti
ngagai nstoppression.
 Rus siahelpedMaoTs e- Tungandhi s
Communi stpartyt ogai npoweri nChi na
2.Mar s
halplan in1949.
 Kor eawasoccupi edi nt heSout hby
 USs ecretary,GeorgeMar shal
,said Amer i
caandRus siai nNor th.
t
hatUSwoul dassisttheeconomic  I n1948,Amer i
cadecl aredSout hKor ea
 ani ndependents t
at e,asRus si
adi dthe beenpr omisedlandr eformsaf terthe
samef ort heNor th. war.
 25/06/ 1950,Nor thi nvadedt heSout hin 4.TheVi et
congr eceivedmi li
tar
y
abi dt or e-uni t
et het wobyf orce. assi
stancefrom theNor t
h,Chi naand
 Thet wos i
desal s os uppor teddi ff
erent USSR.
l
eader s hipsinVi etnam andAf ghani st
an. 5.SouthVi et
names ehat edUSs oldi
ersas
 As ect ionoft heAf ghanAr my,wi th theywer eforei
gner s.
suppor tofUSSRover threwt he 6.Publi
copi ni
oni ntheUSwasagai ns tt
he
gover nmenti n1 978,bef ores endingher warduet othecos tsi
nvolved
troopst her ei nDecember1 979.
 USAas s ist
edt heAf ghanMus l
im
guer ill
ascal l
edMuj ahedeen( hol
y Eas
ingoft
hewar
war riors ).
 I
nLat inAmer icawehadt heCuban 1. USSRunderNi kitaKhr ushchevwhot ook
Mi s
s ileCr i
sis,whenF i
delCas tr
o overaf terSt al
in’
sdeat hin1953was
over thr ewt he25- yearol ddi ctatorship mor ef lexi ble.
ofF ulgenci oBat ista-bloc. 2.Negot i
at ionsbet weent hes uperpowers
 By1 960,t her elationbet weenCas tr
ol tor educear mse. g.SALT- 1972,START–
andUSAbecames ourwhent hef ormer 1991.
startednat i
onal i
zingUSoi lr efi
ner i
es 3.Li ber alpol i
ciesintroducedby
ands ugari ndus tri
esonehI s l
and. Gor bachev,i nwhi chheopenedupt o
theWes t
.
 USt heni mpos edembar goonCuba.
4.F allofcommuni s
tr uleinEas ter
nEurope
 1962,s hewasexpel ledfrom Amer i
can
andus her inginoft heWes t
ern
statesor ganization.
democr acies .
 Rus siat hens tartedanucl ear 5.Rol epl ayedbyRonal dReaganofUSAby
progr ammei nCubai nMay1 962. encour agi ngpeacet al
kswi thRussi
a.
 I
nAf rica,emper orHai l
e-Sel assiewas 6.Suppor tofRus s i
af ortheGul fwarof
over thr ownbyMengi stoHei l
e-Mar i
am in 1991.
1974 7.Ri char dNi xonmadeaf ri
endlymove
 Mar iam wass uppor tedbyUSSR withUSSRbyvi si
tingBei j
ing–China
 Angol abecamei ndependenton1 1/1 1/ andMos cow-Rus s i
ai n1972.
1975wi ths uppor tfrom USSR 8.Thedi ss olutionoft heWar sawPact.
 Whendi sagreements tar
tedoverwhi ch 9.Uni ficationofGer manyi n1991.
partywast olead,USAs uppor t
edt he
rebel sunderJonasSavi mbiwhi leCuba Ef
fect
sofcol
dwar
suppor tedt hegover nment .
1.I
tunder mi nedinter
nationalpeaceand
WhyAmericansweredef
eatedi
nVi
etnam secur it
y
Wardur
ingthecoldwarera. 2.Hos ti
lit
y,s uspi
cionandmi st
rus t
devel opedamongnat i
ons
1. TheVietcongappli
edgueril
latacti
cs. 3.I
tl edt ot hedevelopmentofs cienceand
2.Theywer enotfamil
iarwit
ht heter
rai
n. technol ogy
3.Thel ocalpeopl
eint heSouthfought 4.As er i
esofact ualwar stookpl aceegin
al
ongsidetheVietcong,astheyhad Kor ea,Angol aandVi etnam.
5.I tledt ot heformat ionofmi l
itar
yand thems elvesf rom soci
aldiscri
minati
on&
economi calli
ancese. g.NATO- 1949, colonialr ul
e.
COMECON- 1949et c. 2.Tochal lengei deologi
calsupremacyof
6.I tledt os preadofcapi talism and theWhi t es.
communi s mt odifferentpar tsofthe 3.Toi mproveAf ri
cancondi t
ionsinthe
wor ld. DiasporaandAf ri
ca.
7.F ormat ionofAf ro-As ianbl oct hat 4.Tor estor edignityofblackpeople
adopt edt heNon- ali
gnedmovement . 5.Tocr eateaf or um tochannelAfri
can
8.I tledt ocoupsandcount ercoupsi n3rd grievances .
wor ldcount ri
esl eadingt ot heriseof 6.Tof i
ghtneo- coloni
ali
smi nAfri
ca.
dictatorsl i
keSes s eSekoMobut u. 7.Tos ecur eindependencef orallAfri
can
9.Outoff earofbei ngdomi natedbyt he states.
other ,thesepower ses tablishedmi li
tar
y
bas esindi ff
erentpar tsoft hewor l
d. F
act
orsf
ori
tsr
ise.
10.Itledt oeconomi cs t
agnat ionduet o
mi l
itarys pendingi nmanuf act ur
ing 1. Slavet radeands laverywhi chmadet he
weapons ,ands pyingact i
vities. Afri
canst os uffers eri
ous l
y.
2.Col onialismi nAf r
icawher eAf ri
cans
wer es ubjectedt omanyi ll
se. g.forced
l
abour .
3.Raci smi ntheNewWor ldal sopr omot ed
Pan-Af ri
canis m
4.Eur opeani mper i
alismi nt hel ate19th
CO-OPERATI ONI NAF RICA Cent ury.
5.React i
onbyeducat edBl acksi nthe
 I twasbecaus eofcol oni al
ism oft he Amer i
casagai nstr acistclaimsby
Afri
cansbyf oreigner st hattrigger edt he Europeanst hatAf ricanswer edes ti
ned
needf orCo- oper ation. tos l
aver y.
 Thi siss eeni nPan- Africani
s m,
organizationofAf ricanUni t
y I
tsdevel opment
(OAU- AU),E.A.C.,ECOWAS,COMESAet c.
 Someoft hel eadingPan- Afri
canis t
s
Pan-Afri
canis m incl
u ded :M arcu sM ozi
a hG a r
v ey,W.E.B.
DuBoi s,BookerT.Was hington,and
 Thi swasamovementt hatstar t
ed Geor gePadmor e(non- Af r
icans )Dr.
outsideAf ri
caandai medatuni t
ingal l KwameNkr umah,Leopol dSenghoSedar ,
peoplesofAf ri
candes centallovert he J.E.
K.Aggr ey,Hai leSel as sie,Jomo
world. Kenyat ta,JuliusNyer er e,KamuzuBanda,
 I tsorigi
ni sclosel yas s oci
atedwi t
ht he DrNamdiAzi ki we,Bl aiseDi agne
Trans -
AtlanticSlaveTr ade,t hrough (Afri
cans )
whichAf ricanswer et akenout si
det he
continentass l
aves . MarcusGar vey- 1
887- 1940–Jamai ca(Wes t
I
ndies )
I
taims
o Hehadexper i
enceds ufferi
ngasa
1
. Touni tepeopl esofAf ricanor igint of r
ee youngboybecaus ehewasbl ack,whi ch
 madehi m bedes pisedasadomes tic (W.E.B.DuBoi s-1868- 1
963)
servantandpl antationl abour .
o 191
6,hewentt oUni tedSt at esof 1. HeWasapr of essori nHi st
ory,
Amer ica,wher ehef or medt heUni versal economi csands ociologyandwasal s oa
Negr oI mpr ovementAs soci ati
on( UNIA). journa l
ist
2.I n1905,hees tablishedNi agara
UNI
A’SAi ms M ov eme nt t
op rotec tagainstraci
al
discrimination
1. As sistandupl if
tt heci vili
zationof 3.Headvocat edf orhi ghereducat i
onf or
Africancommuni ti
es . ca pab l
eb l
a cks ,w hom hec al
led
2.Cr eat eauni form anduni tedAf rican “talentedt enth”
peopl e. 4.I n19 0 0,hej ointlywi thother s,f
ormed
3.Es tabl i
shacent ralnat i
onf orbl ack NationalAs sociationf orthe
race. Advancementofcol ouredpeopl es
4.Es tabl i
shacademi csf orAf rican (NAACP) .
children. 5.Heor ganizedPan- Afri
cancongr esses .
5.Pr omot eAf ricancul t ures . 6.I n1961 ,hewentt oGhana.
6.Heal sof oundedt heAf ricanOr thodox
Chur ch Pan- Af
ricanConf erences- 1900-1945
7.Headvocat edf or‘ ret urnt oAf r
ica’
policy  Themeet i
ngs /conf erences /
congress es
8.Mobi lizedf undsf orAf ricanbus i
nes s w ereo rgan i
z edb ytheA f
rican
e.g.es t
ablishingSt ar l
ines hipping As sociati
onf or medi nLondonbybl ack
company. leader s.
9.Hewast henconvi ctedf orf raudand st
impr isonedf or5year s,butr el
eas ed 1 Congr ess-1900
after2year s.
 I twashel datLondon
10.Hewast henr epat riatedt oJamai ca
wher ehedi edi n1 940,l eavi ng  I twasmai nlyor ganizedbySyl vest
er
behi nds omeofhi ss logansl ike Wi l
liams ,l
a wy er fr
o m Trini
d ad.
‘blacki sbeaut i
ful’.
I
tobj ectives
BookerT.Was hington-1856- 1
915-Souther
n 1. UntieallpeopleofAf r
icanori
gininthe
USA wor l
d.
1. Hehasadegr eei nagri
culture 2.EndEur opeancolonizati
onand
2.Hes tar
tedt heTus kegeeI nst
itutein exp l
oit
ati
ono fAfri
cans .
Alabama,wher ehet rai
nedbl acksin 3.Es tabli
shrelati
onsbet weenEuropeans
i
ndus tr
ialandagr icul
turalski
lls. andA fri
cans.
3.F oundedt heNat ionalNegr oBus i
ness 4.Pr omot eAfri
caneconomyt hr
oughfull
League( NNBL)whi chtaughtvirtuesof ri
gh t
sa nds ecur
it
y
bus
inessdevel
opmenttotheblacksi
n
Uni
tedStat
esofAmerica. I
ssuesdi
scus
sed
4.Hesupport
edAfri
caneducat
ion. 1. Li
vingcondi
ti
onsofblacksint
heworl
d
2.Humanr i
ght
sviol
ati
oni nSout
hAf
ri
ca.
Wi
ll
iam Edwar
dBur
ghar
dt-
Maus
sachus
set
s.
3.Raci aldi
scr
iminat
ionagai
nstAf
ri
cansi
n
thewor l
d. 1. OrganizedbyAf r
icansinAfri
ca.
2.Repr esentat
ivesfrom outs
idewere
nd
2 congr ess-1
919. absent.
3.ManyAf ri
canTradeUni onswere
OrganizedbyDuBoi s. repres
ented.

I
tsr
esol
uti
on
Obj
ect
ives
1. Afr
icansshouldconcent rateonwi nning
1. Afri
canAmer i
cantroopsstat
ionedin poli
ti
calpowert hroughnon- violent
Francedur i
ngt heWor l
dWar1wer et o me ans.
bei nvesti
gated. 2.Af r
icanintell
ect
ualss houldorgani zet he
2.Tor epresenttheinter
estsoftheblacks Afr
icanstof i
ghtforpo l
it
icalli
b erati
on .
atthei mpendingpeaceconferenceafter 3.Itpleadedf orAfri
canUni ty,changeof
thewor ldwar1 . theb oundari
esimp osedb yEuropeans .

Res
olut
ionspas
sed I
tsimport
ancei
ntheHi
stor
yofPan-
Af
ri
canis
m.
1. Therewasus eofinter
nationallawsto
protectAfr
icans. 1.Itwasat tendedbyAf rican
2.Af ri
canlandbeownedbyAf r
icans. repres entat i
vese. g.JomoKenyat ta
3.Expl oi
tat
ionofAf r
icansbes topped. 2.TheAf r i
canr epresent ativesmadegr eat
4.Sl averyandcapitalpunis
hmentbe contribut i
onsanddi s cus sedi ss ues
stopped. relat
edt opol i
ti
calandeconomi cs tatus
5.Af ri
canstoenj oyright
stoeducat ion. ofAfricansi nAf r
ica.
3.TheAf r i
canr epresent ativesagr eedt hat
theywoul dgobackt oAf r
icaandl ead
theircount ri
est oindependence.
4.Thecongr esscal l
edf ori mmedi at
e
r
d
3 Congr
ess
-1923 decoloni zat i
onofAf ricaandul timat e
unifi
cat i
onofi ndependentAf r
icans tates.
st
 HeldinLondonandLis
bon 5.Itwass ugges t
edf ort he1 t imet hati f
 Backedtheresol
uti he2nd
onoft thecol oni alpower swer enotr eadyt o
Congress. giveindependencewi ll
ingly,for cewoul d
beus ed.
4th congr
ess-
1927 6.Theconf er enceexpr es sedt hatbef ore
long,t hepeopl esofAs iaandAf ri
c a
 Hel
dinNewYor k woul dhavebr okent hechai nsof
 Mai
nlyat
tendedbyAfr
icanAmeri
cans
. colonialism.
 Ai
medatuplif
ti
ngthestandar
dsof 7.Theconf er encemadedemandf or
Af
ri
canAmericans
. univers als uff
rageandcondemned
Europeancapi tal
ism.
t
h
5 Congr
ess-
1945
The6th onewasref
err
edtoasthe
 Hel
dinManches
ter Casabl
ancagroupcompri
singofGhana,
Gui
nea,Mal
iandEgypt
. pr
oblemst owhi
cht
heypai
dmor
e
at
tent
ion.
RolesofKwameNkr
umahi
nPan-
Afr
icani
sm Aft
er1945,thefol
lowi
ngi
deashel
pedt
he
spreadofPan-Af
ri
cani
sm:

1
.Increas
edAf ri
canNat
ional
ism af
ter
1
. Heat
tendedPan-Af
ri
canConf
erence
i
nManchesteri
n1945. WorldWarIIandthesupportbyU.S.A,
U.
NandU. S.S.
Rinfi
ghti
ngforpolit
ical
2.Heorganized/boos
tedPan-
Afr
ican i
ndependence
Conf
erencei nAccrai
n1958.
2.Unitybroughtby1945congr essat
3.Hei
nspi
redAf
ri
canl
eader
stouni
te.
Manches t
erinwhi chmajori
tydelegates
4.Heencouragedthefor
mat
ionof camef rom Afr
icaaft
erbeinginspir
edby
nat
ional
istmovements
. otherstojointhePan-Afr
icanmovement
5.Hecoor
dinat
edpl anst
odecoloni
ze e.g.LeopoldSenghor,JomoKenyat ta.
WestAf
ri
cans t
ates/Af
ri
canst
ates.
3.Att
ainmentofpoli
ticali
ndependenceof
6.Hesuppor
tedbl
ackci
vilr
ight
s I
ndiain1945,Pakistanin1948and
movementint
heUSA. Myanmar( Burma)in1948t husservi
ng
tomotivat
et heAfr
icanNational
ist
7.Hecondemnedt
heEuropean
domi
nati
oninAf
ri
ca. 4.Reducedr oleofAfro-Amer i
canssuchas
WhyPan- Afri
canmovementwasnotact ive Geor gePadmor easgover nmentof
i
nAf r
icabefore1 945. U.S.At r
iedtocontainUSSRandher
i
deol ogyduringthecoldwar .
1.Afr
icansint hemovementwer efewand
l
ivi
ngout si
det hecont i
nent. 5.Attai
nmentofi ndependenceofGhanai n
2.Colonialharas smentastheywere 1957i nspi
redotherAfricanstat
esto
opposedtocol oniali
sm cr
ippl
edtheeff
ort
f
ightf orli
berat
ionratherthanfor
bythe
Pan-Af
ricanists bettermentoftermsf orAfri
cans
3.Us eofdivideandr ulepolicybyt he
coloni
algover nments
Achi
evement
sofPan-
Afr
icani
sm
4.Lackofvenuet ohol dmeet i
ngst o
spreadtheirideasofPan- Af
ricanism. 1.I
tpr omotedthes pir
itoftogetherness
5.Lackofmeansofcommuni cati
ont opas
s amongAf ri
cansalloverthewor l
d.
ideas/Machi nery. 2.I
tgavemor alsupporttotheAf r
ican
6.Li t
tl
eat t
ent i
ongi venbyt het wo nati
onali
stsduringthes t
rugglefor
independentcount ri
es . i
ndependence.
7.Pol i
cyofas simil
ationbl i
ndedt he 3.I
tpr ovi
dedaf orum forAfr
icansto
Afri
cansast heyt houghtt heywer e dis
cus scommonmat t
ers
.
pri
vil
eged. 4.I
tledt othees t
abli
shmentofOAU.
8.Af ri
cahadmor eint ernalpressing
Chal
lengesf
acedbyPan-
Afr
icani
sm 5.Touphol dt hepol icyofnon- ali
gnmenti n
internat i
onalaf f
airs.
1. Somel eadersdi s agreedons t
rategiesof 6.Tor ecogni ze/r espectt het erri
tori
al/
upli
fti
ngt hewel fareofpeopl eofAf rican sover eigntyofmembers tates .
ori
gin. 7.Topr omot epeacef uls ettlementof
2.ManyEur opeangr oupsf oughtand discor dsamongmembers tates.
resis
t edthePan- Afri
cani sm.
3.Itlackedmaj or i
typar ti
cipat i
onby I
tspr inciples
Afri
cansasmos toft hem wer estil
l
undercol onialism. 1. Recogni t
ionoft hes overei gnequal ityof
4.ManyPan- Africani sm pr ojectsfail
eddue members tates
tolackofs killsandf inanci albackup 2.Non- interferencei ni nt
er nalaf f
airsof
5.Illi
teracyandi gnor ance members tates.
6.Af t
er1 960’st hemov ementwas 3.Res pectf ors overei gnandt errit
or i
al
restr
ictedt ot heAf ri
cancont inent. integrityofmembers t
ates .
7.Af t
eri ndependence,di visi
onsar os e,e.g.4.Peacef uls ettlementofdi sput es
amongt heF rancophoneand 5.Condemnat ionofpol i
ti
calas sassinati
ons.
Anglophone. 6.I ndependencef ort er ri
toriesunder
8.Eur opeanpower sexpl oitedt heir colonialism
domi nati
onofi nter nationalmedi at o 7.Adher et onon- ali
gnment .
waterdownt hei mpor tanceofPan-
Afri
canism. I
tss tructure

I
nspi
teofallt
hes
e,conf
erenceswer
ehel
d 1
. Assembl
yofHeadsofs
tat
eand
t
os t
rengt
henthemovement. gover
nment

ORGANI
ZATI
ONOFAF
RICANUNI
TY(
OAU)  Coordinatedthepoli
ciesandrevi
ewed
thestructur
esoftheor gani
zat
ion
 May1 963,f
oreignmini
ster
sof32  Resoluti
onswer epassedby2/3major
ity
Afri
canStat
esmeti nAddisAbaba- vote.
Ethi
opiatopreparetheagendaf
orthe
headsmeeting 2.Counci
lofmi
nis
ter
s
 OAUwasbor ndur i
ngthismeeti
ng.
 I
tdiscussedurgentandimportant
I
tschar
ter
’sobj
ect
ives/Ai
ms matters.
1. Topr omot econt inentalunityamong  I
tpreparedagendaofmeet i
ngsofHeads
members t
ates. ofStatesandgovernments.
2.Toer adicatecol oniali
sm ofallki
ndsi n  I
timplementeddecisi
onsmadeby
Afr
ica. meetingofHeadsofStatesand
3.Topr omot eHumanRi ghtsinAf r
ican Governments.
count r
iesinl i
newi ththeUNchar t
er/  I
tpreparedbudgetofOAUf orapproval
Abidebyt heUNchar ter. byHeadsofSt at
esandGover nments.
4.Topr omot es ocial,economi cand
poli
ticalcooper ationinAf r
icainor derto 3.Secr
etar
iat
upli
ftthel i
vings tandar dsofthepeopl e.
  I twasheadedbySecr etary 8.Supr emeCounci lofs por tsinAf ri
ca.
Gener alel ectedbyt heAs s embl y 9.Uni onofAf ri
canRai lways
on4yeart erm e. g.Itdi dt he 10.Or gani zat ionofAf ricanTr adeUni on
paperwor k. (OATU)
11.Uni onofAf ri
canNat i
onalTel evisi
on&
1. Ki f
leWodaj o–Et hiopia- 1963- 1964. Radi oOr gani zat i
on( URTNA)
2.Di all
oTel l
iBonbaker–Gui nea 12.Or gani zat ionofAf ricanUni ver si
ti
es( AAU)
1964- 1
972 13.U niono f A fri
c anJ o u rn ali
sts(A UJ)
3.NzoEkangaki -Camer oon- 1972-
1974 I
t sachi evement s
4.Et ekiMboumona–Camer oon1 974
-1978 1.I tenabl edAf r i
canpeopl et os peakwi t
h
5.Edem Kodj o–Togo1 978- 1983 onevoi cei nI nternat i
onalmeet i
ngs .
6.Pet erOuu-Ni ger ia1983- 1985 2.I ts up po rte dlib era ti
o nmo ve me ntsfor
7.I deOumar ou–Ni ger- 1985- 1989 Africans tates .
8.Sal im AhmedSal im –Tanz ani a 3.I ts olve db o r
d erdi s put es.
1989- 2002 4.I tpr ovidedf undsf oract i
vit
iesi nAfrica
throught heADB- Af ricanDevel opment
Bank,Af ricanI nves tmentBank .
 Depar tment soft hes ecret ariat 5.I tpr ovidedf riends hi pamongmember
wer epol it
ical,finance,educat ion, state st h ro ughc on fe rences .
sci ence,cul t
ur eands ocialaf fairs, 6.I tpr ovidedmat erials uppor tf orrefugees
economi cdev elopmentand inA f
r i
ca .
cooper at
ion,admi nistrationand 7.I tcondemnedvi olationofHumanRi ghts.
conf er ence. 8 .Itp ro vi
d e daf o rum fo r Afr
ican
IndependentSt atest odi scus scommon
5.Commi s sionf ormedi at i
on,conci liation issues .
andar bitration 9.I tpr omot edeconomi candt echnical
cooper at ioni nAf rica.
 I tset t
leddi sputesbet weenmember s. 10.Itp ro mo te dc ultura ldevel opmentand
exchange
I
tss pecializedagenci es
I
t schal l
enges
1. Liberat i
oncommi t
teewhi chcoor dinat ed
theact ivi t
iesoft heor gani zat i
onwi t
hi n 1 . Pol i
ticali ns tabi l
ityi ns omeoft he
Afri
ca. me mb e r s tates.
2.Economi c&s ocialcommi ssionwhi ch 2.Bor derdi scor dsbet weenmember
handl edi ssuesr elatedt oeconomi c& state sw h ichs trai
n sr elati
ons .
socialdevel opment . 3.P erso na l diff
e ren ce sb etwee nA fr
ican
3.Commi s siononeducat ion,s cienceand leader s.
culture. 4 .Inter ferencebymaj orpower sinAf ri
can
4.Def ens ecommi ss i
on aff
ai rs.
5.Conf erenceofAf r i
canTr adeMi nis ters 5 .N eo -Col oni ali
s m ass omemember ss t
il
l
6.Af ri
canCi vilAviat i
onCommi ssion leanont hei rcol oni almas ters .
(AFCAC) 6 .Inad e qu atef in ancet or unitsa cti
viti
es .
7.Pan- AfricanNewsAgency( PANA) 7.Lackofar myt oenf orcei tsdeci sions.
8.All-
Afri
canpeopl eandnat ur
eoft he states .
organization. 3.Topr omot epol itical,s ocialand
9.Ideologicaldiff
erences economi ci ntegrat i
onofAf rican.
1
0.Nationalism ass omemembers tates 4.Topr omot eanddef endAf ri
canCommon
gavepr iorit
yt otheirnat
ionali
ssues . pos it
ionsoni ssuesofi nteres t
.
1
1.Violati
onofHumanRi ghtsbyleaders. 5.ToEncour agei nter nat i
onalco- oper at
ion.
1
2.Lackofc ontinui
ty-oneyeartermt o 6.ToPr omot epeace,s ecur it
yands tabil
it
y
chairmans hip. i
nt hecont i
nent .
7.ToPr omot edemocr acyandgood
Af
ri
canUni
on(
AU) gover nance.
8.ToPr omot eandpr ot ecthumanand
 OAUheadsofs tatemetatSi r
te,Libya peopl e’ sr i
ght s
on9/ 9/1999,hos tedbyMuamarGadaf f
y 9.ToPr omot eneces sar ycondi ti
onsf or
ofLibya. Africanpar ti
cipationi ngl obaleconomy.
 Thiswast he‘ Si
r t
eDecl arati
on’which 10.ToPr omot es us tainabl edevel opmentt o
call
edf orthees tabl
ishmentofan i
nt egr atet heAf ricaneconomy.
Afri
canUni on. 11.Tol if
t/rais elivings tandar dsofAf ricans.
 Anothers imil
armeet ingwashel dat 12.Tocoor dinateandhar moni zepol icies
Lomei nTogo- 2000,bef oreanotherone bet weent heexi s ti
ngandf ut ureregi onal
inLusaka-Zambi a,2001 . economi ccommuni tiest oachi evet he
-TheAUwast heni n2002atameet ing object ivesoft heuni on.
atDur ban–Sout hAf r
ica. 13.Toadvancet hedevel opmentoft he
Africancont i
nenti nSci enceand
Di
ff
erencesbet
ween Af
ri
canUni
on Technol ogy.
14.Toer adicat edi seas esandpr omot e
1. TheAUchal lengesthepr i
ncipleofnon- goodheal thi nt hecont inent .
i
nt erferenceemphas i
zedbyOAU
2.TheAUi sanambi tiousagendaof I
tss
truct
ure.
acc elerati
nggr owthander adicat
ing
pover tyunl ikeOAU. 1
. As
sembl
y
3.AUi sauni onofAf ri
canpeopl eunli
ke
OAUs eenasanor ganizationforAfri
can 1. Headsofs
tat
es
execut ives. 2.Meeteveryyear
4.AUhasanaccount abili
tymechani sm
whi chi nvolvespeerr eviewamongs t
statesunl ikeOAU
5.TheAUpr opos estoes tabli
shapeace Rol
es
ands ecuritycounci lwithas tanding
1.I
tdeterminesthepol ici
esoftheunion.
Africanar mywhi chwasnotexi st
entin
2.I
tmakesdeci sions
OAU.
3.I
tadmitsnewmember s
4.I
testabli
shesnewor gans
I
tsobj
ect
ives
5.I
tmoni t
orsimpl ementati
onofdecisi
ons
6.I
tadoptsthebudgetoft heunion.
1. Toachievegreat
erunityandsoli
dari
ty
7.I
tgivesdirect
ivestoexecutivecouncil
i
nAfri
ca.
t
ores t
orepeace.
2.Todef endindependenceofAf
rican
8.Ithir
esandf ir
esjudgesforthecourtof  I
tmaint
ainspeace
just
ice.
9.Itappointschai
rpers
on,viceandgives 6) Pan- Af
ri
canParli
ament
them functi
ons.
 I
tensur
escivi
lpart
ici
pat
ioni
nAU
2.ExecutiveCouncil pr
ocess
.

I
tismadeupofF
orei
gnAf
fai
rsMi
nis
t s 7)
er Economi
c,s
oci
alandcul
tur
alcounci
l

Deal
swi
th  I
tgi
vesadvi
cet
otheUni
ononcul
tur
al
mat
ter
s.
1.F oreignt rade
2.Ener gy,i ndus tr
yandmi neralresources 8) Cour
tofj
ust
ice
3.F ood,agr i
culturalandani malresources
andf or est r
y.  I
trulesordeal
swi
thcont
inent
all
egal
4.Wat err es ourcesandi r
rigat
ion i
ssues.
5.Envi ronmentandhumani tar
ianrelief
.
6.Tr ans por tandcommuni cati
on F
inanci
ali
nst
it
uti
ons
7.Ins urance
8.Educat ion,cul ture,healthandhuman  I
tpr ovidesfundi
ngforproj
ectsand
resour ces . programmest hr
oughAfr
icanCentral
9.Sci enceandt echnology Bank,Af ri
canMonetaryFund,Afr
ican
10.National ity,residenceandi mmi grati
on developmentBankandAf r
ican
11
.Soc i
als ecurity I
nves tmentBank.
3) Commi ssi
on
Special
izedagenci es
 It’
sthes ecr etariat
 Ithasachai rpers on,viceand8 1. Commi t
teeonRur alEconomyand
commi ssioner sands taff
. Agri
cul t
uralmat t
er s.
 Itdealswi t
hadmi nistr
ativeissues. 2.Onmonet aryandf i
nanci alaffair
s
 Itimplement st hedeci si
onsoft heUni on.3.Ont rade,cus tomsandi mmi gration
 Itco-ordinat esAf ri
canUni onact i
vit
ies matters
 Itproces sesappl icati
onsf or 4.Oni ndus t
r y,scienceandt echnol ogy,
member s hi
p. energ y,na tural r
e so urce san d
 Itini
tiatespr opos alstobecons i
dered environment .
byot heror gans . 5.T ranspor t
, co mmuni cationandt ouris
m.
6.Heal th,laborands ocialaf f
airs
4) Per manentRepr esentati
ves 7.E duca t
ion, cul
tu r
ea ndh uma nr es ources.
Commi t
tee
Functi
onsoft hes es peci alizedagenci es
 Itcons i
s t
soft heambas sadorstouni on
 Itprepar esf ort heex ecut i
vecounci l 1.Itprepar espr oject sandpr ogr ammes .
2.Itens uress uper vision,f oll
ow- upand
5) PeaceandSecur i
tyCouncil eval
uat i
onofi mpl ement ati
onofdeci s i
on
3.Itens urescoor dinationand
 Itcompr i
sesof1 5member s harmoni zat i
onofpr ojectsand
 programmes . 1. EastAfr
icanRai l
waysandHar bors
4.Itreportsandrecommendsont heuni
on. Admi nist
rat
ion
5.Itcarri
esoutfuncti
onsass
ignedtothem.2.Eas tAfr
icanpos tsand
tel
ecommuni cati
onsadmi nist
rat
ion
Pr
oblemsi thasencounter
edsinceit
s 3.Agr i
cult
uralresearchservices
f
ormationin2001. 4.Medi calresearchservi
ces.

1. Politicalins tabi l
ity/ci vilwar sinmany
count riesmakesi tdi ffi
culttoexecut e I
tsobj ectives
someofi tspr ogr ammes .
2.Bor der sdi sput esbet weenmember 1. Topr omot et radei nt her egion
statescr eat esdi s uni tyi nthecont i
nent . 2.T op ro vi
d ec ommo ns ervicesi nt he
3.Lackofdemocr acyi ns omecount ries region
hascont ri
but edt oi tsi nabi l
it
yt oend 3.T of acili
tatef r
eemov ementofpeopl ein
humanr ight sabus e/ violati
on. ther egion
4.I nterferenceofAf ricanaf f
air
sbyt he 4.T op ro vi
deaf or um fordi scus sionof
devel opedcount riesunder mi nest he economi candpol i
ti
c alissues .
union’ sef for ttoi mpl ementi t
spol icies.
5.Duet oneocol oni alism,t hemember I
tss tr
uct ure
statesar emor eat tachedt ot hei rfor mer
1. EastAf ri
caAut hori
ty
coloni almas ter satt heexpens eoft he
union.
 I tcompr i
sedoft he3headsofs tat
e.
6.I deologi caldi f
ferencesbet weens ome st
member ss tatescr eat esdi visionswi thi
n  The1 chai rmanwasNyer ere.
theuni on,t husmaki ngi tdiff
icultt o  I twast heSupr emeor ganoft he
reachatanagr eement . co mmu ni
ty.
7.Lackofas tandi ngar myr ender si t
ineffectivei ni mpl ement i
ngdeci sions 2.Eas tAf ri
caLegi sl
ati
veAs s embl y
whi chcal lf ormi l
itar yi ntervent i
on.
8.Nat i
onali nter estsar egi venpr iorityat  I thad27member s ,3mi nis t
er sand
theexpens eoft heuni on’sint eres ts 3as sistantmi nister s
,chai rman,
9.I nadequat ef undsmakesi tdiffi
cul tfor se creta ryg enera landc ouns el.
theuni ont of ulf
illal litsobl i
gat ions .  I tenact edl awst ogover nt he
10.Dividedl oyal tybybel ongingt oot her co mmu ni
ty.
organi zations .
3.Secr et ariat

 Secr
etarygeneralwast
hehead.
EASTAF
RICANCOMMUNI
TY  I
tdidtablework.
 I
twasmadeupofKenya,Tanzani
a& 4.Commonweal
thcounci
l
Uganda
 I
twasformedon06/
06/1967.  I
tdeal
twi
tht
radei
ssues
Ar
easofoper
ati
on 5.Commonmar
ketcounci
l
 ofempl oyment .
I
tdeal
twi
tht
radei
ssues
. 6.Hos ti
lityt owar dsnat ional sfrom member
states .
7.F inanci alcons traintsr es ul
tingf r
om
fail
urebymembers tatest or emitfunds
Speci
alCounci
lsofEas
tAf
ri
caCounci
l
tot heor ganizat i
on.
1
.F i
nanci
alcounci
l–Del
tawi
thf
inanci
al 8.Shor tageoff undsi nmanagi ngthe
matt
ers. Communi ty’
sr es ourcesbymember
statesl edt ounl awfulnat i
onal i
zati
onof
2.Communicat
ionsCounci
l–coor
dinat
ed theor gani zati
on’ sas set s.
cons
ult
ati
ons. 9.Tanzani a’sclos ureoft hecommon
borderwi thKenyahal tedt he
communi ty’sint erests.
10.Nationali nterestsover shadowedt he
3.Economiccons
ult
ati
veandpl
anni
ng organi zation’si nteres t
s .
counci
l 11.Pers onalambi t
ionsbyt hel eaders.
12.Toomuchpowerwasves t
edi nt he
 Delt
awi t
hplanni
ngofpar
tner
sby handsoft heaut horityi e,headsoft he
consul
tat
ivemeans. threes tates .

4.Res
ear
chands
oci
alcounci
ls Rebi
rt
hoft
heEas
tAf
ri
caUni
on-
2001(
EAC)

 I
twasrebornon30/1
1/
1999byMkapa,
 Coor
dinat
edpol
ici
esofpar
tner
s.
Mus
eveniandMoi.
Reas
onswhyi
tcol
laps
ed/
Chal
lenges
.
St
agest
othei
nfor
mat
ionoft
henewEas
t
Af
ri
caUni
on
1. Unequaldi stri
butionofs er
vicesand
benef i
tsfrom t heor ganizationbyt he 1. 30/1 1/1 993,t he1st
meet ingbyt he3
members tatesmadeTanzani aand heads -Kampal a
UgandaenvyKenya’ smonopol yofthe 2.1 4/3/1 996- Secretariatwasl aunched
organization. –Arus ha
2.Ideol ogicaldi f
ferencesamongt het hree 3.1 9/1 1/1 996-Eas tAfricaBus ines s
members tatesmadet hem pur sue Counci lwasl aunched–Nai robi
dif
ferenteconomi cpol i
cies. 4.28/4/1 997- Agreement( Tr i
pent i
te)–to
3.Per sonaldi fferencesbet weenl eaders avoiddoubl et axati
on
l
ikeAmi nandNyer er emadei tdif
fi
cult 5.29/4/1 997-Eas tAf ri
caCo- operati
on
f
ort hem t ocal lmeet i
ngst hatwoul d Devel opments t
rategy,Eas tAf ri
caF l
ag
promot edi alogueanduni t
y. andEas tAfricaPas s
por twer el aunched.
4.Thecoupt hatover threwObot eMi l
tonof 6.20/1 1/1 997,Memor andum Of
Ugandaunder minedt heuni tythatwas Under standingi ndef encewasagr eed.
desiredf orthes urvivalofthe 7.30/4/1 998,Tr eatyonE. A. C.
organization/pol i
ticalinstabil
ityin establishmentwasdr aft
ed.
Ugandaunder minedt heor ganizati
on. 8.26/5/98,Donor spl edged1 6m t ofund
5.Thef eart hattheKenyanswer e theE. A.C.
benef i
ti
ngf r
om t hecommuni tyinterms 9.30/5/1 998,t heydi scussedaboutt he
 treatydr af
ted.
1
0.18/1 1/1998,Def enceLi ai
sonuni tof a.Itpr
ovidesdemocr at
icf
orum f
or
E.A.C.wasl aunched. debate.
1
1.24/1 1/1 998,anagr eementt ocont r
ol b.Ital
sowat chesoveract
ivi
ti
esofthe
LakeVi ctoriaHyacinth communi t
y.
wasr eac hed. 7.Secr
etari
at
1
2.22/1/1 999,compl eteddiscussi
ngt he
drafttr
eat yandmi ni st
erssignedt he Iti
sheadedbyaSecr
etar
yGeneralwho
MOUonf oreignpolicycoordinat
ion car
riesoutt
hef
oll
owi
ngduti
es:
1
3.27/1/1 999aSemi naronEas tAfricaCo
-operationwashel d 1.I
taut hori
zest heexpenditureonbehalfof
1
4.25- 26/8/1 999,theydi scussedt he themember s.
issuesofdr afttr
eaty. 2.Ittakesmi nutesoftheCommuni ty’
s
1
5.30/1 1/1 999,thet reatywasof f
iciall
y meet i
ngs .
signed. 3.Itkeepsr ecordsofthepr oceedi
ngs.
4.I ti
mpl ement sdeci
sionsadopt edbythe
St
ruct
ure Communi t
y’sSummi t.
5.I tpreparesagendaf orthemeet ings.
1
. TheSummi
t
Others peciali
zedagenci es
 I
tismadeupoft hepresident
sof
themembers t
ates. 1. Eas tAfricanDevel opment
 Theyprovidegeneraldi
recti
on 2.LakeVi ctori
aF isheri
esOr gani
zati
on
towar
dst hereali
zat
ionofthe (L.V.F.O)
Communi ty’
sgoals. 3.I nter-UniversityCounci lf
orEastAfri
ca
(IUCEA)co- ordinatesresearchofhigher
2.Counci
lofminis
t er
s educat ion.

 I
tist
hedeci
sionmaki
ngor
gan. F
ocusi
ssuesoft
hecommuni
ty

3.Coor
dinat
ingcommi
tt
ee 1. Liberalizati
onanddevel opmentoft rade
2.Inves tmentandi ndus t
rialdevelopment
 I tcoordinat
esactivi
ti
esofs ecr
etaral 3.Moni
i toryaffair
s
commi ttees 4 .De velop ment ofregi
onali nfr
astruct
ure
ands ervice
4.Sectoralcommi tt
ee 5 .De velop mentofhumanr esources,
scienceandt echnology
 I tmakespr ogrammesandmoni tor
s 6 .Facili
tatef r
eemo veme ntofper sons,
them. l
a bo ran dse r
vicesetc.
7.Devel opmentofagr i
culture
5.EastAfri
caCour tofJustice 8 .En vi
ro nme ntma nageme n t
9.Devel opmentoft ourism
 I tenforcescommuni t
y’slaw. 10.I
mp rove ment ofheal
t ha ndcultural
activi
ties
6.EastAfri
canLegi sl
ati
veAs sembly 11.Pro mo tewomen’ swel fare
12.Politi
calandl egalaffair
s
1
3.Pr
omot
ionofpr
ivat
esect
or  Wass
ignedi
nLagoson28/
5/1
975

Chal
lengesofEas
tAf
ri
canCommuni
ty-
2001 Obj
ect
ives
1. Suspi
cionamongs tstat
es . 1. Toli
berali
zetradebet weenmember
2.Tanzani astilltaxesKenyangoodsi nto st
ates.
thecountry. 2.Toi mproverelati
ons hipandmovement
3.Smuggl ingofgoodsacr ossthebor der. ofbetweenmembers t
ates.
4.Kenya’ sfishermenar efrequentl
y 3.Toi mproveli
vings tandar dsofmembers
arr
estedi nUgandaandTanzani a 4.Tocr eatecustom unioni nt heregi
on.
5.Cat t
lerus t
lingacr ossthebor ders. 5.Topr omoteindus t
rialdevel opment
6.Member shipt oot herorganizat
ions. amongmember ss t
at es.
7.Ideologicaldi f
ferences. 6.Topr omotecul t
uralinteractionamong
8.Nat i
onalpr ide. members tat
es .

Achi
evement
sofEas
tAf
ri
caUni
on St
ruct
ure
1.Ithases tabl i
shedt heEas tAf rica 1. Authorit
yofHeadsofs tate/Headsof
pas sportwhi chhasf acili
tatedmovement Government s
ofEas tAfricanpeopl e.
2.Ithascr eat edaf or
um f orE. A.l eader sto -I
trulesovert heot heror gans.
discus sis sues.
3.Trans por tandcommuni cationnet work
hasbeeni mpr ovedt of acil
itate
2.Counci lofmi ni
sters
movementofpeopl e&goods .
4.Ther ei sawi dermar ketf ordi ff
er ent
typesofgoodspr oducedbyeach  Itcompr ises2mi nistersfr
om each
members tate. country
5.Theci ti
zensoft hemembers tat esbuy  Itist hegener almanageroft he
goodsatf airpricesduet olowt arif
fs organization.
leviedongoods .  Itadvi sest heaut horityandot her
6.Ther ear eempl oymentoppor tuni ti
esf or organs.
peopl eofmembers t
atesi nt he
establ i
shmentofcommons er vices .
7.Establ i
shmentofgr eatermar kethas 3.Execut i
ves ecretari
at
createdr oom f orenhancedeconomi c  I
t runsd a y-
to-dayact ivi
ti
esoft he
devel opmentofmembers t
at es/ organization
Spear headedgr eat
eri ndus tri
algr owth.
8.Themembers tatesarewor king 4.Tr i
bunal
toget hert oes tabli
sht heEas tAf rican
Feder ationi nor dertoappl ycommon  Itinterpr etsthet reatyands ettl
es
laws . di
s cords.

5.Speci
ali
zedagenci
es/Commi
ssi
on
ECONOMICCOMMUNI
TYF
OWESTAF
RICAN
STATES(
ECOWAS)  Tr
ade,cus
toms
,immi
grat
ion,
 monet aryandpayment s,indus
try,
agricul
tureandnationalresour
ces,
socialandcult
uralaff
airsand
defensecouncil
.
COMMONMARKETFOREASTERNAND
SOUTHERNAF
RICA(
COMESA)-
Lus
akain
Achi
evement
s
Zambi
a
1.I thass tandar dizededucat ioni nt he
Aims
regi onbyus eofcommonexam s yl
labus.
2.I thasf os teredpeacet hr oughmi li
tary 1. Tocooper atei ncr eatingaconduci ve
wing- ECOMOG. envi ronmentf orfor eign/cr os sboar der
3.I thaspr omot edcul tur alexchange /domes tici nves tment .
amongi tsmember s. 2.Tocooper atei nthepr omot ionofpeace
4.I thasi mpr ovedr egionalt rans por t/ /s ecur ity/s tabil
ityamongmember
communi cat i
ons ystem /l inks . states .
5.I thasi mpr ovedagr icul turet hrough 3.Tos trengt henr elati
onsbet ween
shar ingoft echnol ogi calknowhow. COMESAmember sandt her es toft he
6.I tfaci li
tat edf reemov ementofpeopl ein wor ld/adoptacommonpos itioni n
ther egi on. internat ionalf ora.
7.I thasi ncr eas edj oboppor tuniti
esi nt he 4.Tocooper atei nreal i
zingt heobj ect ives
regi on. oft heAf ri
caneconomi cscommuni ty.
8.I thaspr omot edt hes piritof 5.Topr omot eamor ebal anced/
toget her nes si nt her egion. har moni ousdevel opmentofi ts
9.I thaspr omot edmut ualcooper ation. product i
on/mar ketings t
ruct ur e.
10.Ithaspr omot edi nter -regionalt rade 6.Topr omot ej ointdevel opmenti nal l
withi nr egi ons . economi cf i
eldsi nor dert or ais et he
li
vings tandar dsoft hepeopl e.
Challenges
Princi
pl es
1. Diffi
cul tt oco- ordinat e,s incet her egion
cover edbyECOWASi svas t. 1. Equal ityandi ndependencef ormember s
2.Poort rans por t,communi cat i
onand 2.Sol idar it
yandcol l
ect i
ves elf-rel iance
infras truct ur e. 3.I nter- statec o -ope r
a t
ion
3.Di vis i
onbet weenF rancophoneand 4.Non- aggr ess i
on
Angl ophone. 5.R eco g ni
tion, p r
omot i
onandpr ot ect i
on
4.Col oni alpat ter nsofcommer cial ofhumanr i
ght s
trans act ionsi nher it
ed. 6.Account abi l
ity,andf airpar t
ici pat i
oni n
5.Pol iticali ns tabi l
ityint her egion. devel opment
6.F orei gni nt er ferences . 7.Rul eofl aw
7.Member svi ol atet heor gani zation. 8 .P r
o mo ti
o nofdemocr aticgover nance
8.Sus pi cionbet weenmember s. 9.Mai nt enanceofr egionalpeaceand
9.Bor derconf lict s
. sec ur it
y
10.Member shipt oot heror gani zations . 10.Peacef uls ettlementofdi scor ds
11
.I deol ogi caldi fferences .
Structure
1
. Aut
hor
it
y
5.I
nter
gover
nment
alcommi
tt
ee
I
tcompr
isest
heHeadsofSt
atesandi
tis
t
hesupr
emepeacemaki
ngorgan. I
tismadeupofPer
manents
ecr
etar
ies

2.Counci
lofmi
nis
ter
s  Itdevel opspr ogr ammesandact ion
plans
 I
tmoni t
or sandens urespr oper  Itmoni tor stoens urepr operf uncti
onof
functioningoft heorganizat i
on ma rket an ditsd ev elop me n t
 I
tmakesr ecommendat ionst othe  Itover seesi mpl ement ationoft he
author ity p r
o vi
sio nso f t
h et re aty
 I
tdi rect sot herorgans  Itcanr eques tf ori nves tigationbyt he
 I
tr egul atesandt akesdeci si
onsforthe Secr etaryGener al
organi zation  Italsod ealsw itha gricultur e,
 I
tr eques tsforadvicefrom count compr ehens ivei nfor mat ions ystems ,
 I
tcons ider sandappr ovesbudgetof e nergy, fi
n ancea n dmo n eta r
ya f
fai
rs,
secret ariatandcour t indus t
ry,l abor ,humanr es our ces,social
 I
tcons ider smeas urestobet akento an dc ulturala f
fa i
rs ,lega l af
fairs
achievet heobj ecti
vesoft he  Italsohandl esnat ur alres our cesand
organi zation e nvi
ron me n t
, to urism an dw i
ld l
if
e,trade
 I
tmakesr egulati
onsfort hes ecret
ari
at. andcus t
oms–t rans portand
communi cati
ons .
 I
tdes ignat estheeconomi call
ypoor
areas .
F
unctionsoft hes ecommi tt
ees

3.Cour
tofJus
tice  I
timplement sthepr ogr
ammeand
pri
orit
izesthem.
 I
tens ur
esproperi
nter
relat
ions
hipand  I
tmoni tor
sandr eviewsimplementat
ions
appl
icat
ionofthepr
ovisi
onsofthe  I
talsodeal swit
hs ubmissi
onofreports
tr
eaty. andrecommendat ionsto
i
ntergovernmentalcommi t
tee.
4.Commi
tt
eeofGover
nor
sofCent
ralBank

 Itgivesfinancialandmonet aryplan 6.Secr

etar
iat
 Itmoni t
or stoens ureproper
implement ationofpr ogr
ammesand  ItisheadedbySecr etar
ygener al
plans  Itassi
stst heor gansoft heorganizat
ion
 Itreques tsforinterv
entionof  Itsubmit sreportstointergovernmental
Sec ret
ariatGener al
. commi t
t ee.
 Itconsider sreportsand  Itdoest het abl
ewor k
recommendat i
onsfrom thetechnical  Ithandlesadmi nistrat
ionoffinances
commi tteeonf i
nance.  Itsubmit sbudgett oI.C.
 Itsubmi tsreportandr ecommendat ions  Itensurescont inuit
yoft heorganizat
ion
tothecounci l  Itsubmit srefer
encet ot hecourt
 I
tpromotest
headopt
ionofj
oint 1
0.I
tgivesmember snationalwayof
pos
iti
onsbymembers. exploi
tingtheirnaturalresourcesfor
thei
rwel far
easeachdeal swi ththe
7.Cons
ult
ati
vecommi
tt
ee producti nwhichitisgood.
1
1.I
thasencour agedgoodgover nance,
 I tcons istsofbus ines scommuni tyand hencer educedi nt
ernalconfli
ct.
others t akehol der s 1
2.I
thaspr ovi
dedempl oyment
 I tlinkst heabove opportuniti
es
 I tmoni tor st heneces sar yprovisionsof
thet reat y. Chal lenges
 I tcons ul tsandr ecei vesr epor t
sf rom
otheri nt eres tgr oups . 1. Poort rans por tnet wor khashamper ed
 I tpar ticipat esi nt echni calcommi ttee movementofgoods .
andmakesr ecommendat ions 2.T heme mb e r coun triespr oduces imi l
ar
goods ,t husl imitingt hemar ket .
Speci ali
zedagenci es/commi ssi
ons 3.S omeme mb e rc o untr iesa r
eb elongi ng
toot herr egi onaleconomi cbl ocks ,
1. Eas ter nandSout her nAf ricanTr adeand hencenotf ullycommi ttedt oCOMESA.
Devel opmentBank( PTABank ) 4.C i
vil w a rsi ns omeme mb e rstates
2.PTAr ei ns urancecompany hampers moot hf l
owofgoodsduet o
3.COMESACl ear ingHous e i
n se cu r i
tyh encel ow e ri
n gth ev o l
u meo f
4.COMESAAs s oci ationofCommer cial trade.
Banks 5.B oundar yconf l
ictsandevent ualcl os ure
5.COMESALeat herI ns ti
tut e amongmembers tatesmakei tdi ff
icult
fort hem t ocooper ateegTogoand
ACHI EVEMENTS Gui nea.
6.Somemembers tatespr efert radingwi t
h
1.I thasl iber alizedt r ade theirf or mercol onialmas ters,t hus
2.I thasenabl edt heachi evementofco- pos ings tiffcompet itiont opr oduct sf rom
oper at i
oni ncus toms . theCOMESAr egi on/F oreign
3.Admi nis trationoft rans por t& i
nt erfer ence.
communi cat iont oeas emovementof 7.F ailur eofs omemembers tatest o
goodshasbeenenhanced. har moni zet arif
fshasunder minedf ree
4.Anenabl ingenvi ronmenti sbeing fl
owofgoods/s ervi ces .
wor kedon 8.Members tat espur suet heirnat ional
5.Smal ls cal eeconomi cact ivit
iesand i
nt eres tst her ebywor ki
ngagai ns tthe
pol i
cieshavebeenaccompl i
shed. object ivesofCOMESA.
6.F inanci alact ivitieshavebeen 9.Per sonal i
tydi ff
er enc esbet weenl eader s
har moni zed. egMus eveniandAl -Bas hir
7.I thascr eat edcompet itivemar ketf or 10.Quar rel sovert radi ngr i
ght swi thin
member s . COMESAegbet weenEgyptandKenya.
8.I ndus trialpr oduct i
onhasbeeni mpr oved 11
.Nat ur alc alami tiesl ikedr ought/f loods
wi thgoodmar ketandcompet i
ti
venes s. l
eadi ngt omas sivef oods hortage/
9.Agr icultur alpr oduct ionhasbeen fami ne.
impr ovedduet ol ar gemar ket.
  Mobututhenembar
kedont
hef
oll
owi
ng
r
efor
ms .
SOCIALECONOMI CS&POLI
TICAL
DEVELOPMENTS&CHALLENGESINAF
RICA 1. Hecent ralizedpowerbybecomi ngthe
SI
NCEI NDEPENDENCE headofs tate&gover nment
2.Hebannedal lpol i
ti
calparti
esbefor
e
DEMOCRATI
CREPUBLI
COFCONGO(
DRC) for
mi ngtheMPR( Movementoft he
Populardel ar evoluti
on)in1967asthe
Democr
ati
cRepubl
icofCongo onlyparty.
3.Hehopedt ouni teCongowi t
hone
ShewascolonizedbyBelgium under –party
Leopol
dII
,til30th June1
l 960whens he 4.Her efor
medt hecons tit
uti
on&r educed
gai
nedindependence. thepower sofpar l
iament.
5.Heabol i
s hedf eder alsyst
em &local
Pol
it
icaldevel
opment
s. assemblies .
6.Her educedt henumberof
Immediat
ely,vi
olencebrokeouti
n
administrativer egionsto8
Leopol
dvil
le(nowKi ns
hasa)
7.Her enamedmaj ortowns.
On5th Jul
y1960,t
hereoccurr
edamut
iny
i
nthear mydemandingfor
/agai
nst
. Economi
c&pol
it
icalpr
obl
ems

1. Domi nationofar my&gover nmentby 1. Assas si

nationsandr i
otsandi n1993,
Belgium’satexpens eofCongolese Eti
eneTs hisekediwass ackedaspm
2.Repl acementofBel gi
ansbyCongol ese 2.Hewasr ei
ns t
atedi n1994f oll
owi ngr i
ots
3.Endt odi scri
mi nati
oninjobal l
ocat
ion& byhi ss upporters.
grading. 3.I nMay1 997,r ebelsenteredKi nshas a,
4.Et i
eneTs hisekediwasel ectedpresi
dent for
cingMobut ut oexile.
i
n1 992 4.Rebell eaderLaur entKabi l
aDes i
re
 1 961,Patr i
ceLumumbawasas sass
inat
ed declaredhi ms elfl
eaderandr enamed
 1 964,UNwi thdrawfrom Congo thecount r
yDRC.
5.I nJan2001 ,hewasas sassinated.
 1 965,Moi stTs homber esi
gnedashead
6.Hi ss ont ookoverJos ephKabi lainDec-
ofgover nmentandwasr eplacedby
2002,i ncoal it
ionwi t
ht heoppos it
ion
SylvesterKi umba.
part
ies .
 Nov-1965,t hear mys t
agedacoup
Economicdevelopment s
againstKi umba&Kas avubu(presi
dent
)
1. Someli
ttl
eachievementhasbeen
 Theywer el edbyMobut uJos ephDesi
re. madeininfr
astruct ur
ei nst
abil
it
ies.
2.Mobutunat i
onalizedi ndustr
iesby
 Armymut iny- 1
960,Pol i
tical Mobut
ut orais
er evenue.
assassinationsegPat ri
ceLumumba, 3.Mobutuencour agedf orei
gninves t
ment
Succes si
onofKas aiandKatanga, i
nkeys ect
orsoft heeconomy
Poli
ticalinstigatedwar s,Mili
tar
ycoup 4.In1971
,heenact edal awthatplaced
byMobut u. st
atef
inances&expendi t
ureunderhi m.
5.Hei ntroducedpr ogrammesgear ed
towar dsr esour cesexpl oitat
ionforthe 1 . Polit
icalupheavalsf rom ideological
count rytodevel op. dif
ferences ,tri
bal
ism andcol onial
6.Mobut ulaunchedpr ogr ammest omi ne hangover/ Et
hnici
ty
thecount ry’smaj ormi ner al
sinsteadof
borrowi ngf rom out si
de. 2.Succes si
onofKat angaandKas ai
7.Newr oads&r ail
wayswer ehowever regionsweakenedt hecount r
y
devel oped,t husexpandi ngagricult
ure.
8.Heboos tedt hepet r
ol eum r esources 3.Thef oreignersinCongot urnedt o
throughener gypr ovision for
mercol onial
ist
sf ors upporthence
9.Ent ertainmenti ndus tryhasbeen
under miningCongo’ si ndependence
boos tedasf oreign–bas edmus ici
ans
repatr i
atet heirpr ofitbackhome. 4.Lumumba’ sas sassi
nat i
onmadet he
10.Domes ti
c&i ndus tri
als ect orshave
countryt oalmos tdisintegrate
beenboos tedbybui ldingof Luga
Hydr o-electricpowers tation. 5.Bet ween1 960-1964,t heUNandBel gi
an
i
nter
fer
edal otwi
tht
hecount
ry’
s
Soci
alDevel
opment
s
i
nter
nalaf
fai
rs
1. DRChasr i
chcul tur
alher it
agee. g.
l
anguage&mus ic 6.WhenMobut utookovertherewasa
2.In1 971
,Mobut uintr
oducedapol icyof shi
ftf
rom democracytodict
ator
shi
pe.
g.
usingonlytraditi
onalnames . onepart
ys ys
tem
3.HeI mprovedAf r
icanl i
teracylevel.
4.Medi calinsurancepr ogrammewas 7.Between1977t
o1978,ther
ewast he
establ
ishedtoi mprovemedi cati
oni n rebel
li
onand200soldi
ersdied(
Shaba
therural&ur banar eas. rebel
li
on)
5.Thegover nmental l
ocat edfundst o
promotes oci
alact i
viti
ese. g.sport
s. 8.Kabil
awasas sas
sinat
edin2001hi
s
success
orfounditdif
fi
cul
ttobr
ing
Howshepromotededucat
ionf
orAf
ri
cans
peaceinDRC
af
teri
ndependence.
9.Poorrelat
ions
hipwit
hneighbouri
ng
1. Educati
onf aci
li
ti
eswer econstruct
ed/
count
riesduet ot
herebelgroups
constr
uctionofs chools.
2.Mor eAfr
icanswer eencour agedt ojoi
n Pol
it
icalchal
lengesdur
ingtherei
gnof
schools
. MobutuSes eSekowhichledtodi
ctat
ors
hip
3.Thecur riculum wasr evi
sedt oconform i
nDRC.
totheneedsoft hepeopl e/provided
quali
tyeducation.
4.Thegover nmentes tabli
shed 1. Appoi
ntmentsbasedonloyal
ty/kins
hip
univer
sit
ies/t erti
aryinsti
tut
ions. inadmini
str
ati
oncreat
eddisuni
tyinthe
count
ry.
CHALLENGESI
NDRC 2.Hebannedal lopposi
ti
onpoli
ti
calpart
ies
andcreat
edaonepar tyst
atewhich
Pol
it
ical
 stif
leddemocr acyi nthecount ry. recover yaftert hecolonialexploi
tat
ion.
3.Her eformedt hecons t
it
ut i
onand 1
0.Unempl oyment/Lac kofenoughj ob
stri
ppedt hepar l
iamentof fi
tspower s, oppor t
uni t
ies.
thuscr eat i
ngat otali
tarianr egime. 1
1.Poort ranspor tmeansPoort ransport
4.Doct or i
alr egi mewasi ntroducedby networ k.
replaci ngf eder alsystem wi tht he 1
2.Civilwar sinAngol aaffectedherr ai
lway
cent ralgover nmentunderhi scont r
ol. transpor tservicesthroughBenguel a.
5.Theoppos i
tiont ot hegover nment 1
3.1973,oi lcri
sisi nthewor ldaff
ectedher
creat eduncer tai
nty/tens i
oni nt he economi cgrowt h.
count ry,l eadi ngt othe
unres ts /
har as smentofoppos i
tion Fact
orsthathaveunderminedthe
leader s . expl
oit
ati
onofmi ner
alsintheDRC.
6.Ther iots/demons t
rati
onsduet ot he
civi
lians ’di ssatisf
actionwi tht her egime 2.Civi
lwari nthecountry.
caus edpol iti
calt ension/stabil
ityi nthe 3.Shortageoflabourduet odi
splacement
count ry. ofpeople.
7.Civilwar sdi videdt hecount ryal ong 4.Smuggl i
ngofmi neral
s.
tri
ball inescompr omi si
ngnat i
onaluni ty 5.Poli
ti
calinterf
erencebyneighbouri
ng
inthecount r y. st
ates .
8.Rebel lionagai nstt heregimebackedby 6.Poort r
ansportnetwork.
exter nalf orcesl edt oover throwi ngof
thegover nment . Soci
al
1. Level sofeducat iondr oppedi n1990’s
Economi c 2.U nemp l
oyme nth asma deitha r
dfo r
peopl et orecei vemedi cati
on.
1. Polit
icali nstabili
tyhaspr event edt hem 3.Shor tageofheal thf acil
it
ies,thuslow
fr
om expl oiti
ngt heeconomi cr ecourses. l
ivings t
andar ds .
2.Overr eli
anceonf orei gnai di n 4.Over crowdi ng,es peci al
lyintowns .
exces sive,hencedebt s. 5.Handl ingref ugeeshasbeenapr oblem
3.Tr adei mbalancebet weenZai re&her 6.Int ernationalas sistancedoesnotr each
partner saffectt heeconomy. hecampsi nt imeduet oinsecurit
y
4.Angol awar ,ass ear out et hrough 7.Spr eadofdi seasesduet orape&
Benguel abecaus eofi ns ecur i
ty. over crowdingi ncamps .
5.Mas sivepr intingofnot es/I nfl
at i
on.
6.Bel gium hasl edot herWes t
er n
countr iestodomi natet heexpl oit
ationof
Congol esemi neralweal th.Pr ofitsare TANZANI A
repatriatedt oEur opeandCongol es e
havenotbenef it
edf rom mi ning Poli
ticaldevel opment s
acti
vitiesoft heirland.
7.Cor rupt ionandmi s managementoft he 1 .1 962,Tanzani abecameaone–par ty
countr y’skeys ect ors. state
8.Pover tyandi nadequat ecapi talhas 2.1 964,22Apr i
lNyer ereandKar ume
hinder edt heexpl oitationofr es ources. sign eda nda greedt ha tNyererebet he
nd
9.Lackofc l
eanpol i
cyoneconomi c headoft hes tateandKar umet he2 VP.
3.Thiswasapolit
icaluni
on.
4.1966,Nyerer
elaunchedtheArus
ha Economi
cdevelopment
s
Declar
ati
on,makingTanzani
aasoci
ali
st
stat
e. 1. Uj
amaapol
icywasended.

Reasonsf ort heunionbet weenTanganyi ka 2.National

izati
onpol i
cywasabol i
shed.
andZanzi bari n1964.
3.Encouragementofpr i
vat
izati
onof
1. Zanzibarwant edpr otecti
onbya Agricul
ture,businessandi ndust
rial
str
ongerandl ar
gergr oup. sectorsandr educti
onofgover nment
2.TheAf ri
cansi nZanzi bardidnotlike expe ndi
ture.
diminati
onbyAr abs,thusrevolt
ed
againstthem. 4.Marketshavebeenl iber
ali
zedwi th
3.Economi call
y,Zanzi barmajoredon l
imitedgover nmentcontrolofprices.
cl
ovesands l
avet radeandf oll
owingthe
abolit
ionofs lavet r
ade,s helookedupon 5.Tanzaniacurrencywasal sodevaluedto
Tanganyi katoboos thereconomy. reduceinflat
ion.

Cont
ent
/ai
msoft
heAr
ushaDecl
arat
ion. 6.Di
sposalofunpr
ofi
tabl
egover
nment
f
arms.
1. Self
-reliance
2.Uj amaa( socialism).Commi tmenti n 7.Hasal soenhancedherbi later aland
nati
onbui lding. mul t
il
ateraleconomi cr elationswi th
3.Avoi ddi scr i
mi nati
on- factors&meansof
neighbour sandt hewes t.
product i
ont ol eftint hehandsoft he
people. 8.Shehasal soembr acedWor ldBankand
4.Sheadopt edt hepr incipleofnon-
Inter
nat i
onalMonet aryF undai d
al
ignment .
contri
but i
onst oatt r
actf orei gnai d
 1 972,Abei dKar umewas investment .
as s
as sinatedands ucceededby
AbondJumbe. 9.Hasal soimpr ovedi nfrastruct ure
 Af roShi r
azi&Tanganyi kaAf r
ican throughcons t r
ucti
onofmor er oads.
nationaluni onuni tedandf ormedt he
CCM ( ChamachaMapi nduzi)in1 977. 10.Shehasexpandedmi ner alpr oduction
 1 978- 79Ami ninvadedTanzani at o byopeni ngupofGol dmi nesandNat ur
al
annexKar egapr ovince. gasPl ants.
 1 985,Nyer erer etiredands ucceeded
byt heHas sanMwi nyiofZanz ibar. Socialdevelopment s
st
 1 985,t heWar i
obawast he1 vp&
pm 1. Educationwaschangedt os ui tthe
 1 970’ scapi talwass hi
ftedfrom Da- es n eedso fArush ade cl
a ration .
-salaam t oDodoma. 2.Emphas izedt hepr eservat ionof
 1 st
995,1 mul ti-
par tyel ecti
onswer e tradi
tionalAfricanv al
u e s
.
heldwi thBenj ami nMkapaemer ng 3.Rapi
gi dgr owthofpr imar y&s econdar y&
victorious . u ni
versit
ye du cat
ion .
4.Sev er alhos pit
alshavebeenes t
abli
shed. donor stopul lout.
5.Cos ts har i
nghasbeeni nt
roducedin 1
1.Thecol laps eoft heEas tAfri
can
healths ervices. Communi tyi n1 977af fectedher .
1
2.Continuedl inkswi thformercol onial
HowNyer erepr omotededucat ioni
n mas t
er swass eenasneo- coloniali
sm.
Tanzaniaaf terindependence. 1
3.Fail
ureofUj amaapol icy.
1
4.Dif
ferenc esbet weent hemai nlandand
1.Hees tabl i
shedt heUni versi
tyofDar-es- Zanzibar ,wher et hel aterhasal ways
Salaam andSokoi ne. desiredt obr eakawayf rom t heuni on.
2.HemadeKi s wahil
ithemedi um of 1
5.Inf
luxofr efugeesf rom war -torn
instr
uctioni nSchool s. neighbour i
ngcount ri
eshass trai
nedt he
3.Hemadeeducat i
ont obef reeand country’sr es ources.
compul sor yf r
om pr i
mar yto 1
6.Universitys t udent s’demons trati
oni n
univer sity. 1966duet ogover nmentat t
emptt o
4.Hepopul ari
zedt hePhi l
osophyof int
roduceacompul soryNat ionalYout h
“educationf ors el
f-r
eli
ance” . Service.
5.Hei ntroducedadul teducat i
on.

CHALLENGES
Pol
it
ical
Economi cchal l
enges .
1. Africanizat i
onofpol iti
cali nsti
tut i
onswas
abl owasi tmeantdecol oni
zationof 1. Productiondecr eas edduet o
admi nistrationf astert hanl ocal nati
on ali
za t
io na sla ndw asg i
vent o
replacement s. Afri
cans .
2.1 964t her ewasanar mymut inyover 2.C ost sha r
ingwasnotwel lreceivedby
delayedAf ri
canpr omot ionswhi chtook Tanzanians .
placeandcont roll
eds omemaj orparts. 3.C oll
ap seo ftheEas tAfri
canCommuni ty
3.Pol iti
calmar r
iagewi thZanzi bar& deniedh erlarg ec ommo nma rket f
o rher
Tanganyi kawasapr oblem s incet hey goods .
haddi fferenti deologi es . 4.P oor tr
ans por tandcommuni cation
4.Shecoul dnott akes idesongl obal network.
i
s sues . 5.In adequ ater esour ces.
5.Hos til
enei ghbour ses peciall
yUganda 6.Ther ewasi nadequat efunds/capi tal
.
duringt het imeofAmi nDadaandKenya 7.T hereish i
g hi nfl
ationr ate.
asar es ultofclos ureoft hecommon 8.Ther eist radei mbal ance.
borderi n1 977. 9 .Foods ho rt
ag ed uet opr olongeddr ought
6.Pol iti
caldi fferencesamongEas t,Afri
can andin ad equa teco mmi tme n ttofarming.
l
eader s. 10.I
ncreas edext ernaldebt s .
7.Pol iti
calas sassinatione. g.ofKar umei n 11
.C ostlyw ar w it
hU ga ndai n1978- 79.
1972.
8.Pr es suret oadoptmul ti-
partysm. Howpoort rans por thasunder mined
9.Pol iti
caldi fferencesamongt heEas t economi cdevel opmenti nTanzani a.
Africanl eader s.
10.Adopt ionofs oci al
ism mades ome 1.Ithasmadet rans por t
ationofgoods/
 servi
cesdi f
fi
cul t
. inadequat efunds .
2.Ithashi nderedexpl oit
ationofr es our
ces
.3.Unf avor abl eclimat ewhi chaffects
3.Ithass loweddownt hemovementof agricultur alproduct ion.
l
abour . 4.Popul ati
onpr ess urewhi chs t
rainsthe
4.Ithasi ncreas edthecos toft rans port
. fawnf aci l
iti
esavai l
abl e.
5.Poori nfras tr
uctur ewhi chhinder s
Socialchall
enges devel opment .
6.Over -relianceonpr imar yexpor t
se.g.
1. Lackofbas ics oci
alameni tiese. g. coffee,t ea,cot tonet c.
healt
hf aci
li
ties. 7.Corr uptionamonggover nmentoffi
cial
s
2.Unempl oyment . andot hers t
akehol der s.
3.Hi ghlevelsofi l
li
teracy. 8.Pooreconomi cpl anni ngbyt he
4.Inadequat ehumanr esour ces. gover nment .
5.HI V/AI Ds. 9.Unempl oymentwhi chaf fect
smar ketand
inves t
ment .

Pol
it
ical
1
.Ideol
ogi
caldi
ff
erences
.
CHALLENGESI
NAF
RICASI
NCE
I
NDEPENDENCE 2.Coldwardi vi
dedtheconti
nentand
-
SOCI
AL lockedthecountri
esinborder
confli
ctst
hatculminat
edintoCoups
1. Pover tyamongt hepeopl e. d’état
s.
2.Lowl iteracyl evelamongt hepeopl e.
3.Poorandi nadequat ehealt hcar eaffects 3.St
rai
nedi
nter
nat
ionalr
elat
ion.
thelabourf orce.
4.Popul ati
onexpans ion,thuss t
rainingt he 4.Confl
icti
ngint
erestshavebeenin
resour cesavai labl
e. confl
ictwit
hglobalandconti
nent
al
5.Conf lictwi t
ht henei ghbour ingc ount r
ies
poli
cies.
especi all
yUganda.
6.Hi ghcr i
mer ateduet ounempl oyment . 5.Neo-colonial
ism.Thedivi
deandr ule
7.Ter ror i
sm /I nsecuritywhi chs cares
poli
ciesinheri
tedbyleadersof
investors.
8.Ref ugeemenace,f rom ot herwar ri
ng independents t
ateshavecontr
ibuted
count ri
esl i
keDRC. anarchy.
9.Envi ronment alpoll
utionfrom t he
industries. 6.Ethni
city.Et
hnicgroupshave
10.Diseas eslikeHI V/AI Dswhi chcl ears contr
ibutedt osevereint
er-et
hni
c
thes trongl abourfor ce. warst hathaveclai
medhundr edsof
thousandsofl i
vesaswasi nthecas
e
Economi
c inRwanda,Bur undi,Sudanand
1. Col
oni
alhangoversasthes t
il
lcel
ebr
ate Niger
ia
i
nst
eadofbui l
dingthenat
ion.
2.Slowindust
rialgrowthdueto 7.Mal
-admi
nis
trat
ion-
Thel
eader
shi
pin
 manyAfri
canstat
esaf t
er soci
aldemocraticparti
es.
i
ndependencewasunpr eparedand  TotheHous eofCommons ,theelect
oral
i
nexperi
encedinadministr
ation syst
em isbasedont hepr i
ncipl
eof‘one
hencei
ns t
abi
li
tye.g.Angolaand person,onevote’;andageof1 8years
andabove.
Mozambique
 Therear et
wot ypesofel ect
ions:
-
generalandby-electi
ons.
 Acandidateisnomi natedby1 0
ELECTORALPROCESSANDFUNCTI
ONSOF regi
steredvotersofanar ea.
GOVERNMENTSINOTHERPARTSOFTHE
WORLD. Vot
err
egi
str
ati
on

Br
it
ain  I
tisorgani
zedbythelocalaut
hori
ti
es
 Post
alvoteispos
sibl
eforthoseouts
ide
 Bri
tainhasacons tit
utionalmonarchy duri
ngvoti
ngtime/per i
od.
syst
em ofgover nment.  Thereare650consti
tuenci
es.
 Thegover nmentadher estothe
Constit
ution,t
hought hemonar chyis
notelected.
 I
n1215,Ki ngJohns i
gnedt heMagna
Carta(GreatCharter)whichstat
edt : El
hat ect
ioncampai
gnsandvot
ing:
Di
squal
if
icat
ionf
orcont
ender
s
a).Noman’ spropert
ywoul
dbetaken
withoutcons ent
.
1. Clergymenofchur chesofEngland,
b).Noper sonwouldbei
mpris
onedwithout
Scotland,Ir
elandandRomanCat hol
ic
fai
randl egaltri
al.
Chur ch.
2.Hol der sofcert
ainoffi
cese.
g.judges.
 Thismar kedani mportantstepf or ward 3.Al i
ens .
int hedevel opmentofcons ti
tut i
onal 4.Member sofHouseofLor ds
.
monar chyi nEngland.
t
h
 17 Cent ury,par l
iamentpass edt heBi l
l Cont
endersmus tnotneces
saril
yres
ide
ofRi ght s
. fr
om t
heircons
tituenci
essolongasthey
 1689,t hepar li
amentpas sedt hatt he arer
egis
teredvot er
s.
kinghadt or ul
eundert hedir ectionof
parliament . 1. Hedepos i
ts500s terli
ngpounds
 1832,event hepoorwer eall
owedt o refundableifheget s5%oft het ot
al
vote,accor dingtot herefor
m bi llwhich votesint hecons tit
uency.
waspas sed. 2.P.M.announcest heel ect
ionday,a
mont hbef or
et hepol li
ngday.
El
ect
oralpr
oces
sinBr
it
ain 3.Eachcandi dateappoi ntsanof f
ici
alagent
.
4.Eachpar tyisallocatedaf ewf r
ee
 Twomai npart
iesareCons
ervati
veand broadcastsdur i
ngcampai gnsonTV
Labourpar
ties
. stati
onsandmoneyf orcampaigns.
 Theotherpart
iesincl
udel
iber
aland 5.Thepar tywithmor es eatswins,and
 pr
oducest
hePM. workinhisdepar t
ment .
2.Ci vilservi
ceimparti
alit
y–s erve
Formati
on/St r
uct
ureoftheBri
tis
h whoevermi ni
sterintheoffice.
government. 3.Mi ni
stersmakepol i
ciesandcivil
servantsimplementthem.
1)
.Executi
ve 4.Tr aditi
onalassumptionthatitisnott
he
tas
koft hecivi
lservi
cet o
ThisisthePM,monarch,mini
ster
sandci
vil initi
atechangeorpl anthef ut
ure
servant
s. development .

a)
.Pr
imeMi
nis
ter–F
unct
ions Rol
eofci
vils
ervi
ce

1. He/sheappoi ntsanddi smisses 1. Toadvi semi nis t

er s
.
ministersbutwi thcons entofmonar chy. 2.Toi mpl ementgover nmentpol i
cies .
2.He/ sher ecommendst omonar chy, 3.Topr ovi decont i
nuityinthegover nment.
candidatesf orappoi nt mentofs enior
judi
cialof f
icese. g.j udges .
3.He/ shei sal s ochar gedwi thpr es idi
ng
overcabi netmeet ings .
4.He/ shes ettlesdi s putesbet ween
department s. 2).Legis lative
5.He/ shecont rolst hecabi nets ecr etariat
andover seest hei mpl ement ationof Functionsofpar l
iament
cabinetdeci sions .
6.He/ shel eadsHous eofCommons . 1.I tmakes ,amendsandabol i
shesl aws .
7.He/ shel eadst hegov er nmentandt he 2.Al lot heri nstitutionsder i
vepowerf r
om
part
yt hatnomi nat eshi m /her . parli
ament .
8.He/ shechangesl awsashe/s hehas 3.I tappr ov esgover nmentbudget .
themaj or i
tybacki ngi npar li
ament . 4.I tsdeci sionscannotbeover rul
edby
courtofl aw.
b).Cabinet-F unct i
ons 5.I tremovesunpopul argovernmentf rom
offi
ce.
1. He/shei nitiates ,cont rolsand
implement spol iticalpol icy. Functionsofmonar chy
2.He/ shemakesdeci sions .
3.He/ shei nitiatesl egi slationandcont r ol
s 1 . He/ sheappr oves/as sentsbill
sbef ore
legi
slati
vepr oces s . theybecomel aws .
4.He/ sheco- or dinat esgover nmentact ivi
ty.2.He/ sheappr ovesal lappoint
ment st o
impor t ants t
at eof fi
ces.
c).Civi
lSer vice 3.He/ shei si nvol vedi nenacti
ngt reat i
es
betweent hegover nmentandot her
Princi
plesofci vilser vice count riesi nr elationtoforeignpol icy.
4.He/ shes ummons/Pr orogues/
1
. Tr adit
ionalaut onomy–t hemi nister dissolvespar liamentwi t
hcons ultation
al
onei sr es pons i
blef orthe witht hePM.
5.He/ shegi vescons entt oal lcabinet Monar
chappr
ovest
heappoi
ntment
s.
appointment s .
6.He/ shehaspowert opar donpeopl ewho Cat
egori
esofMember
sPar
li
amenti
n
havebeenaccus edofcommi t
ti
ng Br
itai
n.
vari
ousof fences .
7.TheMonar chappoi ntsBi shopsoft he 1. Membersel ect
edbyuniver s
alsuff
rage.
ChurchofEngl and/Cr eatepeer sie 2.Member snomi nat
edbyt heMonar ch.
member sofanyoft hef ivenobl eranks 3.Heredit
arypeer s/Royalfamily
li
keBar ons ,Vi scount s,Ear ls ,Dukesand members.
Marquinswhohavet her ightt os i
tin 4.SeniorStatesmen/Lifepeer s.
theHous eofLor ds. 5.SeniorleadersoftheChur chofEngland.
8.He/ sheadvi ses/couns elst heHeadof
Government . Howtobecomeamemberofpar
li
amenti
n
9.He/ sheconf ershonor st opeopl ewho Bri
tai
n.
haver ender eddi s t
ingui shed/
outst
andi ngs ervicest ot hes t
atee.g. 1. Electi
ontot heHouseofCommons.
nominatingamembert ot heHous e. 2.Nomi nati
on.
10.He/shei stheCommanderi n-Chiefof 3.Vi rtueofOffi
ce.
theAr medF or ces. 4.I nheri
tance.
5.Appoi ntmentduet oout
standi
ng
Hi
s/herpar
li
ament
arydut
ies
. performance.

1. He/shes ummonspar l
iamentaf ter Hous
eofLor
ds.
generalelections
2.He/ shepr oroguespar liament .  I
thas1,
200member s
.
3.He/ shedi ssolvesparli
ament .  800–her edi
tar
y,26–bishopsand21
4.He/ shepl ayst heroleofas sent
ingto Lor
dsofappeal.
bi
ll
sbef oret heybecomel aw.  Nosal
ary,butsit
ti
ngall
owance.
5.He/ sheisal soi nvol
vedi nt he
nominatingmember st ot heHous eof Waysofbecomi
ngamembert
oHous
eof
Commons . Lor
ds

Pri
vil
egesenj
oyedbyMember
sof 1.Appoint
edbymonar
chy
Parl
iamenti
nBrit
ain. 2.Heredit
ary.
3.Virt
ueofbeingi
nposi
ti
on/Of
fi
ce.
1. Theyenjoyt hef r
eedom fr
om
haras
smente. g.withi
ntheparli
ament F
unct
ionsofHous
eofLor
ds
premises.
2.Theyal soenj oythef r
eedom ofs
1peech.
.Itsi
tsascour tofappealforcivi
lcases
3.Theyhavet hepr otecti
onagains
ttar
res
hatart
epresidedoverbyt heSpeaker.
forci
vilof
fencesf oraperiodofabout
2.Itfaci
lit
atesHous eofLordsorHous eof
40daysbef oreand40daysaf t
era
Commonsi nlawmaki ng
sessi
onofpar l
iament. 3.Itinit
iat
esr out
ineandnon- contr
oversi
al
bil
lstowhichheHous eofCommonshasno
NB/ThePr
imeMi
nis
terappoi
ntswhi
let
he ti
met oaddr es
s .
4.Itcanhol dbi ll
sf rom Hous eofCommon 1 .Sal ariesar enotdi scuss edbypar li
ament .
l
ongenoughf orpubl icappr oval. 2.Judgesar eappoi ntedongoodbehavi or.
5.Itques tionsmi nistersonact i
viti
esof 3.Aj udgecanonl ybes ackedbya
thegover nment . resolutionf rom bot hhous es .
6.Canaccept ,amendorr ejectbill
si n
coll
abor ationwi tht heHous eofCommons . Dut iesoft hePr imeMi nister .
7.Itdebat esont hegener alissuesof
nati
onalpol icies ,interes ts
. 1. He/ sheappoi nts/di s mi ssesmi nisters
8.I tchecksont hepower soft heexecut ive. wi tht hecons entoft heMonar ch.
9.I tprovi descont inuityfrom one 2.He/ sher ecommendst ot hemonar cht he
parl
iamentt oanot her . appoi ntmentofhi ghr ankingof fi
cer sin
10.I
ti sas ymbolofuni ty. thegover nment/awar dofci vilhonour s
.
3.He/ shechai rscabi netmeet i
ngs .
Hous eofCommons( HC) . 4.He/ shes ettl
esdi sputesbet weenvar ious
gover nmentmi nistri
es/depar tment s.
 Itismadeupof650el ect edmember s 5.He/ shei st hechi efexecut iveashe
f
or5year s. headst hegover nment .
 Itisl edbyt hePM 6.He/ sheover s eest hei mpl ement ationof
 TheChi efof fi
ceri st hes peaker. thec abin etd ecisions .
7.He/ shei st heHeadoft heHous eof
Qualif
ications C ommo ns.
8.Wi tht hes uppor tofpar li
ament ,he/ she
1. Mus tbeaci tizenofBr itai
nort he ca nc h angeo r ame nda ndr epea ll
a w s.
Republ icofI relandoraCommonweal th 9.He/ sher epres entst hecount ryin
subject . intern ati
o nal forum /c onfe rence s.
2.Mus tbe21year sandabove. 10.Th el ead er of t
h ep artyt ha tn omi nated
3.Mus tbenomi natedbyapol iti
calparty him /her .
orani ndependentcandi date. 11
.H e/sh ed e t
ermi neswhent heel ections
aret obehel d.
FunctionsofHous eofCommon
UNITEDSTATESOFAMERI CA
1.Itmakesl aws
2.Itcont rolsexecut i
ve  I thasaf eder algover nmentbas edon
3.Itcont rolsf inance. 5 0s ta t
es .
4.Itcal lsat tent iont oabus esins ociety  Shegai nedi ndependencef rom Br itain
anddemandst hes ettlementof on4/ 7/ 177 6
publ i
cgr ievances .  I tscons ti
tuti
onwasdr aft
edi n1787i n
5.Itt rainsf utur el eader s. Phi l
adel phiabyt heor iginal1 3s tates.
 Of f
icialsinpar l
iamentar eel ectedbyt he
peopl e.
Judici
ar y
 Itisi ndependentoft hegover nment . Electoralpr oces s

How? Vot
ing–el
ect
ionsar
eatt
hef
oll
owi
ng
l
evels
:-
 1. TheyhaveaGover norwhoi st he
1.Hous eofr epr esent atives–2year sterm. admi ni strati
vehead.
2.Gov ernor s–4year st erm. 2.Eachs tatehasl awc our t
swhi chhandl e
3.Senat e–6year st erm. internalaf f
airs.
3.Eachs tatehasi tss ocialameni tiesl i
ke
Qual ificationsf orcandi dat es educat i
on,heal t
handpubl icwel fare.
4.Eachs tatei sr es pons iblef ori tsown
1.HR–mus tbe25year sol dandaci ti
zen devel opment .
foratl eas t7year s. 5.Eachs tatehasi tsowncapi tal.
2.Senat ors–atl eas t30year sol d,mor al l
y 6.Eachs tategener atesi tsownr evenue.
uprightandaci ti
zenf oratl eas t9year s. 7.Eachs tatehass t
at elegi slaturest opas s
3.Pr es i
dent i
alcandi dat e–aci tizenby statel aws .
birth,aged35year sandabove,mus thave 8.Eachs tatehass t
at epol icet omai ntain
resided lawandor der .
inAmer ica f oratl eas t1 4year s,Shoul d
nothavebeent hepr esidentf or2t erms ,if F unctionsoft hepol i
ticalpar ti
es .
not
ani ndependentcandi dat e,he/smus t 1 .Theymakeel ectoralpol i
ticscoher entby
benomi nat edbyar egis teredpol it
icalpar ty acti
ngasagent sofeachcandi dat e.
and 2.Theyar et hepar tylabelast heyhel pthe
mus tbemor al
lyupr ight . voterst os or toutt hecandi dat es .
3.Theypr ovideaccount abi l
ity,t huswhen
Elect ions partypol iciesf ail,thevot ers canhol di t
s
candi dat esaccount ableatel ect i
ont i
me.
 Thet womaj orpar tiesar et her epubl can 4.Theyhel
i pt oputt hedes ireoft he
anddemocr aticpar t
ies . peopleont hegover nmentpol i
cyagenda.
 Par tiesnomi natet heirpr esidential 5.Theypr ovideout letforci ti
zenst o
candi dates ,whowi l
llat ercont es tatt he expres sth e i
r se ntime ntsa bo ut no minees .
finall evel . 6.Theyar eagenci esofpol iti
caleducat i
on.
 Theycanei therus ecl os edpr i
mar ies 7.Th eyn o mi n atec an didatesf or elec ti
ons
( onl ypar tymember st oel ect)oropen t ovar i
ouspol it
icalof fi
ces .
pr i
mar i
es( from ei therpar ti
est ovot e).
 Pr es i
dent i
alel ectionst akepl acei n Howt heUSgover nmenti sor gani zed.
Novemberdur i
ngt heel ect i
onyear .
 Thepr es i
dent ialcandi dat epi cksa 1.I tisaf eder alr epubl i
ccons istingof50
r unni ngmat ewhoi sappr ovedbyt he states .
par ty. 2.Eachs tatei sar epubl icwi thit sown
 I fhewi ns ,thisr unni ngmat ebecomes gover nment .
t heV. P. 3.E ac hs ta t
ei sh eadedbyagover nor .
4.Eachs tatehasi tsowncons ti
tut i
on
 Thepr es i
denti sel ect edbyt heEl ectoral
guidingi nter nalaf f
airsl i
keeducat ion.
Col lege( bodywhos emember sar e
5.Thef eder algover nmenti sheadedbya
chos enf rom amongt hes tates).
pres i
dentel ectedaf t
er4year s .
6.Thepr es identi sas si
s tedbyaVi ce
Feat ur esofs tategover nment sint heUSA.
Pres i
denti nadmi nister i
ngt hecount r
y
 andcant akeoveri ncas et hepr es i
dent 1 0.I tgi vesgr ant stot hei ndividuals tates.
dies. 11.I tes t ablishesf eder alpos talservices .
7.Thef eder algov’ thasabi camer al 12.I tes t ablishesf eder alar myordef ens e
legisl
at ur econs i
s ti
ngoft heSenat eand for ces .
theHous eofRepr es ent ativesand 13.I tcont r
olst radebet weens tatesand
togetheri ti scalledTheCongr ess . ot hernat ions .
8.Eachs tatei srepr es ent edi nt he 14.I tcont r
olspr intingandci rculati
onof
Congr es sby2s enat orswhoar eelected cur rency.
bypopul arvot es .
9.TheCongr es schecksont hepower sof F unct ionsofs t
at egover nment s
thepr es ident .
10.TheCongr es smakesl aws . 1.Theyes t
ablishl awcour tfort heirinternal
11.TheSt ateJudi ci
ar yc ompr i
sest he affairs .
Feder alCour t
sandt heSupr emeCour t
. 2.Theypr ovideeducat ionalf acil
iti
es,heal t
h
12.TheSupr emeCour ti st hehi ghes tcourt
. etc.
13.Therei ss eparationofpowerbet ween 3.St atepol icet omai ntainl awandor der.
theexecut i
ve,Legi slatur eandt he 4.Togener ater evenueneces saryfor
Judiciar y. dischar gi ngi t
sr es pons i
bi li
ties.
14.TheF eder algover nmentcont rolsforei
gn Legi s l
at ur e
aff
airs,def ens e,int er nat i
onalt rade,
taxati
on,i ssuingofcur r
encyaswel las  I thast hes enat eandHous eof
solvi
ngdi s putesbet weens t
atesand Repr es entatives ,withequalpower s.
citi
zensofdi f
ferents tat es.  TheSenat eappr ovespr es idential
15.TheCongr es scont rol sgov’ trevenue appoi ntment s.
andexpendi ture.  I tcanal sor atif
yf orei gnt reaties.
16.TheSecr et ari
es( Mi ni sters )are  TheHous eofCommonsar eelectedf or
appoint edbyt hepr es i
dentandar enot 2year s.
member soft heCongr es s.Once  I tdeal swi tht axandf inance.
appoint ed,t heyhavet obeconf irmedby  Hecanal soor ganizef ort he
theCongr ess. impeachmentofapr es i
dent .
F
unct
ionsoft
heUSF
eder
algover
nment
. F
eat
uresoft
heAmer
icancons
tit
uti
on.
1. Levyingandr egulati
ngtaxeswi thinUSA.1 .I
tisawr ittencons ti
tut
ion.
2.Itdecl areswarandpeace,r ais
eand 2.I
tisi nterpretedbyt heSupr emeCour t.
suppor tarmedf orces. 3.I
tist hes upr emel awoft hel and.
3.Itregul atescommer cewithf or
eign 4.I
tcont ainst heBi l
lofRightswhi ch
nati
onsandt hef ederalst
atesof USA. st
ipulatesRi ghtsandF reedomst obe
4.Itregul atest heval ueofUSAcur rency. enjoyedbyAmer i
cancitizens .
5.Ithandl esf oreignaf f
air
sbyf ormul ati
ng 5.Its pell
soutt hepr ocessofamendment
for
eignpol i
cies . ofthecons ti
t ut
ion.
6.Its ol
vesdi sputesbet weent hes tates. 6.Itpr ovidesabi camerallegislaturemade
7.Itadmi tsnews t
atesintheUni on. upoft hes enat eandt heHous eof
8.Enact ingandpas singnewf ederallaws . Repres entatives.
9.Ites tablishesf ederalcourt
s . 7.I
tpr ovidesf orthes eparationofpower
 bet weent heExecut i
ve,Legi sl
at ureand 8.He/ sheist heHeadofGover nment .
theJudi ciar ybr anchesoft heF ederal
gover nment . Howt hePr es i
dent ’spower/conducti s
checkedandcont rolled.
Funct i
onsoft hecongr es s
1. TheCongr esscheckst hepoweroft he
1.I tcheckst heexecut ivesar m of presi
dentbyappr ovi ngal lappointment s
gover nment . made
2.I tappr ov est axat i
onandens urest hat byhi m.
thegover nmentexpendi tureif 2.TheCongr esscanr efus etoappr oveus e
effect ivel yus edaccount edfor. ofgov ernmentf undsf oraf orei
gnpol icy.
3.I tmakesl awsbydi scus s i
ngbi ll
sbef ore 3.TheCongr esscani mpeacht he
thepr es identgi vesas s ent. presi
dent .
4.I tamendsl awswhi chhavebeen 4.TheSupr emeCour tcandecl area
appr ovedbyal lthes tategover nment s. presi
dentt ohaveact eduncons t
ituti
onally.
5.Senat eandpr es i
dentgi veappr ovalfor 5.Thecons tituti
onl imi tst hepres i
dentt o
treat iest obes ignedf orhar moni ous 2four-yeart er msi nof f
ice.
li
vi ngwi thot hercount ri
es/di plomat i
c 6.Themas smedi acancheckont he
ties . presi
dent ’sact ionands peech.
6.Pr es identands enateappoi nts enior 7.Pr es suregr oupsal soactont he
civils ervant s. presi
dent ’sact ion.
7.I tappoi nt sacommi s
s ionofi nqui ryto 8.ThePubl i
copi nionr eflectsthewi s
hesof
inves tigat emat t
ersofnat ional thepeopl eandt hepr es identhast ores pect
impor tance. it.
.
8.I tdi scus s esi ssuest hataf fectt helives 9.ThePr esident ’
spar tyisal wayscar eful
oft heci tizens . nottol os eitsmaj orityi ncongr es s.
9.I tes t abl i
s hes ,mai ntainsandcont rols
theUSar medf orces. Quali
ficationsf orVi cePr es i
dent.
10.Itadmi tsnewmember st otheUSA
uni on. 1.35year sofage.
2.Amer i
canbybi rth.
Execut iver ol esoft hepr es ident 3.Ber es i
dentf or1 4year s .

1. He/sheheadsofs tat
e. Rol
esofCi
vilSer
vice
2.He/ sheappoi ntscabinetmi ni
s t
ersand
seniorcivi
ls ervantswithapprovalofthe 1.Itimplement sgovernmentpol i
cies.
congress. 2.Itexplainsthegover nmentpolici
es.
3.He/ shegui desandcont r
olsforeign 3.Itmaintainsgover nmentrecords.
aff
airs/Chi efdiplomat. 4.Itcoll
ect sgovernmentrevenue.
4.He/ sheist heCommanderi n-Chiefof 5.Itadvicespoliti
ciansonpolici
es .
thear medf orces. 6.Itprovidescontinuit
ybetween
5.He/ shepr es i
desovert heSenat e. gov
ernment s.
6.He/ shepr es i
desovercabi netmeet i
ngs. 7.Itdrawsdevel opmentplansand
7.He/ sheappoi ntsSupr emeCour tJudges gov
ernmentbudget s.
incl
udingt heChi efJusti
ce.
Judi
ciar
y I
NDI
A

 St atecour tsandf eder alcour tsf rom  Shehasaf eder algover nment .
theUSJudi ci ar y.  Sheat tainedi ndependencef rom Br i
tain
 I ns tat ecour ts ,judgesar eel ect edby in1 947.
thepeopl efors hor tt er ms .  Hercons tituti
onwasputi noper ationi n
 F eder alcour t scompr ise–Supr eme 1950.
Cour t,ci rcuitcour ts,cour tofappeal ,
districtcour ts ,cour tofcl aimsand
cour tofcus toms .
 Judgesher ear eappoi ntedbyt he El
ectoralpr oces s
pres ident–wi thadvi ceofs enat ef or
li
fe.  Thecount ryi sdi videdi ntos i
ngl e
memberdi s tr
icts.
Mer it
soft hef eder algover nment/  Thememberwhowi nst hel arges t
advant ages numberofvot est akest hes eat .
 Somedi str i
ctsar et r aditi
onallyr es erved
1.I tenabl ess ever aldi ffer ents tatesand fort hemi nor i
tygr oupse. g.lowercas tes.
nat ionaliti
est ol i
vet oget her .  Candi dat espayadepos itwhi chi s
2.I tenabl esmember sofdi ff
erents tates refundedi ftoget s1 /6oft hevot es .
tocomet oget herwi thoutl os i
ngt hei r  Elect i
onsar eorgani zedbyt heEl ectoral
i
dent it
y. Commi ssion.
3.I tenabl ess tatest ot ackl et hei rc ommon  Thepar tiesi nclude:t heIndianCongr es s
pr oblemsj oi ntlyeg. pol lut i
on. Par ty( C. P.),Bhar atiyaJanat apar ty,
4.I tens ur ess ecur ityf ors mal ls tates Bahuj anJamalpar ty,communi stpart y
thr ought hej ointfor ces . ofI ndi a,Communi stPar tyofI ndi a
5.I tenabl ess ever als tat eswor kasa (Mar xi st)andot herr egionalpar ti
es .
pol it
icaluni t .
6.I tens ur est hatt hei nter es tsofs mal land Howt hegover nmenti sor ganized.
mi nor i
tygr oupsar econs ider ed.
7.I tenabl esmembers tatest obenef it 1.Indiahasaf eder als ys t
em of
from poolofr es ources . gover nment .
8.I teas est radebyr emovi ngcus tom 2.Shehasawr i
ttencons tit
ution.
dut iesandus eofcommon cur r ency. 3.Shehast hreear msofgover nment :
9.I tavai lsal ar germar ketf orgoods execut ive,l egi s
lat ureandj udi ci
ar y.
pr oducedi nt hevar iouss tat es. 4.Thel egi slaturehast wohous es :the
Lowerandt heUpperhouse.
Di
sadvant
ages/demer
it
s 5.TheLowerhous eisthel
awmaki ng
body.
1.Temptat
iontopulloutbycountr
ieswi
th 6.Thefederalst
atei
sheadedbyt he
moreeconomicresources. presi
dent.
2.Leadersarefor
cedt obefl
exibl
edueto 7.Thegovernmentisheadedbyt hepri
me
morefr
eedom accordedto minis
ter.
t
hestates
. 8.Poweriss har
edbetweens t
ate
governmentsandtheunion/feder
al
 government. 1
0.He/s
heistheleaderoft hepoli
ti
cal
9.Thepr i
memi nist
erchairsthecabi
net par
tythatnominateshim/her.
meetings. 1
1.He/s
hepardonsoffenders/issues
1
0.Eachs t
ategovernmenti sheadedbya cl
emencytooffenders.
governor. 1
2.He/s
hemakesdecl arat
ionsforcert
ain
1
1.ShehasaSupr emeCour theadedbyt he uni
queterri
tor
ies.
ChiefJusti
ce.
1
2.Eachs t
atehasal egi
slati
vecounci
lthat St
agesofel
ect
ionoft
hepr
imemi
nis
ter
.
makesl awsforthestate.
1. He/sheisnominatedbyapar ti
cular
F
unct
ionsoft
heI
ndi
anGover
nment part
y.
2.He/ sheiselect
edinacons ti
tuency.
Execut
ive 3.He/ shehast obealeaderofhispar ty.
4.Shoul dthepartywintheelecti
ons ,he
 Itisheadedbyt hepr esidentwhois i
sas sumedt obetheautomaticpr i
me
electedfor5year sterm. mini
s t
er.
 TheVi cePr es
identi selectedfor5 5.Thepr es
identhastoconsenttothi s.
yearst er
m byt hehous eofpeopl e 6.Thepr es
identswearsint
hepr ime
andupperhous e. mini
s t
er.
 Itals
ohast hePr imeMi nist
erand
theCounci lofmi nis
ters. Condi
ti
onsf
orpr
esi
dencyi
nIndi
a.

F
unct
ionsoft
heI
ndi
anPr
esi
dent
. 1. He/ shes houldbeaci ti
zenofI ndia.
2.He/ shes houldbeaged35year sand
1. He/s hedi ssolves/cal lsel ectionsof ab ove.
theLowerHous eofpar l
iament/Hous e 3.He/ shes houldqualif
yf orel ect
ionsasa
ofrepr esent ative. memberofHous eoft hePeopl e.
2.Thepr esidentas sents/vet oesbi l
lst hat 4 .H e/shes houldn otbeag o vernment
havebeenpas sedbypar li
ament . empl oyee/nothol dof f
iceofpr ofit
3.Hei st hecommanderI n-chi efoft he w i
thint heg overnmen t.
armedf orces . 5.He/ shes houldbenomi nat edbya
4.He/ sheappoi ntss tate po l
it
ica lpart
y.
gover nors /attorneygener al/Supr eme
Cour tjudges . Whent heVi cepr esi
dentmayt akeovert he
5.He/ shedecl aresas tateofemer gency president’soffi
cei nIndia.
whennat ionals ecurityist hreatened.
6.He/ sheappoi ntst hepr imemi nisteron 1 .Whent hes it
ti
ngpr esidentdi es.
adviceoft hepar li
ament/cal l
st he 2.Ifthepr esi
dentbecomesi ncapacitated.
l
eaderoft hewi nningpar tyt ofor mt he 3. Wh enth ep r
e si
dent r
e si
g ns .
gover nment . 4.Whent hepres i
dentisr emoved/
7.He/ shei sas ymbolofnat ionaluni ty. i
mp eached .
8.He/ shees t
abl ishess peci altr i
bunal sto
arbi
trat eint er-statedis put es. Functionsoft hePr imeMi nisterofI ndia.
9.He/ shenomi nates1 2member st ot he
UpperHous e/Counci lofSt ates . 1. He/ sheadvi sesthepr esidentont he
 appoint
mentoft hecabi net. Hous eoft hePeopl e(LokSabha) -
2.He/shechairscabi netmeet i
ngs . 545member sandUpperHous e–
3.He/sheisthechi efs pokes personoft he 250member s.
government.  Thepr es i
dentnomi nates1 2
4.He/sheadvisesont heappoi ntmentof member stot heupper -hous efor
seni
oroffi
cersint hegover nment . specialinterestsl
ikear ts,andot her
5.He/sherecommendsper sonsf ort he professional
s( CouncilofSt ate-
awardsofcivilhonour sanddi stinctions. RagyaSabha) .
1
6.Withtheadviceoft hepr es i
dent ,he/ she  /3o fthemember soft heUpper
candissol
vet heLowerhous e. Hous e,theyar eelectedf or3year s
7.He/sheisans werabl etot hepar l
iament term;ot hersfor6year s .
onmat t
ersofnat ionalconcer n.  IntheLowerHous e,member sare
8.He/sheheadst heCounci lofmi nisters electedonbas isofsingle-member
andthegover nment . cons t
ituenci
esf or5year st erm.
 TheSpeakeri selectedf rom among
F
unct
ionsoft
heCabi
net thesemember s.
1.Itappr ovesallproposalsforlegisl
ature Judici
ary
enactmentofgover nmentpol icy.
2.Itr ecommendsal lmaj orappointments.  Ther eisas upremecour tof17judges
3.Its ettl
esinter
depar t
ment aldis
cords . andchiefj
udge- appoi
ntedbythe
4.Itcoor dinat
esactivit
iesofgover nment. presi
dent.
5. I tdefendsgover nmentdeci si
onsand
poli
cies.
6. I tpresentsbil
lst otheLowerHous eof  Thecour thandl esbothinter
naland
theLegCo. exter
nalmat t
ers .
7. Itappr ovesthebudget .

Legi
slat
ure

1. Legislatingormaki ngl awsfort he

country.
2.Toi mpeacht hepres i
dentandt oremove
judgesofSupr emeCour tandhi ghcourt
,
judges ,Chi efelecti
oncommi s
sionerand
controllerandaudi torGener al.
3.I tdeclar esands anctionsthe
establishmentofnat i
onalhighwaysand
waterways .
4.I tisinchar geofs ecur i
ty,l
awandor der
fortheUni on.
5.I tcani niti
at econs t
ituti
onalamendment s.

 I
thas2hous
es:LowerChamber/