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OLAP Cubes and Analytical Operations of OLAP

OLAP cubes allow analysts to analyze multidimensional data from multiple sources simultaneously. An OLAP cube consists of measures categorized by dimensions and stores data in a logical structure optimized for quick analysis. Basic analytical OLAP operations include roll-up, drill-down, slice, dice, and pivot. Roll-up consolidates data by climbing concept hierarchies or reducing dimensions. Drill-down fragments data into smaller parts by increasing dimensions or descending hierarchies. Slice and dice create subcubes by selecting one or more dimensions as filters. Pivot rotates the data view within a slice.

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144 views15 pages

OLAP Cubes and Analytical Operations of OLAP

OLAP cubes allow analysts to analyze multidimensional data from multiple sources simultaneously. An OLAP cube consists of measures categorized by dimensions and stores data in a logical structure optimized for quick analysis. Basic analytical OLAP operations include roll-up, drill-down, slice, dice, and pivot. Roll-up consolidates data by climbing concept hierarchies or reducing dimensions. Drill-down fragments data into smaller parts by increasing dimensions or descending hierarchies. Slice and dice create subcubes by selecting one or more dimensions as filters. Pivot rotates the data view within a slice.

Uploaded by

Tanish Saajan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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OLAP Cube and Analytical

operations of OLAP

Dr. Atul Garg


Index
• OLAP Cubes
• Roll up
• Drill down
• Slice and Dice
• Pivot Table
OLAP Cube

Online Analytical Processing (OLAP) is a category of software that allows


users to analyze information from multiple database systems at the same
time. It is a technology that enables analysts to extract and view business data
from different points of view.
Analysts frequently need to group, aggregate and join data. These OLAP
operations in data mining are resource intensive. With OLAP data can be pre-
calculated and pre-aggregated, making analysis faster.
OLAP databases are divided into one or more cubes. The cubes are designed
in such a way that creating and viewing reports become easy.
OLAP Cube
At the core of the OLAP concept, is an OLAP Cube. The OLAP cube is a data
structure optimized for very quick data analysis.
OLAP Cube

The OLAP Cube consists of numeric facts called measures which are categorized by
dimensions. OLAP Cube is also called the hypercube.
Usually, data operations and analysis are performed using the simple spreadsheet, where
data values are arranged in row and column format. This is ideal for two-dimensional
data. However, OLAP contains multidimensional data, with data usually obtained from
a different and unrelated source. Using a spreadsheet is not an optimal option. The cube
can store and analyze multidimensional data in a logical and orderly manner.
How does it work?
A Data warehouse would extract information from multiple data sources and formats
like text files, excel sheet, multimedia files, etc.
The extracted data is cleaned and transformed. Data is loaded into an OLAP server (or
OLAP cube) where information is pre-calculated in advance for further analysis.
Basic analytical operations of OLAP

Four types of analytical OLAP operations are:


• Roll-up
• Drill-down
• Slice and dice
• Pivot (rotate)
Roll-up

Roll-up is also known as “consolidation” or “aggregation.” The Roll-up operation can be


performed in 2 ways
1. Reducing dimensions
2. Climbing up concept hierarchy. Concept hierarchy is a system of grouping things based
on their order or level.
Roll-up operations in OLAP

• In this example, cities New jersey and Lost


Angles and rolled up into country USA
• The sales figure of New Jersey and Los
Angeles are 440 and 1560 respectively. They
become 2000 after roll-up
• In this aggregation process, data is location
hierarchy moves up from city to the country.
• In the roll-up process at least one or more
dimensions need to be removed. In this
example, Cities dimension is removed.
Drill Down

In drill-down data is fragmented into smaller parts. It is the opposite


of the rollup process. It can be done via
1. Moving down the concept hierarchy
2. Increasing a dimension
Drill-down operations in OLAP

Consider the diagram:


• Quater Q1 is drilled down to months
January, February, and March.
Corresponding sales are also registered.
• In this example, dimension months are
added.
Slice Operations

Here, one dimension is selected, and a new sub-cube is created.

•Dimension Time is Sliced with Q1 as the filter.


•A new cube is created altogether.

Slice operation in OLAP


Dice operations
This operation is similar to a slice. The difference in dice is you select 2
or more dimensions that result in the creation of a sub-cube.
Pivot operations in OLAP
This term refers to a new view of data available within a Slice of a multidimensional OLAP Cube.
As an example: a financial analyst might want to view or “pivot” data in various ways, such as
displaying all the cities down the page and all the products across a page.

It is also known as rotation operation as it


rotates the current view to get a new
view of the representation. In the sub-
cube obtained after the slice operation,
performing pivot operation gives a new
view of it.
In Pivot, analyst rotate the data axes to
provide a substitute presentation of data.
In this example, the pivot is based on item
types.
References
• R.N. Prasad and Seema Acharya, “Fundamentals of Business
Analytics”, Wiley India Publishers.
• https://www.guru99.com/online-analytical-processing.html
• https://olap.com/learn-bi-olap/olap-bi-definitions/pivot/
Thanks

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