A Farewell to Arms

novel by Hemingway
A Farewell to Arms, third novel by Ernest Hemingway, published in 1929. Its
depiction of the existential disillusionment of the “Lost Generation” echoes his early
short stories and his first major novel, The Sun Also Rises (1926). A Farewell to
Arms is particularly notable for its autobiographical elements.
Plot summary
The plot of A Farewell to Arms is fairly straightforward. While working with the
Italian ambulance service during World War I (1914–18), the American lieutenant
Frederic Henry meets the English nurse Catherine Barkley. Although she still
mourns the death of her fiancé, who was killed in the war, Catherine encourages
Henry’s advances. After Henry is badly wounded by a trench mortar shell near the
Isonzo River in Italy, he is brought to a hospital in Milan, where he is eventually
joined by Catherine. She tends to him as he recovers. During this time their
relationship deepens. Henry admits that he has fallen in love with her. Catherine
soon becomes pregnant by Henry but refuses to marry him.
After the hospital superintendent, Miss Van Campen, discovers that Henry has been
hiding alcohol in his hospital room, he is sent back to the front. During his absence,
morale on the front had significantly worsened. During the Italian retreat after the
disastrous Battle of Caporetto (1917), he deserts the army, just barely escaping
execution by Italian military police. Back in Milan, Henry searches for Catherine.
He soon learns that she has been sent to Stresa, some 95 miles (153 km) away. Henry
journeys to Stresa by train. Once there, he reunites with Catherine, and the couple
flee Italy by crossing the border into neutral Switzerland.
Upon arrival, Henry and Catherine are arrested by Swiss border authorities. They
decide to allow Henry and Catherine—who masquerade as architecture and art
students seeking “winter sport”—to stay in Switzerland. The couple pass several
happy months in a wooden house near Montreux. Late one night Catherine goes into
labour. She and Henry take a taxi to the hospital. A long and painful labour ensues,
and Henry wonders if Catherine will survive. Sadly, their son is stillborn. Soon after,
Catherine begins to hemorrhage and dies with Henry by her side. He tries to say
goodbye but cannot. He returns to their hotel alone, in the rain.
Analysis
In A Farewell to Arms, Hemingway provided a realistic and unromanticized account
of war. He wanted readers to experience the events of the novel as though they were
actually witnessing them. Using a simple writing style and plain language, he
omitted inessential adjectives and adverbs, rendering the violence of the Italian front
in sparing prose. To give readers a sense of immediacy, Hemingway used short
declarative clauses and made frequent use of the conjunction and. Many years after
the publication of A Farewell to Arms, Hemingway explained that he used the word
for its rhythmic quality: it was, he said, a “conscious imitation of the way Mr. Johann
Sebastian Bach used a note in music when he was emitting a counterpoint.” The
same language animates the protagonist’s voice, thoughts, and dialogue. The effect
is similarly lifelike. Hemingway authentically replicated the way soldiers speak in
times of war—profanities and all. (At the request of the publisher, Hemingway’s
editor, Maxwell Perkins, replaced the profanities with dashes. Hemingway
reportedly reinserted the words by hand in a few first-edition copies of the novel,
one of which he gave to Irish novelist James Joyce.)

Although Hemingway referred to the novel as his Romeo and Juliet, the tone of A
Farewell to Arms is lyric and pathetic rather than tragic. Grief turns the hero away
from, rather than toward, a deeper examination of life. Hemingway’s depiction of
Henry reflects the pathos of the Lost Generation, whose members came of age during
World War I. The conclusion of the novel—in which Catherine and the baby die,
leaving Henry desolate—is emblematic of the Lost Generation’s experience of
disillusionment and despondency in the immediate postwar years.
Interpretations of the title vary. The novel may take its name from a 16th-century
poem by the English dramatist George Peele. In Peele’s lyric poem, conventionally
called “A Farewell to Arms (To Queen Elizabeth),” a knight laments that he is too
old to bear arms for his queen, Elizabeth I:
His helmet now shall make a hive for bees;
And, lovers’ sonnets turn’d to holy psalms,
A man-at-arms must now serve on his knees,
And feed on prayers, which are Age his alms:
But though from court to cottage he depart,
His Saint is sure of his unspotted heart.
Peele’s poem reflects some of the core themes of Hemingway’s novel: duty, war,
and masculinity. However, there is no evidence to suggest that Hemingway knew of
the poem’s existence, let alone took its title. As some scholars noted, Hemingway
selected the title relatively late in the publishing process, while performing
manuscript revisions. These scholars argued that the title—and, by extension,
Peele’s poem—had no influence on the writing or shaping of the novel.
Another interpretation of the novel’s title stresses the dual meaning of the word arms.
In deserting the Italian army, the protagonist bids farewell to “arms” as weapons.
When Catherine dies, he bids farewell to the loving “arms” of his mistress. This
interpretation of the title blends the two major themes of the novel: war and love.
In 1958 Hemingway told George Plimpton of The Paris Review that he “rewrote the
ending to [A] Farewell to Arms, the last page of it, thirty-nine times before I was
satisfied.” He claimed that he had trouble “getting the words right.” Historians have
since determined that Hemingway actually wrote 47 endings to the novel. The
endings range in length from a few sentences to several paragraphs. Some endings
are bleaker than others. In one particularly grim ending, titled “The Nada Ending,”
Hemingway wrote, “That is all there is to the story. Catherine died and you will die
and I will die and that is all I can promise you.” In another ending, Henry and
Catherine’s baby survives. This ending—appropriately titled “Live-Baby Ending”—
was the seventh conclusion Hemingway wrote.
Hemingway sought advice on the ending from F. Scott Fitzgerald, his friend and
fellow author. Fitzgerald suggested Hemingway end the novel with the observation
that the world “breaks everyone,” and those “it does not break it kills.” In the end,
Hemingway chose not to take Fitzgerald’s advice. Instead, he concluded the novel
with these last lines:

But after I had got [the nurses] out and shut the door and turned off the light it
wasn’t any good. It was like saying good-bye to a statue. After a while I went out
and left the hospital and walked back to the hotel in the rain.
Publication and reception
Hemingway wrote and revised A Farewell to Arms in 15 months. The work was first
published serially in the United States in Scribner’s Magazine between May and
October 1929. Charles Scribner’s Sons reportedly paid Hemingway $16,000 for the
rights—the most the magazine had ever paid for a serialized work. In the late 1920s,
Scribner’s Magazine had an average annual circulation of about 70,000. Despite
attempts by the publisher to censor Hemingway’s work, many subscribers cancelled
their subscriptions to the magazine. They cited (among other things) Hemingway’s
bad language and “pornographic” depictions of premarital sex as reasons for
terminating their subscriptions. Authorities in Boston outright banned the magazine.
On June 21, 1929, The New York Times reported :
The June issue of Scribner’s Magazine was barred from bookstands...by Michael H.
Crowley, Superintendent of the Police, because of objections to an installment of
Ernest Hemingway’s serial, ‘A Farewell to Arms.’ It is said that some persons
deemed part of the installment salacious.
Scribner’s defended Hemingway’s work, claiming “the ban on the sale of the
magazine in Boston is an evidence of the improper use of censorship which bases its
objections upon certain passages without taking into account the effect and purpose
of the story as a whole.” The publisher argued that the work was neither immoral
nor “anti-war.”
A Farewell to Arms first appeared as a novel in the United States in September 1929.
Scribner’s ordered an initial print run of about 31,000 copies. Hemingway numbered
and signed 510 first-edition copies. The novel was Hemingway’s first best seller; it
sold some 100,000 copies in its first 12 months. Unlike the serial, the novel enjoyed
a generally warm reception. A New York Times review described it as “a moving
and beautiful book.” In November 1929 the London Times Literary Supplement
deemed it “a novel of great power” and Hemingway “an extremely talented and
original artist.” The American novelist John Dos Passos—Hemingway’s
contemporary and sometime friend—called the novel “a first-rate piece of
craftsmanship by a man who knows his job.”
In Italy, news of the novel’s publication was not received well. Many Italians
resented Hemingway’s (highly accurate) depiction of the Italian retreat after the
Battle of Caporetto. The fascist regime under Benito Mussolini banned the novel.
Some scholars speculated that the ban was instituted in part because of a personal
conflict between Hemingway and Mussolini. Years before, Hemingway had
interviewed Mussolini for The Toronto Daily Star. In an article published in 1923,
Hemingway referred to Mussolini as “the biggest bluff in Europe.” A Farewell to
Arms was not published in Italy until 1948.
Since its publication in 1929, Hemingway’s A Farewell to Arms has been translated
into many languages, including Arabic, Italian, Japanese, and Urdu. A number of
revised editions have been published. Notably, in July 2012, Scribner’s published an
edition of the novel containing all 47 alternative endings, in addition to pieces from
early drafts.
Autobiographical elements
A Farewell to Arms has been praised for its realistic depiction of war. Its realism has
often been attributed to personal experience: the novel is informed in no small part
by Hemingway’s own wartime service. Although Hemingway spent less time and
had a more limited role in World War I than his protagonist, the resemblance
between his experience and Henry’s is nonetheless striking.
During World War I, Hemingway worked as an ambulance driver for the American
Red Cross. Like Henry, he served on the Italian front and suffered a severe injury on
the Austro-Italian front. On the night of July 8, 1918, while handing out chocolate
and cigarettes to soldiers, Hemingway was struck by fragments of an Austrian
mortar shell. He was wounded in the foot, knee, thighs, scalp, and hand. In all, he
absorbed more than 200 pieces of shrapnel—by his own count, 237.
In the aftermath of the explosion, the injured Hemingway reportedly carried a man
to safety. (He was subsequently awarded a medal of valour for this action, among
several others.) Hemingway was ultimately taken to a Red Cross hospital in Milan,
where he met and fell in love with a nurse named Agnes von Kurowsky. At age 26,
von Kurowsky was seven years his senior. Although she did not fully reciprocate his
love, von Kurowsky was fond of Hemingway and enjoyed his company. In a diary
entry on August 25, 1918, she wrote that Hemingway “has a case on me, or thinks
he has. He is a dear boy and so cute about it….” Once Hemingway began to recover
from his injuries, the pair attended operas and horse races together. In September
1918, about two months after Hemingway’s injury, von Kurowsky volunteered for
service in Florence during an influenza outbreak. She and Hemingway maintained
correspondence. In her letters, von Kurowsky called Hemingway “Kid.” He called
her “Mrs. Kid” and “the missus.”
Von Kurowsky’s feelings for Hemingway were never as deep as his affection for
her. She broke off the relationship in a letter dated March 7, 1919, not long after
Hemingway returned to his home in Oak Park, Illinois. In the letter, von Kurowsky
explained that she was “still very fond” of Hemingway but “more as a mother than
as a sweetheart.” According to his sister, Marcelline, Hemingway vomited after
reading the letter. Years after Hemingway’s death in 1961, his son, Jack, called the
loss of von Kurowsky the great tragedy of his father’s early life.
Von Kurowsky almost undoubtedly served as the source for the heroine in A
Farewell to Arms. When asked about Hemingway’s novel in 1976, she said, “Let’s
get it straight—please. I wasn’t that kind of girl.” She objected to the insinuation
that she and Hemingway were lovers, insisting that Catherine Barkley was an “arrant
fantasy” and that the affair in the hospital was “totally implausible.”
Legacy
A Farewell to Arms was one of the most widely read war novels of the 20th century.
It was published during the period between World War I and World War II, a time
when war novels were very popular in the United States and around the world. A
Farewell to Arms was published in the same year as Erich Maria Remarque’s
magnum opus Im Westen nichts Neues (All Quiet on the Western Front), which
details the daily horrors of war on the Western front in laconic understatement.
Remarque’s characters, like Hemingway’s, are remarkably disillusioned with the
war. Hemingway and Remarque together set the precedent for future war novelists
Evelyn Waugh, Kurt Vonnegut, Joseph Heller, Tim O’Brien, Sebastian Faulks, and
others whose work expresses a cynical attitude toward war and violence.