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GSM Protocols

GSM uses a three-layer protocol architecture for signaling. Layer 1 is the physical layer handling radio functions. Layer 2 uses LAPDm for reliable data transfer over connections. Layer 3 comprises several sublayers including radio resource management (RR), mobility management (MM), and call management (CM) for functions like call establishment, authentication, and short message service (SMS). Additional protocols are used at interfaces between different network elements.

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Harish Sarki
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2K views2 pages

GSM Protocols

GSM uses a three-layer protocol architecture for signaling. Layer 1 is the physical layer handling radio functions. Layer 2 uses LAPDm for reliable data transfer over connections. Layer 3 comprises several sublayers including radio resource management (RR), mobility management (MM), and call management (CM) for functions like call establishment, authentication, and short message service (SMS). Additional protocols are used at interfaces between different network elements.

Uploaded by

Harish Sarki
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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GSM Protocols
The signaling protocol in GSM is structured into three general layers depending on the
interface, as shown below. Layer 1 is the physical layer that handles all radio-specific
functions. This includes the creation of bursts according to the five different formats,
multiplexing of bursts into a TDMA frame, synchronization with the BTS, detection of
idle channels, and measurement of the channel quality on the downlink. The physical
layer at Um uses GMSK for digital modulation and performs encryption/decryption of
data, i.e., encryption is not performed end-to-end, but only between MS and BSS over
the air interface.

Protocol architecture for Signaling

The main tasks of the physical layer comprise channel coding and error
detection/correction, which is directly combined with the coding mechanisms.
Channel coding makes extensive use of different forward error correction
(FEC) schemes. Signaling between entities in a GSM network requires higher
layers. For this purpose, the LAPDm protocol has been defined at the U m
2

interface for layer two. LAPDm has been derived from link access procedure for
the D-channel (LAPD) in ISDN systems, which is a version of HDLC. LAPD m is a
lightweight LAPD because it does not need synchronization flags or
checksumming for error detection. LAPD m offers reliable data transfer over
connections, re-sequencing of data frames, and flow control.

The network layer in GSM, layer three, comprises several sublayers. The
lowest sublayer is the radio resource management (RR). Only a part of this layer,
RR’, is implemented in the BTS, the remainder is situated in the BSC. The
functions of RR’ are supported by the BSC via the BTS management (BTSM). The
main tasks of RR are setup, maintenance, and release of radio channels.
Mobility management (MM) contains functions for registration, authentication,
identification, location updating, and the provision of a temporary mobile
subscriber identity (TMSI).
Finally, the call management (CM) layer contains three entities: call
control (CC), short message service (SMS), and supplementary service (SS). SMS
allows for message transfer using the control channels SDCCH and SACCH, while
SS offers the services like user identification, call redirection, or forwarding of
ongoing calls. CC provides a point-to-point

connection between two terminals and is used by higher layers for call
establishment, call clearing and change of call parameters. This layer also
provides functions to send in-band tones, called dual tone multiple frequency
(DTMF), over the GSM network. These tones are used, e.g., for the remote
control of answering machines or the entry of PINs in electronic banking and
are, also used for dialing in traditional analog telephone systems.
Additional protocols are used at the A bis and A interfaces. Data
transmission at the physical layer typically uses pulse code modulation (PCM)
systems. LAPD is used for layer two at A bis, BTSM for BTS management.
Signaling syste m No. 7 (SS7) is used for signaling between an MSC and a BSC.
This protocol also transfers all management information between MSCs, HLR,
VLRs, AuC, EIR, and OMC. An MSC can also control a BSS via a BSS application
part (BSSAP).

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