TIP_Kapitel_02_Engl 11.08.

2005 18:40 Uhr Seite B

2 Power Distribution Planning for

Commercial and Industrial Buildings
2.1 Basics for Drafting Electrical
Power Distribution Systems
2.2 Power System Planning Modules
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Power Distribution Planning for

Commercial and Industrial Buildings

chapter 2
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2 Power Distribution Planning for

Commercial and Industrial Buildings
2.1 Basics for Drafting
Electrical Power Framework parameter
analysis:
Distribution Systems Power system concept:
– Analysis Building
Totally Integrated Power comprises – Selection of the network Rooms, type of use
products, systems and services from configuration Operation
– Type of connection to ground
Siemens for a homogenous imple- – Technical features
mentation concept for power distri-
bution from a medium-voltage swit-
chgear station to the transformer and Network calculation: Lists of consumers
from there to the floor distribution – Load flow Temperatures
– Short-circuit calculation ...
board or final circuit. – Energy balance
With Totally Integrated Power,
Siemens responds to customer
requirements, such as Rating: Priorities and
– Transformers prognoses for
C Simplification of operational mana- – Cables the electrical
gement by transparent, simple po- – Protective/switching devices power system etc.
– Provisions for redundant supply
wer system structures
C Low power loss costs, e.g. by me-
dium-voltage-side power transmis- Fig. 2/1 Power system planning tasks
sion to the load centers
C High supply and operational safety C Good quality of the power supply, Siemens supports your power sy-
of the installations even in the i.e. few voltage changes due to stem planning with service offers
event of individual equipment failu- load fluctuations with sufficient vol- and tools such as SIMARIS design.
res (redundant supply, selectivity of tage symmetry and few harmonic
The following design aids can be
the power system protection, and distortions in the voltage
obtained from Siemens:
high availability)
C Compliance with IEC/EN/VDE spe- C Application manual
C Easy adaptation to changing load cifications and project-related stipu- C SINCAL
and operational conditions lations for special installations C SIGRADE
C Specific product catalogs
C Low operating cost thanks to The efficiency of a power supply
equipment that is easy to maintain system rises and falls with good
planning.
C Sufficient transmission capacity of
the equipment under normal opera- For this reason, power supply con-
ting conditions as well as in fault cepts must always be evaluated in
conditions to be handled the context of their framework para-
meters and project goals. When focu-
sing on power supply in the field of
building infrastructure, the spectrum
of reasonable options can be narro-
wed down.

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Planning Modules for Building Supply Concepts

2.1.1 Requirements on Investment Installation Operation

Electrical Power Systems
in Buildings Implementation cost minimum maximum irrelevant
Implementation time minimum minimum irrelevant
When planning electrical power sy-
stems, the largely ambivalent require- Technology/equipment low-cost easy installation flexible operation
ments of the three project stages, Space requirements for equipment minimum maximum irrelevant
Investment – Installation – Operation,
must be taken into consideration. Period of use maximum irrelevant maximum
Fire load irrelevant irrelevant minimum
Further influencing factors
Operating cost irrelevant irrelevant minimum
The main characteristics of a power (e.g. insurance rates)
system are determined by the follo-
Table 2/1 Project stages
wing requirements:
C Use/consumers or purpose of po- Type of use Features Requirements Action
wer distribution, i.e. energy ba-
lance, power density and load cen- Residential Many small Low nominal currents at Back-up protection
consumer devices comparatively high line
ters
short-circuit power
C Architecture, e.g. low building or
high-rise building Users are Protection against direct Residual current-
C Operating and environmental condi- no electrical and indirect contact operated circuit-
engineering breakers are
tions
experts mandatory!
C Legal provisions, stipulations by pu-
blic authorities, e.g. building autho- Offices Many Voltage stability and
rities, safety at work regulations PC workstations reliable power supply
C By the supplying public utilities High proportion of Counter action in the Inductor-type
company capacitive loads event of harmonics compensation
– Technical specifications regarding General escape Safety power supply Generator supply
voltage, short-circuit power, routes
agreed maximum connected load,
DP server Communications Good electromagnetic TN-S system to
permissible equipment
rooms equipment compatibility (EMC) minimize stray fault
– Use of power management to (network) currents
operate the power system econo-
mically within the agreed electric Medical Life-saving High reliability of supply Redundancy, selective
machines grading, powerful safety
rates options.
power supply (SPS)
Intensive care, Good electromagnetic TN-S system to minimize
EKG compatibility (EMC) stray fault currents
Local limitation of fault IT system
currents
Industrial Mainly motor High power quantities Busbar trunking
loads required per area systems
Minimize High reliability of supply Redundant supply,
downtimes meshed electrical
networks
Different Selective grading
processes

Table 2/2 Examples for different types of building use and their impact on electric power
systems/equipment

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IEC 2.1.2 Network Configuration

Regional America Europe Australia Asia Africa
As detailed above, the supply task
PAS CENELEC
determines the configuration of a po-
wer system. Buildings featuring diffe-
National USA: ANSI DE: DIN VDE AUS: SA CN: SAC SA: SABS rent power densities can therefore be
CA: SCC I: CEI NZ: SNZ J: JISC distinguished according to the type
BR: COBEI F: UTE … of their configuration.
... GB: BS
An optimum configuration should par-
ANSI American National Standards DIN VDE German Industrial Standard, ticularly meet the following require-
Institute Association of German Electrical ments:
BS British Standards Engineers C Simple structure
CENELEC European Committee for Electro- IEC International Electrical Engineering C High reliability of supply
technical Standardization Commission
C Low losses
(Comité Européen de Normalisation JISC Japanese Industrial Standards
Electrotechnique) Committee C Favorable and flexible expansion
CEI COMITATO ELETTROTECNICO PAS Pacific Area Standards options
ITALIANO Italian Electrical SABS South African Bureau of Standards The following characteristics shall
Engineering Committee be selected accordingly:
SA Standards Australia
COBEI Comitê Brasileiro de Eletricidade, C Type of meshing
Eletrônica, SCC Standards Council of Canada
Iluminação e Telecomunicações SNZ Standards New Zealand C Number of feeder points
SAC Standardisation Administration of UTE UNION TECHNIQUE DE L’ELECTRI- C Type of feed
China CITE ET DE LA COMMUNICATION
Technical Association of Electrical Meshing
Engineering & Communications
Low-voltage-side power distribution
shall preferably be designed in a ra-
Table 2/3 Interdependencies of national, regional and international standards for electrical en-
gineering dial topology.
The clearly hierarchical structuring
Standards now been agreed upon that drafts offers the following advantages:
shall be submitted at the central (IEC) C Easy monitoring of the power
To minimize technical risks and/or to
level and then be adopted as regional system
protect persons involved in handling
or national standards. Only provided C Fast fault location
electric equipment or components,
that IEC is not interested in dealing C Simple power system protection
major planning rules have been com-
with the matter or, if there are any C Easy operation
piled in standards.
time constraints, a standard shall be
Technical standards are desired con- drafted regionally.
ditions stipulated by professional as-
The interrelation of the different
sociations which are however made
standardization levels is illustrated
binding by legal standards such as
in Fig. 2/2.
safety at work regulations. Further-
more, the compliance to technical A complete list of IEC members and
standards is crucial for any approval links to more detailed information can
of operation granted by authorities or be obtained at www.iec.ch q struc-
insurance coverage. ture & management q iec members.
While in the past, standards were
mainly drafted at a national level and
debated in regional (i.e. European,
American etc.) committees, it has Fig. 2/2 Unmeshed power system (radial)

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Planning Modules for Building Supply Concepts

Simple radial network Radial network with changeover reserve

a) Partial load reserve b) Full load reserve

- transformers not fully utilized
- Use transformers with forced-air cooling

T1 T1 T2 T1 T2 T3

LV- LV- n.c. LV- n.o. LV- n.c. LV- n.c. LV- n.c.
MD GPS MD1 SPS MD2 MD1 MD2 MD3

n.c. n.o. n.o.

K1 K1 K2
2 2 3

Complete power failure Continued operation of selected Continued operation of all consumers
consumers

SN,T1 ≥ Ptotal / cosϕ (n-1) 8 SN,i ≥ PSV / cosϕ (n-1) 8 ai 8 SN,i ≥ Ptotal / cosϕ;
a: Utilization factor

Fig. 2/3 Radial topology variants

As the operation of a meshed system combination with high-current busbar Number of feeder points
places high demands on the equip- trunking systems, as these systems
The availability of the radial power
ment, the radial system is generally have the advantage of safe and fle-
system can be optimized by means
preferred at the infrastructure level xible supply for the consumers. They
of its infeed configuration.
for economical reasons. Ring-type are also used for public supply sy-
systems are mainly used in highly stems at the > 1 kV level. Fig. 2/3 shows an optimization of the
consumptive industrial processes in radial network assuming one fault in
the infeed.

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Type of infeed
Type Example
Electrical energy can be fed into the
General power Supply of all installations and consumer devices
power system in different ways, de-
supply (GPS) available in the building
termined by its primary function.
Safety power Supply of life-protecting facilities in cases
For general power supply (GPS) by
supply (SPS) of danger
C Direct connection to the public grid:
C Safety lighting
normally up to 300 kW at 400 V
C Elevators for firefighters
C Supply from the medium-voltage
C Fire-extinguishing equipment
system (up to 52 kV) via distribu-
tion transformers up to 2 MVA Uninterruptible power Supply of sensitive consumer devices which must be ope-
supply (UPS) rated without interruption in the event of a GPS failure:
For redundant power supply (RPS),
C Emergency lighting
power sources are selected in depen-
C Servers/computers
dency of the permissible interruption
C Communications equipment
time.
C Generators for safety power supply Fig. 2/4 Supply types
C Second independent system infeed
with automatic changeover for
safety-supply consumers
C Static uninterruptible power supply
(USP) from a rectifier/inverter unit T-1 T-2 T-3
or storage battery G UPS
C Rotating USP consisting of motor
and generator set
A constellation as described in Fig. 2/4
has proven itself for the building
infrastructure level. GPS
system RPS system
2.1.3 Power Supply Systems
Electric systems are distinguished GPS consumer SPS consumer UPS consumer
as follows:
C Type of current used: DC;
AC ~ 50 Hz Fig. 2/4 Type of infeed
C Type and number of live
conductors within the system:
The type of connection to ground From experience, the best cost-bene-
L1, L2, L3, N, PE
must be selected carefully for the fit ratio for electric systems within
C Type of connection to ground:
MV or LV system, as it has a major the general power supply is achieved
low-voltage systems: IT, TT, TN
impact on the expense required for with
medium-voltage systems: isolated,
protective measures. It also determi- C Low-resistance neutral for
low-resistance, compensated
nes electromagnetic compatibility re- medium-voltage applications
garding the low-voltage system. C TN-S systems for low voltage

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Planning Modules for Building Supply Concepts

Section A Section B

3*
3*
Transformer

Generator

1* 2* 1* 2*

L1 L1
L2 L2
L3 1* L3
PEN (isolated) PEN (isolated)
PE PE
Central grounding
4* point dividing 4*
bridge

L1 L2 L3 N PE L1 L2 L3 N PE
Branches Branches
Circuit A Main equipotential Circuit B
bonding

1* The PEN conductor must be wired isolated 3* There must be no connection between the and 4-pole switching devices may be used.
along the entire route, this also applies for its transformer neutral to ground or to the PE If N conductors with reduced cross sections
wiring in the low-voltage main distribution conductor in the transformer chamber. are used (we do not recommend this), a pro-
(LVMD) tective device with an integrated overload
4* All branch circuits must be designed as TN-S
protection should be used at the N conductor
2* The PE conductor connection between systems, i.e. in case of a distributed N con-
(example: LSIN).
LVMD and transformer chamber must be ductor function with a separately wired N
configured for the max. short-circuit current conductor and PE conductor. Both 3-pole
that might occur (K2S2 ≥ Ik2tk).

Fig. 2/5 EMC-friendly power system, centrally installed (short distances)

The advantage of a TN-S system lies When TN-S systems are used, resi- As according to IEC 60364-5-54, a
in the fact that the short-circuit cur- dual currents in the building can be TN-S system is only permissible in
rent generated in the event of a fault avoided because current flows back a central arrangement of the feed
is not fed back to the voltage source via a separate N conductor. Magnetic system, we recommend to always use
via a connection to ground but via a fields depend on the geometrical ar- the TN-C-S system as shown in Fig. 2/5.
conductor. The comparatively high rangement of the connections.
In case of distributed infeed, 4-pole
1-pole ground fault current enables
switching/protective devices must be
rather simple protective devices to
provided at the infeeds and changeover
be used, such as fuses or circuit-brea-
equipment (parallel operation inhibited).
kers tripping in the event of a fault.

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t a (s)
Ir
IrN
1000 Ik min

tr
Ik max
100

2.1.4 Routing/Wiring
Nowadays the customer can choose 10 Ig
between cables and busbars for power Isd
distribution. Some features of these
different options are listed below: 0

C Cable laying
+ Lower material costs
+ When a fault occurs along the 0,1 tg Ii
tsd
line, only one distribution board
including its downstream
subsystem will be affected
0,01
– High installation expense
– Increased fire load
C Busbar distribution
+ Rapid installation 0,5 1 5 10 50 100
+ Flexible in case of changes x In
or expansions
Instantaneous
+ Low space requirements L Overload release
2
„L“ I
short-circuit release „I“
Standard I t
+ Reduced fire load Standard On
Optionally I 4t
– Rigid coupling to the building Short-time delayed Optionally Off
geometry S short-circuit release „S“ Neutral conductor protection
Standard tsd
N
Standard 0.5-1 x Ir
These aspects must be weighted in Optionally I 2t Optionally Off
relation to the building use and Ground fault release
G
specific area loads when configuring Standard t g
a specific distribution. Optionally I 2t

Connection layout comprises the

following specifications for wiring Fig. 2/6 Characteristic curve variants
between output and target
distribution board 2.1.5 Switching and Types of protective equipment
C Overload protection Protective Devices
Ib ≤ Ir ≤ Iz and Iz > I2/1.45 Protective equipment can be divided
C Short-circuit protection S2K2 >= I2t As soon as the initial plans are draf- into two categories, which can how-
C Protection against electrical shock ted, it is useful to determine which ever be combined.
in the event of indirect contact technology shall be used to protect the C Fuse technology
C Permissible voltage drop electric equipment. The technology + Good current-limiting properties
that has been selected affects the + High switching capacity up
behavior and properties of the power to 120 kA
system and hence also influences + Low investment cost
certain aspects of use, such as + Easy installation
C Safety of supply + Safe tripping, no auxiliary
C Mounting expense power required
C Maintenance and downtimes + Easy grading between fuses

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Planning Modules for Building Supply Concepts

Protective tripping
Above all when fuseless technology
P = I 2* R Q1
is employed, the selection of the trip-
ping unit is crucial for meeting the
This energy (area below the defined objectives for protection.
curve) is also transported in
the contacts and hence in
the switch In power systems for buildings, se-
lective tripping is gaining more and
I Q2 Trip Q3
more importance, as this results in a
higher supply safety and quality.
Current flow when While standards such as DIN VDE
zero-current 0100 Part 710 or DIN VDE 0108 de-
interrupters are used
mand a selective behavior of the pro- Fig. 2/8 Selective tripping
Current flow when tective equipment for safety power
current-limiting circuit-
breakers are used supply or certain areas of indoor in-
stallations, the proportion of buildings
4 ms 10 ms t where selective tripping is also desi-
red for the general power supply is ri- Trip Q1
Fig. 2/7 Current limiting
sing.

– Downtime after fault Generally speaking, a combined solu-

– Reduces selective tripping in tion using selective and partially sel-
connection with circuit-breakers ective network sections will be ap-
plied in power systems for buildings Q2 Trip Q3
– Fuse ageing
– Separate protection of personnel when economic aspects are conside-
required for switching high red.
currents In this context, the following device
Fig. 2/9 Back-up conditioned fault tripping
C Fuseless technology properties must be taken into
+ Clear tripping times for overload account:
Back-up protection:
and short circuit Current limiting: The provision is that Q1 is a current-
+ Safe switching of operating and A protective device has a current-li- limiting device. If the fault current is
fault currents miting effect if it shows a lower let- higher than the rated breaking capa-
+ Fast resumption of normal through current in the event of a fault city of the downstream device in the
operation after fault trip than the prospective short-circuit cur- event of a line shorting, it will be
+ Various tripping methods rent at the fault location. protected by the upstream protective
adapted to the protective task
Selectivity: device. Q2 can be selected with
+ Communications-capable:
When series-connected protective Icu Ikmax, Q2. This results in partial
signaling of system states
devices cooperate for graded trip- selectivity.
– Coordination of the protection
concept requires a calculation ping, the protective device which is
of short circuits closest upstream of the fault location
– Higher investment costs must trip first. The other upstream
devices remain in operation. The
temporal and spatial effects of a fault
will be limited to a minimum.

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Supply section
800 kVA ACB
≥ 1,250 A
LSI
Supports the
priority of
selective fault
tripping
Supply section MCCB Fuse
400 kVA ≤ 630 A ≤ 400 A
LSI

Supply section
30 kVA Fuse Fuse
63 A 80 A

Supports
MCB MCB the priority
≤ 16 A ≤ 25 A of cost
minimization

Fig. 2/10 Grading for a supply section of 800 kVA

Grading in the supply section

Smax in kVA < SN in kVA n ukr Ikmax in kA
Starting from the smallest supply unit
1260 630 2 6% 30
in a building, e.g. a household or a
1600 800 2 6% 40
shop, different protective devices are
1890 630 3 6% 45
preferably suited to meet the require-
2400 800 3 6% 60
ments of power supply and protec-
2520 630 4 6% 65
tion.
3000 1000 3 6% 75
TIP: If an 800 kVA supply section is 3200 800 4 6% 80
fed by a transformer and if selective
Table 2/5 Proven transformer constellations for buildings
tripping is a major requirement, a cir-
cuit-breaker with definite-time over-
current-time protection must also Power requirements are voltage stability and safe shutdown
be selected for the medium-voltage established by in the event of a fault. Consequently,
system. transformers shall only be selected
Smax = Pmax /cosϕB,
for outputs up to 400 kVA, in order
For more detailed information in par- With Pmax = Σ(Pi 8 ai) 8 g to increase the short-circuit current.
ticular regarding the tripping charac- cosϕB Power factor, purchased
teristics, please refer to For building power supplies, econo-
quantity
C Chapter 3 Power System Protec- mical transformer outputs are bet-
a Utilization factor
tion and Safety Coordination ween 630 and 1,000 kVA. Table 2/5
g Simultaneity factor
C Chapter 4 Medium Voltage shows useful constellations for trans-
(demand)
C Chapter 6 Low Voltage formers connected in parallel per
in the Application Manual. When the dimensioning rule Icu ≥ Ik“ supply section. Higher outputs must
is applied, a minimization of the therefore be divided into several (>2)
Power requirements purchased power results in a mini- separate supply sections to gain ma-
The power requirements of the entire mization of the short-circuit strength nageable power system data and
distribution largely determine the lay- for the operating equipment. This hence economical solutions.
out of the main distribution as well as means cost savings in investment
the transformer and/or generator ra- and operation.
ting. This equipment then determines Transformer:
the amount of investment involved. 100 %
Ik, max ≈ Σ u IrTransformer, i
kr, i
Please note that the lower limit for
the short-circuit current is at ~15 kA ,
in order to ensure both a sufficient

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Planning Modules for Building Supply Concepts

2.1.6 Planning Aid

Different individual decisions made regarding the power supply of buildings can be combined as follows:

Functional areas:
Commercial
building? Offices
Meeting rooms
Computing center
yes Catering kitchen and
canteen
Heating–Ventilation–
Radial system Air Conditioning
with partial load Fire protection
reserve Logistics

TN-C-S system,
LVMD with
central
grounding point

no
Tip: i < 5?
Given ground area = a2
Length l ≤ 100 m = 2 8 a;
max. no. of floors
i ≤ 100 - 2a/h High-rise
Low building
building

no no
A ≤ 2000 m2 ? i ≤ 10?

Separation into several

supply sections per area, no
Tip: i.e. number of floor i ≤ 20?
distribution boards ≥ 2
Smax = P/cosϕ
Smax < 630 kVA; ukr 4% yes
Smax ≥ 630 kVA; ukr 6% no
Smax yes
≤ 2 MVA?

Central utilities Centralized MV Distributed MV

room, supply- supply, distributed supply to
transformer- transformers to transformers to
LVMD LVMD LVMD

Interlocked
changeover with
4-pole devices

Low building, Low building, High-rise building, High-rise building, High-rise building, High-rise building, High-rise building,
type 1 type 2 type 1: centralized, type 2: centralized, type 3: transformers type 4: distributed, type 5: distributed,
cables busbar at remote location cables busbar

yes yes
yes

Tip:
Use busbar trunking systems
if requirements are mainly set no
for ease of use, such as good Cables? Busbars?
expandability, fire load
minimization

Fig. 2/11 Overview of power supply concept modules

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2.2 Power System

Planning Modules
The following modules may be used
for an easy and systematic power
distribution design for typical building
structures. Elevators
These are schematic solution con- HVAC
cepts which can then be extended to FF elevators
meet specific customer project requi-
rements. When the preplanning HVAC-SPS
stage has been completed, the po-

UPS4.2
GPS4.2

GPS4.2
wer system can easily be configured
and calculated with the aid of the
4th floor
SIMARIS design software.

UPS3.2
GPS3.2

SPS3.2
Up-to-date, detailed descriptions on a
variety of applications can be obtained
3rd floor
on the Internet at www.siemens.com/tip

UPS2.2
GPS2.2

Low building, type 1: SPS2.2

One supply section 2nd floor

UPS1.2
SPS1.2
GPS1.2

1st floor

LVMD

GPS SPS
1 2 G UPS
3~
MVD
z
Basement
From PCO

GPS General power supply

FD Floor distribution boards
PCO Power company or system operator
FF Firefighters
HVAC Heating – Ventilation – Air conditioning
MVD Medium-voltage distribution
LVMD Low-voltage main distribution
SPS Safety power supply
UPS Uninterruptible power supply

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Planning Modules for Building Supply Concepts

Building type Low building

Number of floors 4

Ground area / total area 2,500 m2 / 10,000 m2

Segmentation of power 85% utilized area, 15% side area

required

Power required 1,000 to 2,000 kW

Supply types 100% total power from the public grid

10 – 30% of total power for safety power supply (SPS)
5 – 20% of total power for uninterruptible power supply (UPS)

Power system protection Selectivity is aimed at

Special requirements Good electromagnetic compatibility, high safety of supply and operation

Proposal for concept finding

Feature Our solution Advantage Your benefit

Network Central transformer supply Supply at the load center, Low costs,
configuration close to load center short LV cables time savings during
Smax = 1,200 kVA, low losses installation
cosϕ = 0.85
Radial network Transparent structure Easy operation and fault
localization

Transformer module with 2 x 630 kVA, Voltage stability Optimized voltage quality,
ukr = 6 %, i.e. Ik ≤ 30 kA lighter design economical

Redundant supply unit: Supply of important consumers on Increased safety of supply

– Generator 400 kVA (30 %) all floors in the event of a fault, e.g.
(the smaller the generator, during power failure of the public grid
the greater the short-circuit
Safety power supply Safety power supply acc. to
current must be compared to
DIN VDE 0108
the nominal current)
Supply of sensitive and important Uninterruptible supply of
consumers consumers, e.g. during power
– UPS: 200 kVA (15 %)
failure of the public grid

Medium-voltage SF6 gas-insulated Small switchgear station Minimized space requirements for
supply station independent of climate electric utilities room;
no maintenance

Transformer GEAFOL cast-resin with Low fire load, Economical

reduced losses indoor installation

Low-voltage SIVACON 8PT with central EMC-friendly power system Protection from
main distribution grounding point q splitting of PEN electromagnetic interference
in PWE and N to the TN-S system (e.g. to prevent lower transmission
rates at communication lines)

Wiring/ Cables Central measurements of current, Cost transparency

main route voltage, power, e.g. for billing,
cost center allocation

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Low building, type 2:

Two supply sections

Elevators

HVAC
FF-elevators

HVAC-SPS
UPS4.1

UPS4.2
GPS4.2
SPS4.1
GPS4.1

SPS4.2
4th floor
UPS3.1

UPS3.2
GPS3.1

GPS3.2
SPS3.1

SPS3.2
3rd floor
UPS2.1

UPS2.2
GPS2.1

GPS2.2
SPS2.1

SPS2.2
2nd floor
UPS1.1

UPS1.2
SPS1.1
GPS1.1

SPS1.2
1st floor GPS1.2

LVMD

GPS SPS
1 2 G UPS
3~
MVD
z
Basement
From PCO

GPS General power supply

FD Floor distribution boards
PCO Power company or system operator
FF Firefighters
HVAC Heating – Ventilation – Air conditioning
MVD Medium-voltage distribution
LVMD Low-voltage main distribution
SPS Safety power supply
UPS Uninterruptible power supply

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Planning Modules for Building Supply Concepts

Building type Low building

Number of floors 4

Ground area / total area 2,500 m2 / 2 x 10,000 m2

Segmentation of power 85 % utilized area

required 15 % side area

Power required > 2,000 kW

Supply types 100 % total power from the public grid

10 – 30 % of total power for safety power supply (SPS)
5 – 20 % of total power for uninterruptible power supply (UPS)

Power system protection Selectivity is aimed at

Special requirements Good electromagnetic compatibility

Proposal for concept finding

Feature Our solution Advantage Your benefit

Network Two supply sections per floor Supply at the load center, Low costs, no extra utilities
configuration short LV cables room necessary, time savings
Smax = 2,400 kVA low losses during installation
cosϕB = 0.85
Radial network Transparent structure Easy operation and fault
localization

Transformer module with 3 x 800 kVA, Minimization of voltage fluctuations; Optimized voltage quality,
ukr = 6 %, i.e. Ik ≤ 60 kA low static requirements on building cost minimization in the
structures building construction work

Redundant supply unit: Supply of important consumers on Increased safety of supply

– Generator 730 kVA (30%) all floors in the event of a fault, e.g.
(the smaller the generator, during power failure of the public grid
the greater the short-circuit
Safety power supply Safety power supply acc. to
current must be compared to
DIN VDE 0108
the nominal current)
Supply of sensitive and important Uninterruptible power supply,
consumers e.g. during power failure of the
– UPS: 400 kVA (15 %)
public grid

Medium-voltage SF6 gas-insulated Small switchgear station Minimized space requirements

supply station independent of climate for distribution board room;
no maintenance

Transformer GEAFOL cast-resin with Low fire load, Economical

reduced losses indoor installation

Low-voltage main SIVACON 8PT with central EMC-friendly power system Protection from
distribution grounding point q splitting of electromagnetic interference
PEN in PE and N to the (e.g. to prevent lower
TN-S system transmission rates at
communication lines)

Wiring/ Cables Central measurements of current, Cost transparency

main route voltage, power, e.g. for billing, cost
center allocation

Two outgoing distribution board Shorter cable routes, lower Economical

feeders per floor voltage drop

2/15 2
TIP_Kapitel_02_Engl 11.08.2005 18:41 Uhr Seite 16

High-rise building, type 1:

Central power supply

Elevators FF elevators

HVAC HVAC-SPS

nth floor FD-GPS FD-SPS FD-UPS

(n-1)th floor FD-GPS FD-SPS FD-UPS

(n-2)th floor FD-GPS FD-SPS FD-UPS

(n-3)th floor FD-GPS FD-SPS FD-UPS

(n-4)th floor FD-GPS FD-SPS FD-UPS

5th floor FD-GPS FD-SPS FD-UPS

4th floor FD-GPS FD-SPS FD-UPS

3rd floor FD-GPS FD-SPS FD-UPS

GPS General power

supply 2nd floor FD-GPS FD-SPS FD-UPS
FD Floor distribution
boards
PCO Power company or 1st floor FD-GPS FD-SPS FD-UPS
system operator
FF Firefighters
HVAC Heating – Ventilation
– Air conditioning LVMD
MVD Medium-voltage
distribution
GPS SPS
LVMD Low-voltage main 1 2 G UPS
distribution 3~
MVD
SPS Safety power supply z
UPS Uninterruptible Basement
power supply
From PCO

2/16 Totally Integrated Power by Siemens

TIP_Kapitel_02_Engl 11.08.2005 18:41 Uhr Seite 17

Planning Modules for Building Supply Concepts

Building type High-rise building

Number of floors ≤ 10

Ground area / total area 1,000 m2 / ≤ 10,000 m2

Segmentation of power 80 % utilized area

required 20 % side area

Power required ≤ 1,800 kW

Supply types 100 % total power from the public grid

10 – 30 % of total power for safety power supply (SPS)
5 – 20 % of total power for uninterruptible power supply (UPS)

Power system protection Selectivity is aimed at

Special requirements Good electromagnetic compatibility

High safety of supply and operation

Proposal for concept finding

Feature Our solution Advantage Your benefit

Network Central transformer supply Simple network configuration, Only one electric utilities room
configuration close to load center low power losses required, easy and low-cost
operation of electric system
Smax = 1,000 kVA
Transformer module with 2x 630 kVA, Voltage stability, Optimized voltage quality,
cosϕ = 0.85
Ukr = 6%, i.e. Ik ≤ 30 kA lighter design economical
Floors: 8
Redundant supply unit: Supply of important consumers on Increased safety of supply
– Generator 400 kVA (30 %) all floors in the event of a fault, e.g.
(the smaller the generator, the during power failure of the public grid
greater the short-circuit cur-
Safety power supply Safety power supply acc. to
rent must be compared to the
DIN VDE 0108
nominal current)
Supply of sensitive or important Uninterruptible power supply
– UPS: 200 kVA (15 %) consumers during power failure of the
public grid

Radial network Transparent structure Easy operation and fault

localization

Medium-voltage SF6 gas-insulated Compact design, Minimized space requirements for

supply station independent of climate utilities room; no maintenance

Transformer GEAFOL cast-resin with Compact design, Economical

reduced losses independent of climate

Low-voltage main SIVACON 8PT with central EMC-friendly power system Protection of telecommunications
distribution grounding point q splitting of equipment from interference (e.g.
PEN in PE and N to the to prevent lower transmission rates
TN-S system at communication lines)

Wiring/ Cables Central measurements of current, Cost center allocation at

main route voltage, power, e.g. for billing, minimum expense
central recording

Cost savings

2/17 2
TIP_Kapitel_02_Engl 11.08.2005 18:41 Uhr Seite 18

High-rise building, type 3:

Transformers at remote location

Elevators FF elevators

HVAC HVAC-SPS
3 4

nth floor FD-GPS FD-SPS FD-UPS

(n-1)th floor FD-GPS FD-SPS FD-UPS

(n-2)th floor FD-GPS FD-SPS FD-UPS

(n-3)th floor FD-GPS FD-SPS FD-UPS

(n-4)th floor FD-GPS FD-SPS FD-UPS

5th floor FD-GPS FD-SPS FD-UPS

4th floor FD-GPS FD-SPS FD-UPS

3rd floor FD-GPS FD-SPS FD-UPS

GPS General power

supply 2nd floor FD-GPS FD-SPS FD-UPS
FD Floor distribution
boards
PCO Power company 1st floor FD-GPS FD-SPS FD-UPS
or system operator
FF Firefighters
HVAC Heating – Ventilation
– Air conditioning LVMD
MVD Medium-voltage
distribution
GPS SPS
LVMD Low-voltage main 1 2 G UPS
distribution 3~
MVD
SPS Safety power supply z
UPS Uninterruptible Basement
power supply
From PCO

2/18 Totally Integrated Power by Siemens

TIP_Kapitel_02_Engl 11.08.2005 18:41 Uhr Seite 19

Planning Modules for Building Supply Concepts

Building type High-rise building

Number of floors 10 to 20

Ground area / total area 1,000 m2 / ≤ 20,000 m2

Segmentation of power 80 % utilized area

required 20 % side area

Power required ≥ 1,500 kW; for 2 MW or higher, a relocation of the transformers should be considered even
if the number of floors is less than 10

Supply types 100 % total power from the public grid

10 – 30 % of total power for safety power supply (SPS)
5 – 20 % of total power for uninterruptible power supply (UPS)

Power system protection Selectivity is aimed at

Special requirements Good electromagnetic compatibility

High safety of supply and operation

Proposal for concept finding

Feature Our solution Advantage Your benefit

Network Splitting into two supply Short LV cables, low power losses, Economical, eased fire
configuration sections reduction of fire load protection
Smax = 1,800 kVA
2 transformer modules with Voltage stability, Optimized voltage quality,
cosϕ = 0.85
(2 + 1) x 630 kVA, lighter design economical
Floors: 20
Ukr = 6% i.e. Ik ≤ 45 kA

Redundant supply unit: Supply of important consumers on Increased safety of supply

– Generator 800 kVA (30 %) all floors in the event of a fault, e.g.
(the smaller the generator, the during power failure of the public grid
greater the short-circuit cur-
Safety power supply Safety power supply acc. to
rent must be compared to the
DIN VDE 0108
nominal current)
Supply of sensitive or important Uninterruptible power supply
– UPS: 400 kVA (15 %) consumers during power failure of the
public grid

Radial network Transparent structure Easy operation and fault

localization

Medium-voltage SF6 gas-insulated Small switchgear station, Minimized space requirements for
supply station independent of climate utilities room; no maintenance

Transformer GEAFOL cast-resin with Low fire load, Economical

reduced losses indoor installation

Low-voltage main SIVACON 8PT with central EMC-friendly power system Protection of telecommunications
distribution grounding point q splitting of PEN equipment from interference
in PE and N to the TN-S system (e.g. lower transmission rates
(4-pole switches in the feeding for communication lines)
lines and at the changeover point)

Wiring/ Cables Central measurements of current, Central data processing

main route voltage, power, e.g. for billing,
centrally per floor in LVMD

2/19 2
TIP_Kapitel_02_Engl 11.08.2005 18:41 Uhr Seite 20

High-rise building, type 4:

Distributed supply

Elevators FF elevators
G
4 5 6 3~ UPS
HVAC HVAC-SPS

nth floor FD-GPS FD-SPS FD-UPS

(n-1)th floor FD-GPS FD-SPS FD-UPS

(n-2)th floor FD-GPS FD-SPS FD-UPS

(n-3)th floor FD-GPS FD-SPS FD-UPS

(n-4)th floor FD-GPS FD-SPS FD-UPS

5th floor FD-GPS FD-SPS FD-UPS

4th floor FD-GPS FD-SPS FD-UPS

3rd floor FD-GPS FD-SPS FD-UPS

GPS General power

supply 2nd floor FD-GPS FD-SPS FD-UPS
FD Floor distribution
boards
PCO Power company 1st floor FD-GPS FD-SPS FD-UPS
or system operator
FF Firefighters
HVAC Heating – Ventilation
– Air conditioning LVMD
MVD Medium-voltage
distribution
GPS SPS
LVMD Low-voltage main 1 2 3 G UPS
distribution 3~
MVD
SPS Safety power supply z
UPS Uninterruptible Basement
power supply
From PCO

2/20 Totally Integrated Power by Siemens

TIP_Kapitel_02_Engl 11.08.2005 18:41 Uhr Seite 21

Planning Modules for Building Supply Concepts

Building type High-rise building

Number of floors > 20

Ground area / total area 1,000 m2 / > 20,000 m2

Segmentation of power 80 % utilized area

required 20 % side area

Power required ≥ 2,000 kW

Supply types 100 % total power from the public grid

10–30 % of total power for safety power supply (SPS)
5–20 % of total power for uninterruptible power supply (UPS)

Power system protection Selectivity is aimed at

Special requirements Good electromagnetic compatibility

High safety of supply and operation

Proposal for concept finding

Feature Our solution Advantage Your benefit

Network Splitting into two supply Short LV cables, Economical solution,
configuration sections low power losses, simplified fire protection
Smax = 3,600 kVA reduction of fire load
cosϕ = 0.85
2 transformer modules with 3 x 630 kVA, Voltage stability, Optimized voltage quality,
Floors: 25
Ukr = 6 %, i.e. Ik ≤ 45 kA lighter design economical

Redundant supply unit: Supply of important consumers on Increased safety of supply

– Generator 2 x 500 kVA (30 %) all floors in the event of a fault, e.g.
(the smaller the generator, the during power failure of the public grid
greater the short-circuit current
Safety power supply Safety power supply acc. to
must be compared to the nomi-
DIN VDE 0108
nal current)
Supply of sensitive or important Uninterruptible power supply
– UPS: 2 x 250 kVA (15 %)
consumers during power failure of the
public grid

Radial network Transparent structure Easy operation and fault

localization

Medium-voltage SF6 gas-insulated Small switchgear station, Minimized space requirements;

supply station independent of climate no maintenance

Transformer GEAFOL cast-resin with Low fire load, indoor installation Economical
reduced losses without any special precautions

Low-voltage main SIVACON 8PT with central EMC-friendly power system Protection of telecommunications
distribution grounding point q splitting of PEN equipment from interference
in PE and N to the TN-S system (e.g. lower transmission rates
(4-pole switches to connect to for communication lines)
the low-voltage main distribution)

Wiring/ Cables Central measurements of current, Cost transparency

main route voltage, power, e.g. for billing,
cost center allocation

Cost savings

2/21 2
TIP_Kapitel_02_Engl 11.08.2005 18:41 Uhr Seite 22

High-rise building, type 2:

Central busbars

Elevators FF elevators

HVAC HVAC-SPS

nth floor FD-GPS FD-SPS FD-UPS

(n-1)th floor FD-GPS FD-SPS FD-UPS

(n-2)th floor FD-GPS FD-SPS FD-UPS

(n-3)th floor FD-GPS FD-SPS FD-UPS

(n-4)th floor FD-GPS FD-SPS FD-UPS

5th floor FD-GPS FD-SPS FD-UPS

4th floor FD-GPS FD-SPS FD-UPS

3rd floor FD-GPS FD-SPS FD-UPS

GPS General power

supply 2nd floor FD-GPS FD-SPS FD-UPS
FD Floor distribution
boards
PCO Power company or 1st floor FD-GPS FD-SPS FD-UPS
system operator
FF Firefighters
HVAC Heating – Ventilation
– Air conditioning LVMD
MVD Medium-voltage
distribution
GPS SPS
LVMD Low-voltage main 1 2 G UPS
distribution 3~
MVD
SPS Safety power supply z
UPS Uninterruptible Basement
power supply
From PCO

2/22 Totally Integrated Power by Siemens

TIP_Kapitel_02_Engl 11.08.2005 18:41 Uhr Seite 23

Planning Modules for Building Supply Concepts

Building type High-rise building

Number of floors ≤ 10

Ground area / total area 1,000 m2 / ≤ 10,000 m2

Segmentation of power 80 % utilized area

required 20 % side area

Power required ≤ 1,800 kW

Supply types 100 % total power from the public grid

10–30 % of total power for safety power supply (SPS)
5–20 % of total power for uninterruptible power supply (UPS)

Power system protection Selectivity is aimed at

Special requirements Good electromagnetic compatibility

High safety of supply and operation

Proposal for concept finding

Feature Our solution Advantage Your benefit

Network Central transformer supply Simple network configuration, low Only one electric utilities room
configuration close to load center power losses required, easy and low-cost
Smax = 1,500 kVA operation of electric system
cosϕ = 0.85
Transformer modules with 2 x 800 kVA, Optimized voltage quality Operation that is gentle on the user's
Floors: 8
Ukr = 6 %, i.e. Ik ≤ 40 kA equipment, economical equipment

Redundant supply unit: Supply of important consumers on Increased safety of supply

– Generator 400 kVA (30 %) all floors in the event of a fault, e.g.
(the smaller the generator, the during power failure of the public grid
greater the short-circuit cur- Safety power supply Safety power supply acc. to
rent must be compared to the DIN VDE 0108
nominal current)
Supply of sensitive or important Uninterruptible power supply
– UPS: 200 kVA (15 %) consumers during power failure of the
public grid

Radial network Transparent structure Easy operation and fault

localization

Medium-voltage SF6 gas-insulated Small switchgear station, Minimized space requirements for
supply station independent of climate utilities room; no maintenance

Transformer GEAFOL cast-resin with Low fire load, indoor installation Economical
reduced losses without any special precautions

Low-voltage main SIVACON 8PT with central EMC-friendly power system Protection of telecommunications
distribution grounding point q splitting of PEN equipment from interference
in PE and N to the TN-S system (e.g. lower transmission rates
for communication lines)

Wiring/ Busbars to the subdistribution Low fire load, flexible power Safety, time savings at
main route boards distribution restructuring

Few branches in the distribution, Minimized space requirements for

small distribution for electric utilities room

Small, minimized rising main busbar Less space requirements for

supply lines

2/23 2
TIP_Kapitel_02_Engl 11.08.2005 18:41 Uhr Seite 24

High-rise building, type 5:

Distributed busbars

Elevators FF elevators
G
4 5 6 3~ UPS
HVAC HVAC-SPS

nth floor FD-GPS FD-SPS FD-UPS

(n-1)th floor FD-GPS FD-SPS FD-UPS

(n-2)th floor FD-GPS FD-SPS FD-UPS

(n-3)th floor FD-GPS FD-SPS FD-UPS

(n-4)th floor FD-GPS FD-SPS FD-UPS

System discon- System discon- System discon-
necting point necting point necting point

5th floor FD-GPS FD-SPS FD-UPS

4th floor FD-GPS FD-SPS FD-UPS

3rd floor FD-GPS FD-SPS FD-UPS

GPS General power

supply 2nd floor FD-GPS FD-SPS FD-UPS
FD Floor distribution
boards
PCO Power company or 1st floor FD-GPS FD-SPS FD-UPS
system operator
FF Firefighters
HVAC Heating – Ventilation
– Air conditioning
MVD Medium-voltage
distribution
GPS SPS
LVMD Low-voltage main 1 2 3 G
3~ UPS
distribution
LVMD MVD
SPS Safety power supply z
UPS Uninterruptible Basement
power supply
From PCO

2/24 Totally Integrated Power by Siemens

TIP_Kapitel_02_Engl 11.08.2005 18:41 Uhr Seite 25

Planning Modules for Building Supply Concepts

Building type High-rise building

Number of floors > 20

Ground area / total area 1,000 m2 / ≥ 20,000 m2

Segmentation of power 80 % utilized area

required 20 % side area

Power required > 2,000 kW

Supply types 100 % total power from the public grid

10–30 % of total power for safety power supply (SPS)
5–20 % of total power for uninterruptible power supply (UPS)

Power system protection Selectivity is aimed at

Special requirements Good electromagnetic compatibility

High safety of supply and operation

Proposal for concept finding

Feature Our solution Advantage Your benefit
Network Splitting into two supply Short LV cables, Lower cost
configuration sections low power losses,
Smax = 4,000 kVA reduction of fire load
cosϕ = 0.85
2 transformer modules with 3 x 800 kVA, Voltage stability Optimized voltage quality,
Floors: 21
Ukr = 6 %, i.e. Ik ≤ 60 kA lighter design economical

Redundant supply unit: Supply of important consumers on Increased safety of supply

– Generator 2 x 630 kVA (30 %) all floors in the event of a fault, e.g.
(the smaller the generator, the during power failure of the public grid
greater the short-circuit current
Safety power supply Safety power supply acc. to
must be compared to the nomi-
DIN VDE 0108
nal current)
Supply of sensitive or important Uninterruptible power supply
consumers during power failure of the
– UPS: 2 x 300 kVA (15 %)
public grid

Radial network Transparent structure Easy operation and fault

localization

Medium-voltage SF6 gas-insulated Small switchgear station, Minimized space requirements for
supply station independent of climate utilities room; no maintenance

Transformer GEAFOL cast-resin with Low fire load, Economical

reduced losses indoor installation

Low-voltage main SIVACON 8PT with central EMC-friendly power system Protection of telecommunications
distribution grounding point q splitting of PEN equipment from interference
in PE and N to the TN-S system (e.g. lower transmission rates
(4-pole switches in the feeding for communication lines)
lines and at the changeover point)

Wiring/ Busbars to the subdistribution Low fire load, flexible power Safety, time savings when
main route boards distribution restructuring work is carried out

Few branches in the distribution, Minimized space requirements for

small distribution for electric utilities room

Small, minimized rising main busbar Less space requirements for

supply lines

2/25 2
TIP_Kapitel_02_Engl 11.08.2005 18:41 Uhr Seite 26

Appendix
Short-circuit currents Calculated acc. to DIN VDE 0102 EN 60909, dated 07-01-2002
Rated power HV voltage LV voltage Rated current Ir Impedance Reduced power Max. secondary-side
oltage Ukr losses Pk short-circuit current
[kVA] [kV] [V] [A] [%] [kVA] [kA]

400 10 400 577 4 4.3 16

630 10 400 909 4 6.4 25
800 10 400 1,155 4 7.8 31
1,000 10 400 1,443 4 8.9 39

400 10 400 577 6 4.3 10

630 10 400 909 6 6.4 17
800 10 400 1,155 6 7.6 21
1,000 10 400 1,443 6 8.5 26
1,250 10 400 1,804 6 10.5 33
1,600 10 400 2,309 6 11.4 42

400 20 400 577 4 3.9 16

630 20 400 909 4 6.0 25
800 20 400 1,155 4 7.5 31
1,000 20 400 1,443 4 8.7 39

400 20 400 577 6 4.1 10

630 20 400 909 6 6.4 17
800 20 400 1,155 6 7.9 21
1,000 20 400 1,443 6 9.6 26
1,250 20 400 1,804 6 10.5 33
1,600 20 400 2,309 6 12.3 42

2/26 Totally Integrated Power by Siemens

TIP_Kapitel_02_Engl 11.08.2005 18:41 Uhr Seite 27

Planning Modules for Building Supply Concepts

2/27 2