ST.

JOSEPH OF CLUNY SCHOOL -CBSE SENIOR SECONDARY

EXPERIMENT - 5

Determination of the focal length of (i) Concave mirror and (ii) Convex lens by
obtaining the image of a distant object.

i. Determination of the focal length of Concave mirror obtaining the image of

a distant object.

:

To determine the focal length of a concave mirror by obtaining image of a distant

object.

ERIAS RQUIRED:

A concave mirror, a mirror holder, a small screen fixed on a stand, and a measuring
scale.

PROCEDURE:

1. Fix a concave mirror in the mirror holder and place it on the table near an open
window. Turn the face of mirror towards a distant object (a tree or an
electricity pole or a distant building or a candle which is far)
2. Place the screen fitted to a stand in front of the concave mirror. Move the
screen back and forth until a sharp, clear and inverted image of the distant
object is formed on it. A clear and bright image could be obtained if the distant
object, is illuminated with sunlight and the screen is placed in the shade. A
bright image of the sun could also be obtained if the sunlight is made to fall
directly on the concave mirror.
3. Mark the position of the centre of the stand holding the mirror and the screen
when a sharp image of the distant object has been obtained on the screen.
Measure the horizontal distance between the centre of the concave mirror and
 the screen with the help of a measuring scale. Record your observations in the
observation table.
4. Repeat the experiment two more times by obtaining the images of two
different distant objects. Measure the distances between the concave mirror
and the screen in each case. Record them in the observation table.
5. Find the mean value of the focal length.

DIAGRAM:

BSERVATION

Name of the Distance between Mean focal length

distant object the concave mirror of the concave
and the screen (f) mirror (f)
cm m M
1
2
3
RESULT:

The approximate value of focal length of the given concave mirror is ____ m.
 ii. Determination of the focal length of convex lens obtaining the image of a
distant object.

:

To determine the focal length of a thin convex lens by obtaining image of a distant
object.

ERIAS RQUIRED:

A thin convex lens, a lens holder, a small screen fixed to a stand, and a measuring
scale.

PROCEDURE:

1. Fix a thin convex lens on a lens holder and place it on the table or platform near
an open window through which sufficient sunlight enters. Turn the face of lens
towards a distant object (a tree or an electricity pole or a distant building or a candle
which is far).

2. Place the screen fixed to a stand on the other side of the lens. Adjust the position
of screen (by moving it back and forth in front of the convex lens) to get a sharp,
clear and inverted image of the distant object on it. A clear and bright image could
also be obtained if the distant object, say a tree or a building, is illuminated with
sunlight and the screen is kept in the shade. A bright image of the sun could also be
obtained if the sunlight is made to fall directly on the lens.

3. Mark the position of the centre of the stands holding the lens and that of the screen
when a sharp image of the distant object has been obtained on the screen. Measure
the horizontal distance between the centre of the convex lens and the screen with the
help of a measuring scale. Record your observations in the observation table.

4. Repeat the experiment two more times by obtaining the images of two different
distant objects. Measure the distance between the convex lens and the screen in each
case. Record them in the observation table.
5. Find the average or mean value of the focal length.

DIAGRAM

OBSERVATION

Name of the Distance between Mean focal length

distant object the convex lens of the convex lens
and the screen (f) (f)
cm m M
1
2
3

RESULT:

The approximate value of focal length of the given convex lens is ____ m.
 EXPERIMENT - 6

To trace the path of a ray of light passing obliquely through a rectangular glass slab
for different angles of incidence and to measure the angle of incidence, angle of
refraction, the angle of emergence and interpret the results.

AIM:

To trace the path of a ray of light passing obliquely through a rectangular glass slab
for different angles of incidence and to measure the angle of incidence, angle of
refraction, the angle of emergence and interpret the results.

MATERIALS REQUIRED:

A rectangular glass slab, drawing board, white sheet of paper, protractor, a

measuring scale, pins, and drawing pins or adhesive tape.

PROCEDURE:

1. Fix a white sheet of paper on a drawing board. Place the rectangular glass slab
in the middle of the paper and mark its boundary ABCD with a pencil.
2. Remove the rectangular glass slab. Draw a thin line XO (with an arrow)
inclined to the face AD of the glass slab at any angle preferably between 30º
and 60º. It is advisable to take point O in the middle of the line AD. Replace
the glass slab exactly over the boundary mark on the paper.
3. Fix two pins P1 and P2 vertically about 5 cm apart, by gently pressing their
heads with thumb on the line XO. Observe the images of pins P1 and P2
through the face BC of the rectangular glass slab. While observing the images
of the pins P1 and P2 through the face BC of the glass slab, fix two more pins
at points P3 and P4 such that feet of all the pins appear to be in a straight line.
In other words, the pins P3 and P4 are collinear with the images of pins P1
and P2
 4. You can also verify the collinearity of pins P3 and P4 with the images of pins
P1 and P2 by looking all four pins through the face AD.
5. Remove the pins and the glass slab and mark the positions of the feet of all
the four pins. Join points that mark the positions of the pins P3 and P4 and
extend the line up to point O’ where it meets the face BC. Also join the points
O and O′ , where XOO′Y shows the path of a ray of light passing through the
glass slab. The line XP1P2O represents the incident ray. Line OO′ shows the
path of refracted ray in glass slab while line O′P3P4Y shows the emergent
ray.
6. Draw the normal NOM to the face AD at the point of incidence O and
similarly the normal M′O′N′, to the face BC at point O′. Measure the angle of
incidence XON (∠i), angle of refraction MOO′ (∠r), and angle of emergence
M′O′Y (∠e). Record the values of angles ∠i, ∠r, and ∠e in the observation
table.
7. Repeat the experiment for two more angles of incidence in the range 30º to
60º and record the values of angles ∠i, ∠r, and ∠e in each case.

DIAGRAM:
OBSERVATION:

Sl.no Angle of Angle of Angle of Deviation

incidence refraction emergence
∠i = (∠XON) ∠r = (∠MOO′) ∠e = (∠M′O′Y) ∠i ~ ∠e

1
2
3

RESULT:

The paths of different rays of light through a glass slab are shown in diagram.

Report on the relation between the angle of incidence, angle of refraction and the
angle of emergence based on different sets of observations taken.

As ∠r < ∠i in each case, the ray entering from air to glass (denser medium) bends
towards normal.

As ∠i = ∠e, the emergent ray emerging out of the rectangular glass slab, is parallel
to, but laterally displaced with respect to the incident ray.

Angle of refraction ∠r increases with increase in angle of incidence ∠i.

 EXPERIMENT - 7

To trace the path of a ray of light through a glass prism and to measure the angle of
deviation.

AIM:

To trace the path of a ray of light through a glass prism and to measure the angle of
deviation.

MATERIALS REQUIRED:

A glass prism, drawing board, white paper, adhesive tape or drawing pins, pins, a
measuring scale, and a protractor.

PROCEDURE:

1. Fix a white sheet of paper on a drawing board. Draw a thin line XY at the middle
of the paper.

2. Draw a thin line NEN’ normal (perpendicular) to the line XY at point of incidence
E. Also draw a line DE making any angle, preferably between 30º and 60º.

3. Place the prism with one of its refracting surfaces (say AB) along the line XY.
Mark the boundary ABC of the glass prism holding it firmly with your hand.

4. Fix two pins P1 and P2 vertically, by gently pressing their heads with thumb, on
line DE at a distance of about 6 cm from each other. View the images of pins P1 and
P2 from the opposite face AC of the prism.

5. Fix two more pins P3 and P4 vertically such that the feet of pins P3 and P4 appear
to be on the same straight line as the feet of the images of the pins P1 and P2 as
viewed through the face AC of the prism.

6. Remove the pins and prism. Mark the position of feet of pins P3 and P4 on the
sheet of paper. Draw a straight line to join the points that mark the position of pins
P3 and P4. Extend this line so that it meets the face AC of the prism at point F. The
line FG represents the path of the emergent ray.

7. Extend the direction of incident ray DE till it meets the face AFC. Also extend
(backwards) the emergent ray FG. These two extended lines meet at point H.

8. Measure ∠DEN as the angle of incidence (∠i ) and ∠FHM as the angle of
deviation (∠d). Record these angles in the observation table.

9. Repeat the experiment for one more angle of incidence, preferably between 30º
and 60º.

DIAGRAM:
OBSERVATION:

Sl. No Angle of incidence Angle of deviation

(∠i) = ∠DEN (∠δ) = ∠FHI
1
2

RESULT:

1. The path of a ray of light incident on one face of a glass prism is shown by
the ray ______.
2. The value of the angle of deviation for the angle of incidence _____ is _____
; and for the other angle of incidence _____ is _____ .