UNIT I

Bonding
Unit I
Bonding
Types of bonding - Covalent bond - nature, structure and hybridization of CH4,
C2H4, C2H2 and C6H6 molecule. Nature of ionic bond, structure of NaCl and CsCl.
Hydrogen bonding - inter and intra molecular, nature and its effect on structure
and its consequences. Shapes and hybridization of BeCl2, H2O, NH3 and PCl5 based
on VSEPR theory
Atom – the smallest unit of matter “indivisible”

Helium
atom
 electron shells
a) Atomic number = number of Electrons

b) Electrons vary in the amount of energy

they possess, and they occur at certain
energy levels or electron shells
c) Electron shells determine how an atom
behaves when it encounters other atoms
Electrons are placed in shells according
to rules:
1) The 1st shell can hold up to two electrons,
and each shell thereafter can hold up to 8
electrons.
 Why are electrons important?
1) Elements have different electron
configurations
▪ different electron configurations mean different
levels of bonding
Octet Rule = atoms tend to gain, lose or share electrons so
as to have 8 electrons
✓C would like to Gain 4 electrons
✓N would like to Gain 3 electrons
✓O would like to Gain 2 electrons
 Chemical bond

• A chemical bond is a lasting attraction between atoms, ions or

molecules that enables the formation of chemical compounds.

The bond may result from the electrostatic force of attraction

between oppositely charged ions as in ionic bonds or through

the sharing of electrons as in covalent bonds.

 Types of bonds
❖ To obtain a stable electronic configuration, atoms can gain, lose or

share the electrons

❖ Based on electronegativity scale, We can divide the elements into

• Electropositive elements – whose atoms give up one or more

electrons

• Electronegative elements – whose atoms take up electrons

• Elements whose atoms neither lose nor gain electrons

 Types of bonds
❖ Three types of bonds are possible

• Electropositive element + Electronegative element – Ionic bond

• Electronegative element + Electronegative element – Covalent

bond

• Electropositive element + Electropositive element – Metallic

bond
 IONIC BOND or ELECTROVALENT BOND
❖Ionic bond is formed due to electrostatic attraction between two
ions formed by transfer of electrons from one atom to another
❖Compounds that consist of ions are known as ionic atoms.
❖ Atoms that gain or lose electrons are called ions, ions may have a
negative charge or positive charge.
❖ Metals lose electrons to gain positive charge and form cations
❖Anions are ions that have negative charge and cations are ions that
tend to have a positive charge
❖Ionic bonds are generally between metals and non-metals
For e.g. Salt (NaCl) is an ionic bond
that consists of Sodium (Na) which is a metal with
positive charge combines with
Chlorine (Cl), a nonmetal with a negative charge.
Group 1 metals ⎯→ ion 1+
Group 2 metals ⎯→ ion 2+
Group 13 metals ⎯→ ion 3+
 Some Typical Ions with Positive
Charges (Cations)
Group 1 Group 2 Group 13
H+ Mg2+ Al3+
Li+ Ca2+
Na+ Sr2+
K+ Ba2+
 Formation of Sodium Ion
Sodium atom Sodium ion
Na – e− ⎯⎯→ Na +

2-8-1 2-8 ( = Ne)

11 p+ 11 p+
11 e- 10 e-
0 1+
 Formation of Magnesium Ion
Magnesium atom Magnesium ion
•
Mg • – 2e− ⎯→ Mg2+

2-8-2 2-8 (=Ne)

12 p+ 12 p+
12 e- 10 e-
0 2+
 Fluoride Ion
unpaired electron octet
•• •• 1-
:F• + e− : F:
•• ••

2-7 2-8 (= Ne)

9 p+ 9 p+
9 e- 10 e-
0 1-
ionic charge
 Chloride Ion
unpaired electron octet
•• •• 1-
: Cl • + e− :Cl :
•• ••

2-8-7 2-8-8 (= Ar)

17 p+ 17 p+
17 e- 18 e-
0 1-
ionic charge
 Properties of Ionic Compounds
✓ high boiling and melting points
✓ Electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely
charged ions lead to the formation of ions.
✓ Crystals
✓ compounds are brittle and break into small pieces
easily.
✓ Electrovalent compounds usually dissolve in water and
are insoluble in solvents like oil, petrol, kerosene, etc.
✓ Ionic compounds do not conduct electricity in a solid-
state but they do conduct electricity in the molten
state.
✓ In comparison to molecular compounds, ionic
compounds have higher enthalpies of fusion and
vaporization.
 Structure of NaCl
• NaCl is 6:6 Coordination Crystal
• NaCl has face centered cubic lattice
(FCC)
• Na+ are present at the corners and
face centres while Cl- are present at
body-centre and edge centres. It can
also be vice-versa
• Every Na+ is surrounded by six Cl- ions, one above, one below, one
on the left, one on the right, one in front and one at the back
• Similarly every Cl- is surrounded by six Na+.
• Therefore, Na+ and Cl- have co-ordination number equal to 6
• Co-ordination number is
the number of atoms or
ions immediately around
a particular atom or ion
• This structure has co-
ordination number 6:6

• If we look at the structure of NaCl, there are 4 units of Na+ and Cl-
each in a unit cell
• Radius ratio of rNa+/ r Cl- = 0.95/1.81=0.524.
• Example: NaBr, NaI, AgCl and MgO
 Structure of CsCl
• CsCl has Body centered cubic lattice (BCC)
• The eight corners of the cube are occupied by chloride. Cesium
occupies the centre of body of the cube.
• Similarly cesium occupies the corners of a cube and chloride is at
the centre of that cube
• It can be seen from the figure that number of chloride ions
surrounding particular cesium ion is 8
• Similarly, number of Cs ions surrounding particular chloride ion
would be 8
• Hence, Coordination number of cesium as well as chloride ion is 8
• Radius ratio of rCs+/ r Cl- = 0.732 to 1
• The number of units of Cs+ and Cl- per unit is one
• Other substances showing this type of structure are CsBr and
Thallium Chloride (TlCl)
 Covalent Bonds

• bond formed by the sharing of electrons

• Between nonmetallic elements of similar electronegativity.
• Stable non-ionizing particles, they are not conductors at any
state
• Examples; O2, CO2, C2H6, H2O, SiC
 Examples

1.

2.

Covalent Bonds between Different Atoms

1.

2.

3.
 Coordinate Covalent Bond

A coordinate bond (also called a dative covalent bond) is a covalent bond (a

shared pair of electrons) in which both electrons come from the same atom.
A covalent bond is formed by two atoms sharing a pair of electrons. The
atoms are held together because the electron pair is attracted by both of the
nuclei.

NH3(g)+HCl(g)→NH4Cl(s)
Thank You