Application Report

SPRA958F – January 2006

Running an Application from Internal Flash Memory on

the TMS320F28xx DSP
David M. Alter DSP Applications - Semiconductor Group

ABSTRACT

Several special requirements exist for running an application from on-chip flash memory
on the TMS320F28xx DSP. These requirements generally do not manifest themselves
during development in RAM since the Code Composer Studio™ debugger can mask
problems associated with initialized sections and how they are linked to memory. This
application report covers the requirements needed to properly configure application
software for execution from on-chip flash memory. Requirements for both DSP/BIOS™
and non-DSP/BIOS projects are presented. Some performance considerations and
techniques are also discussed. Example code projects are included that run from on-chip
flash on the eZdsp™ F2812 and eZdsp F2808 development boards (or alternately, any
F2801, F2806, F2808, F2810, F2811, or F2812 DSP board). Code examples that run
from internal RAM are also provided for completeness. These code examples provide a
starting point for code development, if desired.
Note that the issues discussed in this application report apply directly to current F281x
and F280x members of the TMS320F28xx DSP family, specifically the F2801, F2806,
F2808, F2810, F2811, and F2812 DSP devices. Applicability to future devices in the
F28xx family, although quite likely, is not guaranteed. In addition, the code and
techniques presented in this application report for DSP/BIOS projects was developed on
Code Composer Studio v3.1 using C-compiler v4.1.1 and DSP/BIOS v5.20. Earlier
versions of DSP/BIOS used a different configuration file format. It is suggested that the
reader upgrade to the latest version. Future versions of DSP/BIOS may have differences
that make some of the items discussed in this report unnecessary (although in all
likelihood backwards compatibility will be maintained, so that the techniques discussed
here should still work). The reader should keep this in mind if using a newer version.
Finally, this application report does not provide a tutorial on writing and building code for
the F28xx DSP. It is assumed that the reader already has at least the main framework of
their application code running from RAM, probably using the Code Composer Studio
debugger to perform the code download. This report only identifies the special items that
must be considered when moving the application into on-chip flash memory.

Code Composer Studio and DSP/BIOS are trademarks of Texas Instruments.

eZdsp is a trademark of Spectrum Digital Incorporated.
Trademarks are the property of their respective owners.

1
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Contents

1 Introduction .....................................................................................................................................3
2 Creating a User Linker Command File ..........................................................................................3
2.1 Non-DSP/BIOS Projects............................................................................................................3
2.2 DSP/BIOS Projects ...................................................................................................................4
3 Where to Link the Sections ............................................................................................................5
3.1 Non-DSP/BIOS Projects............................................................................................................5
3.2 DSP/BIOS Projects ...................................................................................................................7
4 Copying Sections from Flash to RAM ...........................................................................................9
4.1 Copying the Interrupt Vectors (non-DSP/BIOS projects only)...................................................9
4.2 Copying the .hwi_vec Section (DSP/BIOS projects only)........................................................10
4.3 Copying the .trcdata Section (DSP/BIOS projects only)..........................................................10
4.4 Initializing the Flash Control Registers (DSP/BIOS and non-DSP/BIOS projects) ..................12
4.5 Maximizing Performance by Executing Time-critical Functions from RAM .............................14
4.6 Maximizing Performance by Linking Critical Global Constants to RAM ..................................15
4.6.1 Method 1: Running All Constant Arrays from RAM .....................................................15
4.6.2 Method 2: Running a Specific Constant Array from RAM ...........................................18
5 Programming the Code Security Module Passwords................................................................19
6 Executing Your Code from Flash after a DSP Reset..................................................................23
7 Disabling the Watchdog Timer During C-Environment Boot ....................................................25
8 C-Code Examples..........................................................................................................................27
8.1 General Overview....................................................................................................................27
8.2 Directory Structure and File Utilizations ..................................................................................28
8.3 Additional Information..............................................................................................................33
References.............................................................................................................................................35
Revision History....................................................................................................................................36

Figures
Figure 1. Specifying the User Init Function in the DSP/BIOS Configuration tool ......................11
Figure 2. Specifying the Link Order In Code Composer Studio ..................................................17
Figure 3. DSP/BIOS MEM Properties for CSM Password Locations ...........................................22
Figure 4. DSP/BIOS MEM Properties for CSM Reserved Locations ............................................22
Figure 5. DSP/BIOS MEM Properties for Jump to Flash Entry Point...........................................24

Tables
Table 1. Section Linking in Non-DSP/BIOS Projects (Large memory model) .............................6
Table 2. Section Linking In DSP/BIOS Projects (Large Memory Model)......................................7
Table 3. Example Code File Directories........................................................................................28
Table 4. F281x Example Code File Inventory and Utilization .....................................................29
Table 5. F280x Example Code File Inventory and Utilization .....................................................31

2 Running an Application from Internal Flash Memory on the TMS320F28xx DSP

 SPRA958F

1 Introduction
The TMS320F28xx DSP family has been designed for standalone operation in embedded
controller applications. The on-chip flash usually eliminates the need for external non-volatile
memory and a host processor from which to bootload. Configuring an application to run from
flash memory is a relatively easy matter provided that one follow a few simple steps. This report
covers the major concerns and steps needed to properly configure application software for
execution from internal flash memory. Requirements for both DSP/BIOS and non-DSP/BIOS
projects are presented. Some performance considerations and techniques are also discussed.
Note that the issues discussed in this application report apply directly to current F281x and
F280x members of the TMS320F28xx DSP family. Throughout the remainder of this report, the
term current F28xx devices will refer specifically to the F2801, F2806, F2808, F2810, F2811,
and F2812 DSP devices. Applicability to future devices in the F28xx family, although quite
likely, is not guaranteed. In addition, the code and techniques presented in this application
report for DSP/BIOS projects was developed on Code Composer Studio v3.1 using C-compiler
v4.1.1 and DSP/BIOS v5.20. Earlier versions of DSP/BIOS used a different configuration file
format. It is suggested that the reader upgrade to the latest version. Future versions of
DSP/BIOS may have differences that make some of the items discussed in this report
unnecessary (although in all likelihood backwards compatibility will be maintained, so that the
techniques discussed here should still work). The reader should keep this in mind if using a
newer version.
Finally, this application report does not provide a tutorial on writing and building code for the
F28xx DSP. It is assumed that the reader already has at least the main framework of their
application code running from RAM, probably using the Code Composer Studio debugger to
perform the code download. This report only identifies the special items that must be
considered when moving the application into on-chip flash memory.

2 Creating a User Linker Command File

2.1 Non-DSP/BIOS Projects

In non-DSP/BIOS applications, the user linker command file will be where most memory is
defined, and where the linking of most sections is specified. The format of this file is no different
than the linker command file you are currently using to run your application from RAM. The
difference will be in where you link the sections (to be discussed in Section 3). More information
on linker command files can be found in reference [6]. The non-DSP/BIOS code projects that
accompany this application report contain linker command files that can be used for reference.

Running an Application from Internal Flash Memory on the TMS320F28xx DSP 3

SPRA958F
The DSP281x and DSP280x peripheral header files contain linker command files named
DSP281x_Headers_nonBIOS.cmd and DSP280x_Headers_nonBIOS.cmd, respectively (see
references [10] and [11]). These files contains linker MEMORY and SECTIONS declarations for
linking the peripheral register structures. Since Code Composer Studio supports having more
than one linker command file in a project, all one needs to do is add the header file linker
command file to their project in addition to their user linker command file. In general, the order
of the linker command files is unimportant since during a project build, Code Composer Studio
evaluates the MEMORY section of every linker command file before evaluating the SECTIONS
section of any linker command file. This ensures that all memories are defined before linking
any sections to those memories. However, advanced users may need manual control over the
order of linker command file evaluation in some rare situations. This can be specified within
Code Composer Studio on the Project → Build_Options, Link_Order tab.

2.2 DSP/BIOS Projects

The DSP/BIOS configuration tool generates a linker command file that specifies how to link all
DSP/BIOS generated sections, and by default all C-compiler generated sections. When running
your application from RAM, this linker command file may be the only one in use. However,
when executing from flash memory, there will likely be a need to generate and link one or more
user defined sections. In particular, any code that configures the on-chip flash control registers
(e.g. flash wait-states) cannot execute from flash. In addition, one may want to run certain time
critical functions from RAM (instead of flash) to maximize performance. A user linker command
file must be created to handle these user defined sections.
Code Composer Studio supports having more than one linker command file in a project. Hence,
all one needs to do is add both the user linker command file, as well as the DSP/BIOS
generated linker command file, to their project. In general, the order of the linker command files
is unimportant since during a project build, Code Composer Studio evaluates the MEMORY
section of every linker command file before evaluating the SECTIONS section of any linker
command file. This ensures that all memories are defined before linking any sections to those
memories. However, advanced users may need manual control over the order of linker
command file evaluation in some rare situations (for example, to preempt and override
DSP/BIOS linkage of a section). This can be specified within Code Composer Studio on the
Project → Build_Options, Link_Order tab.
The DSP281x and DSP280x peripheral header files contain linker command files named
DSP281x_Headers_nonBIOS.cmd and DSP280x_Headers_nonBIOS.cmd, respectively (see
references [10] and [11). These file contains linker MEMORY and SECTIONS declarations for
linking the peripheral register structures. Simply add the appropriate one of these linker
command files to your code project as well.

4 Running an Application from Internal Flash Memory on the TMS320F28xx DSP

 SPRA958F
3 Where to Link the Sections
Two basic section types exist: initialized, and uninitialized. Initialized sections must contain valid
values at device power-up. For example, code and constants are found in initialized sections.
When designing a stand-alone embedded system with the F28xx DSP (e.g., no emulator or
debugger in use, no host processor present to perform bootloading), all initialized sections must
be linked to non-volatile memory (e.g., on-chip flash). An uninitialized section does not contain
valid values at device power-up. For example, variables are found in uninitialized sections.
Code will write values to the variable locations during code execution. Therefore, uninitialized
sections must be linked to volatile memory (e.g., RAM).
It is suggested that the -w linker option be invoked. The -w option will produce a warning if the
linker encounters any sections in your project that have not been explicitly specified for linking in
a linker command file. When the linker encounters an unspecified section, it uses a default
allocation algorithm to link the section into memory (it will link the section to the first defined
memory with enough available free space). This is almost always risky, and can lead to
unreliable and unpredictable code behavior. The -w option will identify any unspecified sections
(e.g., those accidentally forgotten by the user) so that the user can make the necessary addition
to the appropriate linker command file. The -w option can be selected in Code Composer Studio
on the Project → Build_Options menu, Linker tab, select the Advanced category, and then
check the -w option box. It is checked by default for new projects.

CAUTION:
It is important that the large memory model be used with the C-compiler (as
opposed to the small memory model). Small memory model requires certain
initialized sections to be linked to non-volatile memory in the lower 64Kw of
addressable space. However, no flash memory is present in this region on any
current F28xx devices, and this will likely be true for future F28xx devices as
well. Therefore, large memory model should be used. In Code Composer
Studio, the large memory model is on the Project → Build_Options menu. Select
the Compiler tab, choose the Advanced category, and check the -ml option box.
For non-DSP/BIOS projects, one should include the large memory model C-
compiler runtime support library, rts2800_ml.lib, into their code project (as
opposed to rts2800.lib, which is for the small memory model). For DSP/BIOS
projects, DSP/BIOS will take care of including the required library. The user
should not include the rts2800_ml.lib (or rts2800.lib) library into a DSP/BIOS
project.

3.1 Non-DSP/BIOS Projects

The compiler uses a number of specific sections. These sections are the same whether you are
running from RAM or flash. However, when running a program from flash, all initialized sections
must be linked to non-volatile memory, whereas all uninitialized sections must be linked to
volatile memory. Table 1 shows where to link each compiler generated section on the F28xx
DSP. Information on the function of each section can be found in reference [3]. Any user
created initialized section should be linked to flash (e.g., those sections created using the
CODE_SECTION compiler pragma), whereas any user created uninitialized sections should be
linked to RAM (e.g., those sections created using the DATA_SECTION compiler pragma).

Running an Application from Internal Flash Memory on the TMS320F28xx DSP 5

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Table 1. Section Linking in Non-DSP/BIOS Projects (Large memory model)

Section Name Where to Link

.cinit Flash
.cio RAM
.const Flash
.econst Flash
.pinit Flash
.switch Flash
.text Flash
.bss RAM
.ebss RAM
.stack Lower 64Kw RAM
.sysmem RAM
.esysmem RAM
.reset RAM1

Table 1 Notes:
1
The .reset section contains nothing more than a 32-bit interrupt vector that points to the
C-compiler boot function in the runtime support library (the _c_int00 routine). It generally is not
used. Instead, the user typically creates their own branch instruction to point to the starting point
of the code (see Sections 6 and 7). When not in use, the .reset section should be omitted from
the code build by using a DSECT modifier in the linker command file. For example:

/********************************************************************
* User's linker command file
********************************************************************/

SECTIONS
{
.reset : > FLASH, PAGE = 0, TYPE = DSECT
}

6 Running an Application from Internal Flash Memory on the TMS320F28xx DSP

 SPRA958F
3.2 DSP/BIOS Projects
The memory section manager in the DSP/BIOS configuration tool allows one to specify where to
link the various DSP/BIOS and C-compiler generated sections. Table 2 indicates where the
sections shown on each tab of the memory section manager should be linked (i.e., RAM or
FLASH). Note that this information has been tabulated specifically for DSP/BIOS v5.20. Later
versions of DSP/BIOS, although quite likely to be the same, may have some differences. The
reader should check the version they are using and simply be aware of potential differences
while proceeding. To check your DSP/BIOS version from within Code Composer Studio, go to
the Help → About menu, click the Component_Manager button, and view the TMS320C28XX
DSP/BIOS version under the Target_Content_(DSP/BIOS) tree.

Table 2. Section Linking In DSP/BIOS Projects (Large Memory Model)

Memory Section Section Name Where to Link

Manager TAB
Segment for DSP/BIOS Objects RAM
General
Segment for malloc()/free() RAM

Argument Buffer Section (.args) RAM

Stack Section (.stack) Lower 64Kw RAM

DSP/BIOS Init Tables (.gblinit) Flash

BIOS Data
TRC Initial Values (.trcdata) RAM1

DSP/BIOS Kernel State (.sysdata) RAM

DSP/BIOS Conf Sections (*.obj) RAM

BIOS Code Section (.bios) Flash

Startup Code Section (.sysinit) Flash

BIOS Code Function Stub Memory (.hwi) Flash

Interrupt Service Table Memory (.hwi_vec) PIEVECT RAM2

RTDX Text Segment (.rtdx_text) Flash

Text Section (.text) Flash

Switch Jump Tables (.switch) Flash

C Variables Section (.bss) RAM

C Variables Section (.ebss) RAM

Data Initialization Section (.cinit) Flash

Compiler Sections
C Function Initialization Table (.pinit) Flash

Running an Application from Internal Flash Memory on the TMS320F28xx DSP 7

SPRA958F

Constant Section (.econst) Flash

Constant Section (.const) Flash

Data Section (.data) Flash

Data Section (.cio) RAM

Load Address - BIOS Code Section (.bios) Flash3

Load Address - Startup Code Section (.sysinit) Flash3

Load Address - DSP/BIOS Init Tables (.gblinit) Flash3

Load Address - TRC Initial Value (.trcdata) Flash1

Load Address - Text Section (.text) Flash3

Load Address - Switch Jump Tables (.switch) Flash3

Load Address - Data Initialization Section (.cinit) Flash3

Load Address
Load Address - C Function Initialization Table (.pinit) Flash3

Load Address - Constant Section (.econst) Flash3

Load Address - Constant Section (.const) Flash3

Load Address - Data Section (.data) Flash3

Load Address - Function Stub Memory (.hwi) Flash3

Load Address - Interrupt Service Table Memory (.hwi_vec) Flash2

Load Address - RTDX Text Segment (.rtdx_text) Flash3

Table 2 Notes:
1
The .trcdata section must be copied by the user from its load address (specified on the
Load_Address tab) to its run address (specified on the BIOS_Data tab) at runtime. See Section
4.3 for details on performing this copy.
2
The PIEVECT RAM is a specific block of RAM associated with the Peripheral Interrupt
Expansion (PIE) peripheral. On current F28xx devices, the PIE RAM is a 256x16 block starting
at address 0x000D00 in data space. For other devices, confirm the address in the device
datasheet. The memory section manager in the DSP/BIOS configuration tool should already
have a pre-defined memory named PIEVECT. The .hwi_vec section must be copied by the user
from its load address (specified on the memory section manager Load_Address Tab) to its run
address (specified on the memory section manager BIOS_Code Tab) at runtime. See Section
4.2 for details on performing this copy.
3
The specific flash memory selected as the load address for this section should be the same
flash memory selected previously as the run address for the section (e.g., on the BIOS_Data,
BIOS_Code, or Compiler_Sections tab).

8 Running an Application from Internal Flash Memory on the TMS320F28xx DSP

 SPRA958F
4 Copying Sections from Flash to RAM

4.1 Copying the Interrupt Vectors (non-DSP/BIOS projects only)

The Peripheral Interrupt Expansion (PIE) module manages interrupt requests on F28xx devices.
At power-up, all interrupt vectors must be located in non-volatile memory (i.e., flash), but copied
to the PIEVECT RAM as part of the device initialization procedure in your code. The PIEVECT
RAM is a specific block of RAM, which on current F28xx devices is a 256x16 block starting at
address 0x000D00 in data space.
Several approaches exist for linking the interrupt vectors to flash and then copying them to the
PIEVECT RAM at runtime. One approach is to create a constant C-structure of function pointers
that contains all 128 32-bit vectors. If using the DSP281x or DSP280x peripheral structures
(see references [10] and [11), such a structure, called PieVectTableInit, has already been
created in the file DSP281x_PieVect.c or DSP280x_PieVect.c. Since this structure is declared
using the const type qualifier, it will be placed in the .econst section by the compiler. One simply
needs to copy this structure to the PIEVECT RAM at runtime. The C-compiler runtime support
library contains a memory copy function called memcpy() that can be used to perform the copy
task. This function is used as follows:

/********************************************************************
* User's C-source file
********************************************************************/

/********************************************************************
* NOTE: This function assumes use of the DSP281x or DSP280x Header
* File structures (TI Literature #SPRC097 and #SPRC191).
********************************************************************/

#include <string.h>

void main(void)
{
/*** Initialize the PIE_RAM ***/
PieCtrlRegs.PIECTRL.bit.ENPIE = 0; // Disable the PIE
asm(" EALLOW"); // Enable EALLOW protected register access
memcpy((void *)0x000D00, &PieVectTableInit, 256);
asm(" EDIS"); // Disable EALLOW protected register access
}

The above example uses a hard coded address for the start of the PIE RAM, specifically
0x000D00. If this is objectionable (as hard coded addresses are not good programming
practice), one can use a DATA_SECTION pragma to create an uninitialized dummy variable,
and link this variable to the PIE RAM. The name of the dummy variable can then be used in
place of the hard coded address. For example, when using the DSP281x or DSP280x
peripheral structures, an uninitialized structure called PieVectTable is created and linked over
the PIEVECT RAM. The memcpy() instruction in the previous example can be replaced by:
memcpy(&PieVectTable, &PieVectTableInit, 256);

Note that the length is 256. The memcpy function copies 16-bit words (as opposed to copying
128 32-bit words).

Running an Application from Internal Flash Memory on the TMS320F28xx DSP 9

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4.2 Copying the .hwi_vec Section (DSP/BIOS projects only)
The DSP/BIOS .hwi_vec section contains the interrupt vectors, and must be loaded to flash but
run from RAM. The user is responsible for copying this section from its load address to its run
address. This is typically done in main(). The DSP/BIOS configuration tool generates global
symbols that can be accessed by code in order to determine the load address, run address, and
length of the .hwi_vec section. These symbol names are:
hwi_vec_loadstart
hwi_vec_loadend
hwi_vec_runstart
Each symbol is self-explanatory from its name. Note that the symbols are not pointers, but
rather symbolically reference the 16-bit data value found at the corresponding location (i.e., start
or end) of the section. The C-compiler runtime support library contains a memory copy function
called memcpy() that can be used to perform the copy task. A C-code example of how to use
this function to perform the section copy follows. Note that the PIEVECT RAM is EALLOW
protected. Therefore, inline EALLOW and EDIS assembly instructions must bracket the memory
copy of the .hwi_vec section, as shown.

/********************************************************************
* User's C-source file
********************************************************************/

#include <string.h>

extern unsigned int hwi_vec_loadstart;

extern unsigned int hwi_vec_loadend;
extern unsigned int hwi_vec_runstart;

void main(void)
{
/*** Initialize the .hwi_vec section ***/
asm(" EALLOW"); /* Enable EALLOW protected register access */

memcpy(&hwi_vec_runstart,
&hwi_vec_loadstart,
&hwi_vec_loadend - &hwi_vec_loadstart);

asm(" EDIS"); /* Disable EALLOW protected register access */

}

4.3 Copying the .trcdata Section (DSP/BIOS projects only)

The DSP/BIOS .trcdata sections must be loaded to flash, but run from RAM. The user is
responsible for copying this section from its load address to its run address. However, unlike the
.hwi_vec section, the copying of .trcdata must be performed prior to main(). This is because
DSP/BIOS modifies the contents of .trcdata during DSP/BIOS initialization (which also occurs
prior to main()).

10 Running an Application from Internal Flash Memory on the TMS320F28xx DSP

 SPRA958F
The DSP/BIOS configuration tool provides for a user initialization function which can be utilized
to perform the .trcdata section copy prior to both main() and DSP/BIOS initialization. This can
be found in the project configuration file under System - Global Settings Properties, as shown in
Figure 1.

Check this box

Enter your
function name
here (note the
leading
underscore)

Figure 1. Specifying the User Init Function in the DSP/BIOS Configuration tool

What remains is to create the user initialization function. The DSP/BIOS configuration tool
generates global symbols that can be accessed by code in order to determine the load address,
run address, and length of each section. These symbol names are:
trcdata_loadstart
trcdata_loadend
trcdata_runstart
Each symbol is self-explanatory from its name. Note that the symbols are not pointers, but
rather symbolically reference the 16-bit data value found at the corresponding location (i.e., start
or end) of the section. The C-compiler runtime support library contains a memory copy function
called memcpy() that can be used to perform the copy task. A C-code example of a user init
function that performs the .trcdata section copy follows.

Running an Application from Internal Flash Memory on the TMS320F28xx DSP 11

SPRA958F
/********************************************************************
* User's C-source file
********************************************************************/

#include <string.h>

extern unsigned int trcdata_loadstart;

extern unsigned int trcdata_loadend;
extern unsigned int trcdata_runstart;

void UserInit(void)
{
/*** Initialize the .trcdata section before main() ***/
memcpy(&trcdata_runstart,
&trcdata_loadstart,
&trcdata_loadend - &trcdata_loadstart);
}

4.4 Initializing the Flash Control Registers (DSP/BIOS and non-DSP/BIOS projects)
The initialization code for the flash control registers, FOPT, FPWR, FSTDBYWAIT,
FACTIVEWAIT, FBANKWAIT, and FOTPWAIT, cannot be executed from the flash memory or
unpredictable results may occur. Therefore, the initialization function for the flash control
registers must be copied from flash (its load address) to RAM (its run address) at runtime.

CAUTION:
The flash control registers are protected by the Code Security Module (CSM). If
the CSM is secured, you must run the flash register initialization code from
secured RAM (e.g., L0 or L1 SARAM) or the initialization code will be unable to
access the flash registers. Note that the CSM is always secured at device reset,
although the ROM bootloader will unlock it if you are using dummy passwords
of 0xFFFF.

The CODE_SECTION pragma of the C compiler can be used to create a separately linkable
section for the flash initialization function. For example, suppose the flash register configuration
is to be performed in the C function InitFlash(), and it is desired to place this function into a
linkable section called secureRamFuncs. The following C-code example shows proper use of
the CODE_SECTION pragma along with an example configuration of the flash registers:

12 Running an Application from Internal Flash Memory on the TMS320F28xx DSP

 SPRA958F
/********************************************************************
* User's C-source file
********************************************************************/

/********************************************************************
* NOTE: The InitFlash() function shown here is just an example of an
* initialization for the flash control registers. Consult the device
* datasheet for production wait state values and any other relevant
* information. Wait-states shown here are specific to current F280x
* devices operating at 100 MHz.
* Also, this function assumes use of the DSP281x or DSP280x Header
* File structures (TI Literature #SPRC097 and #SPRC191).
********************************************************************/

#pragma CODE_SECTION(InitFlash, "secureRamFuncs")

void InitFlash(void)
{
asm(" EALLOW"); // Enable EALLOW protected register access
FlashRegs.FPWR.bit.PWR = 3; // Flash set to active mode
FlashRegs.FSTATUS.bit.V3STAT = 1; // Clear the 3VSTAT bit
FlashRegs.FSTDBYWAIT.bit.STDBYWAIT = 0x01FF; // Sleep to standby cycles
FlashRegs.FACTIVEWAIT.bit.ACTIVEWAIT = 0x01FF; // Standby to active cycles
FlashRegs.FBANKWAIT.bit.RANDWAIT = 3; // F280x Random access wait states
FlashRegs.FBANKWAIT.bit.PAGEWAIT = 3; // F280x Paged access wait states
FlashRegs.FOTPWAIT.bit.OTPWAIT = 5; // F280x OTP wait states
FlashRegs.FOPT.bit.ENPIPE = 1; // Enable the flash pipeline
asm(" EDIS"); // Disable EALLOW protected register access

/*** Force a complete pipeline flush to ensure that the write to the last register
configured occurs before returning. Safest thing is to wait 8 full cycles. ***/

asm(" RPT #6 || NOP");

} //end of InitFlash()

The section secureRamFuncs can then be linked using the user linker command file. This
section will require separate load and run addresses. Further, we will want to have the linker
generate some global symbols that can be used to determine the load address, run address,
and length of the section. This information is needed to perform the copy from the sections load
address to its run address. The user linker command file would appear as follows:

/********************************************************************
* User's linker command file
********************************************************************/

SECTIONS
{
/*** User Defined Sections ***/
secureRamFuncs: LOAD = FLASH, PAGE = 0
RUN = SECURE_RAM, PAGE = 0
RUN_START(_secureRamFuncs_runstart),
LOAD_START(_secureRamFuncs_loadstart),
LOAD_END(_secureRamFuncs_loadend)
}

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SPRA958F
In this example, the memories FLASH and SECURE_RAM are assumed to have been defined
either in the MEMORY section of the user linker command file (for non-DSP/BIOS projects) or in
the memory section manager of the DSP/BIOS configuration tool (for DSP/BIOS projects). The
PAGE designation for these memories should match that of the memory definition. The above
example assumes both memories have been declared on PAGE 0 (program memory space).
The RUN_START, LOAD_START, and LOAD_END directives will generate global symbols with
the specified names for the corresponding addresses. Note the use of the leading underscore
on the global symbol definitions (e.g., _secureRamFuncs_runstart)
Finally, the section must be copied from flash to RAM at runtime. As in Sections 4.1 - 4.3, the
function memcpy() from the compiler runtime support library can be used:

/********************************************************************
* User's C-source file
********************************************************************/

#include <string.h>

extern unsigned int secureRamFuncs_loadstart;

extern unsigned int secureRamFuncs_loadend;
extern unsigned int secureRamFuncs_runstart;

void main(void)
{
/* Copy the secureRamFuncs section */
memcpy(&secureRamFuncs_runstart,
&secureRamFuncs_loadstart,
&secureRamFuncs_loadend - &secureRamFuncs_loadstart);

/* Initialize the on-chip flash registers */

InitFlash();
}

4.5 Maximizing Performance by Executing Time-critical Functions from RAM

(DSP/BIOS and non-DSP/BIOS projects)
The on-chip RAM memory on current F28xx devices provides code execution performance of
150 MIPS (millions of instructions per second) at 150 MHz on F281x devices, and 100 MIPS at
100 MHz on F280x devices. However, the on-chip flash memory on these devices provides
effective code execution performance that is slightly less: roughly 90 – 100 MIPS on F281x
devices, and roughly 85 – 90 MIPS on F280x devices. It may therefore be desirable to run
certain time-critical or computationally demanding routines from on-chip RAM. However, in a
standalone embedded system, all code must initially reside in non-volatile memory. Therefore,
separate load and run addresses must be setup for those functions running from RAM, and a
copy must be performed to move them from the on-chip flash to the RAM at runtime. To do this,
apply the same procedure previously described in Section 4.4.
Using the CODE_SECTION pragma, one can add multiple functions to the same linkable
section. The entire section can then be assigned to run from a particular RAM block, and the
user can copy the entire section to RAM all at once, as discussed in Section 4.4. If finer linking
granularity is required, separate section names can be created for each function.

14 Running an Application from Internal Flash Memory on the TMS320F28xx DSP

 SPRA958F
4.6 Maximizing Performance by Linking Critical Global Constants to RAM
(DSP/BIOS and non-DSP/BIOS projects)
Constants are those data structures declared using the C language const type modifier. The
compiler places all constants in the .econst section (large memory model assumed). While
special pipelining on current F28xx devices accelerates effective flash performance for code
execution, accessing data constants located in the on-chip FLASH can take multiple cycles per
access. Typical flash wait-states will be 5 cycles on a 150 MHz F281x DSP, and 3 cycles on a
100 MHz F280x DSP (see the device datasheet for flash wait-state specifications). It may
therefore be desirable to keep heavily accessed constants and constant tables in on-chip RAM.
However, a standalone embedded system requires that all initialized data (e.g., constants)
initially reside in non-volatile memory. Therefore, separate load and run addresses must be
setup for those constants you wish to access in RAM, and a copy must be performed to move
them from the on-chip flash to the RAM at runtime. Two different approaches for accomplishing
this will be presented.

4.6.1 Method 1: Running All Constant Arrays from RAM

This approach involves specifying separate load and run addresses for the entire .econst
section. The advantage of this approach is ease of use, while the disadvantage is excessive
RAM usage (there may be only a few constants that require high-speed access, but with this
method all constants are relocated into RAM).

4.6.1.1 Non-DSP/BIOS Projects

The same approach discussed in Section 4.4 can be used. Simply specify separate load and
run address for the .econst section in the user linker command file, and then add code to your
project to copy the entire .econst section to RAM at runtime. For example:

/********************************************************************
* User's linker command file
********************************************************************/

SECTIONS
{
.econst: LOAD = FLASH, PAGE = 0
RUN = RAM, PAGE = 1
RUN_START(_econst_runstart),
LOAD_START(_econst_loadstart),
LOAD_END(_econst_loadend)
}

Running an Application from Internal Flash Memory on the TMS320F28xx DSP 15

SPRA958F
/********************************************************************
* User's C-source file
********************************************************************/

#include <string.h>

extern unsigned int econst_loadstart;

extern unsigned int econst_loadend;
extern unsigned int econst_runstart;

void main(void)
{
/* Copy the .econst section */
memcpy(&econst_runstart,
&econst_loadstart,
&econst_loadend - &econst_loadstart);
}

4.6.1.2 DSP/BIOS Projects

Although the DSP/BIOS configuration tool allows the specification of different load and run
addresses for the .econst section, it will not generate the code accessible labels that are
needed to perform the memory copy. Therefore, the user must preemptively link the .econst
section in the user linker command file before the DSP/BIOS generated linker command file is
evaluated. The user linker command file would appear as follows:

/********************************************************************
* User's linker command file (DSP/BIOS Projects)
********************************************************************/

SECTIONS
{
/*** Preemptively link the .econst section ***/
/* Must come before DSP/BIOS linker command file is evaluated */

.econst: LOAD = FLASH, PAGE = 0

RUN = RAM, PAGE = 1
RUN_START(_econst_runstart),
LOAD_START(_econst_loadstart),
LOAD_END(_econst_loadend)
}

To guarantee that the user linker command file is evaluated before the DSP/BIOS generated
linker command file during the project build, one must specify the link order in Code Composer
Studio. This is done by clicking on Project → Build_Options, selecting the Link_Order tab, and
then specifying the appropriate order for the linker command files in question. Figure 2 shows
an example of this, where f2808_BIOS_flash.cmd is the name of the user linker command file,
and example_BIOS_flashcfg.cmd is the name of the DSP/BIOS generated linker command file.

16 Running an Application from Internal Flash Memory on the TMS320F28xx DSP

 SPRA958F

Figure 2. Specifying the Link Order In Code Composer Studio

Note that since the DSP/BIOS generated linker command file will also attempt to link the .econst
section, the linker will give a warning stating "Multiple definitions of SECTION named '.econst'."
This warning can be safely ignored.
The .econst section can then be copied from its load address to its run address as follows:

Running an Application from Internal Flash Memory on the TMS320F28xx DSP 17

SPRA958F
/********************************************************************
* User's C-source file
********************************************************************/

#include <string.h>

extern unsigned int econst_loadstart;

extern unsigned int econst_loadend;
extern unsigned int econst_runstart;

void main(void)
{
/* Copy the .econst section */
memcpy(&econst_runstart,
&econst_loadstart,
&econst_loadend - &econst_loadstart);
}

4.6.2 Method 2: Running a Specific Constant Array from RAM

(DSP/BIOS and non-DSP/BIOS projects)
This method involves selectively copying constants from flash to RAM at runtime. The
procedure to accomplish this is similar to that of Method 1, except that only selected constants
are placed in a named section and copied to RAM (rather than copying all constants to RAM).
Suppose for example that one wants to create a 5 word constant array called table[ ] to be run
from RAM. A DATA_SECTION pragmas used to place table[ ] in a user defined section called
ramconsts. The C-source file would appear as follows:

/********************************************************************
* User's C-source file
********************************************************************/

#pragma DATA_SECTION(table, "ramconsts")

const int table[5] = {1,2,3,4,5};

void main(void)
{

The section ramconsts is linked to load to flash but run from RAM using the user linker
command file, and global symbols are generated to facilitate the memory copy. The user linker
command file would appear as follows:

18 Running an Application from Internal Flash Memory on the TMS320F28xx DSP

 SPRA958F
/********************************************************************
* User's linker command file
********************************************************************/

SECTIONS
{
/*** User Defined Sections ***/
ramconsts: LOAD = FLASH, PAGE = 0
RUN = RAM, PAGE = 1
LOAD_START(_ramconsts_loadstart),
LOAD_END(_ramconsts_loadend),
RUN_START(_ramconsts_runstart)
}

Finally, table[ ] must be copied from its load address to its run address at runtime:

/********************************************************************
* User's C-source file
********************************************************************/

#include <string.h>

extern unsigned int ramconsts_loadstart;

extern unsigned int ramconsts_loadend;
extern unsigned int ramconsts_runstart;

void main(void)
{
/* Initialize the ramconsts section */
memcpy(&ramconsts_runstart,
&ramconsts_loadstart,
&ramconsts_loadend - &ramconsts_loadstart);
}

5 Programming the Code Security Module Passwords

(DSP/BIOS and non-DSP/BIOS projects)
The CSM module on F28xx devices provides protection against unwanted copying of your
software. On current F28xx devices, the entire flash, the OTP memory, and the L0 and L1 RAM
blocks are secured by the CSM (the flash configuration registers are secured as well). When
secured, only code executing from secured memory can access data (read or write) in other
secured memory. Code executing from unsecured memory cannot access data in secured
memory. Detailed information on the CSM module can be found in references [4] and [5].

Running an Application from Internal Flash Memory on the TMS320F28xx DSP 19

SPRA958F
The CSM uses a 128-bit password comprised of 8 individual 16-bit words. On current F28xx
devices, these passwords are stored in the upper most 8 words of the flash (i.e., addresses
0x3F7FF8 to 0x3F7FFF). During development, it is recommended that dummy passwords of
0xFFFF be left in the password locations. When dummy passwords are used, only dummy
reads of the password locations are needed to unsecure the CSM. Placing dummy passwords
into the password locations is easy to do since 0xFFFF will be the state of these locations after
the flash is erased during flash programming. Users need only avoid linking any sections to the
password addresses in their code project, and the passwords will retain the 0xFFFF.
After development, one may want to place real passwords in the password locations. In
addition, the CSM module on current F28xx devices requires programming values of 0x0000
into flash addresses 0x3F7F80 through 0x3F7FF5, inclusive, in order to properly secure the
CSM (see references [1] and [2]). The easiest way to accomplish both of these tasks is with a
little simple assembly language programming. The following is an example of an assembly code
file that specifies the desired password values, and places them in a named initialized section
called passwords. It also creates a named initialized section called csm_rsvd that contains all
0x0000 values and is of proper length to fit in addresses 0x3F7F80 to 0x3F7FF5, inclusive. See
reference [6] for more information on the assembly language directives used.

***********************************************************************
* File: passwords.asm
***********************************************************************

***********************************************************************
* Dummy passwords of 0xFFFF are shown. The user can change these to
* desired values.
*
* CAUTION: Do not use 0x0000 for all 8 passwords or the CSM module will
* be permanently locked. See the "TMS320x281x System Control and
* Interrupts Peripheral Reference Guide" (SPRU078) or the "TMS320x280x
* System Control and Interrupts Peripheral Reference Guide" (SPRU712)
* for more information.
***********************************************************************
.sect "passwords"
.int 0xFFFF ;PWL0 (LSW of 128-bit password)
.int 0xFFFF ;PWL1
.int 0xFFFF ;PWL2
.int 0xFFFF ;PWL3
.int 0xFFFF ;PWL4
.int 0xFFFF ;PWL5
.int 0xFFFF ;PWL6
.int 0xFFFF ;PWL7 (MSW of 128-bit password)
;----------------------------------------------------------------------
.sect "csm_rsvd"
.loop (3F7FF5h - 3F7F80h + 1)
.int 0x0000
.endloop
;----------------------------------------------------------------------

.end ;end of file passwords.asm

Note that this example is showing dummy password values of 0xFFFF. Replace these values
with your desired passwords.

20 Running an Application from Internal Flash Memory on the TMS320F28xx DSP

 SPRA958F
CAUTION:
Do not use 0x0000 for all 8 passwords. Doing so will permanently lock the CSM
module! See references [4] and [5] for more information.
The passwords and csm_rsvd sections should be placed in memory with the user linker
command file.
For non-DSP/BIOS projects, the user should define memories named (for example)
PASSWORDS and CSM_RSVD on PAGE 0 in the MEMORY portion of the user linker
command file. The sections passwords and csm_rsvd can then be linked to these memories.
The following example applies to current F28xx devices (for other devices, consult the device
datasheet to confirm the addresses of the password and CSM reserved locations).

/********************************************************************
* User's user linker command file (non-DSP/BIOS Projects)
********************************************************************/

MEMORY
{
PAGE 0: /* Program Memory */
CSM_RSVD : origin = 0x3F7F80, length = 0x000076
PASSWORDS : origin = 0x3F7FF8, length = 0x000008
PAGE 1: /* Data Memory */
}

SECTIONS
{
/*** Code Security Password Locations ***/
passwords: > PASSWORDS, PAGE = 0
csm_rsvd: > CSM_RSVD, PAGE = 0
}

For DSP/BIOS projects, the user should define the memories named (for example)
PASSWORDS and CSM_RSVD using the memory section manager of the DSP/BIOS
configuration tool. The two figures that follow show the DSP/BIOS memory section manager
properties for these memories on current F28xx devices. For other devices, consult the device
datasheet to confirm the correct addresses and lengths.

Running an Application from Internal Flash Memory on the TMS320F28xx DSP 21

SPRA958F

Figure 3. DSP/BIOS MEM Properties for CSM Password Locations

Figure 4. DSP/BIOS MEM Properties for CSM Reserved Locations

22 Running an Application from Internal Flash Memory on the TMS320F28xx DSP

 SPRA958F
The sections passwords and csm_rsvd can then be linked to these memories in the user linker
command file. For DSP/BIOS projects, the user linker command file would appear as:

/********************************************************************
* User's linker command file (DSP/BIOS Projects)
********************************************************************/

SECTIONS
{
/*** Code Security Password Locations ***/
passwords: > PASSWORDS, PAGE = 0
csm_rsvd: > CSM_RSVD, PAGE = 0
}

6 Executing Your Code from Flash after a DSP Reset

(DSP/BIOS and non-DSP/BIOS projects)
F28xx devices contain a ROM bootloader that can transfer code execution to the flash after a
device reset. The ROM bootloader is detailed in references [7] and [8]. When the boot mode
selection pins are configured for "Jump to Flash" mode, the ROM bootloader will branch to the
instruction located at address 0x3F7FF6 in the flash. The user should place an instruction that
branches to the beginning of their code at this address. Recall that the CSM passwords begin at
address 0x3F7FF8, such that exactly 2 words are available to hold this branch instruction. Not
coincidentally, a long branch instruction (LB in assembly code) occupies exactly 2 words.
In general, the branch instruction will branch to the start of the C-environment initialization
routine located in the C-compiler runtime support library. The entry symbol for this routine is
_c_int00. No C code can be executed until this setup routine is run. Alternately, there is
sometimes a need to execute a small amount of assembly code prior to starting your C
application (for example, to disable the watchdog timer peripheral). In this case, the branch
instruction should branch to the start of your assembly code. Regardless, there is a need to
properly locate this branch instruction in the flash. The easiest way to do this is with assembly
code. The following example creates a named initialized section called codestart that contains a
long branch to the C-environment setup routine. The codestart section should be placed in
memory with the user linker command file.

***********************************************************************
* CodeStartBranch.asm
***********************************************************************

.ref _c_int00

.sect "codestart"
LB _c_int00 ;branch to start of code

.end ;end of file CodeStartBranch.asm

Running an Application from Internal Flash Memory on the TMS320F28xx DSP 23

SPRA958F
For non-DSP/BIOS projects, the user should define a memory named (for example)
BEGIN_FLASH on PAGE 0 in the MEMORY portion of the user linker command file. The
section codestart can then be linked to this memory. The following example applies to current
F28xx devices. For other F28xx devices, consult the device datasheet to confirm the boot to
flash target address.

/********************************************************************
* User's linker command file (non-DSP/BIOS Projects)
********************************************************************/

MEMORY
{
PAGE 0: /* Program Memory */
BEGIN_FLASH : origin = 0x3F7FF6, length = 0x000002
PAGE 1: /* Data Memory */
}

SECTIONS
{
/*** Jump to Flash boot mode entry point ***/
codestart: > BEGIN_FLASH, PAGE = 0
}

For DSP/BIOS projects, the user should define the memory named (for example)
BEGIN_FLASH using the memory section manager of the DSP/BIOS configuration tool. Figure
5 shows the memory section manager properties for this memory on current F28xx devices. For
other devices, consult the datasheet to confirm the boot to flash target address.

Figure 5. DSP/BIOS MEM Properties for Jump to Flash Entry Point

24 Running an Application from Internal Flash Memory on the TMS320F28xx DSP

 SPRA958F
The section codestart can then be linked to this memory in the user linker command file. For
DSP/BIOS projects, the linker command file would appear as:

/********************************************************************
* User's linker command file (DSP/BIOS projects)
********************************************************************/

SECTIONS
{
/*** Jump to Flash boot mode entry point ***/
codestart: > BEGIN_FLASH, PAGE = 0
}

7 Disabling the Watchdog Timer During C-Environment Boot

(DSP/BIOS and non-DSP/BIOS projects)
The C-environment initialization function in the C compiler runtime support library, _c_int00,
performs the initialization of global and static variables. This involves a data copy from the .cinit
section (located in on-chip flash memory) to the .ebss section (located in RAM) for each
initialized global variable. For example, when a global variable is declared in source code as:
int x=5;

the "5" is placed into the initialized section .cinit, whereas space is reserved in the .ebss section
for the symbol "x." The _c_int00 routine then copies the "5" to location "x" at runtime. When a
large number of initialized global and static variables are present in the software, the watchdog
timer can timeout before the C-environment boot routine can finish and call main() (where the
watchdog can be either configured and serviced, or disabled). This problem may not manifest
itself during code development in RAM since the data copy from a .cinit section linked to RAM
will occur at a fast pace. However, when the .cinit section is linked to internal flash, copying
each data word will take multiple cycles since the internal flash memory defaults to the
maximum number of wait-states (wait-states are not configured until the user code reaches
main()). In addition, the code performing the data copying is executing from flash, which further
increases the time needed to complete the data copy (the code fetches and data reads must
share access to the flash). Combined with the fact that the watchdog timeout period defaults to
its minimum possible value, a watchdog timeout becomes a real possibility.
There is an easy method to detect this problem using Code Composer Studio. To test for a
watchdog timeout:
1. Load the symbols for the code you have programmed into the flash
(click File → Load_Symbols → Load_Symbols_Only).

2. Reset the DSP (click Debug → Reset_CPU).

3. Restart the DSP (click Debug → Restart) (this step is not necessary if the bootloader is
configured for "Jump to Flash" mode).

Running an Application from Internal Flash Memory on the TMS320F28xx DSP 25

SPRA958F
4. Run to main() (click Debug → Go_Main). If you do not get to main(), it is pretty likely that
the watchdog is expiring before the C-environment boot routine is able to complete.
The easiest method for correcting the watchdog timeout problem is to disable the watchdog
before starting the C-environment boot routine. The watchdog can later be re-enabled after
reaching main() and starting your normal code execution flow. The watchdog is disabled by
setting the WDDIS bit to a 1 in the WDCR register. To disable the watchdog before the boot
routine, assembly code must be used (since the C environment is not yet setup). In Section 6,
the codestart assembly code section implemented a branch instruction that jumped to the
C-environment initialization routine, _c_int00. To disable the watchdog, this branch should
instead jump to watchdog disabling code, which can then branch to the _c_int00 routine. The
following code example performs these tasks:

***********************************************************************
* File: CodeStartBranch.asm
* Devices: TMS320F2801, F2806, F2808, F2810, F2811, F2812
* Author: David M. Alter, Texas Instruments Inc.
* History: 02/11/05 - original (D. Alter)
***********************************************************************

WD_DISABLE .set 1 ;set to 1 to disable WD, else set to 0

.ref _c_int00

***********************************************************************
* Function: codestart section
* Description: Branch to code starting point
***********************************************************************
.sect "codestart"
.if WD_DISABLE == 1
LB wd_disable ;Branch to watchdog disable code
.else
LB _c_int00 ;Branch to start of boot.asm in RTS library
.endif
;end codestart section

***********************************************************************
* Function: wd_disable
* Description: Disables the watchdog timer
***********************************************************************
.if WD_DISABLE == 1

.text
wd_disable:
EALLOW ;Enable EALLOW protected register access
MOVZ DP, #7029h>>6 ;Set data page for WDCR register
MOV @7029h, #0068h ;Set WDDIS bit in WDCR to disable WD
EDIS ;Disable EALLOW protected register access
LB _c_int00 ;Branch to start of boot.asm in RTS library

.endif

;end wd_disable
***********************************************************************

.end ; end of file CodeStartBranch.asm

26 Running an Application from Internal Flash Memory on the TMS320F28xx DSP

 SPRA958F
8 C-Code Examples

8.1 General Overview

A code download containing for different code projects for each of F281x and F280x devices
accompanies this application report:

• example_nonBIOS_ram.pjt - non-DSP/BIOS project that runs from on-chip RAM

• example_nonBIOS_flash.pjt - non-DSP/BIOS project that runs from on-chip Flash

• example_BIOS_ram.pjt - DSP/BIOS project that runs from on-chip RAM

• example_BIOS_flash.pjt - DSP/BIOS project that runs from on-chip Flash

These are just examples, and have only been tested briefly. No guarantee is made about their
suitability or performance for application usage. These examples were built and tested using
C2000 Code Composer Studio version v3.1, C-compiler v4.1.1, and DSP/BIOS v5.20.
Although the focus of this application report is running code from flash, the RAM examples are
provided for completeness.
The projects were developed on the eZdsp F2808 and eZdsp F2812 development boards.
However, they will also run on other F28xx board as follows:
F281x examples: These will run on any F2810, F2811, or F2812 board as they run entirely
from internal memory and use only the flash memory common to all three devices. If running
on a different board, the user should be aware that the code configures the GPIOA0/PWM1
and GPIOF14/XF_XPLLDIS* pins as outputs. Also note that although all code and data are
linked to internal memories, the code does configure the external memory interface on the
F2812 as part of the DSP initialization process. Since most of the external memory interface
does not exist on F2810 and F2811 devices, this initialization is not needed on these two
devices (although it is harmless). The only exception is the configuration of the XCLKOUT
pin, which is present on F2810 and F2811 devices.
F280x examples: These will run on any F2808 board. They can also be adapted to run on a
F2806 or F2801 board by adjusting the memory definitions (RAM and Flash) in the .cmd file
for non-DSP/BIOS projects, or the .tcf file for DSP/BIOS projects. If running on a different
board, the user should be aware that the code configures the GPIO0/ePWM1A and GPIOF34
pins as outputs.
The source code utilizes the DSP281x Header File structures v1.00 and the DSP280x Header
File structures v1.20 for accessing peripheral registers on the F28xx devices. All needed files
from the header file packages are included here. However, the user is encouraged to download
the complete header files packages for additional information. These are available on the TI
website, http://www.ti.com (see references [10] and [11]).

Running an Application from Internal Flash Memory on the TMS320F28xx DSP 27

SPRA958F
Each of the code projects perform the same functions:

• Illustrates F28xx DSP initialization. The PLL is configured for x5 operation.

• Enables the real-time emulation mode of Code Composer Studio.

• Toggles the GPIOF14 pin on the eZdsp F2812 board, or the GPIOF34 pin on eZdspF2808,
to blink the LED on the board. In non-DSP/BIOS projects, this is done in the ADCINT ISR.
In DSP/BIOS projects, a periodic function is used.

• Configures the ADC to sample on ADCINA0 channel at a 50 kHz rate.

• Services the ADC interrupt. The ADC result is placed in a circular buffer of length 50 words.

• Sends out 2 kHz symmetric PWM on either the PWM1 pin (for F281x), or on the ePWM1A
signal mapped to the GPIO0 pin (for F280x).

• Configures the (enhanced) capture unit #1. On F280x devices, the eCAP1 signal is
mapped to the GPIO5 pin.

• Services the capture #1 interrupt. Reads the capture result and computes the pulse width.

8.2 Directory Structure and File Utilizations

The four code projects for each device mostly share the same source code files. This illustrates
how the same source code can be used in RAM and flash applications, and DSP/BIOS and non-
DSP/BIOS applications. Table 3 shows the directory structure of the example code, while Table
4 provides a complete inventory of all files and their utilization by each project.

Table 3. Example Code File Directories

File Directory Contents
\cmd Contains linker command files (.cmd files)
\DSP281x_headers\cmd Contains the needed linker command files from the DSP281x Header
or File structures v1.00, or the DSP280x Header File structures v1.20.
\DSP280x_headers\cmd
\DSP281x_headers\include Contains the needed include files from the DSP281x Header File
or structures v1.00, or the DSP280x Header File structures v1.20.
\DSP280x_headers\include
\include Contains include files (.h files)
\projects Contains the example projects (.cmd, .h, .pjt, and .tcf files)
\src Contains common and non-common source code files (.c and .asm files)

28 Running an Application from Internal Flash Memory on the TMS320F28xx DSP

 SPRA958F

Table 4. F281x Example Code File Inventory and Utilization

Project Utilization

example_nonBIOS_ram

example_nonBIOS_flash

example_BIOS_ram

example_BIOS_flash
Filename

eZdspF2812\cmd\f2812_BIOS_flash.cmd
eZdspF2812\cmd\f2812_BIOS_ram.cmd
eZdspF2812\cmd\f2812_nonBIOS_flash.cmd
eZdspF2812\cmd\f2812_nonBIOS_ram.cmd
eZdspF2812\DSP281x_headers\cmd\DSP281x_Headers_BIOS.cmd1
eZdspF2812\DSP281x_headers\cmd\DSP281x_Headers_nonBIOS.cmd1
eZdspF2812\DSP281x_headers\include\DSP281x_Adc.h1
eZdspF2812\DSP281x_headers\include\DSP281x_CpuTimers.h1
eZdspF2812\DSP281x_headers\include\DSP281x_DevEmu.h1
eZdspF2812\DSP281x_headers\include\DSP281x_Device.h1
eZdspF2812\DSP281x_headers\include\DSP281x_ECan.h1
eZdspF2812\DSP281x_headers\include\DSP281x_Ev.h1
eZdspF2812\DSP281x_headers\include\DSP281x_Gpio.h1
eZdspF2812\DSP281x_headers\include\DSP281x_Mcbsp.h1
eZdspF2812\DSP281x_headers\include\DSP281x_PieCtrl.h1
eZdspF2812\DSP281x_headers\include\DSP281x_PieVect.h1 2 2

eZdspF2812\DSP281x_headers\include\DSP281x_Sci.h1
eZdspF2812\DSP281x_headers\include\DSP281x_Spi.h1
eZdspF2812\DSP281x_headers\include\DSP281x_SysCtrl.h1
eZdspF2812\DSP281x_headers\include\DSP281x_Xintf.h1
eZdspF2812\DSP281x_headers\include\DSP281x_XIntrupt.h1
eZdspF2812\include\DSP281x_DefaultIsr.h1
eZdspF2812\include\example_BIOS.h
eZdspF2812\include\example_nonBIOS.h
eZdspF2812\projects\example_BIOS_flash.pjt
eZdspF2812\projects\example_BIOS_flash.tcf

Running an Application from Internal Flash Memory on the TMS320F28xx DSP 29

SPRA958F

eZdspF2812\projects\example_BIOS_flashcfg.cmd3
eZdspF2812\projects\example_BIOS_ram.pjt
eZdspF2812\projects\example_BIOS_ram.tcf
eZdspF2812\projects\example_BIOS_ramcfg.cmd3
eZdspF2812\projects\example_nonBIOS_flash.pjt
eZdspF2812\projects\example_nonBIOS_ram.pjt
eZdspF2812\src\Adc.c
eZdspF2812\src\CodeStartBranch.asm
eZdspF2812\src\DefaultIsr_BIOS.c
eZdspF2812\src\DefaultIsr_nonBIOS.c
eZdspF2812\src\DelayUs.asm
eZdspF2812\src\DSP281x_GlobalVariableDefs.c1
eZdspF2812\src\Ev.c
eZdspF2812\src\Gpio.c
eZdspF2812\src\main_BIOS.c
eZdspF2812\src\main_nonBIOS.c
eZdspF2812\src\passwords.asm
eZdspF2812\src\PieCtrl_BIOS.c
eZdspF2812\src\PieCtrl_nonBIOS.c
eZdspF2812\src\PieVect_nonBIOS.c
eZdspF2812\src\SetDBGIER.asm
eZdspF2812\src\SysCtrl.c
eZdspF2812\src\Xintf.c
eZdspF2812\disclaimer.txt Documentation file
eZdspF2812\readme.txt Documentation file

Table 4 Notes:
1
This file is identical to the file of the same name found in the \v100\DSP281x_Headers
subdirectory of the DSP281x Header File structures, v1.00 (see reference [10]).
2
Although DSP281x_PieVect.h is included into the flash projects, the structure PieVectTable
that it defines (and which is linked over the PIEVECT RAM) is not actually used by the code in
DSP/BIOS projects. It is included more for completeness, and to assist with debug (e.g., for
viewing the PIE vectors in a watch window).
3
The files example_BIOS_flashcfg.cmd and example_BIOS_ramcfg.cmd are created by the
DSP/BIOS configuration tool and should not be modified by the user. They are provided here
only to avoid a project open error message from Code Composer Studio. The files
example_BIOS_flash.tcf and example_BIOS_ram.tcf contain everything Code Composer Studio
needs to create these two .cmd files at project build time.

30 Running an Application from Internal Flash Memory on the TMS320F28xx DSP

 SPRA958F
Table 5. F280x Example Code File Inventory and Utilization
Project Utilization

example_nonBIOS_ram

example_nonBIOS_flash

example_BIOS_ram

example_BIOS_flash
Filename

eZdspF2808\cmd\f2808_BIOS_flash.cmd
eZdspF2808\cmd\f2808_BIOS_ram.cmd
eZdspF2808\cmd\f2808_nonBIOS_flash.cmd
eZdspF2808\cmd\f2808_nonBIOS_ram.cmd
eZdspF2808\DSP280x_headers\cmd\DSP280x_Headers_BIOS.cmd1
eZdspF2808\DSP280x_headers\cmd\DSP280x_Headers_nonBIOS.cmd1
eZdspF2808\DSP280x_headers\include\DSP280x_Adc.h1
eZdspF2808\DSP280x_headers\include\DSP280x_CpuTimers.h1
eZdspF2808\DSP280x_headers\include\DSP280x_DevEmu.h1
eZdspF2808\DSP280x_headers\include\DSP280x_Device.h1
eZdspF2808\DSP280x_headers\include\DSP280x_ECan.h1
eZdspF2808\DSP280x_headers\include\DSP280x_ECap.h1
eZdspF2808\DSP280x_headers\include\DSP280x_EPwm.h1
eZdspF2808\DSP280x_headers\include\DSP280x_EQep.h1
eZdspF2808\DSP280x_headers\include\DSP280x_Gpio.h1
eZdspF2808\DSP280x_headers\include\DSP280x_I2c.h1
eZdspF2808\DSP280x_headers\include\DSP280x_PieCtrl.h1
eZdspF2808\DSP280x_headers\include\DSP280x_PieVect.h1 2 2

eZdspF2808\DSP280x_headers\include\DSP280x_Sci.h1
eZdspF2808\DSP280x_headers\include\DSP280x_Spi.h1
eZdspF2808\DSP280x_headers\include\DSP280x_SysCtrl.h1
eZdspF2808\DSP280x_headers\include\DSP280x_XIntrupt.h1
eZdspF2808\include\DSP280x_DefaultIsr.h1
eZdspF2808\include\example_BIOS.h
eZdspF2808\include\example_nonBIOS.h
eZdspF2808\projects\example_BIOS_flash.pjt
eZdspF2808\projects\example_BIOS_flash.tcf

Running an Application from Internal Flash Memory on the TMS320F28xx DSP 31

SPRA958F

eZdspF2808\projects\example_BIOS_flashcfg.cmd3
eZdspF2808\projects\example_BIOS_ram.pjt
eZdspF2808\projects\example_BIOS_ram.tcf
eZdspF2808\projects\example_BIOS_ramcfg.cmd3
eZdspF2808\projects\example_nonBIOS_flash.pjt
eZdspF2808\projects\example_nonBIOS_ram.pjt
eZdspF2808\src\Adc.c
eZdspF2808\src\CodeStartBranch.asm
eZdspF2808\src\DefaultIsr_BIOS.c
eZdspF2808\src\DefaultIsr_nonBIOS.c
eZdspF2808\src\DelayUs.asm
eZdspF2808\src\DSP280x_GlobalVariableDefs.c1
eZdspF2808\src\ECap.c
eZdspF2808\src\EPwm.c
eZdspF2808\src\Gpio.c
eZdspF2808\src\main_BIOS.c
eZdspF2808\src\main_nonBIOS.c
eZdspF2808\src\passwords.asm
eZdspF2808\src\PieCtrl_BIOS.c
eZdspF2808\src\PieCtrl_nonBIOS.c
eZdspF2808\src\PieVect_nonBIOS.c
eZdspF2808\src\SetDBGIER.asm
eZdspF2808\src\SysCtrl.c
eZdspF2808\disclaimer.txt Documentation file
eZdspF2808\readme.txt Documentation file

Table 5 Notes:
1
This file is identical to the file of the same name found in the \v120\DSP280x_Headers
subdirectory of the DSP280x Header File structures, v1.20 (see reference [11]).
2
Although DSP280x_PieVect.h is included into the flash projects, the structure PieVectTable
that it defines (and which is linked over the PIEVECT RAM) is not actually used by the code in
DSP/BIOS projects. It is included more for completeness, and to assist with debug (e.g., for
viewing the PIE vectors in a watch window).
3
The files example_BIOS_flashcfg.cmd and example_BIOS_ramcfg.cmd are created by the
DSP/BIOS configuration tool and should not be modified by the user. They are provided here
only to avoid a project open error message from Code Composer Studio. The files
example_BIOS_flash.tcf and example_BIOS_ram.tcf contain everything Code Composer Studio
needs to create these two .cmd files at project build time.

32 Running an Application from Internal Flash Memory on the TMS320F28xx DSP

 SPRA958F
8.3 Additional Information
1) The .pjt project files can be found in the \project_BIOS and \project_nonBIOS directories.
After compiling a project, the .out file will be located in the \projects\Debug directory.
IMPORTANT:
For the flash projects, the .out file CANNOT simply be loaded in the DSP using
File->Load_Project in Code Composer Studio. The flash memory must be
PROGRAMMED using a flash programming utility. One such utility is the C2000
Flash Programming Plugin tool for Code Composer Studio (available from the TI
website, www.ti.com).
2a) If using the RAM examples, the eZdsp board should be configured for "Jump to H0" (F2812)
or “Jump to M0” (F2808) bootmode. Check the board jumpers/dip-switch to be:
eZdsp F2812: JP1 2-3 (MP/MC*)
JP9 1-2 (PLL)
JP7 2-3 (boot mode)
JP8 2-3 (boot mode)
JP11 1-2 (boot mode)
JP12 2-3 (boot mode)

eZdsp F2808: JP9 1-2 (PLL)

DIP SW1: 1 = ON
2 = OFF
3 = ON
If this does not seem to be working, check the reference manual for your eZdsp board to confirm
the jumper settings. Jumper settings may have changed if the eZdsp board was revised.
2b) If using the FLASH examples, the eZdsp board should be configured for "Jump to Flash"
bootmode. Check the board jumpers/dip-switches to be:
eZdsp F2812: JP1 2-3 (MP/MC*)
JP9 1-2 (PLL)
JP7 1-2 (boot mode)
JP8 don’t care (boot mode)
JP11 don’t care (boot mode)
JP12 don’t care (boot mode)

Running an Application from Internal Flash Memory on the TMS320F28xx DSP 33

SPRA958F
eZdsp F2808: JP9 1-2 (PLL)
DIP SW1: 1 = OFF
2 = OFF
3 = OFF
If this does not seem to be working, check the reference manual for your eZdsp board to confirm
the jumper settings. Jumper settings may have changed if the eZdsp board was revised.
3) The ram examples are linking sections in various places that may look unnecessary (e.g., the
section ramfuncs is loaded to one ram area, and copied to and run from another ram area. On
the surface, this look rather pointless. These things were done in preparation to build the flash
project. In reality, a real embedded system cannot run on ram alone. It must have non-volatile
memory someplace. Hence, in the flash system, you will see the same sections being loaded to
flash, but copied to and run from ram.
4) There has not been too much attention given to where everything is linked. The goal in
writing these example projects was to simply get them working correctly. If these projects are
used as a starting point for code development, the linking may need to be tuned to get better
performance (e.g., to avoid memory block access contention, or to better manage memory block
utilization).
5) For non-DSP/BIOS projects, a complete set of interrupt service routines are defined in the file
DefaultIsr_nonBIOS.c. Each interrupt is executed directly in its hardware ISR. However, with
the exception of the ADCINT and CAPINT1 for F2812, and ECAP1INT for F2808, each ISR
actually executes an ESTOP0 instruction (emulation stop) to trap spurious interrupts during
debug. Note that each ISR is using the "interrupt" keyword which tells the compiler to perform a
context save/restore upon function entry/exit.
6) For DSP/BIOS projects, a complete set of (hardware) interrupt service routines are defined in
the file DefaultIsr_BIOS.c. Each ISR is hooked to the desired interrupt using the HWI manager
in the DSP/BIOS configuration tool. Also, the DSP/BIOS Interrupt Dispatcher is being used to
handle the context save/restore, which is why the ISRs are not using the "interrupt" keyword (as
in the non-DSP/BIOS case). In these examples, the CAPINT1 ISR for F2812 and the
ECAP1INT ISR for F2808 is performed directly in the DefaultIsr_BIOS.c file (as an example of
reducing latency), whereas the ADC interrupt function in DefaultIsr_BIOS.c posts a SWI to
perform the ADC routine. These are just examples. Note that the CAPINT1 and ECAP1INT
ISRs are using the DSP/BIOS dispatcher to perform context save/restore (as selected in the
HWI manager of the configuration tool). If absolute minimum latency is required (for some time
critical ISR), one could disable the interrupt dispatcher for that interrupt, and add the "interrupt"
keyword to the ISR function declaration. Note that doing so will preclude the user for utilizing
any DSP/BIOS functionality in that ISR.

34 Running an Application from Internal Flash Memory on the TMS320F28xx DSP

 SPRA958F

References
1. TMS320F2810, TMS320F2811, TMS320F2812, TMS320C2810, TMS320C2811,
TMS320C2812 Digital Signal Processors Data Manual (SPRS174)
2. TMS320F2808, TMS320F2806, TMS320F2801, UCD9510 Digital Signal Processors
Data Manual (SPRS230)
3. TMS320C28x Optimizing C/C++ Compiler User’s Guide (SPRU514)
4. TMS320x281x System Control and Interrupts Peripheral Reference Guide (SPRU078)
5. TMS320x280x System Control and Interrupts Peripheral Reference Guide (SPRU712)
6. TMS320C28x Assembly Language Tools User’s Guide (SPRU513)
7. TMS320x281x DSP Boot ROM Reference Guide (SPRU095)
8. TMS320x280x DSP Boot ROM Reference Guide (SPRU722)
9. TMS320C28x DSP CPU and Instruction Set Reference Guide (SPRU430)
10. C281x C/C++ Header Files and Peripheral Example Code (SPRC097)
11. C280x C/C++ Header Files and Peripheral Example Code (SPRC191)

Running an Application from Internal Flash Memory on the TMS320F28xx DSP 35

SPRA958F

Revision History

Revision Date Who Description of Changes from Previous Version

SPRA958F Feb. 2006 D. Alter - Changed the following in the code examples:
* Fixed DelayUs.asm to properly preserve the EALLOW bit setting.
* Edited project build option search and file paths to use $(Proj_dir) path
symbol. This makes the projects more portable.
* Modified the directory structure to use \cmd and \include sub-directories.
* In file ECap.c, changed ECCTL2 register bits 2-1 from 00b to 11b in
order to support F2808/6/1 rev. A and later silicon. Also changed REARM
field value from 1 to 0. The function works with REARM set either way,
but a 0 value is more appropriate here. (F280x only)
* Fixed header in DelayUs.asm for F281x that referenced F280x devices.
(F281x only)
- Modified Tables 4 and 5 in the appnote to reflect the modified file directory
structure.
SPRA958E Sept. 2005 D. Alter - Added support for F280x devices.
- Removed lower 64Kw restriction on .const, .bss, and .sysmem from
Tables 1 and 2. Added lower 64Kw restriction on .stack to Table 2.
- Simplifier Section 4.6.2 methodology (Running a Specific Constant Array
from RAM).
- Updated all code examples to use CCS v3.1 and DSP/BIOS v5.20.
- Changed the following in the F281x code examples:
* Corrected OTP length in F2812_nonBIOS_RAM.cmd and
F2812_nonBIOS_Flash.cmd (from 0x800 to 0x400).
* Removed unused section pie_vect from F2812_nonBIOS_Flash.cmd.
* Changed ADC power-up delays to 10 ms and 1 ms (from 7 ms and 20
us) to match worst case values in F281x datasheet.
* Changed SCSR init in SysCtrl.c so that WD generates a reset instead of
an interrupt.
* Changed OTPWAIT value to 8 (from 5) in SysCtrl.c.
* Made linkage and memory names consistent with the BIOS examples in
example_nonBIOS_RAM.cmd and example_nonBIOS_Flash.cmd.
* Added WD servicing to PLL lock wait loop in SysCtrl.c and inner loop of
DelayUs() in DelayUs.asm.
SPRA958D Sept. 2004 D. Alter Code Corrections only. The appnote text itself did not change.
- Corrected counter bug in DelayUs() in DelayUs.asm.
- Corrected typo in DelayUs() function header in DelayUs.asm.
- Correct comment field for T2CON.TPSx bit in Ev.c.

36 Running an Application from Internal Flash Memory on the TMS320F28xx DSP

 SPRA958F
SPRA958C May 2004 D. Alter Code Corrections only. The appnote text itself did not change.
- Corrected GPIO pin names in ACTRA register comments in Ev.c.
- Added PLL lock delay loop in SysCtrl.c.
- Removed PLL configuration from .cdb files for example_BIOS_ram.pjt and
example_BIOS_flash.pjt.
- Corrected comment field for ADCTRL1.5 bit in ADCTRL1 initialization in
Adc.c.
- Corrected comment field for GPTCONA.8_7 bit in GPTCONA initialization
in Ev.c.
- Removed redundant PIE acknowledge from CAP1INT_ISR in
DefaultISR_nonBIOS.c.
- Fixed the length of the memcpy() for the PieVect section in
PieCtrl_BIOS.c (removed the “+ 1”).
- In main_BIOS.c and main_nonBIOS.c, changed the following comment
from:
/*** Copy all FLASH sections that need to run from RAM (use far_memcpy()
from RTS library) ***/
to:
/*** Copy all FLASH sections that need to run from RAM (use memcpy()
from RTS library) ***/
SPRA958B Jan. 2004 D. Alter - Deleted “+ 1” length for examples of memcpy() function calls. For
example, previously:

memcpy(&econst_runstart,
&econst_loadstart,
&econst_loadend - &econst_loadstart + 1);

Is now:

memcpy(&econst_runstart,
&econst_loadstart,
&econst_loadend - &econst_loadstart);
- Fixed italics on references 4 and 5.
- Fixed code comment in main_BIOS.c and main_nonBIOS.c to say
memcpy() instead of far_memcpy().
SPRA958A Nov. 2003 D. Alter - Corrected RAMH0 length in files f2812_nonBIOS_ram.cmd and
f2812_nonBIOS_flash.cmd.
- Added .cio section to f2812_nonBIOS_ram.cmd and
f2812_nonBIOS_flash.cmd.
- Added .cio section to Table 1.
- Removed c:\ti2\c2000\rtdx\include and c:\ti2\c2000\bios\include search
paths from f2812_nonBIOS_ram.pjt and f2812_nonBIOS_flash.pjt, Project
-> Build_Options, Compiler Tab, Preprocessor Category, Include search
path. They are not needed.
- Fixed .trcdata section copy instructions in Section 4 to require copy to be
done before main(). Modified example_BIOS_ram and
example_BIOS_flash example code to incorporate this.
- Tested code with C2000 Code Composer Studio v2.21.04.
SPRA958 Sept. 2003 D. Alter - Original

Running an Application from Internal Flash Memory on the TMS320F28xx DSP 37

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