Values of r for first and last terms are Oandn—-1 1 1-hie,Oand1—h] so maa m-1] values of rh (= x) for first and last terms are 0 and nik Proceeding to the limit as h > 0 lower limit= Lt 0=0,upperlimit= Lt (1-)=1 ho hoo 1 Step (v) “Required limit -f[ 4 h = log 2 — log 1 = log 2. oitx t iia Example 2. Determine by integration the limiting value of the sums of the foilowing series when noe 1 1 1 1 @ + + V2n-P V4n-2? Vin-7 2n? = n° (Gorakhpur 1992 ; D.U. 1985, 88, 90, 91) L 1 1 OWS i ae $e (D.U. 1992) P 2 z Opus Fae Paw (Meerut 1991 ; Agra 1989 ; Avadh 1993 ; Kumaun 1992) 1 1 1 Onem* n+am* n+ 3m are (Meerut 1993) 1 Oqtnal tnd? (DU. 1989, 90, 91, 92) 1 1 n+] n+2 + n+3 1 which involves “. itis general term. Sol. @) Step (Ts = SS r.2n-1r- Scanned with CamScannerGOLDEN INTEGRAL CALCULUS 324 2 Viany +2) Jy Wane +Vveotr e a/2 _ ; 2 Veo x + Viane caf Uae= a = Adding (1) and (2), a-f" ae lb 2 Hence (i 0) Since Ss 0 0 +) Adding (1) and (2), 21= 0 Hence tet de casx T+ tanx Sinx + cos.x Proceed as in part (iii). Ans. < out _ sing Sr er cos sing Proceed asin part (iii). Ans. z. vi) Let I f? ‘se (i) 7 Woe e sn(1) Since (2) Scanned with CamScanner8 325 @). 2 fos sin xt cos'2 m2 ar “to ) sin’? x + cogs Sita cop =f taee[af a8 2 x 0 l=7. ene : f ne rc a2 vianx Veory Manx gp i 3/2 Af, Teron Vtenx 7 Tee i) oS Oj, t+ 0 2AED J, +Veorx oat of? ats ef, Tavcore 0 sin’ x+corx _— ane! axes sh QUE) Te Vane x o Vsinx +¥cosx - proceed asin example 2 (i) Ans. 2 a 1+Vianx Ls Ade _ (7? __Vainx_ yy On Taveat Jo Vane + voor x Proceed asin Example 2(/) Ams. 4 () Lett = Sie — sins ae 0 (1) sin” x + cos" x Sine f fa) de -f fla-xy dv 2 rr Ie (= 0 sie (J-#) oo G 2 V2 sin" x + COS" X =f 1de Adding (1) and @2), asf eee Sintx+cos’x | 90 Hence Scanned with CamScannerGOLDEN INTEGRAL. ao Gol CALCULUS (ii) if (%) is an odd function of x, then f f(x) dx = 0. (OL. 1985, 89, 92, 95 ; Gauhati 1985 ; Madurai 1985 ; Kanpur 1989) Proof. since Sx) de =f fy de f Sede f fede f fojae ofr de ~-Q) In the first integral on RS. Put dz when xe-a, z=a; — when x=0,7=0 o SF pode frends Sind =fireae [ . Sf moare- vat] =fpiend [» Smee fire] From (1), J se aee fen des fo ac (2) (8) If f(x) is an even function of x, then f(x) = f(x) :. From (2), fe feds -f. fee) asf fle) de = 2 f f(s) de. (ii) If f(x) is an odd function of x, then f(- x) = — f(x) :. From (2), f fle) dx = z so that de dx =0. fae S49 > Example 1. Prove that f fla +b—x) de -f Se) dx. Sol. Putx =a +b—z, then dr =—dz when x=a2=b; — whenx=b,z=a. Bs St014e= fsa +b 20 df pes oa =f tesb-aae : J torde=f sae =f tere yae | fsaacef pert Scanned with CamScannerDefinite Integrals \# i b [Fe] = fe) then f(x) de = FG), i jigarorF) is called am indefinite integra or an amtidetivative of x, wef f(s) de is called the definite integral of f) between the limits 4 and b and is given by : is given by Space [ P| =F0-F edhe lower limit of integration while b is called the Upper limit of integ ir ait an integration. The interval fa, b] is Assumptions. In the above definition, itis assumed that (9 fa) isa single valued continuous function on [a, b] (cand b are both finite ie. a, bER Incase any of the above two conditions is not satisfied, then Jie) driscalted an Improper Integral ‘te shal study in further chapters. MINDAMENTAL PROPERTIES OF DEFINITE INTEGRALS Theorem I. (Change of variable) Prove that J . f(x) dx “f f(z) dz. Moot Let ffx) dx = F(x), then J (2) dz = FC) Lus.= J * fa) de= [ F(x) t = F()- Fla) A) RHS. f . IQ) dz= [ F@) I = F(b)- Fa) ; et) From (1) ana (3, 1 =RHS. wigan definite integral remains unaltered ifthe variable is changed, provided the function ‘gration remain the same. 317 Scanned with CamScannersteals a f b 323 yee Siva J fla +b~x) as, ample 2. Evaluate B /2 ¥sin x. nx Venr Ov. oe + Andhra 1985 ; Madurai 1985 ; ‘cerut 199], 93. 5 Agra 1989 5 Avedh 1988) __Veotx ‘af Tareas atx + Vian a sing cosxt sing (Agra 1988) wi? dt (Meerut 1990 8) vd v) " (v) — oo), Teron of (gotten, sin?x i) 2x4 cos? x (Bangalore 1985) Sol. (f) Let Al) Since -f? 2 -@) Jy Yoox + Visine 2 Vein x+ Voos x < of Adding (1)and @), =f epee vein [ie +] 2 Hence ue 2 oR -) (ota =f aaa Since Sinoae= [ine Scanned with CamScanner326 GOLDEN INTEGRAL CALCUL ys Example 4. Show that 2 1991; of” log tanx dx = 0 (Kanpur 1991 ; Agra 1997) 0 we v2 i) f ° ssin 2x log tan x de = 0 (DU. 1987) (iti) if 9 (sinx) de = (cos x) de ° (2 Sd . wf” cos" xde f sint x d, for al positive integral values of. 0 Sol. () Let I Jog tan x de (1) Since Sroa-f. fla-x) de 2 2 = I dx “ ef lason(5- x Jae Sf log cot x ” a a ‘Adding (1) and (2), asf * qogtanxt logcotx)dr= J" log (tan.x . cot x) de : a a2 2 -f tog 1 de =f oare[ © =c-c=0.Hence 120. 0 0 lo Another Method. From (2) above a a wn ef logecotxde= tog (unsy' de =— f" log tanx dr =—1 21=0, 1=0. (ii) Let 1 f° sin 2x log tan x de since J” peae= J fla-x) de rf s02(F-s) gion 3x 2 = f sin (n= 2x) log cot x de = Sf sin 2x log (tan ay! de a =f" sin 2e log tanx de = — 0 a a? 2 inf ¢ inay.de= f° ofsa(3-=) fara 7 6 (cos) dr 21s |. Hence I= 0. Scanned with CamScannerereaRAls /2 a2 - : x 2 f cost xd J cot For) aea site, 327 Mo xXtanx 5. Prove that (i fe au® gaol 5+ 0 0 Secx+ cox “FT Jt sin’x 1 ——— dr = log (WI af, Serco Fixe cosx "= yz 8 V2 +1) (Gauhati 1986 ; Avadh 1992 ; Kanpur 1992; Merit 1992 ; Kumaun 1991) x (i), T+ cos? x (DU. 1987, 93 ; Meerut 1990, 93 + Avadh Y deen Oye reset eee 7 xtanx Si . @ Seex + C08 Since J feo) de ele fla-x) dx 1987 ; Kumaun 1989) Sul () Let (x=3) tan(x-x) =x)(ctans) +c (Hx) + cos (Xx) sec x — cos x (x=x)tanx tanx xtanx =Jq seextcosx “So secxtoosx Jo secx + cos fe flax) =f] x a T+e0s?x Put cosy =1s0 that —sin.x de = dt orsinx de =—dt 0 ’ rf at | . Srna Sie] oT+F hen, {tant 1 tant! O]= Scanned with CamScannergels VIL If f(x) = fla +x), then prove that f fix) dx = of fix) ax, ' Cal pot By HE generalised form of the theorem (Caleuua 1986) oot BY Jira finodes psaeecees Wetave Sree fjpacs [indepen LF poae te ye inthe second integral on RLH.S. of (1) po x=04Z80 that dx = dz were 321 (l) 247205; whenx=2a,z=¢ J tote fi parece fla +x) de | © fir de “fn a fifo by e+) =f = the first integral on RHS. Again inthe third integral on R.H.S. of (1), Put x=atz, sothatdr x=2a, 5 When x=3a,z=2 : Jeteyace fi Re ayde= fi tora | +f raeee fro] =f roe, 1e second integral on RS. = the first integral on RS. / Similarly every integral on R.HS. of (1) is equal tothe first integral on RH. of (1) a Ji rode= fi reraea f poder tee : mimes= mf” fe ae Definitions fe flees) = fol [Proved above] (} Even Function. f(x) is said to be aneven function of it f(-x) = f(x) e.g.27 +3, cos.x + Sint x ; (Wi) Odd Function. f(x) is said to be an ‘odd function of x if f(x) = fx) e.g. +8 sin + tans ‘Theorem VIII. Prove that (9 iF £0) ts. am even function of x, then S@ x= 2) Mx) de. Scanned with CamScanner3947 GOLDEN INTEGRAL CALCULUS a 1 2 aye Wf ol(raleel3)—(3)] (Kanpur 1992 ; Gorakhpur 1988, 90, 93 ; Agra 1990 ; Avadh 1992 ; Lucknow 1987 ; Meerut 1991) 2 1 / o(1+5)(++5) (+3) (+5) . ‘(Kumaun 1990 ; Robilkhand 1990) nytt n a 8 4 Sol. @) Let +m “el Taking logs of both sides, logt= te we[(1+3)[1+2): = MLa[he( tea} re( tf) ttee(1+2)] fi) + 1 1 ( 2 ‘The series on R.H.S. of (i) is n[e( ten) 1 st} vot og(1 a] ve +5) which is general term. Putting n = , general term = hr log (1+ rh) Putting r= x, A= dx, we get log (1 +.) de Putting general term first term 1 ryot 1 re mine( +5} mhe( #5) oe orel Putting general term = last term 1 ryt a wive(1+F)=he( 1+). ores values of r for first and last terms are 1 and sie values of rt (=x) for first and last terms arehand nh ie. hand 1 [ lower limit= Lt =0,upperlimit= Lt 1=1 hoo Bao Scanned with CamScanner