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Norma Lateralis: Skull

The norma lateralis includes the lateral wall of the skull formed by 8 bones: frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, sphenoid, zygomatic, mandible, and maxilla. It describes the temporal lines, zygomatic arch, external acoustic meatus, mastoid part, styloid process, temporal fossa, and infratemporal fossa. The document provides details on the boundaries, openings, and structures found on the lateral view of the skull.

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Jack Marlow
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668 views4 pages

Norma Lateralis: Skull

The norma lateralis includes the lateral wall of the skull formed by 8 bones: frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, sphenoid, zygomatic, mandible, and maxilla. It describes the temporal lines, zygomatic arch, external acoustic meatus, mastoid part, styloid process, temporal fossa, and infratemporal fossa. The document provides details on the boundaries, openings, and structures found on the lateral view of the skull.

Uploaded by

Jack Marlow
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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NORMA LATERALIS

The norma lateralis includes the lateral wall of the skull and the following bones
 Frontal
 Parietal
 Occipital
 Temporal
 Sphenoid
 Zygomatic
 Mandible
 Maxilla
 Nasal

These bones form norma lateralis.

 
FEATURES

TEMPORAL LINES

The temporal lines have been studied in the norma verticalis. The inferior temporal


line, in its posterior part, turns downwards and forwards and becomes continuous with
the supramastoid on the squamous temporal bone near its junction with the mastoid
temporal. This crest is continuous anteriorly with the posterior root of the zygoma.

ZYGOMATIC ARCH

The zygomatic arch is a horizontal bar on the side of the head, in front of the ear, a
little above the tragus. It is formed by the temporal process of the zygomatic bonein
anterior one-third and the zygomatic process of the temporal bone in posterior two-
thirds. The zygomatico-temporal crosses the arch obliquely downwards and
backwards.

The arch is separated from the side of the skull by a gap which is deeper in front than
behind. Its lateral surface is subcutaneous. The anterior end of the upper border is
called the jugal point. The posterior end of the zygoma is attached to the squamous
temporal bone by anterior and posterior roots. The articular tubercle of the root of
the zygoma lies on its lower border, at the junction of the anterior and posterior roots.
The anterior root passes medially in front of the articular fossa. The posterior root
passes backwards along the lateral margin of the mandibular fossa, then above the
external acoustic meatus to become continuous with the supramastoid crest. Two
projections are visible in relation to these roots. One is articular tubercle or tubercle of
the root of zygoma at its lower border. The other is visible just behind the mandibular
or articular fossa and is known as postglenoid tubercle.

EXTERNAL ACOUSTIC MEATUS

The external acoustic meatus opens just below the posterior part of the posterior root
of the zygoma. Its anterior and inferior margins and the lower part of the posterior
margin are formed by the tympanic plate and the posterosuperior margin is formed by
the squamous temporal bone. The margins are roughened for the attachment of the
auricular cartilage.
The suprameatal triangle is a small depression posterosuperior to the meatus. It is
bounded above by the supramastoid crest, in front by the posterosuperior margin of
the external meatus and behind by a vertical tangent to the posterior margin of the
meatus. The suprameatal spine may be present on the anteroinferior margin of the
triangle. The triangle forms the lateral wall of the tympanic or mastoid antrum.

MASTOID PART

The mastoid part of the bone lies just behind the external acoustic meatus. It is
continuous anterosuperiorly with the squamous temporal bone. A partially obliterated
squamomastoid suture may be visible just in front of and parallel to the roughened
area for muscular insertions.visible just in front of and parallel to the roughened area
for muscular insertions.

The mastoid temporal bone articulates posterosuperiorly with the posteroinferior


part of the parietal bone at the horizontal parietomastoid suture: and posteriorly
with the squamous occipital bone at the occipitomastoid suture. These two sutures
meet at the lateral end of the lambdoid suture. The asterion is the point where the
parietomastoid, occipitomastoid and lambdoid sutures meet. In infants the asterion is
the site of the posterolateral or mastoid fontanelle, which closes at the end of the first
year.
The mastoid process a nipple-like large projection from the lower part of the mastoid
temporal bone, posteroinferior to the external acoustic meatus. It appears during the
second year of life. The tympanomastoid fissure is placed on the anterior aspect of the
base of the mastoid process. The mastoid foramen lies at or near the occipitomastoid
suture.

STYLOID PROCESS

The styloid process is a needle like thin, long projection from the norma basalis
situated anteromedial to the mastoid process. It is directed downwards, forwards and
slightly medially. Its base is partly ensheathed by the tympanic plate. The apex or tip
is usually hidden from view by the posterior border of the ramus of the mandible.

TEMPORAL FOSSA

The Boundaries of the temporal fossa are as follows:


 Above, by the temporal line of the frontal bone.
 Below, by the upper border of the zygomatic arch laterally; and by the
infratemporal crest of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone medially. Through
the gap deep to the zygomatic arch, the temporal fossa communicates with the
infratemporal fossa.
 The anterior wall is formed, by the zygomatic bone and by parts of the frontal
and sphenoid bones. This wall separates the fossa from the orbit.

The Floor of the temporal fossa are as follows:


 The anterior part of the floor is crossed by an H-shaped suture where four
bones; frontal, parietal, sphenoid and temporal adjoin each other
 This area is termed the pterion. It lies 4 cm above the midpoint of the
zygomatic arch or 4 cm above the zygoma and 2.5 cm behind the
frontozygomatic suture. Deep to the pterion there lie the middle meningeal-vein,
the anterior division of the middle meningeal artery, and the stem of the lateral
sulcus of the brain.
 On the temporal surface of the zygomatic bone forming the anterior wall of
the fossa there is the zygomatico- temporal foramen.

INFRATEMPORAL FOSSA

The walls are divided in four parts medial, lateral, anterior and posterior.


 The medial wall is formed by the lateral pterygoid plate and the pyramidal
process of the palatine bone.
 The lateral wall is formed by the ramus of the mandible.
 The anterior wall is formed by the infratemporal or posterior surface of the
maxilla and by the medial surface of the zygomatic bone. The anterior and
medial walls are separated in their upper parts by the pteiygomaxillary fissure
through which the infratemporal fossa communicates with the pterygopalatine
fossa. The upper end of the pterygomaxillary fissure is continuous with the
anterior part of the inferior orbital fissure through which the infratemporal fossa
communicates with the orbit.
 The posterior wall is open.

The roof is formed medially by the infratemporal surface of the greater wing of the
sphenoid and by a small part of the squamous temporal bone. Laterally, the roof is
incomplete where the infratemporal fossa communicates with the temporal fossa
through the gap deep to the zygomatic arch. The roof formed by greater wing is
pierced by the foramen ovale and by the foramen spinosum.

The floor of norma lateralis is open.

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