19

Revision

Revision of Unit 4

19A Technology-free questions

The second derivative and applications
1 Find the second derivative of each of the following:

SF
x
a x3 + 2x2 + 5x − 2 b e− 4 c xe−5x
 x  πx 
d sin e cos f e2x − e−2x
5 2
2 A particle moves in a straight line so that after t seconds its position, x m, relative to a
fixed point O on the line is given by x = 2t3 − 24t. Find the velocity and acceleration of
the particle at time t seconds.

Let f (x) = xe2x −4x .

2
3

CF
a Find f  (x).
b Show that f  (x) ≥ 0 for all x.
c Hence show that the only stationary point on the graph of f is a stationary point
of inflection.

4 For f (x) = x3 − 3x2 + 1, find the values of x for which the graph of f is concave up.
SF

5 Let f (x) = 4x − sin(2x) for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π. Find the coordinates of the points of inflection
on the graph of y = f (x).

6 A polynomial function f has derivative f  with rule f  (x) = (x − 1)2 (x + 1)(x − 3).
a Solve the equation f  (x) = 0 for x.
b Given that f  (x) = 4(x − 1)(x2 − 2x − 1), determine the nature of the stationary
points corresponding to the x-values found in part a.
c Find the x-values at which there is a point of inflection.

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 19A Technology-free questions 695

Revision
7 Sketch the graph of f (x) = x4 − 10x2 + 9, locating the stationary points and the points

SF
of inflection.

Trigonometry using the sine and cosine rules

8 A triangle has sides 6 cm, 7 cm and 10 cm. Find the cosine of the smallest angle of
this triangle.

9Triangle ABC has area 20 cm2 . The length of AB is 10 cm and the length of AC
is 12 cm. Find sin(∠BAC).
√ √
10 The three side lengths of a triangle are 2, 2 and 1 + 3. Find the cosine of the largest
angle of this triangle.

11 Consider triangle ABC with AB = 6 cm, AC = 4 cm and ∠BAC = 60◦ .

√
(For each of the following, give your answer in simplest surd form as m n, where
m and n are natural numbers and n has no factors that are perfect squares.)
a Find the length BC. b Find the area of triangle ABC.

12 Consider triangle ABC with AB = 6 cm, AC = 4 cm and ∠BAC = 120◦ .

(For each of the following, give your answer in simplest surd form.)
a Find the length BC. b Find the area of triangle ABC.

Discrete random variables and the binomial distribution

13 The random variable X has the following probability distribution.

x 0 1 2 3 4
Pr(X = x) 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.1

Find:
a Pr(X > 3 | X > 1) b Pr(X > 1 | X ≤ 3)
c the mean of X d the variance of X

14 The random variable X has probability distribution:

x 1 2 3 4 5
Pr(X = x) a 0.3 0.1 0.2 b

Given that E(X) = 2.34, find the values of a and b.

15 A biased coin is tossed three times. On each toss, the probability of a head is p.
a Find, in terms of p, the probability that all three tosses show tails.
b If the probability of three tails is equal to 8 times the probability of three heads, find
the value of p.

16 A binomial distribution with parameters n and p has mean 6 and variance 3.6. Find the
values of n and p.

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 696 Chapter 19: Revision of Unit 4
Revision
17 A fair die is rolled three times.

CF
a What is the probability that a 6 is obtained on all three rolls?
b What is the probability that a 6 is obtained on at least two of the three rolls?

18 Let p be the probability that a randomly chosen person believes in ghosts. Eight people
are asked whether they believe in ghosts. Write an expression for the probability that:
a all eight people believe in ghosts
b none of the eight people believes in ghosts
c at least one of the eight people believes in ghosts.

19 Suppose that X is a binomial random variable with mean 3 and variance 2.

ab
Express Pr(X = 1) in the form d , where a and c are prime numbers.
c
1
20 Consider a binomial random variable X with parameters n = 20 and p = .
5
a Write expressions for Pr(X = k) and Pr(X = k + 1).
Pr(X = k + 1) 20 − k
b Show that = .
Pr(X = k) 4(k + 1)
c Use this result to find the value of k for which Pr(X = k) is a maximum.

Continuous random variables and the normal distribution

21 The continuous random variable X has probability density function given by
⎧
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎨kx(6 − x) if 0 < x < 6
f (x) = ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩0 otherwise
Find:
a the value of k b Pr(X < 4) c the median of X
d the mean of X e Pr(X < 2 | X < 3) f Pr(X > 2 | X < 4)

22 The random variable X has probability density function:

⎧
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎨(x − a)(2a − x) if a ≤ x ≤ 2a
f (x) = ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩0 otherwise

a Show that a3 = 6. b Find E(X).

23 The probability density function of a random variable X is given by

⎧
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎨2(1 − x) if 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
f (x) = ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩0 otherwise
a Find F(x), the cumulative distribution function of X.
3
b Find the value a of X such that Pr(X ≤ a) = .
4
24 The random variable X is normally distributed with mean 40 and standard deviation 2.
If Pr(36 < X < 44) = q, find Pr(X > 44) in terms of q.

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 19A Technology-free questions 697

Revision
25 The random variable X is normally distributed with mean 50 and standard deviation 5.

SF
If Pr(X < 60) = q, find Pr(40 < X < 60) in terms of q.

26 Let X be a normal random variable with mean μ = 92 and standard deviation σ = 10.
Let Z be the standard normal random variable. Given that Pr(Z < 1) = 0.84, find:
a Pr(X > 82) b Pr(82 < X < 92)

27 Let X be a normally distributed random variable with a mean of 10 and a variance of 9.

Let Z be the standard normal random variable.
a Find Pr(X > 10).
b Find the value of a such that Pr(X > 4) = Pr(Z < a).

Sampling and estimation

28 Suppose that an approximate 95% confidence interval for the population proportion is

CF
given by the interval (a, b).
a Write down an expression for the sample proportion in terms of a and b.
b Write down an expression for the margin of error for this confidence interval in
terms of a and b.

29 In a large population of marsupials, the proportion of animals with a particular disease

is 25%. Let P̂ be the random variable that represents the sample proportion of animals
with the disease for samples of size n drawn from this population. Find the smallest
1
value of n such that the standard deviation of P̂ is less than or equal to .
50
30 A committee of four is going to be randomly chosen from a group of five men and four
women. Let P̂ be the random variable for the proportion of males in the committee.
a List the possible values of p̂, the proportion of males in the committee.
b Find:
i Pr(P̂ = 0) ii Pr(P̂ > 0) iii Pr(P̂ = 1)

31 An investigation was carried out to determine the most popular model of car in a
particular town. The data was collected by observing the model of each car entering the
car park of a supermarket in this town during a 2 hour period. Comment on the validity
of this data-collection method.

32 Suppose that 20 independent random samples were taken from a large population, and
that a 90% confidence interval for the population proportion p was computed from each
of these samples.
a How many of these 90% confidence intervals would you expect to contain the
population proportion p?
b Write down an expression for the probability that all 20 confidence intervals contain
the population proportion p.

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 698 Chapter 19: Revision of Unit 4
Revision
33 Over 30 000 people are attending a concert, with four in nine of these people under

CF
18 years of age. A simple random sample of 2000 concertgoers is selected. Find the
standard deviation of P̂, the proportion of people in the sample under 18 years of age.

19B Multiple-choice questions

4
1 The second derivative of 3x2 + 2x − with respect to x is
x2
8 8 24 24 4
A 6x + 2 − B 6x + 2 + C 6− 4 D 6+ 4 E 3−
x3 x3 x x x4
2 For the graph of y = f (x) shown, the number of points of y
inflection is
y = f(x)
A 3 points B 2 points C 5 points
D 0 points E none of these x
O

3 The curve shown is concave down on the interval y

A (a, ∞) B (−∞, a) C (0, b)
D (0, ∞) E (−∞, b)

x
O a b

4 A particular polynomial function f has the following three properties:

 f  (x) = 0 for x = −2 and x = 2 only
 f  (x) > 0 for all x < 0
 f  (x) < 0 for all x > 0.
Which of the following could be the graph of f ?
A y B y C y

x x x
O O O

D y E y

x x
O O

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 19B Multiple-choice questions 699

Revision
5 Which of the following graphs has no point of inflection?
A y = sin x B y = tan x C y = x3 − 3x D y = 2x2 − 1 E y = x4 − x
6 If y = x2 e x , then the minimum value of y is
A −2 B 0 C 4e−2 D −4e−2 E e
7 Given that x + y = 1, the maximum value of P = x2 + xy − y2 occurs for x equal to
3 2
A 2 B −1 C D 1 E
2 3
8 A function f with domain (0, 4) satisfies f  (x) = x sin x − cos x. The graph of f has a
point of inflection when x is approximately
A 0.9 B 1.2 C 2.3 D 3.4 E 3.7
9 Which one of the following gives the correct value for c? A
58 cos 38◦ 58 sin 38◦ 130°
A B C 58 sin 38◦
cos 130◦ sin 130◦ 12° 38°
B C
58 cos 130◦ 58 sin 130◦ 58 cm
D E
cos 38◦ sin 38◦
10 Which one of the following expressions will give the area A 7 cm
B
of triangle ABC? 48° 52°
1 1
A × 6 × 7 sin 48◦ B × 6 × 7 cos 48◦ 6 cm
2 2
1 1 C
C × 6 × 7 sin 52◦ D × 6 × 7 cos 52◦
2 2
1
E × 6 × 7 tan 48◦
2
N
◦
11 A hiker walks 4 km from point A on a bearing of 030 to point B, and
then walks 6 km on a bearing of 330◦ to point C. The distance AC, in C
kilometres, is
4 6 km
A
sin 30◦
√
B 62 + 42 − 48 cos 120◦
√ B
C 62 + 42 + 48 cos 120◦
4 km
D 6 sin 60◦
√
E 52 A

12 V ABCD is a right square pyramid with base length 80 mm V

and perpendicular height 100 mm. The angle θ between a
sloping face and the base ABCD, to the nearest degree, is
A 22◦ B 29◦ C 51◦
D C
D 61◦ E 68◦ q
O E
A B

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 700 Chapter 19: Revision of Unit 4
Revision
13 In this figure, the rectangle PQRS is S R
inclined at an angle of 45◦ to the horizontal
plane PQT U. The magnitude of ∠PQS is 60◦ .
Let θ◦ be the angle of inclination of QS to the
horizontal plane. The value of sin(θ◦ ) is
√ √ U
1 2 2 T
A B C 45°
4 4 2 θ°
√ √
3 6
D E
2 4 P Q

14 Consider triangle ABC shown on the right. B

3
If sin x = , then sin y = 6 cm 8 cm
7
x y
1 9 1 A C
A B C
7 28 2
4 3
D E
7 4

15 A box contains 12 red balls and 4 green balls. A ball is selected at random from the box
and not replaced, and then a second ball is drawn. The probability that the two balls are
both green is equal to
1 1 3 1 1
A B C D E
4 16 64 8 20
16 A test consists of six true/false questions. The probability that a student who guesses
will obtain six correct answers is
A 0.9844 B 0.0278 C 0.5 D 0.0156 E 0.17
17 A random variable X has the following probability distribution.

x 1 2 3 4
Pr(X = x) 4c 2
5c 2
4c 2
3c2

The value of c is
A 0.5 B 0.0263 C 0.1622 D 0.25 E 0.0625

Questions 18–19 refer to the following probability distribution.

x 4 6 7 9
Pr(X = x) 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.4

18 For this probability distribution, the mean, E(X), is equal to

A 6.7 B 0.275 C 6.5 D 2.75 E 2.59

19 For this probability distribution, the variance, Var(X), is equal to

A 19.45 B 4.41 C 6.7 D 2.1 E 0.61

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 19B Multiple-choice questions 701

Revision
20 If a random variable X is such that E(X) = 11 and E(X 2 ) = 202, then the standard
deviation of X is equal to
A 191 B 13.82 C 9 D 3.72 E 81

21 If three fair coins are tossed, what is the probability that there are at least two heads?
1 6 1 1 1
A B C D E
3 7 4 2 8
22 Let X be a binomial random variable with parameters n = 400 and p = 0.1. Then E(X),
the mean of X, is equal to
A 36 B 6 C 40 D 6.32 E 360

23 Which of the following does not define a binomial random variable?

A A die is rolled 10 times, and the number of sixes observed.
B A die is rolled until a six is obtained, and the number of rolls counted.
C A die is rolled five times, and the number of even numbers showing observed.
D A sample of 20 people is chosen from a large population, and the number of
females counted.
E A student guesses the answer to every question on a multiple-choice test, and the
number of correct answers is noted.

24 Let X be a binomial random variable with parameters n = 900 and p = 0.2. The
standard deviation of X is equal to
A 18 B 144 C 180 D 13.42 E 12

25 Let X be a binomial random variable with a variance of 9.4248. If n = 42, then the
probability of success p is equal to
A 0.45 B 0.22 C 0.34 D 0.68 E 0.34 or 0.66

7 5
26 If p is the probability of success in one trial, then p (1 − p)2 is the probability in
5
seven trials of
A exactly two failures B exactly two successes
C at least two failures D exactly five failures
E more failures than successes

27 The proportion of female students at a particular university is 0.2. A sample of

10 students is chosen at random from the entire student population. What is the
probability that the sample contains exactly four female students?
A 0.0881 B 0.5000 C 0.0328 D 0.0016 E 0.9672

28 Mai decides to call five friends to invite each of them to a party. The probability of a
friend not being at home when Mai calls is 0.4. What is the probability that Mai finds at
least one of her friends at home?
A 0.0778 B 0.9222 C 0.0102 D 0.9898 E 0.0768

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 702 Chapter 19: Revision of Unit 4
Revision
29 If a random variable X has probability density function given by
⎧
⎪
⎪
⎪
3
⎨kx + x if 0 < x < 2
3
f (x) = ⎪
⎪ 4
⎪
⎩0 otherwise
then k is equal to
3 6 9 1 3
A − B C − D − E −
16 25 16 8 8
30 If a random variable X has probability density function given by
⎧
⎪
⎪
⎪
1
⎨ 9 (4x − x ) if 0 < x < 3
2
⎪
f (x) = ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩0 otherwise
then Pr(X ≤ 2) is closest to
A 0.6667 B 0.4074 C 0.5926 D 0.4444 E 0.5556

31 A random variable X has probability density function:

⎧
⎪
⎪
⎪
8 1
⎨ 3 (1 − x) if 0 < x < 2
⎪
f (x) = ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩0 otherwise
The median of X is closest to
A 0.222 B 0.667 C 0.250 D 1.791 E 0.209

32 A random variable X has probability density function:

⎧
⎪
⎪
⎪ −2
⎨2(1 − x ) if 1 ≤ x ≤ 2
f (x) = ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩0 otherwise
The mean of X is closest to
A 1 B 1.614 C 2 D 1.5 E 0.609

33 The probability of obtaining a z-value which falls between z = −1.0 and z = 0 for a
standard normal distribution is approximately
A 0.05 B 0.20 C 0.34 D 0.68 E 0.16

34 If X is a normally distributed random variable with mean μ = 2 and standard deviation

σ = 2, then the probability that X is less than −2 is
A 0.1587 B 0.8413 C 0.9772 D 0.1228 E 0.0228

35 If X is a normally distributed random variable with mean μ = 2 and variance σ2 = 4,

then Pr(1 < X < 2.5) is
A 0.5987 B 0.2902 C 0.6915 D 0.4013 E 0.3085

36 An automatic dispensing machine fills cups with cordial. If the amount of cordial in
the cup is a normally distributed random variable with a mean of 50 mL and a standard
deviation of 2 mL, then 90% of the cups contain more than
A 44.87 mL B 53.29 mL C 46.71 mL D 52.56 mL E 47.44 mL

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 19B Multiple-choice questions 703

Revision
37 Assume that X is a normally distributed random variable with mean μ = 1 and variance
σ2 = 2.25. If Pr(μ − k < X < μ + k) = 0.7, then k =
A 1.555 B 1.037 C 0.787 D 0.524 E 2.332

38 The weight of a packet of biscuits is known to be normally distributed with a mean

of 1 kg. If a packet is more than 0.05 kg underweight, it is unacceptable. If it is found
that 3% of packets are unacceptable, then the standard deviation of the weight is
A 1.881 B 0.027 C 10.488 D 0.030 E 37.616

39 The diagram shows the probability density y

functions of two normally distributed random
variables, one with mean μ1 and standard μ2, σ2
deviation σ1 , and the other with mean μ2 and
standard deviation σ2 .
Which of the following statements is true? μ1, σ1
A μ1 = μ2 , σ1 < σ2 B μ1 = μ2 , σ1 > σ2
x
C μ1 > μ2 , σ1 = σ2 D μ1 < μ2 , σ1 = σ2
E μ1 = μ2 , σ1 = σ2

40 In a random sample of 200 people, 38% said they would rather watch tennis on
television than attend the match. An approximate 95% confidence interval for the
proportion of people in the population who prefer to watch tennis on television is
A (0.136, 0.244) B (0.313, 0.447) C (0.285, 0.475)
D (0.255, 0.505) E (0.292, 0.468)

41 For a fixed sample, an increase in the level of confidence will lead to a confidence
interval which is
A narrower B wider C unchanged D asymmetric
E cannot be determined from the information given

42 Which of the following statements are true?

I The lower the level of confidence, the smaller the confidence interval.
II The larger the sample size, the smaller the confidence interval.
III The smaller the sample size, the smaller the confidence interval.
IV The higher the level of confidence, the smaller the confidence interval.

A I and II B I and III C II only D II and IV E none of these

43 If a researcher decreases her sample size by a factor of 2, then the width of a

95% confidence interval would
√
A increase by a factor of 2 B increase by a factor of 2
√
C decrease by a factor of 2 D decrease by a factor of 4
E none of these

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 704 Chapter 19: Revision of Unit 4

19C Extended-response questions

Revision

1 A Queensland resort has a large swimming pool as D P C

CU
illustrated, with AB = 75 m and AD = 30 m.
A boy can swim at 1 m/s and run at 1 23 m/s. He starts
at A, swims to a point P on DC, and runs from P to C.
He takes 2 seconds to pull himself out of the pool.
A B
Let DP = x m and the total time taken be T s.
a Show that

3
T = x2 + 900 + (75 − x) + 2
5
dT
b Find .
dx
c i Find the value of x for which the time taken is a minimum.
ii Find the minimum time.
d Find the time taken if the boy runs from A to D and then from D to C.

2 Consider the function f given by y

f (x) = x + sin x for −4π ≤ x ≤ 4π. f
a Find f  (x) and f  (x).
b Show that f  (x) ≥ 0 for all x.
c Solve the equation f  (x) = 0 for x
O
−4π ≤ x ≤ 4π.
d Find the coordinates of the
stationary points of inflection on
the graph of f .
x
Now consider g(x) = + sin x for −2π ≤ x ≤ 2π.
2
e Solve the equation g (x) = 0 for −2π ≤ x ≤ 2π.
f Find the coordinates of the stationary points on the graph of g.

3 For ABC in the diagram, A = 30◦ , B

a = 60 and c = 80.
a Find the magnitudes of angles: 80
60 60
i BCA and ABC
ii BC A and ABC  A 30° C¢
C
b Find the lengths of line segments:
i AC ii AC  iii CC 
c Show that the magnitude of ∠CBC  is 96.38◦ (correct to two decimal places). Then
using this value:
i find the area of triangle BCC 
ii find the area of the shaded sector
iii find the area of the shaded segment.

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 19C Extended-response questions 705

Revision
4 To connect a house to a gas supply, a pipe must

CU
be installed connecting the point A on the house
to the point B on the main, where B is 3 m below X
ground level and at a horizontal distance of 4 m house A
3m
from the building. If it costs $25 per metre to
lay pipe underground and $10 per metre on the xm B
surface, find the length of pipe which should be main
on the surface to minimise costs.
5 Adam notices a distinctive tree while orienteering on a flat horizontal plane. From
where he is standing, the tree is 200 m away on a bearing of 050◦ . Two other people,
Brian and Colin, who are both standing due east of Adam, each claim that the tree is
150 m away from them. Given that their claims are true and that Brian and Colin are
not standing in the same place, how far apart are they? Give your answer to the nearest
metre.
N
6 Cora is standing at point C. She can see a beacon
due north at point B. She can also see a tower at
point T , which is 5 km away on a bearing of 056◦ .
The tower at T is due east of the beacon at B. B T
a Find the distance between the beacon and the 5 km
tower, correct to three decimal places. 56°
E
C

b By looking a further 22◦ east of the tower at T , N

Cora can see a radio mast at point M, which is
9 km away.
i Find the bearing of the mast at M from C.
T
ii Find the distance between the tower and the
5 km
mast, correct to three decimal places. 56° M
22° 9 km
E
C
c Cora now walks N
due east.

T
5 km M
56°
22° 9 km P
E
C S
i How far must she walk until she is at point S due south of the mast? Give your
answer correct to three decimal places.
ii What is the bearing of the mast at M from the tower at T ?

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 706 Chapter 19: Revision of Unit 4
Revision
7 A vertical tower of height 10 m stands in one corner of T

CU
a rectangular courtyard. From the top of the tower, T ,
the angles of depression to the nearest corners B and D
A D
are 32◦ and 19◦ respectively. Find:
a AB, correct to two decimal places
b AD, correct to two decimal places B C
c the angle of depression from T to the corner C
diagonally opposite the tower, correct to the nearest degree.
1
8 In a sequence of trials, the probability of a certain event occurring in the first trial is .

CF
2
1
In subsequent trials, the probability is if the event did not occur in the previous trial,
2
and 0 if it did.
a Show that the probability of this event occurring:
1 1
i exactly twice in three trials is ii exactly twice in four trials is .
4 2
b What is the probability of this event occurring exactly twice in five trials?

9 Katia and Mikki play a game in which a fair six-sided die is thrown five times:

CU
 Katia will receive $1 from Mikki if there is an odd number of sixes
 Mikki will receive $x from Katia if there is an even number of sixes.
Find the value of x so that the game is fair. (Note that the number 0 is even.)

10 The random variable X has probability function given by

CF
⎧c
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎨ x if x = 1, 2, . . . , 6
⎪
Pr(X = x) = ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩0 otherwise
where c is a constant. Find the value of:
a c b E(X) c Var(X)

11 The lifetime of a certain brand of light bulb is normally distributed with a mean of CU
μ = 400 hours and a standard deviation of σ = 50 hours.
a Find the probability that a randomly chosen light bulb will last more than 375 hours.
b The light bulbs are sold in boxes of 10. Find the probability that at least nine of the
bulbs in a randomly selected box will last more than 375 hours.

12 The weight of cereal in boxes, packed by a particular machine, is normally distributed

with a mean of μ g and a standard deviation of σ = 5 g.
a A box is considered underweight if it weighs less than 500 g.
i Find the proportion of boxes that will be underweight if μ = 505 g.
ii Find the value of μ required to ensure that only 1% of boxes are underweight.
b As a check on the setting of the machine, a random sample of five boxes is
chosen and the setting changed if more than one of them is underweight. Find the
probability that the setting of the machine is changed if μ = 505 g.

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 19C Extended-response questions 707

Revision
13 A factory has two machines that produce widgets. The time taken, X seconds, to

CU
produce a widget using machine A is normally distributed, with a mean of 10 seconds
and a standard deviation of 2 seconds. The time taken, Y seconds, to produce a widget
using machine B has probability density function given by
⎧
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎨k(y − 8) if 8 < y < 12
f (y) = ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩0 otherwise
a i Find the value of k.
ii Show that machine A has a greater probability of producing a widget in less than
11 seconds than machine B.
iii Find which machine, on average, is quicker in producing widgets.
b Suppose that 60% of the widgets manufactured at the factory are produced by
machine A, and 40% by machine B. If a widget selected at random is known to have
been produced in less than 10 seconds, what is the probability that it was produced
by machine A?

14 The queuing time, X minutes, at the box office of a movie theatre has probability
density function:
⎧
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎨kx(100 − x ) if 0 ≤ x ≤ 10
2
f (x) = ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩0 otherwise
a Find:
i the value of k
ii the mean of X
iii the probability that a moviegoer will have to queue for more than 3 minutes
iv the probability that a moviegoer will have to queue for more than 3 minutes,
given that she queues for less than 7 minutes.
b If 10 moviegoers go independently to the theatre, find the probability that at least
five of them will be required to queue for more than 3 minutes.

15 Electronic sensors of a certain type fail when they become too hot. The temperature at
which a randomly chosen sensor fails is T ◦ C, where T is modelled as a normal random
variable with mean μ and standard deviation σ.
a In a laboratory test, 98% of a random sample of sensors continued working at a
temperature of 80◦ C, but only 4% continued working at 104◦ C.
i Show the given information on a sketch of the distribution of T .
ii Determine estimates for the values of μ and σ.
b More extensive tests confirmed that T is normally distributed, but with μ = 94.5 and
σ = 5.7. Use these values in the rest of the question.
i What proportion of sensors will operate in boiling water (i.e. at 100◦ C)?
ii The manufacturers wish to quote a safe operating temperature at which 99% of
the sensors will work. What temperature should they quote?

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 708 Chapter 19: Revision of Unit 4
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16 A flight into an airport is declared to be ‘on time’ if it touches down within 3 minutes

CU
either side of the advertised arrival time; otherwise, it is declared early or late. On any
one occasion, the probability that a flight is on time is 0.5 and the probability that it is
late is 0.3. The time of arrival of a particular flight on any one day is independent of the
time of arrival on any other day.
a Calculate the probability that:
i on any given day, the flight arrives early
ii on any given day, the flight does not arrive late
iii the flight arrives on time on three consecutive days
iv in any given week, the flight arrives late on Monday, but is on time for all the
remaining four weekdays.
b In a given week of five days, find the probability that:
i the flight is late exactly once
ii the flight is early exactly twice.
c The airline is reported to the authority if the flight is late on more than two occasions
in a five-day week. Find the probability that this happens.

17 An electronic game comes with five batteries. The game only needs four batteries to
work. But because the batteries are sometimes faulty, the manufacturer includes five of
them with the game. Suppose that X is the number of good batteries included with the
game. The probability distribution of X is given in the following table.

x 0 1 2 3 4 5
Pr(X = x) 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.45 0.45

a Use the information in the table to:

i find μ, the expected value of X
ii find σ, the standard deviation of X, correct to one decimal place
iii find, exactly, the proportion of the distribution that lies within two standard
deviations of the mean
iv find the probability that a randomly selected game works, i.e. find Pr(X ≥ 4).
b The electronic games are packed in boxes of 20. Whether or not an electronic game
in a box will work is independent of any other game in the box working. Let Y be
the number of working games in a box.
i Name the distribution of Y.
ii Find the expected number of working games in a box.
iii Find the standard deviation of the number of working games in a box.
iv Find the probability that a randomly chosen box will contain at least 19
working games.

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 19D Degree-of-difficulty classified questions 709

Revision
18 In a study of the prevalence of red hair in a certain country, researchers collected data

CU
from a random sample of 1800 adults.
a Of the 1000 females in the sample, they found that 10% had red hair. Calculate an
approximate 95% confidence interval for the proportion with red hair in the female
population.
b Of the 800 males in the sample, they found that 10% had red hair. Calculate an
approximate 95% confidence interval for the proportion with red hair in the male
population.
c Why is the width of the confidence interval for males different from the width of the
confidence interval for females?
d How should the sample of 1800 adults be chosen to ensure that the widths of the two
confidence intervals are the same when the sample proportions are the same?
e Assume that there are 1000 females and 800 males in the sample, and that the
proportion of females in the sample with red hair is 10%. What sample proportion
of red-headed males would result in the 95% confidence interval for the proportion
with red hair in the female population and the 95% confidence interval for the
proportion with red hair in the male population being of the same width?

19D Degree-of-difficulty classified questions

 Simple familiar questions
1 The bearing of A from B is 290◦ and the bearing of C from B is 040◦ . Given that
AB = BC, determine:
a the magnitude of ∠BCA b the bearing of A from C

2 In triangle ABC, AB = 6 cm, AC = 16 cm and ∠BAC = 40◦ . Find each of the following
correct to three decimal places:
a the length of BC b the magnitude of ∠ACB
c the magnitude of ∠ABC d the area of triangle ABC

3 Find the second derivative of each of the following with respect to x:

 x
a x sin b x2 ln(2x) c e−2x cos(2x)
2
4 Find the coordinates of the points of inflection on each of the following graphs:
a y = x3 (x − 4) b y = x3 ln x c y = 4x2 + sin(4x), 0 ≤ x ≤ π

5 A Bernoulli sequence consists of eight independent trials, each with probability of

success 0.3. Find the probability that there are exactly two successes in the eight trials.

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 710 Chapter 19: Revision of Unit 4
Revision
6 In a particular country, 55% of the babies born are boys.
a Write down a general rule for the probability distribution of the number of boys in a
family of four children.
b Use this rule to calculate the probability that a family of four children consists of one
boy and three girls.

7 A multiple-choice test has eight questions, each with five alternatives.

a What is the probability that a student who guesses:
i gets all of the questions correct
ii gets none of the questions correct
iii passes the test (that is, gets at least half of the questions correct)?
b How many questions would you expect a student who guesses to get correct?

8 Consider the function f given by

⎧
⎪
⎪
⎪
24
⎨ x3 if 3 ≤ x ≤ 6
⎪
f (x) = ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩0 if x < 3 or x > 6
Show that f is a probability density function.

9 A continuous random variable X has the probability density function

⎧
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎨12x (1 − x) if 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
2
f (x) = ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩0 otherwise
Find E(X).

10 The time, X minutes, between calls at a pizza restaurant is a random variable with
probability density function
⎧
⎪
⎪
⎪
1 −x
⎨5e 5 x ≥ 0
⎪
f (x) = ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩0 x<0
Find the median time between calls.

11 The cumulative distribution function F of a continuous random variable X is given by

⎧
⎪
⎪
⎪0 x<0
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ x
⎪
⎪
⎪ 0≤x<1
⎪
⎨4
F(x) = ⎪⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ 1 4
⎪
⎪
⎪ (x + 4) 1 ≤ x < 2
⎪
⎪
⎪ 20
⎪
⎪
⎩1 x≥2
Find a probability density function for X.

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 19D Degree-of-difficulty classified questions 711

Revision
12 The probability density function f of a normal random variable X is given by
 2
1 1 x−10
−2
f (x) = √ e 3 for x ∈ R
3 2π
a Write down the mean and standard deviation of X.
b Sketch the graph of f .
c On the graph, shade the region that represents Pr(X > 3).

13 The lengths of similar components produced at a factory are approximated by a

normal distribution model with a mean of 10 cm and a standard deviation of 0.1 cm.
A component is chosen at random.
a What is the probability that its length is more than 10.2 cm?
b What is the probability that its length is between 9.95 cm and 10.05 cm?

14 The annual salaries of employees in a large company are approximately normally

distributed, with a mean of $80 000 and a standard deviation of $15 000. Find the
proportion of employees in this company who earn:
a less than $50 000 b more than $90 000
c between $60 000 and $100 000.

15 This table summarises a student’s Subject Mark μ σ

results in four different subjects.
Mathematics 68 60.5 8.5
For each subject, the table gives the
English 70 65.2 7.2
student’s mark and also gives the
mean (μ) and standard deviation (σ) Chemistry 55 50.9 3.3
for the class. Psychology 81 71.9 9.9

a Determine the student’s standardised mark for each subject.

b List the four subjects in order from best result to worst result, based on this student’s
performance relative to the class.

16 A market researcher monitored a random sample of 500 people who entered a shop on a
certain day and noted that 375 people made a purchase.
a Find a 95% confidence interval for the proportion of people entering the shop on the
following day who will make a purchase.
b Find a 99% confidence interval for the proportion of people entering the shop on the
following day who will make a purchase.

17 A newspaper wishes to carry out a survey to investigate how people will vote in an
upcoming referendum. An estimated value of the proportion of ‘yes’ voters is 0.3.
Determine the sample size that should be used to achieve a margin of error of 1% in:
a an approximate 90% confidence interval for the proportion of ‘yes’ voters
b an approximate 95% confidence interval for the proportion of ‘yes’ voters.

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 712 Chapter 19: Revision of Unit 4

 Complex familiar questions

Revision

1 For each of the following, find the largest open intervals for which:
i f is increasing ii f is decreasing
iii f is concave up iv f is concave down.

a f (x) = x3 − 12x + 24 b f (x) = x3 − 12x2 + 24

c f (x) = cos x, 0 < x < 2π d f (x) = sin2 x, 0 < x < π
e f (x) = 3x4 − 4x3 + 6 f f (x) = 2x2 ln(2x), x > 0

2 Let f (x) = (x − a)3 (x − b), where a and b are real constants.

a Find f  (x) and f  (x).
b Find the coordinates of the points of inflection on the graph of f .
a+b
c Find the equation of the tangent to the graph of f at the point where x = ,
2
and find the x-axis intercept of this tangent.

3 For the graph of y = x4 − 6x2 + 8x + 24, find the coordinates of:

a the local minimum
b the stationary point of inflection
c the other point of inflection.

4 Let f (x) = ln(x2 + 4).

a Find f  (x) and f  (x).
b Find the coordinates of the stationary point on the graph of f .
c Find the coordinates of the points of inflection on the graph of f .
d Sketch the graph of f .

5 In ABC, ∠BAC = 60◦ , AB = 8 and BC = 7. Given that AC < 4, find AC.

6 A yacht starts from a marina and sails in a straight line on a bearing of 245◦ for 5 km to
a nearby island.
a How far south has the yacht sailed?
b How far west has the yacht sailed?
c What is the bearing of the marina from the island?
d The yacht now sails from the island on a bearing of 310◦ and stops at a headland.
The marina is on a bearing of 115◦ from the headland. Find the distance to the
headland from the island.

7 A rectangular board has size 10 cm by 6 cm. One side of the board is propped up,
so that the 10 cm sides are horizontal and the 6 cm sides are inclined at 30◦ to the
horizontal. Find the angle of inclination to the horizontal of a diagonal of the board.

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 19D Degree-of-difficulty classified questions 713

A parallelogram has side lengths 4 cm and 5 cm, and an acute angle of 47.8◦ . Find the

Revision
8
lengths of the two diagonals of the parallelogram.

9 In a particular city, the probability of rain on any day in June is 0.2, independent of any
other day.
a Write down a general rule for the probability distribution of the number of days on
which it rains during one week in June.
b Use this rule to calculate the probability that during one week in June:
i it rains on three days
ii it rains on two or three days
iii it rains on three days, given that it rains on at least two days.

10 Marcel knows that his probability of hitting the bullseye when throwing a dart is 0.4.
a What is the probability that he hits the bullseye exactly once in five throws?
b What is the minimum number of darts he should throw to ensure that the probability
that he hits the bullseye at least once is more than 0.99?

11 The time (in minutes) that it takes a worker to assemble a component is a random
variable X with probability density function f given by
⎧
⎪
⎪
⎪
6
⎨ x2 x ≥ 6
⎪
f (x) = ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩0 x<6
a Find the probability that it takes a worker less than 10 minutes to assemble a
component.
b Find the probability that it takes less than 20 minutes to assemble a component,
given that it takes more than 10 minutes.

12 Suppose that the distribution of scores on an examination can be modelled by a random

variable X with probability density function:
⎧ 
⎪
⎪
⎪ π πx
⎪
⎨ 200 sin if 0 ≤ x ≤ 100
f (x) = ⎪
⎪ 100
⎪
⎪
⎩0 otherwise
The top 20% of students who sit the examination will receive an ‘A’.
a Find (correct to one decimal place) the minimum score required to receive an ‘A’.
b Find the expected number of students who receive an ‘A’ in a class of 25 students.

13 Suppose that, in a 95% confidence interval for the population proportion p, the margin
of error is equal to 0.216. What is the margin of error for the 99% confidence interval
for p that is determined using the same information?

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 714 Chapter 19: Revision of Unit 4

 Complex unfamiliar questions

Revision

1 ABCDPQRS is a rectangular prism on a horizontal base ABCD. The vertical edges AP,
BQ, CR and DS each have length 6 cm. The edge AB has length 8 cm, and the edge BC
has length 9 cm. Find the angle between each of the following pairs of lines:
a AR and BS b AR and CR c AS and DS

2 An aeroplane is flying in a horizontal circle of radius 1 km. A person is standing on the

ground, within the projection of this circle onto the ground. He measures the angle of
elevation to the aeroplane as it flies around him, and observes that the greatest angle
is 25◦ and the least angle is 15◦ . Find the height of the aeroplane above the ground.

3 A function h has a rule of the form h(x) = (ax2 + b)ecx . Find the values of the
constants a, b and c, given that the function has the following three properties:
 h(0) = −4
 h (0) = 8
 the graph of h has a local minimum at x = −1.

4 Tower A is 4 km due west of tower B. There are flagpoles at points C and D.

 The bearing of C from A is 025◦ , and the bearing of C from B is 350◦ .
 The bearing of D from A is 035◦ , and the bearing of D from B is 345◦ .
Find the distance between the two flagpoles.

5 A right-angled triangle has sides 12 cm, 16 cm and

20 cm as shown. A rectangle is inscribed in the triangle
with one side along the hypotenuse and a vertex on
each of the other two sides of the triangle. What are the
20 cm 16 cm
dimensions of the largest such rectangle?

12 cm

6 A chocolatier randomly chooses chocolates to fill boxes of 12. The chocolates are either
soft-centred or hard-centred. Let p be the proportion of hard-centred chocolates. Let the
random variable X represent the number of hard-centred chocolates in a box of 12.
a If p = 0.25, find:
i Pr(X < 5) ii Pr(X ≥ 7)
b If Pr(X = 0) = 0.05, find the value of p correct to three decimal places.
c If Var(X) = 1.92, find the possible values of p.

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 19D Degree-of-difficulty classified questions 715

Revision
7 When a telemarketer makes a phone call, the probability that someone will answer the
phone is 0.1.
a Find the probability that none of her next 10 calls are answered.
b Find the probability that more than two of her next 20 calls are answered.
c The telemarketer is required to speak to at least four people per day on average. Find
the least number of calls per day that she should make to meet this requirement.
d Find the least number of calls that she needs to make for the probability that at least
one person answers the phone to be greater than 0.95.

8 A random variable X has probability density function

⎧
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎨Ax if 0 ≤ x ≤ B
2
f (x) = ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩0 otherwise
Given that E(X) = 0.75, find the values of A and B.

9 A cone is made by cutting out a sector with central angle θ from a circular piece of
cardboard of radius 1 m and joining the two cut edges to form a cone of slant height
1 m as shown in the following diagrams.

1m hm
θ 1m

rm

1 2
The volume of a cone is given by the formula V = πr h.
3
a i Find r in terms of θ.
ii Find h in terms of θ.
1  2π − θ 2  2π − θ 2
iii Show that V = π 1− .
3 2π 2π
π
b Find the value of V when θ = .
4
c Find the value(s) of θ for which the volume of the cone is 0.3 m3 .
d i Use a calculator to determine the value of θ that maximises the volume of
the cone.
ii Find the maximum volume.
e Determine the maximum volume using calculus.

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