DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF

ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINE

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

VIGNESH T (111612114106)
VIMAL RAJ R (111612114109)
SAMINATHAN S (111612114080)

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

IN

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

RMK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

RSM NAGAR, PUDUVOYAL – 601206.

ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025.

APRIL 2015
 ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report “ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINE” is

the bonafide work of “VIGNESH T (111612114106), VIMAL RAJ
R(111612114109) & SAMINATHAN S (111612114080)” who carried out the
project work under my supervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

Dr.M.BALASUBRAMANIAN ME.,Ph.D; Mr.K.RAJESH ME

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
RMK COLLEGE OF ENGG & TECH RMK COLLEGE OF ENGG&TECH
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Support on demand, encouragement at the needed moment and
guidance in the right direction are in dispensable for ht success of
any project. We have received these in excess from all corners from
various people, we are glad to submit our gratitude to them.
We thank Shri.R.S.Munirathinam, Chairman and
Shri.R.M.Kishore, Vice Chairman of RMK group of Institutions for
extending a generous hand in providing the best of resources to the
college. Dr.E.B.Perumal Pillai, the esteemed Head of our Institution
has been a source of motivation to all the staffs and students of our
college. We are so much thankful to him. Our sincere thanks to Dr.
S.BhagavathiPerumal, The VicePrincipal, for giving the continuous
support for the completion of our project.
Our Sincere thanks to Dr.M.Balasubramanian, the Head of the
Department for his continuous support and motivation throughout
our project.
We extend our profound gratitude to Mr. Nirmal.N our Project
Coordinator and Mr.K.Rajesh our Guid for his guidance, who has
indeed been a polestar throughout the course of the project, we
thank him for giving us full support to complete the project
successfully.
Last, but not the least, we take this opportunity to thank all the staff
members of the Department of Mechanical Engineering. Regards to
our family, classmates and friends who offered an unflinching moral
support for completion of this project.
ABSTRACT

The main objective of our project to design and construct an electrically

operated engine i.e. Electromagnetic Engine. Our engine is totally different
from ordinary IC Engine, because of the inventory advancement in operating
principles. We have changed the operating principle of IC Engine by using
electromagnetic effect instead of combustion of fossil fuels. This engine works
on the principle of magnetic repulsion between two magnets. This
electromagnetic engine consists of two magnets, one of them is an
Electromagnet and other one is a Permanent Magnet. Permanent Magnet
acts as piston and Electromagnet is located at the top of the cylinder instead of
spark plug and valve arrangement in IC Engines. In this way this engine does
not contain any spark plug and fuel injection system. The Electromagnet is
energized by a battery source of suitable voltage and the polarities of
electromagnet are set in such a way that it will repel the permanent magnet
i.e. piston from TDC to BDC, which will result in the rotary motion of crank
shaft. When the piston is at BDC the supply of Electromagnet is discontinued,
the permanent magnet which was repelled to BDC will come back to its initial
position i.e. TDC. This procedure completes one revolution of crank shaft i.e.
our output work. The total power supplied by battery will be just to fulfill the
copper losses of winding and power required to magnetize the windings.
 CONTENT
i) ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ii) ABSTRACT

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 IC ENGINE
1.1.1 APPLICATION

1.1.2 DISADVANTAGES

1.2 ELECTRIC VEHICLE

1.2.1 ADVANTAGES

1.2.2 DISADVANTAGES

1.3 AIR COMPRESSED ENGINE

1.3.1 ADVANTAGES

1.3.2 DISADVANTAGES

1.4 ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINE

1.5
1.6
2. LITERATURE SURVEY
3. SCOPE & OBJECTIVES
4. DESIGN CALCULATION
5. DESCRIPTION OF PARTS
5.1 CYLINDER
 5.2 PISTON
5.3 CONNECTING ROD
5.4 FLY WHEEL
5.5 ELECTROMAGNET
5.6 PERMANENT MAGNET
5.7 BATTERY
6. FABRICATION & WORKING
7. RESULTS & DISCUSSION
8. CONCLUSION
9. BILL OF MATERIAL
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 IC ENGINE
An internal combustion engine (ICE) is a heat engine where the combustion of a
fuel occurs with an oxidizer (usually air) in a combustion chamber that is an
integral part of the working fluid flow circuit. In an internal combustion engine the
expansion of the high-temperature and high-pressure gases produced by
combustion apply direct force to some component of the engine. The force is
applied typically to pistons, turbine blades, or a nozzle. This force moves the
component over a distance, transforming chemical energy into useful mechanical
energy. The first commercially successful internal combustion engine was created
by Étienne Lenoir around 1859 and the first modern internal combustion engine
was created in 1864 by Siegfried Marcus.

The term internal combustion engine usually refers to an engine in which

combustion is intermittent, such as the more familiar four-stroke and two-stroke
piston engines, along with variants, such as the six-stroke piston engine and the
Wankel rotary engine. A second class of internal combustion engines use
continuous combustion: gas turbines, jet engines and most rocket engines, each of
which are internal combustion engines on the same principle as previously
described. Firearms are also a form of internal combustion engine.

Internal combustion engines are quite different from external combustion engines,
such as steam or Stirling engines, in which the energy is delivered to a working
fluid not consisting of, mixed with, or contaminated by combustion products.
Working fluids can be air, hot water, pressurized water or even liquid sodium,
heated in a boiler. ICEs are usually powered by energy-dense fuels such as
gasoline or diesel, liquids derived from fossil fuels. While there are many
stationary applications, most ICEs are used in mobile applications and are the
dominant power supply for cars, aircraft, and boats.

Typically an ICE is fed with fossil fuels like natural gas or petroleum products
such as gasoline, diesel fuel or fuel oil. There's a growing usage of renewable fuels
like biodiesel for compression ignition engines and bioethanol for spark ignition
engines. Hydrogen is sometimes used, and can be made from either fossil fuels or
renewable energy.

1.1.1 APPLICATION
Reciprocating piston engines are by far the most common power source for land
vehicles including automobiles, motorcycles, locomotives and ships. Wankel
engines are found on some automobiles and motorcycles.

Where very high power-to-weight ratios are required, internal combustion engines
appear in the form of combustion turbines. Powered aircraft typically uses an ICE
which may be a reciprocating engine. Airplanes can instead use jet engines and
helicopters can instead employ turbo shafts; both of which are types of turbines. In
addition to providing propulsion, airliners employ a separate ICE as an auxiliary
power unit.

1.1.2 DISADVANTAGES

Air pollution

Internal combustion engines such as reciprocating internal combustion engines

produce air pollution emissions, due to incomplete combustion of carbonaceous
fuel. The main derivatives of the process are carbon dioxide CO2, water and some
soot — also called particulate matter (PM). The effects of inhaling particulate
matter have been studied in humans and animals and include asthma, lung cancer,
cardiovascular issues, and premature death. There are, however, some additional
products of the combustion process that include nitrogen oxides and sulfur and
some uncombusted hydrocarbons, depending on the operating conditions and the
fuel-air ratio.

Not all of the fuel is completely consumed by the combustion process; a small
amount of fuel is present after combustion, and some of it reacts to form
oxygenates, such as formaldehyde or acetaldehyde, or hydrocarbons not originally
present in the input fuel mixture. Incomplete combustion usually results from
insufficient oxygen to achieve the perfect stoichiometric ratio. The flame is
"quenched" by the relatively cool cylinder walls, leaving behind unreacted fuel that
is expelled with the exhaust. When running at lower speeds, quenching is
commonly observed in diesel (compression ignition) engines that run on natural
gas. Quenching reduces efficiency and increases knocking, sometimes causing the
engine to stall. Incomplete combustion also leads to the production of carbon
monoxide (CO). Further chemicals released are benzene and 1,3-butadiene that are
also hazardous air pollutants.

Increasing the amount of air in the engine reduces emissions of incomplete

combustion products, but also promotes reaction between oxygen and nitrogen in
the air to produce nitrogen oxides (NOx). NOx is hazardous to both plant and
animal health, and leads to the production of ozone (O3). Ozone is not emitted
directly; rather, it is a secondary air pollutant, produced in the atmosphere by the
reaction of NO"x" and volatile organic compounds in the presence of sunlight.
Ground-level ozone is harmful to human health and the environment. Though the
same chemical substance, ground-level ozone should not be confused with
stratospheric ozone, or the ozone layer, which protects the earth from harmful
ultraviolet rays.

Carbon fuels contain sulfur and impurities that eventually produce sulfur
monoxides (SO) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) in the exhaust, which promotes acid rain.

In the United States, nitrogen oxides, PM, carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide, and
ozone, are regulated as criteria air pollutants under the Clean Air Act to levels
where human health and welfare are protected. Other pollutants, such as benzene
and 1,3-butadiene, are regulated as hazardous air pollutants whose emissions must
be lowered as much as possible depending on technological and practical
considerations.

Non-road engines

The emission standards used by many countries have special requirements for non-
road engines which are used by equipment and vehicles that are not operated on
the public roadways. The standards are separated from the road vehicles.

Noise pollution

Significant contributions to noise pollution are made by internal combustion

engines. Automobile and truck traffic operating on highways and street systems
produce noise, as do aircraft flights due to jet noise, particularly supersonic-
capable aircraft. Rocket engines create the most intense noise.

Idling

Internal combustion engines continue to consume fuel and emit pollutants when
idling so it is desirable to keep periods of idling to a minimum. Many bus
companies now instruct drivers to switch off the engine when the bus is waiting at
a terminal.

1.2 ELECTRIC VEHICLE

An electric bicycle, or more precisely, a "power-assisted bicycle" is a traditional

bicycle to which a small electric engine and a battery have been added, with the
aim of assisting the rider at ‘’difficult’’ moments: hills, headwind, recovery period
…it’s enough to have you make friends with your bicycle again. The electric
car (EV) is a relatively new concept in the world of the automotive industry.
Although some companies have based their entire model of cars around being
proactive and using electricity, some also offer hybrid vehicles that work off both
electricity and gas. An electric car such as Nissan Leaf, Ford Focus Electric or
Tesla Model S, Chevrolet Volt is a great way for you to not only save money, but
also help contribute towards a healthy and stable environment.

Cars produce a lot of carbon emissions that are ejected into our natural atmosphere,
leaving us vulnerable to things like pollution and greenhouse gases. In order to
help positively the environment we live in, an electric car is a great step forward.
By buying an electric car, you can also receive government subsidies for being
environmentally conscious. Although you may end up paying more for your
vehicle, the positives greatly overshadow the negatives. However there are still two
sides to consider when you’re thinking about investing in an electric vehicle.

EV’s get their power from rechargeable batteries installed inside the car. These
batteries are not only used to power the car but also used for the functioning of
lights and wipers. Electric cars have more batteries than normal gasoline car. It’s
the same kind of batteries that are commonly used when starting up a gasoline
engine. The only difference comes in the fact that in electric vehicles, they have
more of them which are used to power the engine.

1.2.1 ADVANTAGES
 No Gas Required

 Savings

 No Emissions

 Popularity

 Safe Drive

 Cost Effective

 Low Maintenance

 Reduced Noise Pollution

1.2.2 DISADVANTAGES
  Recharge Points

 Electricity isn’t Free

 Short Driving Range and Speed

 Longer Recharge Time

 Normally 2 Seaters

 Battery Replacement

 Not Suitable for Cities Facing Shortage of Power

1.3 AIR COMPRESSED ENGINE

A compressed-air vehicle (CAV) is powered by an air engine, using compressed

air, which is stored in a tank. Instead of mixing fuel with air and burning it in the
engine to drive pistons with hot expanding gases, compressed-air vehicles use the
expansion of compressed air to drive their pistons. One manufacturer claims to
have designed an engine that is 90 percent efficient.
Compressed-air propulsion may also be incorporated in hybrid systems, such as
with battery electric propulsion. This kind of system is called a hybrid-pneumatic
electric propulsion. Additionally, regenerative braking can also be used in
conjunction with this system.

1.3.1 ADVANTAGES
 Much like electrical vehicles, air powered vehicles would ultimately be
powered through the electrical grid. Which makes it easier to focus on
reducing pollution from one source, as opposed to the millions of vehicles
on the road.
 Transportation of the fuel would not be required due to drawing power off
the electrical grid. This presents significant cost benefits. Pollution created
during fuel transportation would be eliminated.
 Compressed-air technology reduces the cost of vehicle production by about
20%, because there is no need to build a cooling system, fuel tank, Ignition
Systems
 The engine can be massively reduced in size.
 The engine runs on cold or warm air, so can be made of lower strength light
weight material such as aluminium, plastic, low friction teflon or a
combination.
 Low manufacture and maintenance costs as well as easy maintenance.
 Compressed-air tanks can be disposed of or recycled with less pollution than
batteries.
 Compressed-air vehicles are unconstrained by the degradation problems
associated with current battery systems.
 The air tank may be refilled more often and in less time than batteries can be
recharged, with re-filling rates comparable to liquid fuels.
 Lighter vehicles cause less damage to roads, resulting in lower maintenance
cost.
 The price of filling air powered vehicles is significantly cheaper than petrol,
diesel or biofuel. If electricity is cheap, then compressing air will also be
relatively cheap.

1.3.2 DISADVANTAGES

 When air expands, as it would in the engine, it cools dramatically (Charles's

law) and must be heated to ambient temperature using a heat exchanger
similar to the Intercooler used for internal combustion engines. The heating
is necessary in order to obtain a significant fraction of the theoretical energy
output. The heat exchanger can be problematic. While it performs a similar
task to the Intercooler, the temperature difference between the incoming air
and the working gas is smaller. In heating the stored air, the device gets very
cold and may ice up in cool, moist climates.
 Refueling the compressed-air container using a home or low-end
conventional air compressor may take as long as 4 hours, while the
specialized equipment at service stations may fill the tanks in only 3
minutes.
 Tanks get very hot when filled rapidly. SCUBA tanks are sometimes
immersed in water to cool them down when they are being filled. That
would not be possible with tanks in a car and thus it would either take a long
time to fill the tanks, or they would have to take less than a full charge, since
heat drives up the pressure. However, if well insulated, such as Dewar
 (vacuum) flask design, the heat would not have to be lost but put to use
when the car was running.
 Early tests have demonstrated the limited storage capacity of the tanks; the
only published test of a vehicle running on compressed air alone was limited
to a range of 7.22 km (4 mi).

1.4 ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINE

An electromagnet is a type of magnet in which the magnetic field is produced by
the flow of electric current. The magnetic field disappears when the current is
turned off. Electromagnets are widely used as components of other electrical
devices, such as motors, generators, relays, loudspeakers, hard disks, MRI
machines, scientific instruments, and magnetic separation equipment, as well as
being employed as industrial lifting electromagnets for picking up and moving
heavy iron objects like scrap iron.

A simple electromagnet consisting of a coil of insulated wire wrapped around an

iron core. The strength of magnetic field generated is proportional to the amount of
current.
Current (I) through a wire produces a magnetic field (B). The field is oriented
according to the right-hand rule.

An electric current flowing in a wire creates a magnetic field around the wire (see
drawing below). To concentrate the magnetic field, in an electromagnet the wire is
wound into a coil with many turns of wire lying side by side. The magnetic field of
all the turns of wire passes through the center of the coil, creating a strong
magnetic field there. A coil forming the shape of a straight tube (a helix) is called
a solenoid; a solenoid that is bent into a donut shape so that the ends meet is called
a toroid. Much stronger magnetic fields can be produced if a "core"
of ferromagnetic material, such as soft iron, is placed inside the coil. The
ferromagnetic core increases the magnetic field to thousands of times the strength
of the field of the coil alone, due to the high magnetic permeability μ of the
ferromagnetic material. This is called a ferromagnetic-core or iron-core
electromagnet.
Magnetic field produced by a solenoid(coil of wire). This drawing shows a cross
section through the center of the coil. The crosses are wires in which current is
moving into the page; the dots are wires in which current is moving up out of the
page.

The direction of the magnetic field through a coil of wire can be found from a form
of the right-hand rule.  If the fingers of the right hand are curled around the coil in
the direction of current flow (conventional current, flow of positive charge)
through the windings, the thumb points in the direction of the field inside the coil.
The side of the magnet that the field lines emerge from is defined to be the north
pole.

The main advantage of an electromagnet over a permanent magnet is that the

magnetic field can be rapidly manipulated over a wide range by controlling the
amount of electric current. However, a continuous supply of electrical energy is
required to maintain the field.

1.4.1 USES OF ELECTROMAGNET

 Fig: Industrial electromagnet lifting scrap iron, 1914

Electromagnets are very widely used in electric and electromechanical devices,

including:

 Motors and generators

 Transformers

 Relays, including reed relays originally used in telephone exchanges

 Electric bells

 Loudspeakers

 Magnetic recording and data storage equipment: tape recorders, VCRs, hard

disks

 Scientific instruments such as MRI machines and mass spectrometers

 Particle accelerators

 Magnetic locks

 Magnetic separation of material

 Industrial lifting magnets

 Electromagnetic suspension used for MAGLEV trains

2. LITERATURE SURVEY
Rithula, Jeyashruthi, Anandhi (2013): “Electric Vehicle with Zero-
fuel Electromagnetic Automobile Engine”
The main aim of the project is to design an electromagnetically reciprocating
automobile engine. A four-stroke engine is used in the vehicle. The design
involves the replacement of the spark plugs and valves by conductors and strong
electromagnetic material. The piston is a movable permanent magnet and while an
air core electromagnet is fixed at the top of the cylinder. When the electromagnet is
excited by A.C. (Square Wave) supply, for same polarities these magnets will repel
and for opposite polarities they will attract, thus causing the to and fro movement
of the piston. So when the cylinders 1 &4 of the four-stroke engine experience
attraction of magnets due to which the piston moves upwards, repulsion takes place
inside cylinders 2 & 3 in which the piston moves downwards and then during the
next stroke vice-versa occurs . The to and fro movement of the piston is converted
into a rotary motion by the crank shaft, which in turn is coupled to the wheels
which causes the wheels to rotate. So with the help of the electromagnets and
permanent magnets, the to and fro movement of the piston is obtained using the
alternating attractive and repulsive force of the magnets, which is responsible for
the movement of the vehicle. Thus we can run the electric vehicle without a motor
and the energy is extracted in a clean way as it does not require fuels reducing the
air pollution.
Shirsendu Das (Jun 2013): “An Electromagnetic Mechanism Which
Works Like an Engine”

Engine is the main power source of Automobiles, where combustion takes place &
produces heat which converts into mechanical energy. We know IC-Engines are
used in Automobiles, Aeroplane etc .But the incomplete combustion produces
some harmful gasses, which is one main cause of air pollution. Modern Science &
Technology has been taken many positive steps for emission control. Like, using
CNGs & LPGs instead of petrol & diesel. Now technology brings Electrical bikes,
scooters & cars. The battery of electrical vehicle can charge easily like mobile.
They have less running cost & 100% emission free. But they have very less load
carrying capacity & not suitable for long run. So basically we have to prefer
Engines for more power & more running capacity. Here I have introduced a
mechanism which has more load caring & running capacity then electrical vehicles
but makes zero emission or pollution.
Abil Joseph Eapen, Aby Eshow Varughese (Jun 2014):
“ELECTROMAGNETIC ENGINE”
Increasing fuel prices and pollution are the major demerits of Internal Combustion
(IC) engines. Also presently the demand for fuel has increased and in the nearby
future, shortage of fossil fuels is being expected due to the ever growing
consumption. So need of alternative energy has become necessary. The main aim
of the project is the zero point fuel consumption. The working principle of the
engine is the magnetic force principle, i.e. magnetic repulsion between the same
poles of two different magnets. When similar poles of two different magnets come
in contact with each other they repel each other. This phenomenon of repulsion is
used in this engine to create motion.

3. SCOPE & OBJECTIVES

Nowadays the electromagnetic vehicle has high innovative compared with IC
engine. And this engine has very cleaner and which is not produce any kind of the
smokes. The maintenance cost of the type of electromagnetic engine is also low.
The present day electric vehicle is efficient than petrol/diesel vehicles. They are
97% cleaner than gas-powered cars. The maintenance cost of electric cars is
optimum. The main problems faced by electric vehicles are its inability to run long
distances before being charged again and the high initial cost of the electric
vehicles. Most production electric cars about to hit the market can only go about
100 miles (160.9kms). Also there is need for installation of charging stations as the
energy densities of normal batteries is less for vehicles to travel over long distances
and getting a full charge takes around eight hours.

4. DESIGN & CALCULATION

Input voltage = 36 V

Input current = 1 A
Input Power = Voltage × Current = 36 × 1 = 36W
Max. Force exerted by electromagnet on piston F1 = (N2I2KA)/2G2
Where,
N = number of turns = 1000
I = Current flowing through coil = 1 A
K = Permeability of free space = 4π×10-7
 A = Cross-sectional area of electromagnet (radius r = 0.0175 m)
G = Least distance between electromagnet and permanent magnet = 0.005 m
On substitution, we get Max. Force F1 = 24.18 N Force exerted by permanent
magnet Force F2 = (B2A)/2μ0
Where,
B = Flux density (T)
A = Cross-sectional area of magnet (radius r = 0.0125 m) μ0= Permeability of
free space = 4π×10-7
Now flux density
B = Br/2 × [(D + z)/(R2 + (D + z)2)0.5 – z/(R2 + z2)0.5]
Where,
Br = Remanence field = 1.21 T
z = distance from a pole face = 0.005 m
D = thickness of magnet = 0.012 m
R = semi-diameter of the magnet = 0.0125 m
On substitution we get flux density, B = 0.2547 T
Now substituting B in the equation of force,
F2 = 12.67 N
Since, force F1 and F2 are repulsive,
Total force F = F1 + F2 F = 36.85 N
Torque T = F × r
Where,
F = total force on piston
r = crank radius = 0.01m
Torque T = 0.3685 N-m
Mass of Fly wheel ω = (2πN)/60,
Where,
 N = speed = 200rpm
Therefore ω = 20.94 rad/s
Energy stored on flywheel
E=T×θ
Where,
T = torque θ = Angle of rotation = 1800 = π radians On substitution we get
energy stored
E = 1.157 J
Also E = 0.5 × I × ω2
Where,
I = moment of inertia of flywheel
ω = angular velocity on substitution we get moment of inertia,
I = 5.277 × 10-7 Kg-m2
Moment of inertia, I = 0.5 × m × r2
Where,
m = mass of fly wheel
r = radius of fly wheel = 0.07 m
On substitution, We get m = 2.154 Kg
Output power
P = (2πNT)/60
Where,
N = speed = 200 rpm
T = Torque = 0.3685 N-m
On substitution,
we get Output power
 P = 7.718 W
Efficiency = (Output/Input) × 100 = (7.718/36) × 100 Therefore,
Efficiency = 21.44 %

5. COMPONENTS

5.1 CYLINDER
Electromagnetic engine uses only magnets for its operation. The cylinder must take
care of unwanted magnetic field and other losses further cylinder material itself
should not get attracted to the magnet and resist the movement of the piston. To
take care of above issues, the cylinder must be only made up of non-magnetic
materials such as stainless steel, titanium or similar materials of high resistivity and
low electrical conductivity. The cylinder of an electromagnetic engine is a simple
rectangular block with a blind hole in it. The temperature within the
electromagnetic engine cylinder is very low and so no fins are needed for heat
transfer. This makes the cylinder easily manufacturable. Also the cylinder is made
of aluminum, a non-magnetic material which limits the magnetic field within the
boundaries of cylinder periphery. Usage of aluminium material makes the engine
lighter unlike the cast-iron cylinder used in internal combustion engine.

5.2 PISTON
The hollow piston casing is made up of non-magnetic stainless steel, titanium or
similar materials of high resistivity and low electrical conductivity. Alternatively,
piston casing can also be made up of non-metallic, thermal resistant materials as
well or can be made by integrating both non-magnetic and non-metallic materials.
One end of the hollow case is fitted with a powerful permanent magnet made of
neodymium iron-boron (NdFeB), samarium-cobalt (SmCo) or similar high field
strength magnetic materials. The permanent magnet acts as the core of the piston.
The flat surface (which is also the pole of the magnet) of the piston that is nearer to
the pole od the electromagnet is called the magnetic head of the piston or piston
head. The flat surface of the piston head may be completely exposed or it may be
covered by a thin layer of non-magnetic material of sufficient thickness. The other
end of the piston case connects to the piston rod that connects to the crankshaft.
The crankshaft and the piston rod convert the linear reciprocating movement of the
piston to the circular movement.

5.3 CONNECTING ROD

In a reciprocating engine, the connecting rod is used to connect the piston to the
crankshaft. This converts the linear motion or reciprocating motion of the piston to
the circular motion of the crankshaft. The material of the connecting rod is cast
iron and the magnetic fields are contained inside the cylinder and the connecting
rod will not be affected much. so, the connecting rod is same as that of an Internal
combustion engine. Hence, no modification is required.
5.4 FLY WHEEL

Flywheel is made up of mild steel. It regulates the engine’s rotation and making it
operate at a steady speed. so, that flywheels have a significant moment of inertia
and thus resist changes it rotational speed and the amount of energy stored in a
flywheel is proportional to the square of its rotational speed and energy is
transferred to the flywheel by applying torque and It is used to store the rotation
kinetic energy.
5.5 ELECTROMAGNET

An electromagnetic coil is formed when an insulated solid copper wire is wound

around a core or form to create an inductor or electromagnet. When electricity is
passed through a coil, it generates a magnetic field. One loop of wire is usually
referred to as a turn or a winding and a coil consists of one or more turns. For use
in an electronic circuit, electrical connection terminals called taps are often
connected to a coil. Coils are often coated with varnish or wrapped with insulating
tape to provide additional insulation and secure them in place. A completed coil
assembly with one or more set of coils and taps is often called the windings.

5.6 PERMANANT MAGNET

A neodymium magnet (also known as NdFeB, NIB or Neo magnet), the most

widely used type of rare-earth magnet, is a permanent magnet made from
an alloy of neodymium, iron and boron to form the Nd2Fe14B tetragonal crystalline
structure. Developed in 1982 by General Motors and Sumitomo Special Metals,
neodymium magnets are the strongest type of permanent magnet commercially
available.  They have replaced other types of magnet in the many applications in
modern products that require strong permanent magnets, such as motors
in cordless tools, hard disk drives and magnetic fasteners.

5.7 BATTERY

Where high values of load current are necessary, the lead-acid cell is the
type most commonly used. The electrolyte is a dilute solution of sulphuric acid
(H₂SO₄). In the application of battery power to start the engine in an auto mobile,
for example, the load current to the starter motor is typically 200 to 400A One cell
has a nominal output of 2.1V, but lead-acid cells are often used in a series
combination of three for a 6-V battery and six for a 12-V battery.
6. FABRICATION & WORKING

The working of the electromagnetic engine is based on the principle of

magnetism. A magnet has two poles a north pole and a south pole. Magnetism is a
class of physical phenomenon that includes forces exerted by magnets on other
magnets. By principle of magnetism, when like poles of a magnet is brought
together they repel away from each other. When unlike poles are brought near each
other they attract. This is same for the case of an electromagnet and a permanent
magnet too. So the idea is to modify the piston head and cylinder head into
magnets so that force can be generated between them.

This working of the electromagnetic engine is based on attraction &

repulsive force of the magnet. The engine greatly resembles the working of a two-
stroke engine. To start, let us begin from the situation, when piston is located in the
lower position. The coil is connected through the battery, the copper coil is
energized to produced the magnetic field the piston in side of the large power
Neodymium Iron Boron magnets, the piston moved upper and lower the fly wheel
connected through the piston link the copper coil energized the piston move
upward and copper coil is de-energized the piston move to downward. With the
help of relay and control unit. The continuous process through piston is move to
(up and down) with also rotated the fly wheel. The arrangement has shown in the
Electromagnetic engines working are based on the principle of interaction between
the magnetic field Permanent magnet is fixed in the piston and iron material is
connected to copper coil. So that the iron material is converted into electromagnet
when the power supply is given to it. When piston is located in the lower position,
the coil is connected through the battery. The copper coil is energized to produce
the magnetic field. When the copper coil energized the piston move upward and
copper coil is de- energized the piston move to downward, with the help of relay
and control unit. The continuous process through piston is move to (up and down)
with also rotated the fly wheel.
7. RESULTS & DISCUSSION

The prototype of an electromagnetic engine which works on the principle of

magnetism was successfully designed and fabricated. Experimental analysis was
successfully performed on the prototype. The results obtained from the
experiment are as follows.

 Prototype of an engine which works on the principle of magnetism was

successfully manufactured.
 It uses electricity as its input. No fuel is consumed, which was the
primary goal.
 The prototype creates no pollution and is eco-friendly.
 The prototype is a two stroke engine.
 Only the repulsive force between the magnet and electromagnet is used
for power generation.
 Acceleration is done by controlling the timer which controls the relay.
 Maximum efficiency obtained was 21.22% at 229 rpm for an input
current of 1.2A.
  Maximum output power obtained was 20.7W at 249 rpm for an input
current of 1.7 A

The efficiency and power output of the engine was less than what was expected.
The reason for less power and efficiency are
 The windings of the electromagnet are not perfect. The windings are not
machine wound. It was wound with hands on a lathe. So windings are not
tight and there is air gap. The field generated will not be as strong as
expected.
 The windings are not laminated. It will result in copper losses and
hysteresis losses.
 The use of relay limits the flow of current as it offers a resistance. So
with less current flow, the field generated by the electromagnet will be
less and results in less force.
 The fabrication work and the design are not perfect. There might be some
misalignments and it might cause a drop in output.

8. CONCLUSION
The electromagnetic engine has various advantages over the internal
combustion engines. The main advantage is, no fuel is being used in the engine.
This results in no pollution which is very desirable in the present day situation. As
there is no combustion taking place inside the cylinder there is only very little heat
generation. This eliminates the need for a cooling system. As magnetic energy is
being used the need for air filter, fuel tank, supply system, fuel filter, fuel injector,
fuel pump, valves etc. are eliminated and the design of the engine is made simple.
Also by the use of materials like Aluminum, titanium etc. we can reduce the
weight of the engine. Also existing transmission systems can be used in the
electromagnetic engine. Less noise is produce during working. The disadvantage
of the electromagnetic engine is its high initial cost. The electromagnet and
permanent magnet can be very costly. Also the power of the permanent magnet
will decrease during time and the permanent magnet has to be replaced during
regular intervals. The engine is not as flexible as the internal combustion engine.
The power source is battery. The number of batteries will vary according to the
requirement. In high power engines, the number of batteries will increase which
may increase the total weight of vehicle and consume a lot of space. Also the
batteries needs to be charged regularly which is difficult and time consuming. So
the engine is not dependable The prototype is an idea which uses the property of an
electromagnet by virtue of which it changes the polarity of its poles whenever the
direction of current is changed. This variation in polarity is utilized to attract or
repel the permanent magnet attached to the piston. The usage of relay and timer
will limit the output of the engine. By using an ECU in the engine instead, power
can be obtained on each stroke which will result in an increased output. Also, by
inserting more permanent magnets in series on the piston will enhance the output
of the engine. By slight modification in design and by the use of better hands the
engine can be modified to generate more power, thereby increasing its efficiency,
so that it can be used in commercial vehicles and other applications
8. BILL OF MATERIALS