Cambridge International Examinations

Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education

BIOLOGY 0610/42
Paper 4 Theory (Extended) October/November 2016
MARK SCHEME
Maximum Mark: 80

Published

This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the
examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the
details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have
considered the acceptability of alternative answers.

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Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner Report for
Teachers.

Cambridge will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes.

Cambridge is publishing the mark schemes for the October/November 2016 series for most
Cambridge IGCSE®, Cambridge International A and AS Level components and some Cambridge O Level
components.

® IGCSE is the registered trademark of Cambridge International Examinations.

This syllabus is approved for use in England, Wales and Northern Ireland as a Cambridge International Level 1/Level 2 Certificate.

This document consists of 14 printed pages.

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Abbreviations used in the Mark Scheme:

• ; separates marking points

• / alternatives
• I ignore
• R reject
• A accept (for answers correctly cued by the question, or guidance for examiners)
• AW alternative wording
• AVP any valid point
• ecf credit a correct statement / calculation that follows a previous wrong response
• ora or reverse argument
• ( ) the word / phrase in brackets is not required, but sets the context
• underline actual words given must be used by the candidate (or grammatical variants of them)

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Question Answer Mark Additional Guidance

1(a) protein to max 1 3

for growth / making new cells / repair / replacement (of
tissues) / making (named) tissue;
provides amino acids (for making protein);

lactose
(provides) energy / (glucose for) respiration; R ‘produces energy’

calcium to max 1
(strengthening) bones / teeth; I ref. to deficiency diseases – not a role
needed for vitamin D to function;
blood clotting;
for muscle contraction;
for nerve impulse conduction;

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Question Answer Mark Additional Guidance

1(b) 1 enzymes are, biological / protein, catalysts / speed up 6

reactions;
2 ref to specificity;
3 active site;
4 substrate / protein, fits into / AW, enzyme / active site;
5 ref to, complementary shape of molecules;
6 enzyme-substrate complex / ESC;
7 enzymes, lower energy needed for reaction; A lower activation energy
8 enzymes are, unchanged (at end of
reaction) / reused;
9 (enzymes) carry out, chemical
digestion / hydrolysis / catabolic reactions;
10 break down, large / insoluble, molecules into,
small(er) / soluble, molecules;
11 protein broken down to,
polypeptides / peptides / amino acids;
12 pepsin, active in stomach;
13 trypsin, active in, small intestine / duodenum / ileum;

ref. to conditions in alimentary canal

14 low pH / pH 1–3 / (hydrochloric) acid, in stomach;
15 high pH / alkaline / neutral / non-acidic / pH 7–9, in, A gastric juice I rennin
small intestine / duodenum / ileum;
16 ref. to denaturation;
17 temperature is 37 °C;
18 ref. to successful collisions; A ± 1 °C

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Question Answer Mark Additional Guidance

1(c)(i) no enzyme to, digest / break down, lactose; 2 A no lactase / not enough enzyme
lactose (molecule) is (too) large / complex; A not broken down to small(er) molecules
cannot pass through, (cell) membrane(s);
no carrier protein for it ;

1(c)(ii) 1 dehydration / loss of water; 3

2 loss of, (named) salt(s) / ions / minerals / vitamins; I fatigue / weakness / weight loss / headache / deficiency
disease / dizziness / AW
A loss / poor absorption, of nutrients / malnutrition I ‘food’
3 decrease in, volume of blood / blood pressure; A volume of plasma
4 increase in blood concentration / decrease in water
potential;
5 any effect on cells ; e.g. cell shrinkage / loss of water from cells by osmosis
6 AVP; e.g. less efficient reactions / slower
metabolism / kidney failure / ref to effect on brain mp6 A idea that less water as a solvent R no solvent
cells / coma / death

1(d)(i) control; 2 I ‘fair test’

for comparison (with different treatments) / to see if there is
any difference between effects of treated milk and untreated
milk;

1(d)(ii) (lactase) digests / breaks down, lactose; 2

molecules, are small enough to be absorbed / do not pass
straight through, small intestine / AW;
reduces chance of diarrhoea / means lactose intolerant
people can consume milk / AW;

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Question Answer Mark Additional Guidance

1(d)(iii) (concentration / amount of) hydrogen is the lowest / least; ora 3 units – h and ppm must be used at least once
concentration / amount, of hydrogen, shows small, if no units then don’t award MP3 and MP4
fluctuations / changes / AW; mp1 must be comparative
(concentration / amount) not higher than 15 (±1)
ppm / between 9 – 15 (±1) ppm;
comparative data quote between D and A, B or C;

Total: 21

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Question Answer Mark Additional Guidance

2(a) 2
A A A G G C
T T T C C G

TAA; CGG;

2(b) 1 mRNA is a copy of the, gene / DNA / base sequence; 3 A transcription

2 gene / DNA, remains in the nucleus;
3 takes instructions to cytoplasm; I genetic material / genetic code / genetic sequence
4 mRNA, passes through / attaches to / ‘read by’, A translation
ribosome;
5 base sequence determines sequence of amino acids
(in proteins);

2(c)(i) A and B / Aspergillus flavus and A. oryzae; 1

2(c)(ii) long(est) distance from the branching point; 2 A branched only once / only one branch
branched / split, the longest time ago;
no other species on its branch / AW;
only one ancestor (in the diagram);
many differences in base sequence (from the others);

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Question Answer Mark Additional Guidance

2(d) 1 study, similarities / differences in, 2 A compare morphologies

morphology / appearance / phenotype / features I size
/ characteristics / shape;
2 any example; e.g. presence or absence of wings
3 study, similarities / differences in, anatomy / internal
structure of organisms;
4 any example; e.g. skeleton / organs / bones / teeth
5 AVP; study, similarities / differences in, any other A biochemistry, e.g. amino acid sequences in proteins,
type of evidence behaviour, e.g. courtship displays, ecology, e.g.
6 AVP; any example of the type of evidence given niches / habitats, geographical distribution, e.g. New World
monkeys

Total: 10

Question Answer Mark Additional Guidance

3(a) cortex; 3
medulla;
ureter;

3(b)(i) renal artery; 1

3(b)(ii) renal vein; 1

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Question Answer Mark Additional Guidance

3(c) 1 filters, blood / plasma; 4

2 (filtration occurs) in the glomerulus;
3 reabsorption of (named) useful substances;

removes / excretes / loses

4 (named) nitrogenous waste; e.g. urea
5 excess, (named) salt(s) / mineral(s) / ion(s);
6 (named) hormones;
7 excess water;

3(d)(i) chemical / substance, secreted / produced / released, by a 3 R impulse(s)

(endocrine) gland;
into the blood / carried in the blood;
controls / regulates / affects, (activity of) target organ(s);

3(d)(ii) testis / testes; 1

3(d)(iii) anabolic (steroid); 2

promotes protein synthesis;
promotes, growth / strength, of muscle (tissue);
makes people more, aggressive / competitive / AW;
AVP; e.g. ref to bone density / bone mass / changes body
composition

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Question Answer Mark Additional Guidance

3(e) 12.5 (ng cm–3);; 2 working

either
after 7 days it has fallen from 50 to 25 ng cm–3, after another 7
days it has fallen to 12.5 ng cm–3
or
decreases by ½ × ½ = ¼, ¼ × 50 = 12.5 (ng cm–3)
or
50
= 12.5(ng cm−3 )
2×2

Total: 17

Question Answer Mark Additional Guidance

4(a) guard cells; 1

4(b) Brazilian waterweed / E. densa, exchanges (dissolved) 2

(named) gas(es) with the water;
Water lily / N. lutea, exchanges (named) gas(es) with the air;

4(c)(i) (group of) similar cells that, work together / carry out a shared 1
(named) function;

4(c)(ii) xylem; 2 R cuticle

phloem;
epidermis;
spongy mesophyll; A aerenchyma

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Question Answer Mark Additional Guidance

4(d) 2 1+1
air spaces in the leaf for, buoyancy / AW; A floating I being on the surface

max 1 for any of the following

leaves are closer to the light / ‘gets more light’
to absorb more light;
for more photosynthesis;
to exchange gases with the, air / atmosphere;

4(e) xerophyte(s); 1

4(f) inherited feature ; 2

feature helps an organism survive and reproduce;
in its, habitat / environment;
(a named) adaptive feature increases organism’s fitness;

Total: 11

Question Answer Mark Additional Guidance

5(a) 4.92 / 4.93; 1

5(b) (platelets) promote / involved in, clotting; 4 I ref. to scab formation

fibrinogen changes to fibrin;
soluble to insoluble;
fibrin forms a mesh; A net
traps blood cells; A RBCs / WBCs / platelets
prevents loss of blood / stops bleeding;
prevents entry of pathogens;
AVP;

5(c) secrete / produce / release, antibodies; 1

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Question Answer Mark Additional Guidance

5(d) active immunity; 2

ref to memory, cells / lymphocytes;
memory cells produced in first infection;

5(e)(i) decrease, steep / in short period of time / in two months / AW, 3

to 500 cells per mm3; A by 500 – 700 cells per mm3
increase to 650 – 670 cells per mm3;
gradual / AW, decrease until 10 years;
to 40 cells per mm3 at 10 years;

5(e)(ii) no / reduced, (active) immune response; 3

reduced production of antibodies;
vulnerable to, infections / (opportunistic)
disease / TB / cancers / pneumonia / AW;
AIDS;
weight loss / death / reduce life span;

Total: 14

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Question Answer Mark Additional Guidance

6(a) 1 ringing allows monitoring of, species / population; 2 I ‘to track them’ unqualified
2 to check on (population) numbers;
3 find out about life span;
4 to find out where they go (during migration) / to track
their position;
5 find out how far birds travel;
6 to find out when they migrate;
7 allows checks on, health of birds / survival rates;
8 breeding success;
9 do not harm the birds / do not make them obvious to
predators;
10 AVP; e.g. information from ringing is used in
conservation

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Question Answer Mark Additional Guidance

6(b) 1. to prevent extinction; 5

2. maintain biodiversity;
3. provide feeding grounds for animals / ref. to I food chain (singular)
disruption of food, chains / web;
4. provide, breeding grounds / places for breeding;
5. provide, habitats / shelter;
6. vulnerable to the effects of,
development / drainage / AW;
7. ref to flooding / natural disasters;
8. ref to nitrogen cycle;
9. ref to maintenance of water cycle;
10. ref to carbon cycle; e.g. greenhouse gas / carbon
storage / carbon sink
11. waste disposal;
12. provide, resources / food / fuel / drugs / raw materials;
13. idea of areas for,
recreation / (eco)tourism / education;
14. ethical reasons / aesthetic reasons / AW;
15. AVP; e.g. soil erosion

Total: 7

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