Class 11 Chapter 3 - Trigonometric Functions

EXERCISE 3.1
1. Find the radian measures corresponding to the
following degree measures:
(i) 25° (ii) – 47°30′′ (iii) 240° (iv) 520°.
π
Sol. Since 180° = π radians ∴ 1° = radians
180
π 5π
(i) 25° = 25 × radians = radians
180 36
5π
∴ Radian measure of 25° is .
36
1° 95 π
(ii) – 47°30′ = – 47 = – × radians
2 2 180
  30  ° 1 ° 
∵ 30′ =   = 
  60  2 
19π
=– radians
72
19π
∴ Radian measure of – 47°30′ is – .
72
π 4π
(iii) 240° = 240 × radians = radians
180 3
4π
∴ Radian measure of 240° is .
3

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Class 11 Chapter 3 - Trigonometric Functions

π 26π
(iv) 520° = 520 × radians = radians
180 9

26π
∴ Radian measure of 520° is .
9
2. Find the degree measures corresponding to the

 22 
following radian measure:  Use π =
 7 

11 5π 7π
(i) (ii) – 4 (iii) (iv) .
16 3 6

180°
Sol. Since π radians = 180° ∴ 1 radian =
π

11 11 180°
(i) radians = ×
16 16 π

 11 × 45 7  315 °
=  × =
 4 22  8

Ans. 39°, 22', 30''

180°  7 
(ii) – 4 radians = – 4 × =  − 720 ×
π  22 
2520°
=–
11

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Class 11 Chapter 3 - Trigonometric Functions

Ans. 229°, 5', 27'' approximately.

5π 5π 180°
(iii) radians = × = 300°
3 3 π

7π 7π 180°
(iv) radians= × = 210°.
6 6 π
3. A wheel makes 360 revolutions in one minute.
Through how many radians does it turn in one
second?
Sol. Number of revolutions in one minute = 360
360
⇒ Number of revolutions in one second = = 6
60
Since 1 revolution = 360° = 2π radians
∴ 6 revolutions = 6 × 2π = 12π radians
⇒ Number of radians turned in one second = 12π.
4. Find the degree measure of the angle subtended at
the centre of a circle of radius 100 cm by an arc of
 22 
length 22 cm.  Use π = 7 
 
Sol. Here, l = length of arc = 22 cm
r = radius of circle = 100 cm
Let θ be the angle subtended at the centre, then

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Class 11 Chapter 3 - Trigonometric Functions

l
θ= radians
r
22 11 180°
= radians = ×
100 50 π
 11 × 18 7  63°
=  ×  =
 5 22  5

Ans. 12°, 36'

5. In a circle of diameter 40 cm, the length of a chord
is 20 cm. Find the length of minor arc of the chord.
1 B
Sol. Radius of circle = × 40 cm = 20 cm
2
20
Chord AB = 20 cm cm
20 cm

A
∴ In triangle OAB,
cm
OA = OB = AB 20
O
⇒ Triangle is equilateral
⇒ Each angle = 60°
Let arc AB = l cm.
π π
Now, θ = ∠AOB = 60° = 60 × = radians
180 3
r = 20 cm
π
∴ l = rθ = 20 × cm [ l and r have same units]
3
20π
= cm.
3
6. If in two circles, arcs of the same length subtend
angles 60° and 75° at the centre, find the ratio of their
radii.

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Class 11 Chapter 3 - Trigonometric Functions

Sol. Let the radii of the two circles be r1 and r2 respectively.

Also, let the length of arc in each case be l.
[∵ Arcs are of same length (given)]
π π
For the first circle, θ = 60° = 60 × = radians
180 3
We know that l=rθ
l
∴ r=
θ
l 3l
⇒ r1 = = ...(i)
π/3 π
π 5π
For the second circle, θ = 75° = 75 × = radians.
180 12
l l 12l
∴ r2 = = = ...(ii)
θ 5π / 12 5π

r1 3l 5π 5
Dividing (i) by (ii), we get = × =
r2 π 12l 4
∴ r1 : r2 = 5 : 4.
7. Find the angle in radian through which a pendulum
swings if its length is 75 cm and the tip describes an
arc of length:
(i) 10 cm (ii) 15 cm (iii) 21 cm.
Sol. [If one end of an inelastic string is attached to a fixed point
and to the other end is attached a heavy particle (called
bob), then this system is called a pendulum. Length of the
string is called the length of the pendulum.]
Here, r = 75 cm.
(i) l = 10 cm
l 10 2
∴ θ = = = radians.
r 75 15
(ii) l = 15 cm
l 15 1
∴ θ = = = radians.
r 75 5
(iii) l = 21 cm
l 21 7
∴ θ = = = radians.
r 75 25

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Class 11 Chapter 3 - Trigonometric Functions

EXERCISE 3.2
Find the values of other five trigonometric functions in
Exercises 1 to 5.
1
1. cos x = –, x lies in third quadrant.
2
1
Sol. Given, cos x = – , x lies in third quadrant.
2
1
∴ sec x = = – 2 ...(i)
cos x
1 3
Now, sin2 x = 1 – cos2 x = 1 – =
4 4
3
⇒ sin x = ±
2
Since x lies in third quadrant, sin x will be negative.
3
∴ sin x = – ...(ii)
2
1 2
and cosec x = = – ...(iii)
sin x 3
3
sin x −
2
Also, tan x = = = 3 ...(iv)
cos x 1
−
2
1 1
and cot x = = ...(v)
tan x 3
3
2. sin x = , x lies in second quadrant.
5
3
Sol. Given, sin x = , x lies in second quadrant.
5
1 5
∴ cosec x = = ...(i)
sin x 3
9 16
Now, cos2 x = 1 – sin2 x = 1 – =
25 25

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Class 11 Chapter 3 - Trigonometric Functions

4
⇒ cos x = ±
5
Since x lies in second quadrant, cos x will be negative.
4
∴ cos x = – ...(ii)
5
1 5
and sec x = = – ...(iii)
cos x 4
3
sin x 5 3
Also, tan x = = = – ...(iv)
cos x 4 4
−
5
1 4
and cot x = = – . ...(v)
tan x 3
3
3. cot x = , x lies in third quadrant.
4
3
Sol. Given, cot x = , x lies in third quadrant.
4
1 4
∴ tan x = = ...(i)
cot x 3
9 25
Now, cosec2 x = 1 + cot2 x = 1 + =
16 16
5
⇒ cosec x = ±
4
Since x lies in third quadrant, cosec x will be negative.
5
∴ cosec x = – ...(ii)
4
1 4
and sin x = = – ...(iii)
cosec x 5
cos x
Also, cos x = . sin x = cot x sin x
sin x
3  4 3
=  −  = – ...(iv)
4  5 5
1 5
and sec x = = – . ...(v)
cos x 3

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Class 11 Chapter 3 - Trigonometric Functions

13
4. sec x = , x lies in fourth quadrant.
5
13
Sol. Given, sec x = , x lies in fourth quadrant.
5
1 5
∴ cos x = = ...(i)
sec x 13
25 144
Now, sin2 x = 1 – cos2 x = 1 – =
169 169
12
⇒ sin x = ±
13
Since x lies in fourth quadrant, sin x will be negative.
12
∴ sin x = – ...(ii)
13
1 13
and cosec x = = – ...(iii)
sin x 12
12
−
sin x 13 12
Also, tan x = = = – ...(iv)
cos x 5 5
13
1 5
and cot x = = – . ...(v)
tan x 12
5
5. tan x = – , x lies in second quadrant.
12
5
Sol. Given, tan x = – , x lies in second quadrant.
12
1 12
∴ cot x = = – ...(i)
tan x 5
25 169
Now, sec2 x = 1 + tan2 x = 1 + =
144 144
13
⇒ sec x = ±
12
Since x lies in second quadrant, sec x will be negative.
13
∴ sec x = – ...(ii)
12
1 12
and cos x = = – ...(iii)
sec x 13

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Class 11 Chapter 3 - Trigonometric Functions

sin x
Also, sin x = . cos x = tan x cos x
cos x
 5   12  5
= −   − 13  = 13 ...(iv)
 12  
1 13
and cosec x = = . ...(v)
sin x 5
Find the values of the trigonometric functions in
Exercises 6 to 10.
6. sin 765°.
1
Sol. sin 765° = sin (2 × 360° + 45°) = sin 45° =
2
[... sin (n × 360° + x) = sin x, n ∈ Z]
7. cosec (– 1410°).
Sol. cosec (– 1410°) = cosec (4 × 360° – 1410°)
= cosec (1440° – 1410°) = cosec 30° = 2
[... cosec x = cosec (n × 360° + x), n ∈ Z]
19π
8. tan .
3
19π  18 π + π   π π
Sol. tan = tan   = tan  6π +  = tan = 3
3  3   3  3
[... tan (nπ + x) = tan x, n ∈ Z]
 11π 
9. sin  – .
 3 
 11π   11π 
Sol. sin  −  = sin  4 π −
 3   3 
[... sin x = sin (2nπ + x), n ∈ Z]
π 3
= sin = .
3 2
 15π 
10. cot  – .
 4 
 15π   15π 
Sol. cot  − = cot  4π −
 4 

 4 
[... cot x = cot (nπ + x), n ∈ Z]
π
= cot = 1.
4

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 Class 11 Chapter 3 - Trigonometric Functions

EXERCISE 3.3

π π π 1
1. Prove that: sin2 + cos2 – tan2 = – .
6 3 4 2
π 1 π 1 π
Sol. We know that sin = , cos = , tan = 1
6 2 3 2 4
2 2
1 1 1 1
∴ L.H.S. =   +   – 12 = + –1
2
  2
  4 4
1 1
= – 1 = – = R.H.S.
2 2
π 7π π 3
2. Prove that: 2 sin2 + cosec2 cos2 = .
6 6 3 2
π 1
Sol. We know that sin =
6 2
7π  6π + π   π
cosec = cosec   = cosec  π + 
6  6   6 
π π 1
= – cosec = – 2, cos =
6 3 2
2 2
1 1
∴ L.H.S. = 2   + (– 2)2  
 2  2

1 3
= + 1 = = R.H.S.
2 2

π 5π π
3. Prove that: cot2 + cosec + 3 tan2 = 6.
6 6 6
π
Sol. We know that cot = 3
6

5π  6π – π   π
cosec = cosec   = cosec  π − 
6  6   6 
π π 1
= cosec = 2, tan =
6 6 3

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Class 11 Chapter 3 - Trigonometric Functions

2
 1 
∴ L.H.S. = ( 3 )2 + 2 + 3   = 3 + 2 + 1
 3
= 6 = R.H.S.
3π π π
4. Prove that: 2 sin2 + 2 cos2 + 2 sec2 = 10.
4 4 3
3π  4π − π   π
Sol. We know that sin = sin   = sin  π − 
4  4   4
π 1
= sin =
4 2
π 1 π
cos = , sec = 2
4 2 3
2 2
 1   1 
∴ L.H.S. = 2   + 2   + 2 (2)
2
 2  2
= 1 + 1 + 8 = 10 = R.H.S.
5. Find the value of:
(i) sin 75°
(ii) tan 15°.
Sol. (i) sin 75° = sin (45° + 30°)
= sin 45° cos 30° + cos 45° sin 30°
[... sin (x + y) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y]
1 31 1 3 +1
= . + . = .
2 2 2 2 2 2
tan 45° − tan 30°
(ii) tan 15° = tan (45° – 30°) =
1 + tan 45° tan 30°
 tan x − tan y 
∵ tan ( x – y ) = 1 + tan x tan y 
 
1
1−
3 3 −1
= =
1 3 +1
1 +1×
3
Rationalising
3 −1 3 −1 ( 3 − 1)2
= × =
3 +1 3−1 ( 3)2 − 12

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 Class 11 Chapter 3 - Trigonometric Functions

3+1−2 3 4−2 3
= = = 2 – 3.
3−1 2
6. Prove that:
π  π  π  π 
cos  – x  cos  – y  – sin  – x  sin  – y 
 4   4   4   4 
= sin (x + y).
π  π  π  π 
Sol. L.H.S. = cos  − x  cos  − y  – sin  − x  sin  − y 
 4   4   4   4 
π π
= Put − x = A and − y = B
4 4
∴ L.H.S. = cos A cos B – sin A sin B = cos (A + B)
π π   2π 
= cos  − x + − y  = cos  − ( x + y) 
 4 4   4 
π 
= cos  − ( x + y) 
2 
 π  
= sin (x + y) = R.H.S. ∵ cos  2 − θ  = sin θ 
   
π 
tan  + x  2
7. Prove that: 4  =  1 + tan x  .
 
π   1 – tan x 
tan  – x 
4 
π
+ tan x
tan
4
 π  π 1 + tan x
tan  + x  1 − tan . tan x
4  4 1 − tan x
Sol. L.H.S. = = =
π  π 1 − tan x
tan  − x  tan − tan x
4  4 1 + tan x
π
1 + tan . tan x
4
2
1 + tan x 1 + tan x  1 + tan x 
= 1 − tan x × =   = R.H.S.
1 − tan x  1 − tan x 

8. Prove that: cos (π + x ) cos (– x ) = cot2 x.

π 
sin (π – x ) cos  + x 
 2 

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Class 11 Chapter 3 - Trigonometric Functions

III IV

cos (π + x) cos (− x) (− cos x) cos x

Sol. L.H.S. = =
π  sin x (− sin x)
sin (π − x) cos  + x 
2 
II II

cos2 x
= = cot2 x = R.H.S.
sin 2 x
9. Prove that:

 3π    3π  
cos  π + x)  cot 
+ x  cos (2π – x  + cot (2π + x ) = 1.
 2    2  
 3π 
Sol. L.H.S. = cos  + x  cos (2π + x)
 2 
IV I

  3π  
 cot  2 − x  + cot (2π + x) 
   
III I
= sin x cos x [tan x + cot x]
 sin x cos x 
= sin x cos x  + 
 cos x sin x 
 sin2 x + cos2 x 
= sin x cos x   = 1 = R.H.S.
 cos x sin x 
10. Prove that:
sin (n + 1) x sin (n + 2) x + cos (n + 1) x cos (n + 2) x = cos x.
Sol. L.H.S. = sin (n + 1) x sin (n + 2) x + cos (n + 1)
x cos (n + 2) x
= Put (n + 1) x = A and (n + 2) x = B
∴ L.H.S. = sin A sin B + cos A cos B
= cos A cos B + sin A sin B = cos (A–B)
= cos [(n + 1) x – (n + 2) x] = cos (nx + x – nx – 2x)
= cos (– x) = cos x = R.H.S.
IV
11. Prove that:
 3π   3π 
cos  + x  – cos  – x = – 2 sin x.
 4   4 

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 Class 11 Chapter 3 - Trigonometric Functions

 3π   3π 
Sol. L.H.S. = cos  + x  – cos  − x
 4   4 
3π 3π  3π 3π 
= cos cos x – sin sin x –  cos cos x + sin sin x 
4 4  4 4 
[... cos (A + B) = cos A cos B – sin A sin B and
cos (A – B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B]
3π 3π 3π 3π
= cos cos x – sin sin x – cos cos x – sin sin x
4 4 4 4
3π  4π – π 
= –2 sin sin x = –2 sin   sin x
4  4 
 π  π 1
= –2 sin  π –  sin x = –2 sin sin x = –2. sin x
 4  4 2
= – 2 sin x
12. Prove that: sin2 6x – sin2 4x = sin 2x sin 10x.
Sol. L.H.S. = sin2 6x – sin2 4x
= sin (6x + 4x) sin (6x – 4x)
[... sin2 A – sin2 B = sin (A + B) sin (A – B)]
= sin 10x sin 2x = R.H.S.
13. Prove that: cos2 2x – cos2 6x = sin 4x sin 8x.
Sol. L.H.S. = cos2 2x – cos2 6x
[Remember: cos2 A – cos2 B ≠ cos (A + B) cos (A – B)]
= (1 – sin2 2x) – (1 – sin2 6x) [... cos2θ = 1–sin2θ]
= sin2 6x – sin2 2x
= sin (6x + 2x) sin (6x – 2x)
[... sin2 A – sin2 B = sin (A + B) sin (A – B)]
= sin 8x sin 4x = R.H.S.
14. Prove that: sin 2x + 2 sin 4x + sin 6x = 4 cos2 x sin 4x.
Sol. L.H.S. = (sin 6x + sin 2x) + 2 sin 4x
6x + 2x 6 x − 2x
= 2 sin cos + 2 sin 4x
2 2
 C+D C − D
∵ sin C + sin D = 2 sin 2 cos 2 
 
= 2 sin 4x cos 2x + 2 sin 4x

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Class 11 Chapter 3 - Trigonometric Functions

Taking 2 sin 4x common,

= 2 sin 4x (cos 2x + 1)
= 2 sin 4x (2 cos2 x – 1 + 1)
= 4 cos2 x sin 4x = R.H.S.
15. Prove that: cot 4x (sin 5x + sin 3x) = cot x (sin 5x – sin 3x).
Sol. L.H.S. = cot 4x (sin 5x + sin 3x)
5x + 3x 5x − 3x
= cot 4x . 2 sin cos
2 2
 C+D C − D
∵ sin C + sin D = 2 sin cos
 2 2 
cos 4 x
= . 2 sin 4x cos x
sin 4 x
= 2 cos 4x cos x. ...(i)
R.H.S. = cot x (sin 5x – sin 3x)
5x + 3x 5x − 3x
= cot x . 2 cos sin
2 2
 C+D C − D
∵ sin C − sin D = 2 cos sin
 2 2 
cos x
= . 2 cos 4x sin x
sin x
= 2 cos x cos 4x. ...(ii)
From (i) and (ii), we get
L.H.S. = R.H.S. [... Each = 2 cos 4x cos x]
cos 9 x – cos 5 x sin 2 x
16. Prove that: = – .
sin 17 x – sin 3 x cos 10 x

cos 9 x − cos 5 x
Sol. L.H.S. =
sin 17 x − sin 3 x

9 x + 5x 9 x − 5x
− 2 sin sin
2 2
= [Using C – D formula]
17 x + 3 x 17 x − 3 x
2 cos sin
2 2

sin 7 x sin 2 x sin 2 x

= – = – = R.H.S.
cos 10 x sin 7 x cos 10 x

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 Class 11 Chapter 3 - Trigonometric Functions

sin 5 x + sin 3 x
17. Prove that: = tan 4x.
cos 5 x + cos 3 x
sin 5 x + sin 3 x
Sol. L.H.S. =
cos 5 x + cos 3 x
5x + 3x 5x − 3x
2 sin cos
= 2 2 [Using C – D formulae]
5x + 3x 5x − 3x
2 cos cos
2 2
sin 4 x cos x sin 4 x
= = = tan 4x = R.H.S.
cos 4 x cos x cos 4 x
sin x – sin y x–y
18. Prove that: = tan .
cos x + cos y 2
sin x − sin y
Sol. L.H.S. =
cos x + cos y
x+ y x− y
2 cos sin
= 2 2 [Using C – D formulae]
x+ y x− y
2 cos cos
2 2
x+ y
Cancelling 2 cos ,
2
x− y
sin
2 x− y
= = tan = R.H.S.
x− y 2
cos
2
sin x + sin 3 x
19. Prove that: = tan 2x.
cos x + cos 3 x
sin x + sin 3 x
Sol. L.H.S. =
cos x + cos 3 x
x + 3x x − 3x
2 sin cos
= 2 2 [Using C – D formulae]
x + 3x x − 3x
2 cos cos
2 2
sin 2 x cos (− x)
= = tan 2x = R.H.S.
cos 2 x cos (− x)

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Class 11 Chapter 3 - Trigonometric Functions

sin x – sin 3 x
20. Prove that: = 2 sin x.
sin2 x – cos2 x
sin x − sin 3 x – (sin 3 x − sin x)
Sol. L.H.S. = 2 2
=
sin x − cos x – (cos2 x − sin2 x)
sin 3 x − sin x
=
cos2 x − sin 2 x
3x + x 3x − x
2 cos sin
= 2 2 [Using C – D formulae]
cos 2x
[... cos2 x – sin2 x = cos 2x]
2 cos 2 x sin x
= = 2 sin x = R.H.S.
cos 2 x
cos 4 x + cos 3 x + cos 2 x
21. Prove that: = cot 3x.
sin 4 x + sin 3 x + sin 2 x
(cos 4 x + cos 2 x) + cos 3 x
Sol. L.H.S. = (... 4x + 2x = 2 × 3x)
(sin 4 x + sin 2 x) + sin 3 x
4 x + 2x 4 x − 2x
2 cos cos + cos 3 x
= 2 2
4 x + 2x 4 x − 2x
2 sin cos + sin 3 x
2 2
[Using C – D formulae]
2 cos 3 x cos x + cos 3 x
=
2 sin 3 x cos x + sin 3 x
Taking cos 3x common both from numerator and denominator.
cos 3 x (2 cos x + 1)
= = cot 3x = R.H.S.
sin 3 x (2 cos x + 1)
22. Prove that: cot x cot 2x – cot 2x cot 3x – cot 3x cot x = 1.
Sol. We know that 3x = 2x + x
∴ cot 3x = cot (2x + x)
cot 2 x cot x − 1
⇒ cot 3x =
cot x + cot 2 x
 cot A cot B − 1 
∵ cot (A + B) =
 cot B + cot A 

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Class 11 Chapter 3 - Trigonometric Functions

cross-multiplying
cot 3x (cot x + cot 2x) = cot 2x cot x – 1
⇒ cot 3x cot x + cot 3x cot 2x = cot 2x cot x – 1
⇒ cot x cot 2x – cot 2x cot 3x – cot 3x cot x = 1.
4 tan x (1 – tan2 x )
23. Prove that: tan 4x = .
1 – 6 tan2 x + tan4 x

2 tan A
Sol. Since tan 2A =
1 − tan 2 A
Put A = 2x,

 2 tan x 
2 2 
∴ tan 4x =
2 tan 2 x
=  1 − tan x 
2
1 − tan 2 2 x  2 tan x 
1− 2 
 1 − tan x 

4 tan x
1 − tan 2 x
=
4 tan 2 x
1–
(1 − tan 2 x)2

4 tan x
1 − tan2 x
=
(1 − tan2 x)2 − 4 tan2 x
(1 − tan2 x)2

4 tan x (1 − tan 2 x)
=
1 − 2 tan 2 x + tan 4 x − 4 tan 2 x

4 tan x (1 − tan 2 x)
= .
1 − 6 tan 2 x + tan 4 x
24. Prove that: cos 4x = 1 – 8 sin2 x cos2 x.
Sol. Since cos 2A = 1 – 2 sin2 A
Put A = 2x,
∴ cos 4x = 1 – 2 sin2 2x
= 1 – 2(2 sin x cos x)2
= 1 – 8 sin2 x cos2 x.

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Class 11 Chapter 3 - Trigonometric Functions

25. Prove that: cos 6x = 32 cos6 x – 48 cos4 x + 18 cos2 x – 1.

Sol. Since cos 2A = 2 cos2 A – 1
Put A = 3x,
∴ cos 6x = 2 cos2 3x – 1
= 2(4 cos3 x – 3 cos x)2 – 1
= 2(16 cos6 x – 24 cos4 x + 9 cos2 x) – 1
= 32 cos6 x – 48 cos4 x + 18 cos2 x – 1.

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Class 11 Chapter 3 - Trigonometric Functions

EXERCISE 3.4
Note : For general solutions, it is customary to use the following
relations:
– sin α = sin (ππ + α ), – cos α = cos (π π – α ) and
– tan α = tan (π π – α)
Find the principal and general solutions of the following
equations:
1. tan x = 3 2. sec x = 2
3. cot x = – 3 4. cosec x = – 2
Sol. 1. tan x = 3
(i) Since tan x is positive, principal solutions (i.e. values
of x between 0° and 360° = 2π π) are in first and third
quadrants.
Now, tan x = 3 III
π  π 4π
= tan = tan  π +  , i.e., tan
3  3  3
π 4π
∴ Principal solutions are , .
3 3
π
(ii) Since tan x = 3 = tan ,
3
π
∴ x = nπ + ,
3
n ∈ Z is the general solution.
1
2. sec x = 2 ⇒ cos x =
2
(i) Since cos x is positive, principal solutions are in first
and fourth quadrants.

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Class 11 Chapter 3 - Trigonometric Functions

1
Now, cos x =
2 IV
π  π 5π
= cos = cos  2π −  , i.e., cos
3  3  3
π 5π
∴ Principal solutions are , .
3 3
1 π
(ii) Since cos x = = cos ,
2 3
π
∴ x = 2nπ ± ,
3
n ∈ Z is the general solution.
1
3. cot x = – 3 ⇒ tan x = –
3
(i) Since tan x is negative, principal solutions are in second
and fourth quadrants.
1 π
Now, tan x = – = – tan
3 6
II
 π 5π
= tan  π −  , i.e., tan
 6  6
IV
 π 11π
and tan  2π −  , i.e., tan
 6  6
5π 11π
∴ Principal solutions are , .
6 6
1 π
(ii) Since tan x = – = – tan
3 6

 π 5π
= tan  π −  = tan
 6  6
5π
∴ x = nπ + ,
6
n ∈ Z is the general solution.

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Class 11 Chapter 3 - Trigonometric Functions

1
4. cosec x = – 2 ⇒ sin x = –
2
(i) Since sin x is negative, principal solutions are in third
and fourth quadrants.
1 π
Now, sin x = – = – sin
2 6
III
 π 7π
= sin  π +  , i.e., sin
 6 6
 π 11π
and = sin  2π −  , i.e., sin .
 6  6
IV
7π 11π
∴ Principal solutions are , .
6 6
1 π  π
(ii) Since sin x = – = – sin = sin  π + 
2 6  6
7π
= sin
6
7π
∴ x = nπ + (– 1)n . ,
6
n ∈ Z is the general solution.
Find the general solution for each of the following
equations:
5. cos 4x = cos 2x 6. cos 3x + cos x – cos 2x = 0
7. sin 2x + cos x = 0 8. sec2 2x = 1 – tan 2x
9. sin x + sin 3x + sin 5x = 0.
Sol.
5. Given equation is cos 4x = cos 2x
or cos 4x – cos 2x = 0
4 x + 2x 4 x − 2x
or – 2 sin sin = 0
2 2
 C+D C − D
∵ cos C – cos D = – 2 sin 2 sin 2 
or sin 3x sin x = 0
⇒ sin 3x = 0 or sin x = 0
⇒ 3x = nπ or x = nπ, n ∈ Z
nπ
∴ x = , nπ, n ∈ Z.
3

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Class 11 Chapter 3 - Trigonometric Functions

6. Given equation is cos 3x + cos x – cos 2x = 0

3x + x 3x − x
or 2 cos cos – cos 2x = 0 (3x + x = 2 × 2x)
2 2
 C+D C − D
∵ cos C + cos D = 2 cos 2 cos 2 
or 2 cos 2x cos x – cos 2x = 0
Taking cos 2x common, cos 2x(2 cos x – 1) = 0
⇒ either cos 2x = 0 or 2 cos x – 1 = 0
π 1
⇒ 2x = (2n + 1) , n ∈ Z or cos x =
2 2
π π
⇒ x = (2n + 1) , n ∈ Z or cos x = cos
4 3
π π
∴ x = (2n + 1) or x = 2nπ ± , n ∈ Z.
4 3
7. Given equation is sin 2x + cos x = 0
or 2 sin x cos x + cos x = 0
or cos x (2 sin x + 1) = 0
or either cos x = 0 or 2 sin x + 1 = 0
π 1 π
⇒ x = (2n + 1) , n ∈ Z or sin x = – = – sin
2 2 6
 π 7π
= sin  π +  = sin
 6 6
π 7π
⇒ x = (2n + 1) or x = nπ + (– 1)n . , n ∈ Z.
2 6
8. Given equation is sec2 2x = 1 – tan 2x
or 1 + tan2 2x = 1 – tan 2x
|... sec2 θ = 1 + tan2 θ
2
or tan 2x + tan 2x = 0
or tan 2x (tan 2x + 1) = 0
⇒ either tan 2x = 0 or tan 2x + 1 = 0
π
⇒ 2x = nπ, n ∈ Z or tan 2x = – 1 = – tan
4
 π 3π
= tan  π –  = tan
 4  4

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Class 11 Chapter 3 - Trigonometric Functions

nπ 3π
⇒ x = , or 2x = nπ + , n ∈ Z
2 4

nπ nπ 3π
⇒ x = , or x = + , n ∈ Z.
2 2 8
9. Given equation is sin x + sin 3x + sin 5x = 0
or (sin 5x + sin x) + sin 3x = 0
(... 5x + x = 2 × 3x)
C+D C−D
Applying (sin C + sin D) = 2 sin cos
2 2

5x + x 5x − x
or 2 sin cos + sin 3x = 0
2 2
or 2 sin 3x cos 2x + sin 3x = 0
Taking sin 3x common
sin 3x (2 cos 2x + 1) = 0
⇒ either sin 3x = 0 or 2 cos 2x + 1 = 0

1 π
⇒ 3x = nπ, n ∈ Z or cos 2x = – = – cos
2 3

 π 2π
= cos  π –  = cos
 3  3

nπ 2π
⇒ x = , n ∈ Z or 2x = 2nπ ± , n ∈ Z
3 3

nπ π
⇒ x= or x = nπ ± , n ∈ Z.
3 3

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Class 11 Chapter 3 - Trigonometric Functions

MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE ON CHAPTER 3

π 9π 3π 5π
1. Prove that: 2 cos cos + cos + cos = 0.
13 13 13 13

 π 9π   π 9π  3π 5π
Sol. L.H.S. = cos  +  + cos  –  + cos + cos
 13 13   13 13  13 13
. .
[ . 2 cos A . cos B = cos (A + B) + cos (A – B)]

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 Class 11 Chapter 3 - Trigonometric Functions

10π  − 8π  3π 5π
= cos + cos   + cos + cos
13  13  13 13

10π 8π 3π 5π
= cos + cos + cos + cos
13 13 13 13
[... cos (– θ) = cos θ]
13π – 3π 13π – 5π 3π 5π
= cos + cos + cos + cos
13 13 13 13
 3π   5π  3π 5π
= cos  π –  + cos  π –  + cos + cos
 13   13  13 13
II II
3π 5π 3π 5π
= – cos – cos + cos + cos
13 13 13 13
|... cos (π– θ) = –cos θ
= 0 = R.H.S.
2. Prove that:
(sin 3x + sin x) sin x + (cos 3x – cos x) cos x = 0.
Sol. L.H.S. = (sin 3x + sin x) sin x + (cos 3x – cos x) cos x
3x + x 3x − x
= 2 sin cos sin x
2 2
3x + x 3x − x
– 2 sin sin cos x
2 2
[Using C – D formulae]
= 2 sin 2x cos x sin x – 2 sin 2x sin x cos x
= 0 = R.H.S.
3. Prove that:
x+y
(cos x + cos y)2 + (sin x – sin y)2 = 4 cos2 .
2
Sol. L.H.S. = (cos x + cos y)2 + (sin x – sin y)2
2 2
 x+ y x − y  x+ y x − y
=  2 cos cos +  2 cos sin
 2 2   2 2 
[Using C – D formulae]
x+ y x− y x+ y x− y
= 4 cos2 cos2 + 4 cos2 sin2
2 2 2 2

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Class 11 Chapter 3 - Trigonometric Functions

x+ y
Taking 4 cos2 common,
2
x+ y  2 x− y x − y
= 4 cos2  cos + sin 2
2  2 2 
(using cos2θ + sin2θ = 1)
x+ y x+ y
= 4 cos2 × 1 = 4 cos2 = R.H.S.
2 2
4. Prove that:
x–y
(cos x – cos y)2 + (sin x – sin y)2 = 4 sin2 .
2
Sol. L.H.S. = (cos x – cos y)2 + (sin x – sin y)2

2 2
 x+ y x − y  x+ y x − y
=  − 2 sin sin +  2 cos sin
 2 2   2 2 
[Using C – D formulae]
x+ y x− y x+ y x− y
= 4 sin2 sin2 + 4 cos2 sin2
2 2 2 2
x− y  2 x+ y x + y
= 4 sin2  sin + cos2
2  2 2 
x− y
= 4 sin2 × 1 (... sin2 θ + cos2 θ =1)
2
x− y
= 4 sin2 = R.H.S.
2
5. Prove that:
sin x + sin 3x + sin 5x + sin 7x = 4cos x cos 2x sin 4x.
Sol. L.H.S. = sin x + sin 3x + sin 5x + sin 7x
= (sin 7x + sin x) + (sin 5x + sin 3x) |... 7x + x = 5x + 3x
7x + x 7x − x 5x + 3x 5x − 3x
= 2 sin cos + 2 sin cos
2 2 2 2
[Using C – D formulae]
= 2 sin 4x cos 3x + 2 sin 4x cos x
Taking 2 sin 4x common.
= 2 sin 4x (cos 3x + cos x)

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 Class 11 Chapter 3 - Trigonometric Functions

3x + x 3x − x
= 2 sin 4x . 2 cos cos
2 2
[Using C – D formulae]
= 4 sin 4x cos 2x cos x
= 4 cos x cos 2x sin 4x = R.H.S.
(sin 7 x + sin 5 x) + (sin 9 x + sin 3 x)
6. Prove that: = tan 6x.
(cos 7 x + cos 5 x) + (cos 9 x + cos 3 x)

(sin 7x + sin 5x) + (sin 9x + sin 3x)

Sol. L.H.S. = (cos 7x + cos 5x) + (cos 9x + cos 3x)

7x + 5x 7x − 5x 9 x + 3x 9x − 3x
2 sin cos + 2 sin cos
= 2 2 2 2
7x + 5x 7x − 5x 9 x + 3x 9x − 3x
2 cos cos + 2 cos cos
2 2 2 2
[Using C – D formulae]
2 sin 6 x cos x + 2 sin 6 x cos 3 x
=
2 cos 6 x cos x + 2 cos 6 x cos 3 x
Taking 2 sin 6x common from numerator and 2 cos 6x
common from denominator,
2 sin 6 x (cos x + cos 3 x)
=
2 cos 6 x (cos x + cos 3 x)
sin 6 x
= = tan 6x = R.H.S.
cos 6 x
7. Prove that:
x 3x
sin 3x + sin 2x – sin x = 4 sin x cos cos .
2 2
Sol. L.H.S. = sin 3x + sin 2x – sin x
= (sin 3x – sin x) + sin 2x
3x + x 3x − x
= 2 cos sin + sin 2x [Using C – D formulae]
2 2
= 2 cos 2x sin x + 2 sin x cos x
= 2 sin x (cos 2x + cos x)
2x + x 2x − x
= 2 sin x . 2 cos cos
2 2
[Using C – D formulae]

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Class 11 Chapter 3 - Trigonometric Functions

x 3x
= 4 sin x cos cos = R.H.S.
2 2
x x x
Find sin , cos and tan in each of the following in
2 2 2
Exercises 8 to 10:
4
8. tan x = – , x in quadrant II.
3
4 π
Sol. tan x = − , (x is in qudrant II i.e. < x < π )
3 2
π x π
⇒ < <
4 2 2
x x
i.e., lies in the first quadrant, so that all t-ratios of are
2 2
positive.
16 9 + 16 25
Now sec2 x = 1 + tan2 x = 1 + = =
9 9 9
5
∴ sec x = ±
3
But x is in IInd Quadrant
5 3
∴ sec x is negative and = – ⇒ cos x = –
3 5
x 1 − cos x . . 1 – cos 2θ
We know that sin2 = | . sin2θ =
2 2 2
x 1 − cos x  3
∴ sin = ± = ± 1− − 
2 2  5
2
4 2
= ± = ±
5 5
x x
But is in the first quadrant, therefore sin is positive
2 2
2
and =
5
x 1 + cos x . . 1 + cos 2θ
We know that cos2 = | . cos2θ =
2 2 2

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Class 11 Chapter 3 - Trigonometric Functions

3
x 1 + cos x ± 1− 5 1
∴ cos = ± = = ±
2 2 2 5
x 1 x
∴ cos = (... is in Ist quadrant)
2 5 2
x 2
x sin
2 = 5 = 2.
∴ tan =
x 1
2
cos
2 5
1
9. cos x = – , x in quadrant III.
3
1 3π
Sol. cos x = – , (x in quadrant III, i.e., π < x < ) (given)
3 2
π x 3π x
⇒ < < ⇒ 90° < < 135°
2 2 4 2
x x
i.e., lies in the second quadrant, so that sin > 0,
2 2
x x
cos < 0 and tan < 0.
2 2
We know that
x 1 − cos x
sin2 =
2 2

 1
1 − − 
x 1 − cos x  3 2
∴ sin = ± =± =±
2 2 2 3

x 2  x 
∴ sin
2
=
3
. ∵ sin 2 > 0
 
x 1 + cos x
Again, cos2 =
2 2
x 1 + cos x
∴ cos =±
2 2
x 1 + cos x x
∴ cos =– (∵ cos < 0)
2 2 2

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Class 11 Chapter 3 - Trigonometric Functions

1 2
1−
3 3 1 1
= – =– = – =– .
2 2 3 3

x 2
x sin
∴ 2 3 =–
tan
2
=
x
= 2 .
1
cos −
2 3
1
10. sin x = , x in quadrant II.
4
1 π
Sol. sin x = , (x in quadrant II, i.e., < x < π)
4 2
π x π
⇒ < <
4 2 2
x x
i.e., lies in the first quadrant, so that all t- ratios of are
2 2
positive.
1 15
Also, cos2 x = 1 – sin2 x = 1 – =
16 16
15
∴ cos x = ±
4
and cos x is negative in the second quadrant. (x is given to
be in the second quadrant)
15
⇒ cos x = –
4
x 1 − cos x
We know that sin2 =
2 2
15
x 1 − cos x 1+
∴ sin = = 4
2 2 2

4 + 15
=
8

8 + 2 15 5+ 3+ 2 5 3
= =
16 16

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( 5) + ( 3)
2 2 2
+2 5 3  5 + 3 5+ 3
= =   = .
16  4  4
15
x 1 + cos x 1−
Similarly, cos = = 4
2 2 2

4 − 15 5− 3
= =
8 4
x
(For simplification, see the simplification for sin )
2
x
x sin
∴ tan = 2
2 x
cos
2
5+ 3 5+ 3 5+ 3
= = ×
5− 3 5− 3 5+ 3
(Rationalising)
( 5 + 3)2 8 + 2 15
= = 5 +3+ 2 5 3 = =4+ 15 .
5−3 2 2

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