Operations Integrity Management System

Document Tittle: Well Performance Module

Private & Confidential 1
Document Code : OS-HPST- D006
Issue No: 01 Revision Date:
Page 1 of 1
Revision No: 01 20st Oct 2015

Potential

Pwf

Actual

Well Performance Q

Prepared by: Husam Helou Reviewed by: Suriya Lertpun Approved by: Martin McCaffrey
th
Rev No: 01 Issued date: 15 Oct 2015 Controlled copy online
 Well Stimulation Private & Confidential 2
• Stimulation is a chemical or mechanical method of
increasing flow capacity to a well.
• Wellbore clean-up/ Wash: Fluids not injected into
formation
– Chemical treatment
– Perf wash
• Matrix stimulation: Fluids injected into formation below
frac pressure
– Matrix acidizing
– Chemical treatment
• Fracturing: Fluids injected into formation above frac
pressure
– Acid frac
– Propped frac (Hydraulic Frac)
Candidate Selection: Select wells that will respond
good to a treatment (economics)
Prepared by: Husam Helou Reviewed by: Suriya Lertpun Approved by: Martin McCaffrey

Rev No: 01 Issued date: 15th Oct 2015 Controlled copy online
 The Total Producing System
Gas Sales

Horizontal Flowline
Flowing Wellhead
Pressure Separator

Stock Tank
Vertical or
Inclined Tubing

Flow through porous

Intake
media Pr, K, IPR

Prepared by: Husam Helou Reviewed by: Suriya Lertpun Approved by: Martin McCaffrey

Rev No: 01 Issued date: 15th Oct 2015 Controlled copy online
The Total Producing System Private & Confidential 4

• The flow rate from a well is basically determined by three

systems:
– The Reservoir - the ability of a reservoir to give up its
fluids, called Inflow Performance.
– The Completion - perforations, gravel-packing,
stimulation, etc.
– The Plumbing - tubulars, choke, subsurface safety
valves, artificial lift, etc.
– Completion and plumbing is called Outflow
performance

Prepared by: Husam Helou Reviewed by: Suriya Lertpun Approved by: Martin McCaffrey

Rev No: 01 Issued date: 15th Oct 2015 Controlled copy online
 Darcy’s Equation: Steady State Private & Confidential 5

Oil Well Gas Well

kh (P e - P Wf ) kh ( P e 2 - P wf2 )
q= q=
141.2 b µ (In rrw
e - 0.75+ S)
1424 µzT (In rrw e
- 0.75+ S)

Pwf For 2 phase fluid (Oil + gas),

Vogel equation is applied
Pe

rw re

Prepared by: Husam Helou Reviewed by: Suriya Lertpun Approved by: Martin McCaffrey

Rev No: 01 Issued date: 15th Oct 2015 Controlled copy online
 Inflow Performance Relationship Private & Confidential 6
Perforations

Pwfs Pe
PWF Flow
pr

Through Porous Media

Cement

Casing

The inflow performance of a well represents the ability of

that well to give up its fluids.
Prepared by: Husam Helou Reviewed by: Suriya Lertpun Approved by: Martin McCaffrey

Rev No: 01 Issued date: 15th Oct 2015 Controlled copy online
Inflow Performance Private & Confidential 7

7.08 10-3 koh(P - Pwf )

qo =
 r  
m o Bo In e  - 0.75+ S t 
 rw 
 


qg =
( )
7.03 10-4 kgh Pr2 - Pwf2
 r  
m g ZT In e  - 0.75+ S t 
 rw  

S t = S turb+S p + S pp + S q + S c + S Sps

Prepared by: Husam Helou Reviewed by: Suriya Lertpun Approved by: Martin McCaffrey

Rev No: 01 Issued date: 15th Oct 2015 Controlled copy online
 Skin Factor Private & Confidential 8
• St = Sd + Sp + Spp + Sturb + S(q,t) + Sslant + .............
• where,
– St = total skin,
– Sd = damage skin due to invasion by drilling fluids, dispersion of
clays, presence of mudcake, etc.,
– Sp = skin effect due to perforations,
– Spp = skin due to partial penetration,
– Sturb = skin effect due to turbulence (non-Darcy), generally in
gas wells,
– S(q,t) = rate and time dependent skin due to changing gas
saturation, and
– Sslant = skin effect due to slanted wellbore.

Prepared by: Husam Helou Reviewed by: Suriya Lertpun Approved by: Martin McCaffrey

Rev No: 01 Issued date: 15th Oct 2015 Controlled copy online
 Skin Private & Confidential 9
• The total Skin (St) is the value that is obtained directly
from a well-test analysis.
• Formation Damage Skin:
– Mathematically defined as an infinitely thin zone that
creates a steady-state pressure drop at the sand face.
– S > 0 Damaged Formation
– S = 0 Neither damaged nor stimulated
– S < 0 Stimulated formation
• Pseudo Skin:
– Includes situations such as fractures, partial
penetration, turbulence, and fissures.
• The Formation Damage Skin is the only type that can be
“removed” by stimulation.
Prepared by: Husam Helou Reviewed by: Suriya Lertpun Approved by: Martin McCaffrey

Rev No: 01 Issued date: 15th Oct 2015 Controlled copy online
 Inflow Performance Curve Private & Confidential 10

• Liquid flow into a well depends on both the reservoir characteristics

and the sand face flowing pressure.
• The relationship of liquid inflow rate to bottom hole flowing pressure
is called the IPR (Inflow Performance Relationship).
• By plotting this relationship, the well’s flow potential or rate can be
determined at various flowing sandface pressures.
• This process, called IPR analysis, can be used to determine
deliverability for a well producing oil or formation water.

Prepared by: Husam Helou Reviewed by: Suriya Lertpun Approved by: Martin McCaffrey

Rev No: 01 Issued date: 15th Oct 2015 Controlled copy online
Productivity Index
Private & Confidential 11

The productivity index is defined as the flow rate per unit pressure drop and
serves as an indication of the production potential of a well. It is defined as:

For example, if a well flows at a 1000 stbbls/d with a flowing (sand face)
pressure of 1500 psi and at an average reservoir pressure of 2000 psi, then
the productivity index is:

PI = 1000 / (2000 - 1500) = 2 stbbls/d / psi

Prepared by: Husam Helou Reviewed by: Suriya Lertpun Approved by: Martin McCaffrey

Rev No: 01 Issued date: 15th Oct 2015 Controlled copy online
P.I.
Private & Confidential 12
Pwf
3000

Q bopd
7,483

• This equation is only valid for a well in an

undersaturated reservoir. For wells in saturated
reservoirs or for gas wells, the relationship is not as
straight forward, and the simple relationship
described above does not apply
Prepared by: Husam Helou Reviewed by: Suriya Lertpun Approved by: Martin McCaffrey

Rev No: 01 Issued date: 15th Oct 2015 Controlled copy online
 Tubing Intake Curve Private & Confidential 13

• The pressure drop required to lift reservoir fluids to

the surface at a given rate is one of the major factors
affecting Well Deliverability.
• Up to 80% of the total pressure loss may occur.
• Part of the loss in the tubing includes completion
equipment, e.g. profile nipples, sliding sleeves,
subsurface flow-control devices, etc.
• Additionally, tubing string may be composed of
multiple tubing diameters.

Prepared by: Husam Helou Reviewed by: Suriya Lertpun Approved by: Martin McCaffrey

Rev No: 01 Issued date: 15th Oct 2015 Controlled copy online
 Tubing Performance Relationship
Private & Confidential 14
 The pressure drop is a function of the mechanical configuration of
the wellbore, the properties of the fluids, and the production
rates.
 Determination of this pressure drop is based on the mechanical
energy equation for flow between two points in a system:
P1g v12 P2 g v22
+ Z + = + Z2 +  + W + El
 gc 1 2 gc  gc 2 gc

 El = Irreversible energy losses (viscous & friction)

 Practically:
 kinetic energy correction,  = 1
 no work done by or on the fluid, W = 0
P  ( v2 ) dP g  v dv f  v 2
g
= Z + + El =  sin q + +
 gc 2 gc dL gc gc dL 2 gc d
Prepared by: Husam Helou Reviewed by: Suriya Lertpun Approved by: Martin McCaffrey

Rev No: 01 Issued date: 15th Oct 2015 Controlled copy online
 Procedure: Private & Confidential 15
• We either fix the wellhead or bottomhole flowing pressure at a given
rate.
• The pressure drop along the tubing can be calculated by charts or
correlations.
• The resulting flowing pressure at the other end of the tubing can then
be determined.
• The resulting relationship between bottomhole flowing pressure and
production rate is called Tubing Performance Relationship (TPR), and it
is valid only for the specified wellhead pressure.
• Other names include:
– Vertical Lift Performance
– Wellbore Flow Performance
– Outflow Performance Relation
Prepared by: Husam Helou Reviewed by: Suriya Lertpun Approved by: Martin McCaffrey

Rev No: 01 Issued date: 15th Oct 2015 Controlled copy online
TPR at fixed WHP
Private & Confidential 16

Prepared by: Husam Helou Reviewed by: Suriya Lertpun Approved by: Martin McCaffrey

Rev No: 01 Issued date: 15th Oct 2015 Controlled copy online
 Operating Curve Private & Confidential 17

• IPR & TPR curves can be combined to find the

Stabilized Flow Rate (Point of Natural Flow).
• The tubing shoe reaches the perforation depth.
• Wellbore flowing pressure and tubing intake pressure
are considered at the same depth.
• At a specific rate when these two pressures are equal,
the flow system is in equilibrium and flow is stable.

Prepared by: Husam Helou Reviewed by: Suriya Lertpun Approved by: Martin McCaffrey

Rev No: 01 Issued date: 15th Oct 2015 Controlled copy online
IPR Operating Points
Private & Confidential 18

Prepared by: Husam Helou Reviewed by: Suriya Lertpun Approved by: Martin McCaffrey

Rev No: 01 Issued date: 15th Oct 2015 Controlled copy online
Performance Curve
Private & Confidential 19

Prepared by: Husam Helou Reviewed by: Suriya Lertpun Approved by: Martin McCaffrey

Rev No: 01 Issued date: 15th Oct 2015 Controlled copy online
 Production Gap Private & Confidential 20
• Reservoir performance
– Objective
• Single well IPR = f (Q, Pwf)
– Parameters affecting performance Potential
• Darcy’s law
• PVT
• Physical description
– Services Pwf
• Transient test (PBU,..)
• Logs
– Remedial action/solution
• Stimulation - frac / matrix Actual
• Perforate
• Laterals
• Squeeze cementing Q

Prepared by: Husam Helou Reviewed by: Suriya Lertpun Approved by: Martin McCaffrey

Rev No: 01 Issued date: 15th Oct 2015 Controlled copy online
 Production Gap Private & Confidential 21
• Flow conduit performance
– Objective
• Plumbing
– Parameters affecting performance
• Tubing & flow lines
• Restrictions Actual
– Services
Pwf
• Calipers
• UltraSonic imager
• Production logging Potential
– Remedial action / solution
• Chemical scale removal
• Scale removal with coil tubing
• New tubing
• Tubing coil completion Q

Prepared by: Husam Helou Reviewed by: Suriya Lertpun Approved by: Martin McCaffrey

Rev No: 01 Issued date: 15th Oct 2015 Controlled copy online
 Reduction in Flow Capacity

• Wellbore: • Critical Matrix:

– Scale Damage – Drilling Mud Damage
– Sand Fill – Cement Damage
– Plugged Perforations – Completion Fluids
– Paraffin Plugging – Production
– Asphalt Deposits – Native Clays/Fines
– Etc.. – Wettability change
– Water block
– …..
Skin Effect Private & Confidential 23

• The skin factor determined from a pressure transient

analysis is the total skin, which consists of:
• The skin factor is a dimension-less number that
quantifies any near wellbore mechanical or physical
phenomenon that restricts flow into the wellbore.
– damage skin - characterized by a damage zone during drilling
and completion operations
– pseudo skin - due to factors such as partial penetration, limited
perforations, turbulence effects and slanted wellbores, etc.

Prepared by: Husam Helou Reviewed by: Suriya Lertpun Approved by: Martin McCaffrey

Rev No: 01 Issued date: 15th Oct 2015 Controlled copy online
The Critical Matrix (Turbulence)
Private & Confidential 24

Prepared by: Husam Helou Reviewed by: Suriya Lertpun Approved by: Martin McCaffrey

Rev No: 01 Issued date: 15th Oct 2015 Controlled copy online
 Effect of Shifting an 80% Damage Collar

100
3-in collar

Percent of original productivity

6-in collar
80 12-in collar
rc-rx = collar thickness
Damage collar
60 rc

40 rx

Wellbore
20 re

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Inner radius of damage (ft)

Prepared by: Husam Helou Reviewed by: Suriya Lertpun Approved by: Martin McCaffrey

Rev No: 01 Issued date: 15th Oct 2015 Controlled copy online
 Formation Damage Private & Confidential 26
• Damage Definition :
– Partial or complete plugging of the near wellbore area
which reduces the original permeability of the formation.
– Damage is quantified by the skin ( S ).

vertical wells

 k  r
rs S =  - 1 ln r s
k
 s  w
rw
horizontal wells

 
 k k
S= 
H V - 1 ln rs
 k k  rw
 HS VS 
Prepared by: Husam Helou Reviewed by: Suriya Lertpun Approved by: Martin McCaffrey

Rev No: 01 Issued date: 15th Oct 2015 Controlled copy online
Summary Private & Confidential 27

• Damage in the critical matrix is the target of matrix

stimulation.
• Wells without a performance gap will not respond well
to matrix treatments.
• A successful stimulation treatment is one that yields
the predicted production and ROI/Pay Out.
– Damage characterization
– Fluid selection
– Placement
– etc.

Prepared by: Husam Helou Reviewed by: Suriya Lertpun Approved by: Martin McCaffrey

Rev No: 01 Issued date: 15th Oct 2015 Controlled copy online
Example Private & Confidential 28
Draw the IPR curve for the following well:
• Pr= 3000 psi
• K= 50 md
• H= 60 ft
• Oil Viscosity = 1 cp
• FVF= 1.05 resbbl/s bbl
• Re= 2500 ft
• 8 ½” OH
• Skin = 0
• Repeat the same with Skin +10, -4
Prepared by: Husam Helou Reviewed by: Suriya Lertpun Approved by: Martin McCaffrey

Rev No: 01 Issued date: 15th Oct 2015 Controlled copy online
Solution
Private & Confidential 29
Pwf
Pwf
3000
3000
SKIN = 0 SKIN = 10

Q bopd
Q bopd
Pwf 7,483
3,351
3000

SKIN = -4

Q bopd
14,762
Prepared by: Husam Helou Reviewed by: Suriya Lertpun Approved by: Martin McCaffrey

Rev No: 01 Issued date: 15th Oct 2015 Controlled copy online