EST

I – Literacy Test II

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National ID _____________________________________
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Duration: 65 minutes
52 Multiple Choice Questions

Instructions:
- Place your answer on the answer sheet. Mark only one answer for each of the multiple
choice questions.
- Avoid guessing. Your answers should reflect your overall understanding of the
subject matter.
 The following edited passage is an life, I know of none more promising
excerpt from The Legend of Sleepy 45 than this little valley.
Hollow by Washington Irving,
introducing the history of Sleepy From the listless repose of the place,
Hollow. and the peculiar character of its
inhabitants, who are descendants of the
In the bosom of one of those spacious original Dutch settlers, this sequestered
coves which indent the eastern shore of 50 glen has long been known by the name
the Hudson, at that broad expansion of of SLEEPY HOLLOW, and its rustic
the river denominated by the ancient lads are called the Sleepy Hollow Boys
5 Dutch navigators the Tappan Zee, and throughout all the neighboring country.
where they always prudently shortened A drowsy, dreamy influence seems to
sail and implored the protection of God 55 hang over the land, and to pervade the
when they crossed, there lies a small very atmosphere. Some say that the
market town or rural port, which by place was bewitched by a High German
10 some is called Greensburgh, but which doctor, during the early days of the
is more generally and properly known settlement; others, that an old Indian
by the name of Tarry Town. This name 60 chief, the wizard of his tribe, held his
was given, we are told, in former days, powwows there before the country was
by the good housewives of the adjacent discovered by Master Hendrick Hudson.
15 country, from the inveterate propensity Certain it is, the place still continues
of their husbands to linger about the under the sway of some witching power,
village inn on market days. Be that as it 65 that holds a spell over the minds of the
may, I do not vouch for the fact, but good people, causing them to walk in a
merely advert to it, for the sake of being continual reverie. They are given to all
20 precise and authentic. Not far from this kinds of marvellous beliefs, are subject
village, perhaps about two miles, there to trances and visions, and frequently
is a little valley or rather lap of land 70 see strange sights, and hear music and
among high hills, which is one of the voices in the air. The whole
quietest places in the whole world. A neighborhood abounds with local tales,
25 small brook glides through it, with just haunted spots, and twilight
murmur enough to lull one to repose; superstitions; stars shoot and meteors
and the occasional whistle of a quail or 75 glare oftener across the valley than in
tapping of a woodpecker is almost the any other part of the country, and the
only sound that ever breaks in upon the nightmare, with her whole ninefold,
30 uniform tranquillity. seems to make it the favorite scene of
her gambols.
I recollect that, when a stripling, my
first exploit in squirrel-shooting was in a 80 The dominant spirit, however, that
grove of tall walnut-trees that shades haunts this enchanted region, and seems
one side of the valley. I had wandered to be commander-in-chief of all the
35 into it at noontime, when all nature is powers of the air, is the apparition of a
peculiarly quiet, and was startled by the figure on horseback, without a head. It
roar of my own gun, as it broke the 85 is said by some to be the ghost of a
Sunday stillness around and was Hessian trooper, whose head had been
prolonged and reverberated by the angry carried away by a cannon-ball, in some
40 echoes. If ever I should wish for a nameless battle during the
retreat whither I might steal from the Revolutionary War, and who is ever and
world and its distractions, and dream 90 anon seen by the country folk hurrying
quietly away the remnant of a troubled along in the gloom of night, as if on the

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 wings of the wind. His haunts are not 4. What is the main idea of the
confined to the valley, but extend at third paragraph?
times to the adjacent roads, and A. To discuss how Sleepy
95 especially to the vicinity of a graveyard Hollow got its name.
at no great distance. Indeed, certain of B. To outline the mystical
the most authentic historians of those aspect of Sleepy Hollow.
parts, who have been careful in
C. To introduce the Sleepy
collecting and collating the floating Hollow Boys.
100 facts concerning this spectre, allege that D. To make it clear that those in
the body of the trooper having been Sleepy Hollow are the
buried in the graveyard, the ghost rides descendants of Dutch
forth to the scene of battle in nightly settlers.
quest of his head, and that the rushing
105 speed with which he sometimes passes 5. Which of the following is true of
along the Hollow, like a midnight blast, the headless horseman?
is owing to his being belated, and in a A. His apparition is simply a
hurry to get back to the graveyard myth.
before daybreak. B. His grave can be found in
1. Which of the following best Sleepy Hollow.
describes the narrator? C. He seeks vengeance against
the people of Sleepy Hollow.
A. lost in past memories D. He only haunts the valley of
B. an accurately detailed
Sleepy Hollow.
storyteller
C. a whimsical adventurer 6. Which choice best provides
D. hesitant to recall the past evidence for the answer to the
previous question?
2. Which choice best provides
evidence for the answer to the A. Lines 80-84 (“The … head.”)
previous question? B. Lines 92-96 (“His …
distance.”)
A. Lines 17-20 (“Be …
C. Lines 100-102 (“allege …
authentic.”) graveyard,”)
B. Lines 31-34 (“I … valley.”) D. Lines 102-106 (“the …
C. Lines 40-45 (“If … valley.”) Hollow,”)
D. Lines 54-56 (“A …
atmosphere.”) 7. Which of the following is NOT
mentioned in the passage?
3. As used in line 26, “lull” most
nearly means A. The first settlers in Sleepy
Hollow were Dutch.
A. dupe. B. Local tales are plentiful in
B. reduce. Sleepy Hollow.
C. convince. C. The spirit that haunts Sleepy
D. calm. Hollow most is the headless
horseman.
D. It is assumed that a High
German doctor bewitched
Sleepy Hollow.

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8. According to the passage, in
lines 40-45, why would the
narrator want to retreat into the
little valley?
A. Because it is serene and
silent.
B. Because it is secluded.
C. Because he can hunt.
D. Because he can dream
peacefully.
9. As used in line 87, “carried
away” most nearly means
A. sustained.
B. won over.
C. removed.
D. transported.
10. According to the passage, the
narrator mentions the battle in
line 88 as “nameless” most
likely to suggest that
A. there is an eeriness to the
battle.
B. the headless horseman lost
his head in a battle so
insignificant, its name is
unrecalled.
C. the battle is yet to be known.
D. the battle is nameless just
like the horseman.

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 The following edited passage is taken voyage to the South Seas with three
from The Story of Geographical ships. He discovered the New Hebrides,
Discovery by Joseph Jacobs on the and believed it formed part of the
discovery of Australia. southern continent, and he therefore
50 named it Australia del Espiritu Santo, and
If one looks at the west coast of Australia hastened home to obtain the viceroyalty
one is struck by the large number of of this new possession. One of his ships
Dutch names which are jotted down the got separated from him, and the
coast. There is Hoog Island, Diemen's commander, Luys Vaz de Torres, sailed
5 Bay, Houtman's Abrolhos, De Wit land, 55 farther to the south-west, and thereby
and the Archipelago of Nuyts, besides learned that the New Australia was not a
Dirk Hartog's Island and Cape Leeuwin. continent but an island. He proceeded
To the extreme north we find the Gulf of farther till he came to New Guinea, which
Carpentaria, and to the extreme south the he coasted along the south coast, and
10 island which used to be called Van 60 seeing land to the south of him, he thus
Diemen's Land. It is not altogether to be passed through the straits since named
wondered at that almost to the middle of after him, and was probably the first
this century the land we now call European to see the continent of
Australia was tolerably well known as Australia. In the very same year (1606)
15 New Holland. If the Dutch had struck the 65 the Dutch yacht named the Duyfken is
more fertile eastern shores of the said to have coasted along the south and
Australian continent, it might have been west coasts of New Guinea nearly a
called with reason New Holland to the thousand miles, till they reached Cape
present day; but there is scarcely any long Keerweer, or "turn again." This was
20 coast-line of the world so inhospitable 70 probably the north-west coast of
and so little promising as that of Western Australia. In the first thirty years of the
Australia, and one can easily understand seventeenth century the Dutch followed
how the Dutch, though they explored it, the west coast of Australia with as much
did not care to take possession of it. industry as the Portuguese had done with
75 the west coast of Africa, leaving up to the
25 But though the Dutch were the first to present day signs of their explorations in
explore any considerable stretch of the names of islands, bays, and capes.
Australian coast, they were by no means Dirk Hartog, in the Endraaght,
the first to sight it. As early as 1542, a discovered that Land which is named
Spanish expedition under Luis Lopez de 80 after his ship, and the cape and roadstead
30 Villalobos, was dispatched to follow up named after himself, in 1616. Jan Edels
the discoveries of Magellan in the Pacific left his name upon the western coast in
Ocean within the Spanish sphere of 1619; while, three years later, a ship
influence. He discovered several of the named the Lioness or Leeuwin reached
islands of Polynesia, and attempted to 85 the most western point of the continent,
35 seize the Philippines, but his fleet had to to which its name is still attached. Five
return to New Spain. One of the ships years later, in 1627, De Nuyts coasted
coasted along an island to which was round the south coast of Australia; while
given the name of New Guinea, and was in the same year a Dutch commander
thought to be part of the great unknown 90 named Carpenter discovered and gave his
40 southern land which Ptolemy had name to the immense indentation still
imagined to exist in the south of the known as the Gulf of Carpentaria.
Indian Ocean, and to be connected in
some way with Tierra del Fuego. But still more important discoveries were
Curiosity was thus aroused, and in 1606 made in 1642 by an expedition sent out
45 Pedro de Quiros was dispatched on a 95 from Batavia under Abel Janssen Tasman

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 to investigate the real extent of the 12. Which of the following could be
southern land. After the voyages of the said about Luys Vaz de Torres?
Leeuwin and De Nuyts it was seen that A. He was known to get lost.
the southern coast of the new land B. His explorations granted the
100 trended to the east, instead of working straits in his name.
round to the west, as would have been the
C. He was the first to explore
case if Ptolemy's views had been correct. Australia.
Tasman's problem was to discover D. He did not seek fame and
whether it was connected with the great wealth.
105 southern land assumed to lie to the south
of South America. Tasman first sailed 13. Which choice best provides
from Mauritius, and then directing his evidence for the answer to the
course to the south-east, going much previous question?
more south than Cape Leeuwin, at last A. Lines 50-52 (“and …
110 reached land in latitude 43.30° and possession.”)
longitude 163.50°. This he called Van B. Lines 52-57 (“one … island.”)
Diemen's Land, after the name of the C. Lines 57-62 (“He … him,”)
Governor-General of Batavia, and it was D. Lines 62-64 (“and …
assumed that this joined on to the land Australia.”)
115 already discovered by De Nuyts.
14. What role does the first sentence
(lines 25-28) in paragraph two
play?
A. It acknowledges a claim and
proposes a new one.
B. It proposes a claim mentioned
in paragraph 1.
C. It rejects a claim by providing
evidence against it.
D. It supports one claim with no
following evidence.
Old Australia
Source: Unknown 15. As used in line 15, “struck” most
nearly means
11. Which of the following statements
best summarizes the passage? A. agreed on.
B. affected.
A. Pedro de Quiros was the first
C. hit.
to sight Australia and one of
D. found.
his ships got separated from
him. 16. According to the passage, how do
B. A Spanish expedition was the historians know if the Dutch have
first to discover Australia and been in a certain area in the past?
recognize it as an island, and A. They find old Dutch ships at
the Dutch settled there for a the ports.
period of time, leaving Dutch B. Paintings and pictures of
names in their wake. Duyfken are found in places
C. Different Dutch explorers the Dutch have landed.
named coasts after C. The Dutch would name places
themselves. in their native language.
D. Tasman was the first to D. Explorations were made in the
explore Australia. southern land.

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17. Which choice best provides 20. The map supports which of the
evidence for the answer to the following ideas from the passage?
previous question? A. “But still more important
A. Lines 64-69 (“In … again.”) discoveries were made in
B. Lines 71-77 (“In … capes.”) 1642 by an expedition sent out
C. Lines 93-97 (“But … land.”) from Batavia under Abel
D. Lines 103-106 (“Tasman’s … Janssen Tasman to investigate
America.”) the real extent of the southern
land.”
18. As used in line 98, “seen” most
B. “If one looks at the west coast
nearly means
of Australia one is struck by
A. watched. the large number of Dutch
B. examined. names which are jotted down
C. understood. the coast.”
D. predicted. C. “If the Dutch had struck the
19. Which of the following does the more fertile eastern shores of
author claim to have been the Australian continent, it
possible? might have been called with
reason New Holland to the
A. The west coast would have present day;”
held more Dutch names if the D. “Jan Edels left his name upon
Dutch had cared to stay. the western coast in 1619;”
B. With time, the west coast
would have become more
hospitable and the Dutch
would have stayed.
C. The Spanish could not have
explored Australia.
D. Australia would still be named
New Holland if fertile lands
were found.

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 The first passage is from Birds of the purple which gleams in bright, varying
Rockies by Leander Sylvester discussing tints in the sun. He closely resembles our
the humming bird. Passage 2, taken from common ruby-throated humming-bird,
The Nests and Eggs of Indian Birds by whose gorget is intense crimson instead
Allan O. Hume, discusses the Punjab 45 of purple, and who does not venture into
raven birds. the Rocky Mountain region, but dwells
exclusively in the eastern part of North
Passage 1 America. It is a little strange that the
eastern part of our country attracts only
Where do you suppose I got my first 50 one species of the large hummer family,
glimpse of the mite in feathers called the while the western portion, including the
broad-tailed humming-bird? It was in a Rocky Mountain region, can boast of at
green bower in the Rocky Mountains in least seventeen different kinds as summer
5 plain sight of the towering summit of residents or visitors.
Pike's Peak, which seemed almost to be
standing guard over the place. Two 55 My attention was first directed to the
brawling mountain brooks met here, and, broad-tailed hummer by seeing him
joining their forces, went with increased darting about in the air with the swiftness
10 speed and gurgle down the glades and of an arrow, sipping honey from the
gorges. As they sped through this ravine, flower cups, and then flying to the twigs
they slightly overflowed their banks, 60 of a dead tree that stood in the marsh.
making a boggy area of about an acre as There he sat, turning his head this way
green as green could be; and here amid and that, and watching me with his keen
15 the grass and bushes a number of birds little eyes. It was plain he did not trust
found a pleasant summer home, among me, and therefore resented my presence.
them the dainty hummer. 65 Though an unwelcome guest, I prolonged
my call for several hours, during which I
From the snow-drifts, still to be seen in made many heroic but vain attempts to
the sheltered gorges of Pike's Peak, the find his nest.
20 breezes would frequently blow down into
the nook with a freshness with no danger But what was the meaning of a sharp,
of intoxication; and it was no wonder that 70 insect-like buzzing that fell at intervals on
the white-crowned sparrows, Lincoln's my ear? Presently I succeeded in tracing
sparrows, the robins and wrens, and the sound to the hummer, which utters it
25 several other species, found in this spot a whenever he darts from his perch and
pleasant place to live. One of the narrow back again, especially if there is a
valleys led directly up to the base of the 75 spectator or a rival near at hand, for
massive cone of the Peak, its stream fed whom he seems in this way to express his
by the snow-fields shining in the sun. contempt. It is a vocal sound, or, at least,
30 Going around by the valley of Seven it comes from his throat, and is much
Lakes, I had walked down from the louder and sharper than the susurrus
summit, but nowhere had I seen the tiny 80 produced by the rapid movement of his
hummer until I reached the green nook wings. This I ascertain by hearing both
just described. Still, he sometimes the sounds at the same time.
35 ascends to an elevation of eleven
thousand feet above the level of the sea. Passage 2

Our feathered dot is gorgeous with his The Punjab Raven breeds throughout the
metallic green upper parts, bordered on Punjab (except perhaps in the Dehra
the tail with purplish black, his white or 85 Ghazee Khan District), in Bhawulpoor,
40 grayish under parts, and his gorget of Bikaneer, and the northern portions of

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 Jeypoor and Jodhpoor, extending rarely 21. Which of the following is NOT
as far south as Sambhur. To Sindh it is mentioned in Passage 1?
merely a seasonal visitant, and I could not A. Breezes in Pike’s Peak invited
90 learn that they breed there, nor have I different birds to take
ever known of one breeding anywhere residence.
east of the Jumna. Even in the Delhi
B. Humming birds can be found
Division of the Punjab they breed in an alcove in Pike’s Peak.
sparingly, and one must go further north C. The humming bird can’t be
95 and west to find many nests. found in the eastern part of
North America.
The breeding-season lasts from early in D. Most humming birds are
December to quite the end of March; but found in the West.
this varies a little according to season and
locality, though the majority of birds 22. Which choice best provides
100 always, I think, lay in January. evidence for the answer to the
previous question?
The nest is generally placed in single A. Lines 18-22 (“From …
trees of no great size, standing in fields or intoxication;”)
open jungle. The thorny Acacias are often B. Lines 30-34 (“Going …
selected, but I have seen them on Sisoo described.”)
105 and other trees. C. Lines 42-48 (“He …
America.”)
The nest, placed in a stout fork as a rule, D. Lines 71-77 (“Presently …
is a large, strong, compact, stick contempt.”)
structure, very like a Rook's nest at home,
and like these is used year after year, 23. Which of the following best
110 whether by the same birds or others of the compares the authors of Passage 1
same species I cannot say. Of course they and Passage 2?
never breed in company: I never found A. Both authors are giving
two of their nests within 100 yards of personal accounts of a specific
each other, and, as a rule, they will not be bird being studied.
115 found within a quarter of a mile of each B. Both authors are sentimental
other. towards wildlife.
C. Both authors are objective as
Five is, I think, the regular complement they recount others’
of eggs; very often I have only found four experiences.
fully incubated eggs, and on two or three D. Both authors tend to stray off
120 occasions six have, I know, been taken in topic.
one nest, though I never myself met with
24. As used in line 63 “plain” most
so many.
nearly means
A. obvious.
B. possible.
C. simple.
D. ordinary.

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25. Which of the following statements 28. In Passage 2, the author speaks
best describes the sequence of from the point of view of a(n)
Passage 1? A. adolescent explorer.
A. The author begins with a B. experienced researcher.
question followed by a C. science high school student.
description of a humming D. diplomat.
bird’s habitat, appearance, and 29. While the author of Passage 1
behavior. emphasizes detail, the author of
B. The author begins with a Passage 2 emphasizes
premise followed by a A. storytelling.
description of a humming B. objective facts.
bird’s habitat, appearance, and C. personal accounts.
behavior. D. statistics.
C. The author begins with a
question followed by the 30. As used in line 86, “portions”
different climates in Pike’s most nearly means
Peak and the humming bird’s A. servings.
appearance. B. amounts.
D. The author begins with a C. shares.
statement followed by how to D. sections.
find a humming bird in the
mountains. 31. In Passage 1, the author uses a
question in lines 1-3
26. According to Passage 2, which of
the following does NOT correctly A. to show a common question
describe the Punjab Raven asked about humming birds.
breeding habits? B. to distract the reader from the
main idea of the passage.
A. Breeding season extends C. as a way to get answers from
throughout the winter. the reader.
B. Thorny Acacias are the best D. as a stylistic device to attract
trees for nesting. the reader.
C. Breeding only occurs in the
south of India.
D. Nesting occurs in pairs.
27. Which choice best provides
evidence for the answer to the
previous question?
A. Lines 87-88 (“extending …
Sambhur.”)
B. Lines 96-100 (“The …
January.”)
C. Lines 103-105 (“The …
trees.”)
D. Line 111-112 (“Of course …
company:”)

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 The following edited passage is taken few words, or a strain of music turned by
from Music and Life by Thomas Whitney an artist, will live on forever. The battle
Surette on beauty and truth. of Gettysburg will become merely a
paragraph of history, the causes for which
I have already stated that the other arts 50 it was fought will be as nothing, but the
have for their ideal that fusing of subject words spoken by Lincoln will be
and expression which in music is preserved for all time, not because they
complete, and I have further stated that were wise, but because they were wise
5 the purpose or object of music is to and beautiful.
present emotion ordered and guided by
the mind and illumined by the 55 There is no escape from this condition.
imagination. In this latter respect all the An occasional great writer has railed at
arts are alike. It is in the very nature of beauty, only to prove finally that his own
10 their being that they seek to find the heart permanence depended on it. Carlyle, for
of the great secret. The purpose of example, was more caustic than usual
painting and sculpture is not to present 60 when he discussed poetry. His comment
objects as objects, but to set them forth in on Browning’s “The Ring and the Book”
such harmonious perfection of line and ran thus: “A wonderful book, one of the
15 color and rhythm as will reveal their most wonderful ever written. I re-read it
deepest significance. The greatest all through—all made out of an ‘Old
examples of the plastic arts cannot be 65 Bailey’ story that might have been told in
understood through sense-perception of ten lines, and only wants forgetting.” Yet
objects. Rembrandt is a greater painter the best part of “Sartor Resartus” is its
20 than Bougereau, not only because he has beauty, and there are in “The French
superior technique, but because he has Revolution” many passages of quite
deeper insight. This is why the “subject” 70 perfect poetic imagery and
in painting is comparatively unimportant. characterization without which it would
lose much of its value. What we call
It is the same with literature. In “Jane “Carlyle” is no longer a man; nor is it a
25 Eyre” the “subject” is more tangible and philosophy, or a history; it is nothing but
vivid than in “Villette,” but the latter is 75 a style, a manner of saying things—an
the finer book, because the technical skill individual, characteristic, and strange
is greater, the insight deeper. “There are blend of hard and soft, of high and low,
no good subjects or bad subjects,” says of rugged and tender, all struggling with a
30 Hugo; “there are only good poets and bad conscience. So we say that beauty is the
poets.” Any subject is interesting when a 80 lodestone by which all life is tested.
master-mind presents it in full
significance. A custom-house is a prosaic No game can be perfectly played unless
thing, and a custom-house that has neither the physical motions are timed in beauty;
35 exports nor imports, but only a few no machine will act save in perfect
sleepy old pensioners dozing in the sun, synthesis; no character is strong until it
might be thought a dull subject for a 85 attains a harmony within itself. Beauty is
writer; but Hawthorne’s imagination and the matrix in which life shall be finally
subtlety of literary expression clothe it moulded.
40 with both beauty and significance. Even
the noblest and most tragic deeds find All forms of artistic expression, then,
their best justification in a sublime require that we shall see the object not as
harmony of beauty. 90 fact but as art. If it is fact—that is, merely
an isolated object or event—it remains
Deeds, monuments, cities, and insignificant until some artist catches it
45 civilizations fade into nothingness, but a up into the wider realm in which it

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 belongs and sets it forth in some form of 36. As used in line 37, “dull” most
95 beauty. If we accept this conception of all nearly means
the arts as seeking the inner sense of A. dreary.
things, as portraying life in its essence B. gloomy.
rather than in its outward manifestations, C. monotonous.
we shall be able to understand the
D. blunt.
100 peculiar power of music.
37. Which of the following statements
32. As used in line 100, “peculiar” best summarizes the main idea of
most nearly means the passage?
A. influential. A. “Carlyle” is nothing more than
B. enigmatic. a stylistic device.
C. harmonious. B. Even what is negative can be
D. intense. shown in all its glory and
33. Which of the following beauty.
techniques does the author use to C. Music is one form of
support his claim, in line 22, of a expression.
“deeper insight”? D. Art perceives our deepest
essence.
A. a quote from a scholar
B. a simile 38. Which choice best provides
C. a grand statement evidence for the answer to the
D. a literary example previous question?
34. Which choice best provides A. Lines 40-43 (“Even …
evidence for the answer to the beauty.”)
previous question? B. Lines 72-79 (“What …
A. Lines 24-28 (“In … deeper.”) conscience.”)
B. Lines 28-31 (“There … C. Lines 88-90 (“All … art.”)
poets.”) D. Lines 95-100 (“If … music.”)
C. Lines 34-38 (“A … writer;”) 39. What is the relationship of lines
D. Lines 55 (“There … 1-8 to the rest of the passage?
condition.”)
A. Lines 1-8 are the premise
35. In lines 19-22, the author’s followed by contextual
comparison of Rembrandt to evidence.
Bougereau is similar to comparing B. Lines 1-8 provide previously
A. an amateur swimmer to an relayed information and the
passage builds upon it.
expert diver.
B. an avid reader to a literary C. Lines 1-8 present a
analyst. counterargument followed by
C. a quiet cat to a rambunctious supporting details.
dog. D. Lines 1-8 exhibit a fallacy
followed by a definite
D. a blank paper to a lined
parchment. conclusion.

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40. What is the purpose of the third
paragraph?
A. It provides new ideas.
B. It contradicts the introduction.
C. It provides supporting details
to the previous examples.
D. It plays the role of a transition
paragraph.
41. According to the passage, what is
the effect of perceiving objects
through our senses (lines 16-19)?
A. We are able to perceive the
hidden mystical meaning.
B. We are able to use a sixth
sense in the process of
perceiving an object.
C. It limits our perception of a
more genuine insight.
D. It adjusts the movements of
our eyes to the rhythm of the
piece.
42. What would best describe the tone
in lines 81-87?
A. adamant and certain
B. hesitant and inflexible
C. irresolute yet assertive
D. bold yet pessimistic

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 The following edited passage is taken 45 each one is rotated on its axis in such a
from The Brain and the Voice in Speech way that the lower border tends towards
and Song by F.W. Mott on the eversion; the total effect of this rotation
diaphragm and its attachments. is a lateral expansion of the whole
thorax.
In speech, and more especially in
singing, there is an art of breathing. 50 Between the ribs and the cartilages the
Ordinary inspiration and expiration space is filled by the intercostal
necessary for the oxygenation of the muscles, the action of which, in
5 blood is performed automatically and conjunction with other muscles, is to
unconsciously. But in singing the elevate the ribs. It is, however,
respiratory apparatus is used like the 55 unnecessary to enter into anatomical
bellows of a musical instrument, and it details, and describe all those muscles
is controlled and directed by the will; which elevate and rotate the ribs, and
10 the art of breathing properly is thereby cause enlargement of the thorax
fundamental for the proper production in its antero-posterior and lateral
of the singing voice and the speaking 60 diameters. There is, however, one
voice of the orator. It is necessary muscle which forms the floor of the
always to maintain in the lungs, which thoracic cage called the diaphragm that
15 act as the bellows, a sufficient reserve of requires more than a passing notice,
air to finish a phrase; therefore when the inasmuch as it is the most effective
opportunity arises it is desirable to take 65 agent in the expansion of the chest. It
in as much air as possible through the consists of a central tendinous portion,
nostrils, and without any apparent above which lies the heart, contained in
20 effort; the expenditure of the air in the its bag or pericardium; on either side
lungs must be controlled and regulated attached to the central tendon on the one
by the power of the will in such a 70 hand and to the spine behind, to the last
manner as to produce efficiency in rib laterally, and to the cartilages of the
loudness with economy of expenditure. lowest six ribs anteriorly, is a sheet of
muscle fibres which form on either side
25 The bellows consist of the lungs of the chest a dome-like partition
enclosed in the movable thorax. The 75 between the lungs and the abdominal
latter may be likened to a cage; it is cavity. The phrenic nerve arises from
formed by the spine behind and the ribs, the spinal cord in the upper cervical
which are attached by cartilages to the region and descends through the neck
30 breastbone (sternum) in front. The ribs and chest to the diaphragm; it is
and cartilages form a series of hoops 80 therefore a special nerve of respiration.
which increase in length from above There are two—one on each side
downwards; moreover, they slope supplying the two sheets of muscle
obliquely downwards and inwards. The fibres. When innervation currents flow
35 ribs are jointed behind to the vertebrae down these nerves the two muscular
in such a way that muscles attached to 85 halves of the diaphragm contract, and
them can, by shortening, elevate them; the floor of the chest on either side
the effect is that the longer ribs are descends; thus the vertical diameter
raised, and pushing forward the increases. Now the elastic lungs are
40 breastbone and cartilages, the thoracic covered with a smooth pleura which is
cage enlarges from before back; but 90 reflected from them on to the inner side
being elastic, the hoops will give a little of the wall of the thorax, leaving no
and cause some expansion from side to space between; consequently when the
side; moreover, when the ribs are raised, chest expands in all three directions the

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 elastic lungs expand correspondingly. 43. What information does the
95 But when either voluntarily or author mention that can be
automatically the nerve currents that disregarded?
cause contraction of the muscles of A. the central tendinous portion
expansion cease, the elastic structures of B. the effect of the lateral
the lungs and thorax, including the
rotation
100 muscles, recoil, the diaphragm ascends, C. reserve of air
and the ribs by the force of gravity tend D. structural constituents
to fall into the position of rest. During
expansion of the chest a negative 44. Which choice best provides
pressure is established in the air evidence for the answer to the
105 passages and air flows into them from previous question?
without. In contraction of the chest there A. Lines 13-16 (“It … phrase;”)
is a positive pressure in the air passages, B. Lines 47-49 (“The …
and air is expelled; in normal quiet thorax.”)
breathing an ebb and flow of air takes C. Lines 54-60 (“It …
110 place rhythmically and subconsciously; diameters.”)
thus in the ordinary speaking of D. Lines 65-68 (“It …
conversation we do not require to pericardium;”)
exercise any voluntary effort in
controlling the breathing, but the orator 45. As used in line 14, “maintain”
115 and more especially the singer uses his most nearly means
knowledge and experience in the A. preserve.
voluntary control of his breath, and he is B. continue.
thus enabled to use his vocal instrument C. repair.
in the most effective manner. D. assert.
46. Which of the following best
describes the text’s overall
structure?
A. historical research
B. a scientific expository text
C. an article in a music journal
D. a fictional story
47. The passage is written from the
point of view of
A. a popular singer inspiring
others.
B. an expert in the respiratory
system.
C. a researcher focused on the
Thorax showing the breastbone relationship between music
Source: F.W. Mott and the respiratory system.
D. a music student interested in
breathing techniques.

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48. Which of the following is NOT 51. As used in line 85, “contract”
mentioned in the passage? most nearly means
A. A sheet of muscle fibres A. decrease.
separates the lungs and B. constrict.
abdominal cavity. C. wrinkle.
B. The smooth pleura constricts D. incur.
in the wall of the thorax. 52. The author’s reasoning of the
C. Negative pressure happens “power of the will” in line 22 is
during expansion. best described as
D. The phrenic nerve begins at
the spinal cord. A. unsound because he provides
no contextual evidence.
49. Which choice best provides B. unsound because he
evidence for the answer to the contradicts the idea later in
previous question? the passage.
A. Lines 68-76 (“on … cavity.”) C. valid because he returns to
B. Lines 76-79 (“The … the notion at the end of the
diaphragm;”) passage.
C. Lines 88-92 (“Now … D. valid because only the
between;”) “power of the will” can
D. Lines 102-106 (“During … regulate breathing.
without.”)
50. Which of the following
statements from the passage
does the graphic support?
A. “The ribs and cartilages form
a series of hoops which
increase in length from
above downwards;” (lines
30-33)
B. “moreover, when the ribs are
raised, each one is rotated on
its axis in such a way that the
lower border tends towards
eversion;” (lines 44-47)
C. “There are two—one on each
side supplying the two sheets
of muscle fibres.” (lines 81-
83)
D. “in normal quiet breathing an
ebb and flow of air takes
place rhythmically and
subconsciously;” (lines 108-
110)

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