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Lecture 7
Continuity, Energy, and Momentum
Equations (3)
Lecture 7 Continuity, Energy, and Momentum Equations
2/36

(3)
Contents
7.1 Linear Momentum Equation for Finite Control Volumes
7.2 The Moment of Momentum Equation for Finite Control Volumes

Objectives
- Derive the momentum equation by applying Newton’s 2nd law of motion
and Reynolds Transport Theorem
- Derive the moment of the momentum equation by applying Newton's 2nd
law to rotating fluid masses
 3/36

7.1 Linear Momentum Equation for Finite Control Volumes

7.1.1 Momentum Principle

 The momentum equation can be derived from Newton's 2nd law of
motion
dq d  mq  dM
F  ma  m   (7.1)
dt dt dt

M  linear momentum vector  mq

F  external force

boundary (surface) forces: normal to boundary - pressure, Fp

F tangential to boundary - shear, Fs
body forces - force due to gravitational or magnetic fields, Fb
 4/36

7.1 Linear Momentum Equation for Finite Control Volumes

dM
Fp  Fs  Fb  (7.2)
dt

Fb   f b   dV , where f b = body force per unit mass

CV
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7.1 Linear Momentum Equation for Finite Control Volumes

7.1.2 The general linear momentum equation

Consider change of momentum

dM
= total rate of change of momentum
dt
= net momentum flux across the CV boundaries
+ time rate of increase of momentum within CV

  q   q  dA   q  dV (7.3) Reynolds Transport Theorem
CS t CV

where q   q  dA  = momentum flux = velocity  mass per time

dA = vector unit area pointing outward over the control surface
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7.1 Linear Momentum Equation for Finite Control Volumes

 7/36

7.1 Linear Momentum Equation for Finite Control Volumes

Substitute (7.3) into (7.2)


Fp  Fs  Fb   q   q  dA   q  dV (7.4)
CS t CV

For steady flow and negligible body forces

Fp  Fs   q   q  dA (7.5)
CS

 Eq. (7.4)
• It is applicable to both ideal fluid systems and viscous fluid systems
involving friction and energy dissipation.
• It is applicable to both compressible fluid and incompressible fluid.
 8/36

7.1 Linear Momentum Equation for Finite Control Volumes

• Combined effects of friction, energy loss, and heat transfer appear

implicitly in the magnitude of the external forces, with corresponding
effects on the local flow velocities.
• Knowledge of the internal conditions is not necessary.
• We can consider only external conditions.
 9/36

7.1 Linear Momentum Equation for Finite Control Volumes

7.1.3 Inertial control volume for a generalized apparatus

• Three components of the forces

x  dir. : Fpx  Fsx  Fbx   u   q  dA   u  dV
CS t CV

y  dir. : Fp y  Fs y  Fby   v   q  dA   v  dV
CS t CV

z  dir. : Fpz  Fsz  Fbz   w  q  dA   w dV (7.6)
CS t CV
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7.1 Linear Momentum Equation for Finite Control Volumes

 For flow through generalized apparatus


x  dir. : Fpx  Fsx  Fbx   u  dQ   u  dQ   u  dV
2 1 t CV

• For 1D steady flow,


t CV
q dV  0
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7.1 Linear Momentum Equation for Finite Control Volumes

• Velocity and density are constant normal to the flow direction.

x  dir.: Fpx  Fsx  Fbx   Fx  Vx  Q 2  Vx  Q 1

 Vx2  2 Q2  Vx1 1 Q1  Q  Vx2  Vx1   Q  Vxout  Vxin 

y  dir.:  F  V  Q   V  Q 
y y 2 y 1
1 Q1   2 Q2  Q 

z  dir.:  F  V  Q   V  Q 
z z 2 z 1

where V = average velocity in flow

direction
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7.1 Linear Momentum Equation for Finite Control Volumes

• Non-uniform velocity profile

If velocity varies over the cross section, then introduce momentum flux
coefficient

 q   q  dA  K mV  VA

 q  dQ  K mV  Q

Km 
 q  dQ
V Q
 13/36

7.1 Linear Momentum Equation for Finite Control Volumes

where
V = magnitude of average velocity over cross section = Q/A
V = average velocity vector
Km = momentum flux coefficient ≥ 1
= 1.33 for laminar flow (pipe flow)
1.03-1.04 for turbulent flow (smooth pipe)

F
x   K mVx  Q 2   K mVx  Q 1

F
y   K mV y  Q 2   K mV y  Q 1

F
z   K mVz  Q 2   K mVz  Q 1
 14/36

7.1 Linear Momentum Equation for Finite Control Volumes

[Cf] Energy correction coefficient

 2
 2 q dQ
Ke 
 2
V Q
2
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7.1 Linear Momentum Equation for Finite Control Volumes

[Example 7-1] Continuity, energy, and linear momentum with unsteady flow
Assumptions:
A large tank mounted on rollers is
V1  0
filled with water to a depth of 16 ft
  const.
above a discharge port. At time t = p2  patm  0
0, the fast-acting valve on the h2  0 (datum)
discharge nozzle is opened.
Determine depth h, discharge rate
Q, and force F necessary to keep
the tank stationary at t = 50 sec .
 16/36

7.1 Linear Momentum Equation for Finite Control Volumes

Apply continuity, energy, and linear momentum equations


(7.7)
CV t dV   CS
 q  dA  0

Q  Wshaft  Wshear
 
dt dt dt
(7.8)
p q2  
    u  gh 
CS    q  dA 
   e dV
 2  t CV


(7.9) Fp  Fs  Fb   q   q  dA   q  dV
CS t CV
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7.1 Linear Momentum Equation for Finite Control Volumes

i) Use integral form of continuity equation, Eq. (7.7)


t CV
 dV    qn dA1    qn dA2

dV  A1dh ,  qn dA1  0 (because no inflow across the Section 1)

 h
  A1  dh   V2 A2
t 0
dh
A1   V2 A2 (A)
dt

ii) Energy equation, Eq. (7.8)

~ no shaft work
~ heat transfer and temperature changes due to friction are negligible
 18/36

7.1 Linear Momentum Equation for Finite Control Volumes

Q  Wshaft  Wshear
 
dt dt dt

p q2  
    u  gh 
CS    q  dA
   e dV
 2  t CV

I II
q2
e = energy per unit mass = u  gh 
2
 q2 
   q  dA
p
I =  u   gh 
CS
  2 
 p q2   p q2 
  u   gh   V2 A2   u   gh   V1 A1
  2 2   2 1
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7.1 Linear Momentum Equation for Finite Control Volumes

 p q2 
  u   gh   V2 A2 V1  0 
  2 2

   q2 
II =
t CV
e dV 
t CV
 u  gh 
 2 
  dV
A1 dh

∵ nearly constant in the tank

except near the nozzle

 h
 A1    u  gh  dh
t 0
 p q2   h
 0   u   gh   V2 A2  A1 0  u  gh  dh
  2 2 t
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7.1 Linear Momentum Equation for Finite Control Volumes

Assume   const. , p2  patm  0 , h2  0 (datum)

V22 dh dh
0  uV2 A2  V2 A2  uA1  A1 gh (B)
2 dt dt
dh
Substitute (A) into (B) A1   V2 A2
dt
V22
0  uV2 A2  V2 A2  u  V2 A2   gh  V2 A2 
2
V22
 V2 A2  ghV2 A2
2

V2  2 gh (C)
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7.1 Linear Momentum Equation for Finite Control Volumes

Substitute (C) into (A)

dh
A2 2 gh   A1
dt
dh A2
  2 g dt
h A1

Integrate
dh A2  h  12 1 h 
 h h dh   2h 2  
h t

h0
h
  
0 A1
2 gdt
 0 h0

2
 1
A2 2g 
h   h0 2
 t
 A1 2 
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7.1 Linear Momentum Equation for Finite Control Volumes

2
 2  32.2  
h   16  0.1 t
 20 2 

  4  0.0201t 
2

t  50sec , h   4  0.0201 50   8.98 ft

2
At

V2  2 gh  2  32.2  8.98   24.05 fps

Q2  VA2  24.05  0.1  2.405 cfs

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7.1 Linear Momentum Equation for Finite Control Volumes

iii) Momentum equation, Eq. (7.4) I II


Fp  Fs  Fb   q   q  dA   q  dV
CS t CV

II = Time rate of change of momentum inside CV is negligible

if tank area  A1  is large compared to the nozzle area  A2  .
I=  q   q  dA   qn  qn dA2   qn  qn dA1  V2 V2 A2
CS

 Fpx V2 V2 A2  V2  Q2

Fpx   24.05 1.94  2.405   112 lb

 24/36

7.2 The Moment of Momentum Equation for Finite Control Volumes

7.2.1 The Moment of momentum principle for inertial reference systems

Apply Newton's 2nd law to rotating fluid masses

→ The vector sum of all the external

moments acting on a fluid mass  r  F 
equals the time rate of change of the
moment of momentum (angular
momentum) vector  r  M  of the fluid
mass.
Example: rotary lawn sprinklers, ceiling
fans, wind turbines
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7.2 The Moment of Momentum Equation for Finite Control Volumes

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7.2 The Moment of Momentum Equation for Finite Control Volumes

T  rF 
d
r M  (7.10)
dt

where

T = torque
r = position vector of a mass in an arbitrary curvilinear motion
M = linear momentum
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7.2 The Moment of Momentum Equation for Finite Control Volumes

[Re] Derivation of (7.10)

dM
Eq. (7.1): F 
dt

Take the vector cross product of r

dM
rF  r
dt
By the way,

d
r M    M  r 
dr dM
dt dt dt
I
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7.2 The Moment of Momentum Equation for Finite Control Volumes

dr  dr 
I  M  qmq  0   q
dt  dt 
 q  q  q q sin 0  0 

 dM 
 r   
d
r M 
 dt  dt

 rF 
d
r M 
dt

where r  M = angular momentum (moment of momentum)

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7.2 The Moment of Momentum Equation for Finite Control Volumes

[Re] Torque T  r  F

• translational motion →
Force – linear acceleration
• rotational motion →
Torque – angular acceleration
[Re] Vector Product

V  ab

Magnitude = V  a  b sin  = area of parallelogram

direction = perpendicular to plane of a and b → right-handed triple

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7.2 The Moment of Momentum Equation for Finite Control Volumes

b  a   a  b 

 ka   b  k  a  b 

a  b  c    a  b    a  b 

• External moments arise from external forces

 
r  Fp   r  Fs    r  Fb  
d
dt
r  M 
Tp Ts Tb

Tp  Ts  Tb 
d
r  M  (7.11)
dt
where Tp , Ts , Tb = external torque
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7.2 The Moment of Momentum Equation for Finite Control Volumes

7.2.2 The general moment of momentum equation


 CS q   q  dA  t CV q  dV
dM
(7.3): 
dt


d
r  M    CS  r  q    q  dA  t CV  r  q   dV
dt

T  T  T 
p s b  CS  r  q    q  dA 
t CV
 r  q   dV (7.12)


x  dir. :  r  q  yz  ryz q yz sin    yz    rq cos  
2 
angle between q yz and ryz
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7.2 The Moment of Momentum Equation for Finite Control Volumes


x  dir. : Tpx  Tsx  Tbx    rq cos   yz   q  dA     rq cos   yz  dV
CS t CV


y  dir. : Tpy  Tsy  Tby   CS  rq cos  zx   q  dA 
t CV
 rq cos  zx  dV


z  dir. : Tpz  Tsz  Tbz    rq cos  xy   q  dA    rq cos   xy  dV
CS t CV

(7.13)

fig_05_05
 33/36
Problems

Homework Assignment # 3
Due: 1 week from today
7-1. Derive the equation for the volume rate of flow per unit width for the
sluice gate shown in Fig. 4-20 in terms of the geometric variable b, y1, and
CC. Assume the pressure in hydrostatic at y1 and ccb and the velocity is
constant over the depth at each of these sections.
7-2. Derive the expression for the total force per unit width exerted by the
sluice gate on the fluid in terms of vertical distances shown in Fig. 4-20.

Fx
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Problems

7-3. Consider the flow of an incompressible fluid through the Venturi

meter shown in Fig. 4-22. Assuming uniform flow at sections (1) and (2)
neglecting all losses, find the pressure difference between these sections
as a function of the flow rate Q, the diameters of the sections, and the
density of the fluid, . Note that for a given configuration, Q is a
function of only the pressure drop and fluid density.
 35/36
Problems

7-4. Water flows into a tank from a supply line and out of the tank through
a horizontal pipe as shown in Fig. 4-23. The rates of inflow and outflow
are the same, and the water surface in the tank remains a distance h
above the discharge pipe centerline. All velocities in the tank are
negligible compared to those in the pipe. The head loss between the tank
and the pipe exit is HL (a) Find the discharge Q in terms of h, A,
and HL. (b) What is the horizontal force, FX required to keep the tank
from moving? (c) If the supply line has an area A’, what is the vertical
force exerted on the water in the tank by the vertical jet?

Fx
 36/36

Problems

7-5. Derive the one-dimensional continuity equation for the unsteady,

non-uniform flow of an incompressible liquid in a horizontal open channel
as shown in Fig. 4-29. The channel has a rectangular cross section of a
constant width, b. Both the depth, y0 and the mean velocity, V are
functions of x and t.