1 (a) Fig. 1.1 shows seven species of fish that live on reefs in the Caribbean.

A B

C D

E F

Drawings not to scale

Fig. 1.1

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 Use the key to identify each species. Write the letter of each species (A to G) in the
correct box beside the key. One has been done for you.

Key

1 (a) Body shape is long and narrow, at least go to 2

10 times as long as its depth
(b) Body shape is not long and narrow, less go to 3
than 10 times long as its depth
2 (a) Fins are pointed Aulostomus maculatus F
(b) Fins are smooth Gymnothorax moringa
3 (a) Both eyes are on top of the head go to 4
(b) Eyes are on either side of the head go to 5
4 (a) Tail fin is long and thin Dasyatis americana
(b) Tail fin is short Bothus ocellatus
5 (a) Fish has one or several dark spots go to 6
(b) Fish has no dark spots Epinephelus striatus
6 (a) Fish has two fins on its back Pseudupeneus maculatus
(b) Fish has more than two fins on its back Chaetodon capistratus

[4]

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 The wavelengths of light that penetrate water influence the features of fish. Blue light does
not penetrate far into water; red light penetrates much further.

Many different species of cichlid fish live in Lake Victoria in Africa. Some species live in
shallow water and others live in deeper water.

Table 1.2 summarises some of the features of males and females of these species.

Table 1.2

habitat body colour of males retina in eyes of females

shallow water blue detects blue light

deep water red detects red light

Body colour and colour vision are both inherited features. Females select the males that
they mate with and prefer bright coloured males. Male and female eyes of the same
species of cichlid fish are similar.

(b) (i) The ancestors of red and blue cichlid fish were brown.

State how the different body colours of the males first happened.

[1]

(ii) Suggest the advantages of different cichlid fish being able to detect blue and red
light.

[2]

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 (c) Lake Victoria receives considerable pollution from the surrounding area which makes
the water cloudier and reduces the penetration of blue light.

Suggest and explain the likely long-term effects of the cloudy water on the red and blue
cichlid fish.

[4]

[Total: 11]

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2 Table 1.1 shows some of the external features of the five classes of vertebrates.

Complete the table by using a tick (
) to indicate if each class has the feature or a cross (×)
if it does not. The first row has been completed for you.

Table 1.1

feature
eatu amphibia reptiles birds mammals

mammary
glands × × ×

fur / hair

scales /
scaly skin

external
ears

feathers

[4]

[Total: 4]

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3 Fig. 1.1 shows a bacterium, a virus and a fungus.

not to scale

Fig. 1.1

(a) Complete the table to compare the three organisms shown in Fig. 1.1 by using a tick
(
) to indicate if the organism shows the feature, or a cross (x) if it does not. The first
row has been completed for you.

feature
eature ba virus fungus

produces
spores x

hyphae

capsule

nucleus

[3]

(b) Explain how the fungus shown in Fig. 1.1 is adapted to obtain its food.

[3]

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 (c) Explain how the fungus spreads to new sources of food.

[2]

[Total: 8]

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4 The freshwater mussel, Margaritifera margaritifera, is a mollusc which lives in rivers and
streams.

When the mussel reproduces, gametes are released into the water and fertilisation takes
place.

The embryos, in the form of larvae, attach themselves to the gills of fish and develop there
for a few months.

The larvae then release themselves and grow in sand in the river, feeding by filtering food
from the water.

The number of mussels is falling due to human predation and the species is threatened with
extinction.

(a) The mussel belongs to the group known as the molluscs. State two features you would
expect the mussel to have.

1.

2. [2]

(b) Explain how the species name of the freshwater mussel can be distinguished from its
genus.

[1]

(c) State the type of reproduction shown by the mussel.

Explain your answer.

type of reproduction

explanation

[2]

(d) (i) Fish gills have the same function as lungs. Suggest one advantage to a mussel
larva of attaching itself to fish gills.

[1]

(ii) The mussel develops on the fish gills. Define the term development.

[1]

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 (e) The mussel is threatened with extinction. Name another organism which is also
threatened with extinction and outline how it could be conserved.

name of species

outline of conservation

[3]

[Total: 10]

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5 Fig. 3.1 shows a female lion in a game reserve.

Fig. 3.1

(a) (i) State one feature, visible in Fig. 3.1, which identifies the lion as a mammal.

[1]

(ii) State one other feature, not visible in Fig. 3.1, which distinguishes mammals from
all other vertebrate groups.

[1]

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 (b) Study the eyes of the lion in Fig. 3.1.

(i) Suggest and explain what the light conditions were when the photograph was
taken.

light conditions

explanation

[2]

(ii) Explain the importance of the eyes reacting to light in this way.

[2]

(c) Scientists say that lions are unable to see in colour.

Suggest how a study of a lion’s retina would provide evidence for this statement.

[1]

(d) The lion in Fig. 3.1 was observing tourists nearby. It turned its head to see zebras
moving in the distance.

Describe how the eyes of the lion would adjust to focus on the zebras.

[3]

(e) The lion was photographed in a game reserve in Namibia.

Explain why the conservation of animals in game reserves is important.

[3]

[Total:13]

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6 (a Draw a straight line to match the diagram of each tissue with its function. The first has
been completed for you.

absorbs water and

minerals from soil
for the plant

carries oxygen around

the body of mammals

contracts to cause
movement within
animals

moves dust and bacteria

up the bronchi of a
mammal

transports water and

minerals through the
stem of a plant

(not drawn to same scale)

[4]

(b) Explain why a leaf is described as an organ, not a tissue.

[3]

[Total: 7]

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7 The Ruddy duck, Oxyura jamaicensis, is a native of America.
A flock of 20 birds was introduced into Britain from America before 1950.
The original flock settled quickly in their new habitat and started breeding. Numbers now
exceed 6000.
The White-headed duck, Oxyura leucocephala, (a native of Spain) is a closely related
species to the Ruddy duck.
Female White-headed ducks are more attracted to male Ruddy ducks than to males of their
own species.
Cross-breeding between the two species produces a new variety of fertile duck.
The White-headed duck is now threatened with extinction.
Some conservationists are considering a plan to kill the British population of Ruddy ducks to
prevent the White-headed duck becoming extinct.

Fig. 6.1 shows a male Ruddy duck.

Fig. 6.1

(a) State two features, visible in Fig. 6.1, that distinguish birds, such as the Ruddy duck,
from other vertebrate groups.

2 [2]

(b) (i) With reference to an example from the passage, describe what is meant by the
term binomial system.

[2]

(ii) State two reasons, based on information in the passage, why the Ruddy duck and
White-headed duck are considered to be closely related.

[2]

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 (c) (i) Explain why Ruddy ducks would not become
becom
bec
ecome ex
conservationists carried out their plan.

[1]

(ii) Suggest one factor, other than the breeding habits of the Ruddy duck, that could
result in the extinction of a bird such as the White-headed duck.

[1]

(d) The Ruddy duck feeds on seeds and insect larvae. The ducks are eaten by foxes and
humans.

Explain why these feeding relationships can be displayed in a food web, but not in a
food chain.

[2]

[Total: 10]

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