PEMP

AEL2501

Convenience,, Safety and Comfort

Convenience
Systems

Lecture delivered by:

P f Ashok
Prof. A h k C.Meti
C M ti
MSRSAS--Bangalore
MSRSAS

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Session Objectives
• To understand the importance of Body Electronics
and other safety systems in present day vehicles
• To discuss various body electronics applications
like – Power windows, Windshield washers,
TPMS, Parking aid systems, Theft deterrent
systems, Safety systems like air Bags and restraint
systems

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Topics
• Introduction to comfort and convenience systems and
safety systems.
• Electrical accessories
• Wiping systems
• Power window
• Power seats
• Parking assist systems
• TPMS
• RKE
• Immobilizers
• ACC
• Air bag and pre-tensioners
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Electrical Accessories
• Electrical accessories that make the driving safer,
easier, and more pleasant.
• The electrical accessories include:
– Windshield wipers / washers
– Power windows
– Power seats
– Power door locking systems
– Power mirror systems
– Window defrosters and heating systems
– Horns , clocks and so on…

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Windshield Washer and Wiper System

Wiper system operation:
• Driver operates the electric wiper motor on and off
• Different
Diff t versions
i depending
d di upon theth equipment
i t
fitted
• The switch is usually provided with ‘Off’,
Intermittent, Speed-1 and Speed-2 positions
• Legal requirements:
– Speed-1 – At least 10 wiping movements per min in
Europe (20 in the USA)
– Speed-2 – at least 45

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Typical wiring diagram of a 2-speed windshield wiper

circuit using a 3-brucsh, 2-speed motor

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• Intermittent wipe relay interrupts the wiper at

specified interval to avoid blade travel on dry
surface
– Pulse
P l generatort generates t pulse
l train
t i whose
h f
frequency
can be varied.
– Every pulse triggers the wiper motor through a relay
that causes one movement of the arm (back and forth)
– In certain cases, the frequency of wipes can be adjusted
by knobs
– Range of wipes – between 2 and 20 /min
• Programmable intermittent wiper relay –
– The selector lever is used to program the intervals
between the wipe cycles
– Intervals adjustable between 2 and 45 secs

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• Rain sensors
– Consists of an optical
transmission and receive path
– Light
g t source
sou ce and
a d light
g t sensors
se so s
along with the reflective mirrors
are strategically located in an
enclosure
– This sensor is placed in contact
with the windshield in the
wiping area.
– The sensor can trigger
gg the wiper
p
motor on sensing the rain

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Power Window Drives

Sector Gear Type Cable Type

1. Drive motor, 2. Guide rail, 3. Driver, 4. Link mechanism, 5. Cable

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Typical circuit for

driving PM motors

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• The window lifts can be combined with the central

locking for driver convenience.
• The system requires driving force limitation or
jamming protection.
protection
• This is during upward motion of the window
within a range of 200mm to 4 mm before the
upper stop position.
• Typical values:
– Jamming force not to exceed 100 N
– Rise of force >10N/mm

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Force limitation and control

– Sensing motor current
– Motor current ripple
pp countingg and motor rotation
monitoring
– Pressure sensing foils in the rubber gasket (pinch
detecting)
– When the jamming detected, the motor rotation is
immediately reversed
– Complete closure is achieved by turning off the pinch
d
detecting
i andd driving
d i i the h window
i d to theh gasket.
k
(position initialization)
– A BCM can be centrally mounted or integrated into
window lift motors (preferred, bus system)

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Power Seats
• Electromechanically adjustable seats are suitable for
vehicles frequently driven by different persons with
various sizes
• The
Th seatst can be
b adjusted
dj t d to
t suit
it the
th driver’s
d i ’ or passengers
comfortable positions quickly
• Up to 5-6 motors are used in the front seat to allow typical
adjustments like-
– Height adjustment of the front edge of seat plane
– Height adjustment of rear edge of seat plane
– Longitudinal adjustment of seat
– Tilt adjustment of backrest
– Height adjustment of headrest
• The motors drive gear units through flexible shafts /
gearing for longitudinal and vertical seat adjustment

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Typical electromechanical seat adjustments AEL2501

Actuators for:
1. Backrest curvature
2. Backrest angle adjustment
3. Seat cushion depth adjustment
4. Head restraint height adjustment
5. Seat height adjustment
6. Longitudinal seat positioning

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• Major components
– Motors- reversible with CBs.
– Seat control switches on key
pad
• Other facilities:
– Power lumber supports
– Heated seats
– Memoryy seats
– Adaptive seating*

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Parking Assist System

• Modern automotive design restrict the
rearward vision resulting into under
utilization of the parking space or
collision with other obstacles
• This system informs the driver the
distance to obstacle by means of a
signal or a display (audible alarms)
• Parking aids available, depending on
configuration of sensors as –
– Back-upp monitors
– All-round monitoring
• The systems consists of an ECU
integrated with it are the sensors

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• Back
Back--up monitoring system –
only switched on when
reverse gear is engaged

• All
All--round monitoring system – the
front sensors are permanently switched
on att speeds
d below
b l 15 kmph
k h andd only
l
rear sensors when reverse gear engaged

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System components
• Ultrasonic sensors
– Flush fitting installation within the bumpers
– Sensor’s
S ’ circuitry
i i integration
i i withi h an IC
C
– Typical specs -
• Range up to 5m.
• Vertical coverage – approx 50o
• Horizontal coverage – approx 120o
– Usually 4 in the rear and 6 in the front would provide complete
protection
– Every 25…30ms,
25 30ms the sensors are triggered one after another for
about 150μs
– After this all sensors are switched to receive mode and receive the
echo signals
– The distance is determined based on the signal transit times.

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• The ECU –
– Provides power supply to the sensors
– Monitors the system components and stores the diagnostics data
– Triggers the sensors and evaluating the received signals in order to
determine the distance to the obstacle
– Informs
I f th
the display
di l unit it off the
th results
lt
• Warning and display elements
– Visual displays (lamps, LED,LCD) and audible warnings can be
used to signal the distance to the obstacle

Ex:
Green (>1m)
Yellow (1m)
Red (<0.30 m)

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Tire Pressure Monitoring System

• Sudden loss of pressure or improper
pressure in the tires at high speed
driving would lead to an accident
• Driving on a significantly under
under--
inflated tire causes the tire to
overheat and can lead to tire failure.
• Under-inflation also reduces fuel
efficiency and tire tread life, and
may affect the vehicle's handling
and stopping ability.
• The tire pressure monitoring system
uses sensors mounted in the tire
valves to check inflation pressure
levels and warn the driver.

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TPMS
• Tire pressure monitoring detects
even small pressure fluctuations,
locates the affected tires and
informs the driver with warnings of
varying urgency.
urgency
Function:
• A co-rotating wheel module with
an integrated valve measures tire
pressure and temperature and
transmits these data as an HF radio
signal.
• Measuring and Transmitting: Low
power strategy for battery powered
wheel systems.
• Two functional variants are usually
used to receive and process the
data:
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Remote Keyless Entry (RKE) and Antitheft Systems

• Enhances driver experiences in terms-
– Convenience
– Personalization
– Security
• RKE devices are in the form of –
– Key fobs (key chain)
– Electromechanical keys
• These devices have unique IDs and are
used for locking and unlocking doors,
boot as well as to store ppersonalized
preferences for the seat, mirror and
steering settings

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Typical features…
• RKE system consists of a controller and an RF
transmitter (key side) or a receiver (car side)
• The controller in the receiver unit may –
– be a dedicated unit or
– the functionalities can be combined with other body
electronics functions
• The controller can be 8, 16 or 32-bit
microcontroller (MCU) and ASICs depending
upon the control functionality
• The RF bands in RKE systems-315 MHz (US,
Japan) to 434 / 868 MHz (Europe)
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Passive Entry and Start System

• The passive entry and start system allows the driver to lock
and unlock the vehicle’s doors without touching a key, and
start and stop the vehicle engine just by pushing the
ignition button.

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Working:
• The driver’s “passive key” detects the
low-power signal emitted from the
vehicle when the driver approaches
the vehicle.
• The
Th passivei key
k automatically
t ti ll
responds to the vehicle by emitting a
key code.
code
• The vehicle’s receiver receives the
key code and sends it to an entry
electronic control unit (ECU).
• The entry ECU confirms the key code
and unlocks the doors.
• To start the vehicle engine, the driver
need not use the ignition key but can
start the engine by pressing a ‘Start’
button.
• The start ECU allows the engine to
start only when the key code is
confirmed again.
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Vehicle Immobilizers
• They serve to prevent the vehicle being used by
unauthorized persons
• It must make it impossible to start or drive the
vehicle
hi l without
ith t the
th coded
d d access authorization
th i ti or
some other legitimization
• Most of the times immobilizer is combined with
the central door
door--locking system
• An electronic immobilizer uses a coded signal to
block or release the operation of one or more
functional units-
units
– Starting system
– Fuel system
– Ignition system

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Immobilizer with coded intervention

1. Transmitter (remote Control) 2. Immobilizer ECU 3.Receiver (remote control)

4a.Microcomputer 4b. with battery connection 5. Coding unit 6. Central door-locking system
7. Status display 8. Engine management ECU

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Activation / deactivation
• A coded signal is used to block or release the
functions of one or more functional units
– A hand held transmitter sends a radio or infrared signal
in coded form to the immobilizer to deactivate it.
– Transponder system
system:
• Exchange coded signals with an electronic circuit which can be
located in the ignition lock
• The system deactivates the immobilizer as soon as the
t
transponder,
d which
hi h can be
b embedded
b dd d in
i the
th key
k enters
t the
th
coil’s receive area
• The automatic exchange of data takes place without any action
on the part of the driver

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Inductive Antenna

Data

Engine Management Immobilization

System Control Module,
Ignition Lock
Data Check Data Integrated

E
Energy Key with
Ignition Lock Passive
Transponder

Block diagram of an immobilizer system

(Passive transponder type)
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Adaptive Cruise Control

• It simplifies the task of driving a car enabling relaxed and
safe driving behind slower vehicles while driving on
motorways and multilane highways with light to relatively
heavy traffic.
• Not suitable in traffic jams and urban conditions ( *future
systems)

1.ACC Sensor & Control Unit 2.ENGINE –management

ECU 3.Active intervention in braking via ESP 4.Controls
and display 5.Intervention at the engine via EM system
with ETC or EDC 6.Sensors 7.Transmission intervention
(optional)

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• ACC incorporates the standard, basic cruise control

function.
• The basic difference between the CC and ACC is that a car
with ACC will safely follow a vehicle that is traveling at a
slower speed than the cruising speed to which the driver
has set ACC.

Car with ACC approaching a slower vehicle

when traveling at a constant speed
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Car with ACC reduces speed to match

speed of slower vehicle in front

After vehicle in front turns off, car with

ACC accelerates back to set speed
originally speed

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Basic structure and components of ACC System

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RADAR Modules

• Functions RADAR
Transceivers
– Generation of high
frequency radar signals in
the range of 76..77GHz.
– Separation and emission of
BOSCH RADAR transceiver module
3 simultaneous radar beam
lobes. Range 2..120 m
Detectable relative speed -50…+50 m/s
– Conditioning of these echo
Angular range 4o
signals for subsequent Resolution 0.85 m; 1.7 m/s
digital electronic signal Scanning rate 10 Hz

processing. Frequency range 76..77 GHz

Mean transmission power Approx 1 mW
Bandwidth Approx 200MHz

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ACC Sensor & Control Unit

• The ACC radar module
has to be fitted at the front
of the vehicles.
• Requirements
– Temperature resistant
within the range -40oC
..+80oC.
– Proof against splashwater
and pressurized steam.
– Immunity towards vehicle
vibrations
ib i
– Resistant to stone impact
– As small as possible.
1. Circuit board 2. Oscillator block 3. Beam sources 4.
Lenses 5. Lenses heater contact 6 & 7 . Circuit boards
8. RADAR Transceiver

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ACC within the network of associated partner systems

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Controls and Displays

1. Speedometer with Led
for indicating the desired
speed setting
2. Relevant target objected
(ACC active)
3. Indication of selected
distance
4. Stand-by
Instrument panel with ACC displays

1. Resume – displays and

selects the set distance
from 3 possible settings
2
2. +Button (ACC passive) –
Increases the set speed
in steps of 10 km/h
3. - Button – decreases the
set speed in steps of 10
km/hr
4. I/O button – Switches
ISO Display symbols for ACC ACC controls on the steering wheel ACC on/off
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AIR BAG SYSTEMS

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Introduction – Air Bag and Belt Pretensioners

• When a vehicle is rapidly decelerated in a crash situation, the

occupants continue to move forward until their motion is
abruptly stopped by contact with rigid interior vehicle parts.
• The air bags and seat pretensioners are used for both driver and
front passenger protecton

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• The air bags and pretensioned seat belts are

designed –
– Absorbs kinetic energy of front occupants
– Protects front occupants from interior trims
– Protects front occupants from broken glass (windshield)
Reduces occupants neck load by kinematically
restraining whiplash of neck
• Depending upon the nature of collision, the firing
time must be calculated
calculated.
• Based on this appropriate restraint system is
activated in-
in-time

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System Layout in a Car

Frontal Impact Sensor
Passenger Air Bag Passenger Presence Detection Sensor Seat buckle switch

Side Impact Sensor

Control Module
Driver Air Bag

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Driver Air Bag Module

Clock Spring Driver Air Bag

Steering Wheel
Combi Switch

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Air Bag System Operating Sequence

Crash

3 ms
Crash Sensing
g

Ignite the Inflator

20 ms 35 ms 40 ms
Produce Nitrogen to Inflate the Bag

Bag Deploying

Complete Deployment of the Bag

Protect the Occupants

105 ms Vent Gas (Bag Deflation)

Airbag System Action Completed

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Typical Block Diagram of Control Module

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Control Module
• The ECU is located at a central point in a
vehicle
• The primary functions-
functions
– Crash Detection
– Activation of the front airbags, side airbags and belt
pretensioners
– Monitoring of the airbag restrain system components
– Indicate system readiness and faults to the driver by
means off a ffault
lt warning
i lamp
l
– Facilitate servicing capability via a serial diagnostic
communication interface

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• Checks on startup
– Watchdog
– EEPROM, ROM, RAM
– Warning Lamps
– Autonomous Operating Time
– Acceleration Sensor

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• Periodic checks:
After the start up phase the microcontroller
executes periodic checks on following modules /
parts:
– A/D Converter
– Battery Voltage
– Firing Loops
– Warning Lamps
– Firing voltage internal
– Electrical Sensor (PPD)
– Safing Sensor (Trigger Switch)
– Buckle Switches

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Seat Belt Pretensioner

Features of pretensioners (Seat-belt tighteners, retractors)
• Effective force transmission through use of rack & pinion
gear type pretensioner.
• Stable load and free stroke by torsion bar type force
li it
limiter.
• Pretensioner with long travel retraction.
• Mechanical and Electrical types are available.
• Usable only once Upper anchor
Upper anchor
plate cover plate

Front seat
belt

Retractor

Buckle stalk
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Passive seat belt system

• Main construction
– Gas generator
G
– Cylinder & Piston
– Winding wire
– Tension reducer
– Rack & Pinion gear
– Force limiter

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• When a vehicle has crashed with a certain degree

of frontal impact, the gas generator is made to
ignite by the electrical firing signal from control
module.
module
• Gas from the gas generator causes movement of
the piston in the manifold case (cylinder), which
operates a rack gear
gear.
• Finally the webbing is retracted by the rotation of
the spool.
spool
• This helps to prevent the occupant from moving
forward and hitting the steering wheel or
instrument panel when the vehicle is crashed.

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Piston and Cable type pretensioner

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• Seat belt pretensioner firing sequence

– Systems with optional seat belt pretensioner
circuits
i it willill normally
ll activate
ti t the
th seatt belt
b lt
pretensioners first and, if the crash is of
sufficient strength, deploy the airbags.
– The driver’s and passenger’s pretensioners are
activated at the same time.
– The
Th firing
fi i sequence andd ON timeti forf the
th firing
fi i
circuits is controlled by the controller , and ON
time is normally 4ms.

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Intelligent Airbag systems

• Introduces improved sensing functions and control
options with increased protective effects.
– Impact severity detection using improved algorithm
and using 1 or 2 sensors in the crush zone to facilitate
early detection
– Seat belt usage detection
– Occupant presence, position and weight detection
– Seat-position and back-rest inclination detection
– Bags with two-stage gas inflators
– Use of seat belt tensioners with occupant-weight-based
belt-force limiters
– CAN bus networking of occupant protection system for
communication
– The crash out put is used for- emergency calls, hazard
warning signals, central locking release, fuel-supply
pump deactivation, battery disconnection.
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Summary
• The importance of Body Electronics and
Other safety systems in present day vehicles
h bbeen explained
has l i d
• Various body electronics applications like –
Power windows, Windshield washers,
TPMS, Parking aid systems, Immobilizers,
Safetyy systems
y like air Bags
g and restraint
systems have been discussed

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