1.

Direct/indirect questions (yes/no, wh-, subject questions)

1) Direct questions:
- Yes/no question:
Have you already done your household chores? (Ти уже справився зі своїми
домашніми справами?)
Explanation: we use such questions when we need answer ‘yes’ or ‘no’.
- Wh- question:
-I’m going out today. –Who with? (-Я йду сьогодні гуляти. –З ким?)
Explanation: we use such question in conversation, they’re short and end with
preposition.
- Subject question:
What happened next? (Що трапилося далі?)
Explanation: we use such questions when question word is the subject of the
sentence.
2) Indirect question:
Could you tell me when the train leaves? (Чи не могли б Ви сказати, коли
відправляється потяг?)
Explanation: we use indirect questions to ask something in more polite way.
2. Present perfect VS past simple
1) Tom has worked at the garage for two years. (Том працював у гаражі два роки.)
Explanation: we use present perfect for uncompleted action in the past that continues up to
now.
2) Tom worked at the garage for two years. (Том працював у гаражі два роки.)
Explanation: we use past simple for action that started and finished in the past.
3. Present perfect simple/continuous
1) Present perfect simple:
I’ve called her three times but she didn’t answer. (Я телефонувала їй три рази, але
вона не відповіла. )
Explanation: we use this form to emphasise a completed action and to show how many
times we’ve done it.
2) Present perfect continuous:
We’ve been playing chess for two hours. (Ми грали шахи дві години.)
Explanation: we use this form to emphasise that action has continued for a certain period
of time and we use verb of duration ‘play’.
4. Passive voice
 1) I hate being asked about my personal life. (Я ненавиджу, коли мене запитують про
моє особисте життя.)
Explanation: we use passive voice here because person that did action is not obvious and
important.
2) Money should be spent with use. (Гроші потрібно витрачати з користю.)
Explanation: we use this form to bring the object of the verb to the beginning.
3) I’ve been given a few fines over the years. (Мені дали кілька штрафів протягом років.)
Explanation: we use passive here to put the focus on the person affected by the action.
5. Narrative tenses
1) Past simple:
When they arrived, I left. (Коли вони приїхали, я пішов.)
Explanation: we use it for completed action in the past which tells main events.
2) Past continuous:
- She called while I was having a bath. (Вона зателефонувала, коли я приймала
ванну.)
Explanation: we use this form to describe action in progress when shorter action happened.
- It was raining when I met her. (Коли я її зустріла, ішов дощ.)
Explanation: we use this form to set the scene of the story.
3) Past perfect simple:
By the time I arrived, they had already finished cleaning the house. (Вони вже закінчили
прибирати будинок до того часу, як я приїхала.)
Explanation: we use this form to describe completed action that happened before another
action began.
4) Past perfect continuous:
I had been reading for two hours before my mom arrived. (Я читала дві години до того, як
моя мама приїхала.)
Explanation: we use this form to describe longer action which started before a point in the story
and continued up to that action.
6. I wish, if only (present and past regrets, would)
1) I wish I had more free time. (Я хочу, щоб у мене було більше вільного часу.)
Explanation: we use ‘wish+past simple’ for thing we want to change but it’s impossible.
2) I wish he wouldn’t listen to music so loudly. (Я хочу, щоб він не слухав музику так
голосно.)
Explanation: we use this form because we’re talking about thing we want to change
because it annoys us.
 3) I wish I could play a guitar. (Якби ж я вміла грати на гітарі.)
Explanation: we use this form because we’re talking about ability we want to change.
4) I wish I had stayed at home yesterday. (Якби ж я залишилася вдома вчора.)
Explanation: we use this form for thing that happened in the past but now we regret about
it.
5) If only I could have a rest… (Якби ж я мала відпочинок…)
Explanation: we use it to talk about present and we show more emotion.
6) Present and past habits
1) Present habits:
- I usually get up at 8 o’clock. (Я зазвичай прокидаюся о 8 годині.)
Explanation: we use present simple with frequency adverb for regular action.
- She’s always listening to music loudly. (Вона завжди слухає музику голосно.)
Explanation: we use this form for a habit that is annoying.
- On Fridays I’ll go to fitness club. (По суботах я ходитиму у фітнес клуб.)
Explanation: we use ‘will’ because we’re talking about regular habit.
2) Past habits:
- I always went to work by bus. (Я завжди їздила на роботу автобусом.)
Explanation: we use past simple with frequency adverb foe regular past actions.
- I used to live in another city when I was a child. (Я жила в іншому місті, коли була
дитиною.)
Explanation: we use this form state in the past which don’t continue now.
- He was always shouting at me. (Він постійно кричав на мене.)
Explanation: we use this form for annoying habit in the past.
- We would fish together when we were younger. (Ми ходили на рибалку разом,
коли були молодшими.)
Explanation: we use this form for repeated activity in the past.
7) Future forms
1) I’m going to New York next month. (Я їду в Нью-Йорк наступного місяця)
Explanation: we use ‘be going to’ because we’re talking about general intention.
2) I’m having business lunch this evening. (У мене сьогодні ввечері бізнес-ланч.)
Explanation: we use present continuous because it’s definite arrangement.
3) We’re out of bread? OK, I’ll buy some. (У нас закінчився хліб? Добре, я куплю.)
Explanation: we use ‘will’ because we made a decision at the moment of speaking.
4) I might go for a walk this evening. (Я можу піти гуляти сьогодні ввечері.)
Explanation: we use this form because we make prediction based on opinion.
 5) I’m likely to be tired after work. (Я можу бути втомлена після роботи.)
Explanation: we use this form because it’s strong possibility.
6) Look at the clouds. It’s going to rain. (Подивись на хмари. Збирається дощ.)
Explanation: we use this form because we make a prediction based on present evidence.
7) The train leaves at 4 a.m. (Поїзд відправляється о четвертій годині.)
Explanation: we use present simple because it’ schedule.
8) Articles
1) I go shopping twice a week. (Я ходжу на шопінг двічі на тиждень.)
Explanation: we use indefinite article because there is a phrase of frequency.
2) Have you ever been to the Alps? (Ти колись був у Альпах?)
Explanation: we use ‘the’ with mountain range.
3) I’ve got an email from my friend from Canada. (Я отримала лист від мого друга з
Канади.)
Explanation: we use ‘an’ with singular countable noun and it’s not clear which thing is
being talked about.
4) She the smartest person I’ve ever met. (Вона найрозумніша людина, яку я коли-
небудь зустрічала.)
Explanation: we use ‘the’ because there is superlative form of adjective.
5) My boss liked the essay you sent him. (Моєму босу сподобалося есе, що ти
надіслав.)
Explanation: we use ‘the’ because it’s clear what is being talked about.
6) Would you like to visit Spain? (Чи хотів би ти відвідати Іспанію?)
Explanation: we don’t use article here because it’s a country.
9) Real and hypothetical conditionals (0, 1st, 2nd)
1) 0 conditional:
If you freeze the water it turns into ice. (Якщо воду заморозити, то вона перетвориться на
лід.)
Explanation: we use this form because we’re talking about fact that is generally true.
2) 1st conditional:
If Peter does lots of exercise he'll be fit and healthy. (Якщо Пітер буде багато тренуватися,
то він буде у формі.)
Explanation: we use this form because we’re talking about real possibility in the future.
3) 2nd conditional:
If I won one million dollars I would travel a lot. (Якби я виграла один мільйон, я би багато
подорожувала.)
Explanation: we use this form because it is hypothetical situation in the future.