EX.

NO:02
DESIGN OF INTEGRATOR AND DIFFERENTIATOR USINGOP-AMP
DATE:

Aim
To Design Integrator and Differentiator circuit using Op-amp and to test their performance for various
timing constraints

Equipment Required
S.No Particulars Specifications Range Quantity
1 CRO - (0-30)MHz 1
2 Dual Power Supply Fixed ±15v 1
3 Function generator - (0-3)MHz 1

Apparatus Required
S.No Particulars Specifications Range Quantity
1 OP-AMP IC-741 - 1

2 Capacitor

3 Resistor
3 Connecting wires and Probe - - Required
4 Bread Board - - 1

Formula used

Integrator, Vo = ∫

Differentiator, Vo = - RC
Pin Diagram of IC 741

Circuit Diagram, Design, Tabulation and Model graph of Integrator

Circuit Diagram

Design

To design a practical integrator with the dc gain of _____dB with cutoff frequency to perform as
integrator as ______.

DC gain, A =

Cutoff frequency fL =

For proper Integration, f0 ≥10fL [fL = cutoff frequency to perform as integrator, f0 = 0dB frequency],

fi = , [fi = input frequency]

Integrator

An op-amp circuit with capacitor as the feedback element is an integrator circuit The Op- amp
Integrator is an operational amplifier circuit that performs the mathematical operation of Integration,
that is the output to respond to changes in the input voltage over time as the op-amp integrator produces
an output voltage which is proportional to the integral of the input voltage.

When a step voltage, Vin is firstly applied to the input of an integrating amplifier, the uncharged
capacitor C has very little resistance and acts a bit like a short circuit allowing maximum current to flow
via the input resistor, Rin as potential difference exists between the two plates. No current flows into the
amplifiers input and point X is a virtual earth resulting in zero output. As the impedance of the capacitor
at this point is very low, the gain ratio of XC/RIN is also very small giving an overall voltage gain of less
than one, (voltage follower circuit).As the feedback capacitor, C begins to charge up due to the influence
of the input voltage, its impedance Xc slowly increase in proportion to its rate of charge. The capacitor
charges up at a rate determined by the RC time constant, ( τ ) of the series RC network. Negative
feedback forces the op-amp to produce an output voltage that maintains a virtual earth at the op-amp’s
inverting input.Since the capacitor is connected between the op-amp’s inverting input (which is at virtual
ground potential) and the op- amp’s output (which is now negative), the potential voltage, Vc developed
across the capacitor slowly increases causing the charging current to decrease as the impedance of the
capacitor increases.

This results in the ratio of Xc/Rin increasing producing a linearly increasing ramp output voltage
that continues to increase until the capacitor is fully charged. At this point the capacitor acts as an open
circuit, blocking any more flow of DC current. The ratio of feedback capacitor to input resistor ( XC/Rin )
is now infinite resulting in infinite gain. The result of this high gain (similar to the op-amps open-loop
gain), is that the output of the amplifier goes into saturation as shown below. (Saturation occurs when the
output voltage of the amplifier swings heavily to one voltage supply rail or the other with little or no
control in between)
 fL =

Given, Cf = 0.1 µf

Rf =

Gain, Av = -

Ri =

Tabulation

Input Amplitude Time Period Output Amplitude Time Period

Model graph
Differentiator

Op-amp circuit that contains capacitor at the input is the differentiating amplifier or differentiator. Here,
the position of the capacitor and resistor have been reversed and now the reactance, XC is connected to
the input terminal of the inverting amplifier while the resistor, Rƒ forms the negative feedback
element across the operational amplifier as normal. This operational amplifier circuit performs the
mathematical operation of Differentiation that is it “produces a voltage output which is directly
proportional to the input voltage’s rate-of-change with respect to time“

A differentiator circuit has an output that is proportional to the input change, some of the standard
waveforms such as sine waves, square waves and triangular waves give very different waveforms at the
output of the differentiator circuit. In other words the faster or larger the change tothe input voltage
signal, the greater the input current, the greater will be the output voltage changein response, becoming
more of a “spike” in shape.As with the integrator circuit, we have a resistor and capacitor forming an RC
Network across the operational amplifier and the reactance ( Xc ) of the capacitor plays a major role in
the performance of a Op-amp Differentiator.

The input signal to the differentiator is applied to the capacitor. The capacitor blocks any DC content so
there is no current flow to the amplifier summing point, X resulting in zero output voltage. The capacitor
only allows AC type input voltage changes to pass through and whose frequency is dependent on the rate
of change of the input signal

At low frequencies the reactance of the capacitor is “High” resulting in a low gain (Rƒ/Xc) and
low output voltage from the op-amp. At higher frequencies the reactance of the capacitor is much
lower resulting in a higher gain and higher output voltage from the differentiator amplifier

At high frequencies an op-amp differentiator circuit becomes unstable and will start to oscillate.
This is due mainly to the first-order effect, which determines the frequency response of the op-
amp circuit causing a second-order response which, at high frequencies gives an output voltage
far higher than what would be expected. To avoid this high frequency gain of the circuit needs to
be reduced by adding an additional small value capacitor across the feedback resistor Rƒ

Therefore, the output voltage Vout is a constant –Rƒ*C times the derivative of the input voltage Vin with
respect to time. The minus sign (–) indicates a 180o phase shift because the input signal is connected to
the inverting input terminal of the operational amplifier
Circuit Diagram, Design, Tabulation and Model graph of Differentiator

Circuit Diagram

Design

Design a differentiator with gain _______ and cut off frequency as _________

fL =

R1 =

f0 =

Rf =

For a practical differentiator, fL ≥ 10 f0 ,

RiC = RfCf

Thus, Cf =
Procedure:

Integrator:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in Integrator Circuit Diagram
2. Apply a symmetrical square wave of 2Vp-p amplitude and 1 KHz frequency.
3. Connect the input and output of the circuit to channel 1 and channel 2 of the CRO respectively
and observe the waveforms.
4. Draw the waveforms along with the levels on a graph.
5. Compare the practical values with theoretical values.
6. Repeat the same for sine-wave.

Differentiator:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in Differentiator Circuit Diagram.
2. Apply a symmetrical triangular wave of 2Vp-p amplitude and 1KHz frequency.
3. Connect the input and output of the circuit to channel 1and channel 2 of the CRO respectively
and observe the waveforms.
4. Draw the waveforms along with the levels on a graph.
5. Compare the practical values with theoretical values.
6. Repeat the same for the sine-wave
Tabulation

Signal Input Amplitude Time Output Amplitude Time

Model graph
Result
 Thus the, differentiator and integrator circuit using Op-Amp IC741 are designed and verified for
different signals

Inference from the Result:

Practice Questions
1. Implement the same circuit using tinkercad resource and analyze the same by varying the resistor and
capacitor values
2. Analyze the integrator circuit without feedback resistor, Rf
3. Analyze the differentiator circuit without feedback capacitor, Cf