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Practical 7

This document describes an experiment to determine the saponification value of an oil or fat. The saponification value is defined as the number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide required to saponify (hydrolyze) completely 1 gram of the oil or fat sample. The procedure involves refluxing the oil sample with alcoholic potassium hydroxide, then titrating the excess KOH with hydrochloric acid using a phenolphthalein indicator. The saponification value is then calculated based on the titration results and used to identify certain oils that contain higher or lower proportions of fatty acids. Precautions include using clean and dry glassware and accurately performing the titration.

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Vinay Kumar
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39 views3 pages

Practical 7

This document describes an experiment to determine the saponification value of an oil or fat. The saponification value is defined as the number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide required to saponify (hydrolyze) completely 1 gram of the oil or fat sample. The procedure involves refluxing the oil sample with alcoholic potassium hydroxide, then titrating the excess KOH with hydrochloric acid using a phenolphthalein indicator. The saponification value is then calculated based on the titration results and used to identify certain oils that contain higher or lower proportions of fatty acids. Precautions include using clean and dry glassware and accurately performing the titration.

Uploaded by

Vinay Kumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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EXPERIMENT 7 DETERMINATION OF

SAPONIFICATION
VALUE
Stmcture
7.1 Introduction
Objective
7.2 Experiment
7.2.I Principle
7.2.2 Requirements
7.2.3 Procedure
7.2.4 Observation
7.2.5 Calculations
7.2.6 Results

7.3 Precautions

7.1 INTRODUCTION
The saponification value of an oil or fat (lipids) is defined as the number of mg of
potassium hydroxide required to neutralize the fatty acids resulting from the complete
hydrolysis of 1 g of the sample.
A soap is formed during the saponification, for example:

C3H5(CI7H35COO)3 + 3KOH = C3H5(OH) 3 + 3 CI7H35·COOK


Stearin Glycerol Potassium stearate
The esters of the fatty acids oflow molecular weight require the more alkali for
saponification, so that the saponification value is inversely proportional to the mean
of the molecular weights of the fatty acids in the glycerides present. As many oils
have somewhat similar values (e.g. those in the olive oil series fall within the range
188-196), the saponification value is not, in general, as useful for identification
purposes as the iodine value. The saponification value is of most use for detecting
the presence of coconut oil (SV 255), palm-kernel oil (SV 247) and butterfat (SV
225), which contain a high proportion of the lower fatty acids. The presence of
paraffin hydrocarbons may be detected as cloudiness when water is added to the
ethanolic saponified oil or fat solution.

Objective

After studying and performing this experiment you should be able to:

• determine the saponification value of oil.

7.2 EXPERIMENT

7.2.1 Principle

When a fat is boiled with an excess of alcoholic potassium hydroxide (KOH), the
triglycerides hydrolyse, and glycerol and soap are formed. The alkali consumed by 25
Practical Manual for Pulses this hydrolysis is a measure of the Saponification Value (S.v.). It is defined as the
and Oilseeds
number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide (KOH) required to saponify completely
one gram of the oil or fat.

7.2.2 Requirements

0 100 g Potassium hydroxide

ii) 100 ml aldehyde free alcohol


iiD Hydrochloric acid (0.5 N)
iv) Pipette 25 ml
v) Conical flask 250 ml
vi) Few pieces of pumice

vii) 5 ml of phenolphthalein ( 1 per cent)


viii) Burette

7.2.3 Procedure

Melt the sample, ifnot already in liquid form, and filter. Ensure that the sample is free
of impurities and moisture. Weigh I to 2 g. of the sample into a 250 ml conical flask
having a ground glass joint. Pipette 25 ml of alcoholic KOH solution and add a few
glass beads or pieces of pumice. Connect the flask to an air condenser at least 65
cm (or preferably 202 cm) long. Reflux the sample on a water bath or a hot plate for
not more than 1hour. Boil gently but steadily until the sample is completely saponified
as indicated by the absence of any oily matter and appearance of clear solution.
Allow the flask and condenser to cool. Wash the inside of the condenser with about
10 ml of hot ethyl alcohol neutral to phenolphthalein. Add I ml of phenolphthalein
indicator and titrate with standard HCI. Conduct a blank determination alongside.
When testing samples which give dark coloured soap solution, the observation of
the end point of the titration may be facilitated either by using (i) thymophthalein or
alkali blue 6 B inplace of phenolphthalein, or (ii) an indicator containing 1 rnl of a
0.1 % (w/v) solution of methylene blue in water to reach 100 ml of phenolphthalein
(mixed before titration).

7.2.4 Observation

S. No Weight of Blank titre Sample titre


sample (g) value (b) value (a)

7.2.5 Calculations

.. . (b-a) x28.05
Saponifiaction Value of 011 (S.Y.) = Wt f I ( )
.0 samp e g

Method made used for measuring unsaturation are determination of iodine value
and thiocyanogen value. These methods are based on the addition of halogen and
26 thiocyanogen respectively at double bonds.
7.2.6 Results Determination of
Saponification Value

The sponification value of the oil (name ofthe oil) is .

7.3 PRECAUTIONS
i) Please ensure that all glassware like is Pipette, Burette, Conical flask etc. are
clean and free of any impurities.

ii) Carry out the titration most accurately.

27

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