V Adj

.
N Adv.

PN Prep.
Structure Page Structure Page
Personal Pronouns 1-3 Present Perfect Continuous 42
Verb to be ( present ) 4-6 Present Perfect ( Exercises) 42

Verb to be ( past ) 7-9 Past Perfect 43-44

Verb to be ( exercises ) 10 To + inf. / V+ ing 45-46

Verb to have ( present ) 11-13 Expressing habit 47

Verb to have ( past ) 14 Adjectives 48-49

V. to have (exercises) 15 Adverbs 50

Verb to do ( present ) 16-18 Noun Types 51

Verb to do ( past ) 19 Plurals & Uncountable Nouns 52-54

V. to do (exercises) 20-21 Noun Determiners 55-57

Helping Verbs Uses 22 a-an -the 58-60

Negative Sentence 23 Relative Pronouns 61-62

Asking Questions 24-26 Connectors (and/but..) 63-64

Tag Questions 27-28 Conjunctions(because..) 65-66

Irregular Verbs 29 If / Unless 67-68

Present Simple 30-31 Expressing Regret / Far wish 69

Past Simple 32-33 Prepositions 70-71

Future Simple 34-35 Modal Verbs 72-75

Present Continuous 36-37 Passive Voice & Causative 76-77

Past Continuous 38-39 Direct & Indirect Speech 78-79

Present Perfect 40-41 Sentence Structure 80-82

 Personal Subject Pronouns ‫ضمائرالفاعل‬
‫تأتي قبل الفعل أو بعد‬
1 ‫الفعل المساعد في السؤال‬
Pronouns
First person ‫متكلم‬ Second person ‫ مخاطب‬Third person ‫غائب‬

I You He She It
‫أنا‬ ‫ أنتي‬/ ‫أنت‬ ‫هو‬ ‫هي‬ ‫غير عاقل‬

We You

‫نحن‬ ‫ أنتن‬/ ‫أنتم‬ They ) ‫ هن ( للعاقل والغير عاقل‬/ ‫هم‬

Object Pronouns ‫تأتي بعد الفعل أو بعد‬

2 ‫ضمائرالمفعول‬
‫حرف جر‬
First person ‫متكلم‬ Second person Third person ‫غائب‬

me you him her it

hit me ‫ضربني‬ hit you ‫ضربتك‬ hit him ‫ضربه‬ hit her ‫ضربتها‬ hit it

us you them

hit us ‫ضربنا‬ hit you ‫ضربتكم‬ hit them ) ‫ غير عاقل‬/ ‫ضربهم ( عاقل‬

Possessive Adjectives ‫صفات الملكية‬ ‫تأتي قبل األسم‬

3 ‫الممتلك‬
First person ‫متكلم‬ Second person Third person ‫غائب‬

my your his her its

his ball her ball its ball

my ball ‫كرتي‬ your ball ‫كرتك‬
‫كرته‬ ‫كرتها‬ ‫كرته‬

our your
their

our ball ‫كرتنا‬ your ball ‫كرتكم‬ their ball ) ‫ غير عاقل‬/ ‫ملكهم ( عاقل‬

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 Possessive Pronouns ‫ضمائرالملكية‬ ‫تعبر عن الملكية ولكن ال‬
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‫يأتي بعدها اسم‬

First person ‫متكلم‬ Second person Third person ‫غائب‬

mine yours his hers its

‫ملكي‬ ‫ملكك‬ ‫ملكه‬ ‫ملكها‬

This is mine. This ball is yours. This ball is his. This ball is hers.

ours yours
theirs ‫ملكهم‬
‫ملكنا‬ ‫ملككم‬

This ball is ours. This ball is yours. This ball is theirs.

5 Reflexive Pronouns ‫ضمائراألنعكاس‬ ‫ الفاعل هو نفسه المفعول‬-

‫ الفاعل قام بالفعل بنفسه‬-
First person ‫متكلم‬ Second person Third person ‫غائب‬

myself yourself himself herself itself

‫ بنفسي‬/‫نفسي‬ ‫ بنفسك‬/ ‫نفسك‬ ‫ بنفسه‬/ ‫نفسه‬ ‫ بنفسها‬/ ‫نفسها‬

see myself see yourself see himself see herself

ourselves yourselves themselves

‫ بأنفسنا‬/ ‫أنفسنا‬ ‫ بأنفسكم‬/ ‫أنفسكم‬
‫ بأنفسهم‬/‫أنفسهم‬
see ourselves see yourselves see themselves )‫غيرعاقل‬/‫(عاقل‬

Exercises (Pronouns)
Complete with: I / He / She / It / We / You / They

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Complete with:
my/his/her/its/our/your/ their mine /his/ hers/ its/ours/yours/ theirs

We (....…... / They (……….. You (…………. She (……….…. Reem (…..….

……….…. ) / ……….... ) / ……….…….) / …………....) / …….…...)
He (……….... It (………..…. I (………….. / Ali (…….……... Boys (.…...….
/ …………. ) / ……...….) …………. ) / ………….) / ………. )

Complete with : myself/himself/herself/itself/ourselves/yourself/themselves

We(…..…...) He (…….......) You(..............) She(............... It (...............)

They (..…....) I (..……….....) Ali (.………....) )Boys (.…......) Reem (……...)

Complete with: me / him / her / it / us / you / them

Reem (…....) I (..……….....) She (............) They (.……...) We (………...)

Ali (.……......) Boys(….…....) It (................) You (.............) He (……........)

Complete with the following sentences with a suitable pronoun:

I am a boy. .....…… have two brothers. ……….…. father is a doctor. He

helps ……….….. in ……….… homework but I usually do it ……………… .

This is Ali. .....…… is a boy. ………. eyes are small. All boys love ………
because ……… is kind. He does ……….. homework ……………

This is Reem. .....…… is a girl. ………. eyes are small. All girls love ………
because ……… is kind. She does ……….. homework ……………

This is my cat. ……. is very cute. ……… tail is short. I usually give ……….
milk to drink. It drinks the milk ……….

We are nice boys. .....…… are so happy. We love …….… teachers who
teach ……… useful things. We care for ………….. to have good health.

You are Reem. .....…… are a clever student. ………. mark is good. I
love you because you study ……….. lessons ………….

They are boys. .....…… are twins. ………. house is big. They love …….…..
school. All teachers love ……….. . They do ……… lessons ………….

Choose:
- Is this your pen? Yes, it is (my/mine). - Is this your pen?Yes,it is (ours/our)pen.
- Is this her pen? Yes, it is (her/hers) pen. - Is this their car? Yes, it is (their/theirs).

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Verb to be ‫فعل يكون‬ am is are
Affirmative ‫االثبات‬ (’m) (’s) (’re)
( Present ‫( المضارع‬
PN V. to be PN + V. to be Sentence
I am I am ‫أنا أكون‬ I am a boy.
(’m) I’m a boy.
We are (I’m)
We are ‫نحن نكون‬ We are boys.
(’re) (We’re) We’re boys
You are You are ‫أنت تكون‬ You are a boy.
(’re) (You’re ) You’re a boy.
You are You are ‫أنتم تكونون‬ You are boys.
(’re) (You’re ) You’re boys
He is He is ‫هويكون‬ He is a boy.
(’s) (He’s) He’s a boy.
She is She is ‫هي تكون‬ She is a girl.
(’s) (She’s) She’s a girl.
It is It is ‫ هي تكون‬/ ‫هويكون‬ It is a cat.
(’s) ( It’s ) ‫لغير العاقل‬ It’s a cat.
They are They are ‫هم يكونون‬ They are boys.
(’re) ( They’re ) They’re boys.
They are They are ‫هم يكونون‬ They are cats.
(’re) ( They’re ) They’re cats.

Demonstrative Pronouns ‫ضمائر األشارة‬

Near Far ‫بعيد‬
Singular ‫ قريب‬This is ‫ هذه‬/ ‫هذا‬ That is ‫ تلك‬/ ‫ذلك‬
‫مفرد‬ This is an egg. That is an egg.
Plural These are ‫هؤالء‬ Those are ‫أولئك‬
‫جمع‬ These are eggs. Those are eggs.

There is (There’s) ‫يوجد للمفرد‬ There are (There’re) ‫يوجد للجمع‬

There is a flower in the vase. There are two flowers in the vase.

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 am not is not are not
Verb to be ‫فعل يكون‬ Negative
’m not ’s not ’re not
( Present ‫( المضارع‬ ‫النفي‬
isn’t aren’t

PN V. to be PN+ V. to be Sentence
I am not I am not I am not a girl.
’m not I’m not I’m not a girl.
We are not We are not We are not girls.
’re not/aren’t We’re not/We aren’t We’re not girls.
You are not You are not You are not a girl.
’re not/aren’t You’re not/You aren’t You’re not a girl.
You are not You are not You are not girls.
’re not/aren’t You’re not/You aren’t You’re not girls.
He is not He is not He is not a girl.
’s not / isn’t He’s not / He isn’t He’s not a girl.
She is not She is not She is not a boy.
’s not / isn’t She’s not / She isn’t She’s not a boy.
It is not It is not It is not a dog.
’s not / isn’t It’s not / It isn’t It’s not a dog.
They are not They are not They are not girls.
’re not/aren’t They’re not/They aren’t They’re not girls.
They are not They are not They are not dogs.
’re not/aren’t They’re not/They aren’t They’re not dogs.

Demonstrative Pronouns ‫ضمائر األشارة‬

Near Far ‫بعيد‬
Singular ‫ قريب‬This is not That is not
‫مفرد‬ This is not a vase. That isn't a vase.
Plural These are not Those are not
‫جمع‬ These aren't vases. Those aren't vases.

There is not /There’s not/There isn’t

There is not a flower in the vase.

There are not/There’re not/There aren’t

There are not any flowers in the vase.

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 Am / Is / Are …….?
Verb to be ‫فعل يكون‬ Question Yes, ….. am / is / are.
( Present ‫( المضارع‬ ‫السؤال‬ No, ….. am not / isn't / aren't.

Be PN Question Question with short answers

Am I Am I …. ? Am I a boy? Yes, you are.
‫هل أنا‬ Am I a girl? No, you aren’t.
Are we Are we …? Are we boys? Yes, you are.
‫هل نحن‬ Are we girls? No, you aren’t.
Are you Are you...? Are you a boy? Yes, I am.
‫هل أنت‬ Are you a girl? No, I am not.
Are you Are you...? Are you boys? Yes, we are.
‫هل أنتم‬ Are you girls? No, we aren’t.
Is he Is he …..? Is he a boy? Yes, he is.
‫هل هو‬ Is he a girl? No, he isn’t.
Is she Is she ….? Is she a girl? Yes, she is.
‫هل هي‬ Is she a boy? No, she isn’t.
Is it Is it ……? Is it a cat? Yes, it is.
‫هل هي‬ Is it a dog? No, it isn’t.
Are they Are they …? Are they boys? Yes, they are.
‫هل هم‬ Are they girls?No, they aren't.
Are they Are they …? Are they cats? Yes, they are.
‫هل هم‬ Are they dogs?No,they aren't.

(Are you ..?) ‫ ) إلي‬I am / we are ) ‫عند السؤال غالبا نحول‬

Demonstrative Pronouns ‫ضمائر األشارة‬

Near ‫قريب‬ Far ‫بعيد‬
Is this..? Yes, it is./No, it isn’t Is that….? Yes, it is. / No, it isn’t
Is this an egg? Yes, it is. Is that an egg? Yes, it is.
Are these …? Are those …?
Yes, they are./No, they aren’t. Yes, they are. /No,they aren’t.
Are these eggs?Yes, they are. Are those eggs?Yes, they are.

Is there….? ‫ هل يوجد للمفرد‬Yes, there is. / No, there isn’t.

Is there a flower in the vase? Yes, there is.
Is there a pen in the vase? No, there isn’t.
Are there…..? ‫ هل يوجد للجمع‬Yes, there are. / No, there aren’t.
Are there flowers in the vase? Yes, there are.
Are there pens in the vase? No, there aren’t.
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Verb to be ‫فعل يكون‬ was / were
Affirmative ‫االثبات‬
( Past ‫( الماضي‬

PN V. to be PN + V. to be Sentence
I was I was ‫أنا كنت‬ I was playing.

We were We were ‫نحن كنا‬ We were playing.

You were You were ‫أنت كنت‬ You were playing.

You Were You were ‫أنتم كنتم‬ You were playing.

He was He was ‫هو كان‬ He was playing.

She was She was ‫هي كانت‬ She was playing.

It was It was ‫هي كانت‬/‫هوكان‬ It was playing.

‫لغير العاقل‬
They were They were ‫هم كانوا‬ They were playing.

They Were They were ‫هم كانوا‬ They were playing.

There was ‫كان يوجد للمفرد‬ There were ‫كان يوجد للجمع‬
There was a flower in the vase. There were two flowers in the vase.

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 was not (wasn’t) /
Verb to be ‫فعل يكون‬ Negative ‫النفي‬ were not (weren’t)
( Past ‫( الماضي‬

PN V. to be PN + V. to be Sentence
I was not I was not ‫أنا لم أكن‬ I was not eating.
wasn’t I wasn’t I wasn’t eating.
We were not We were not We were not eating.
weren’t We weren’t ‫نحن لم نكن‬ We weren’t eating.
You were not You were not ‫أنت لم‬ You were not eating.
weren’t You weren’t ‫تكن‬ You weren’t eating.
You were not You were not ‫أنتم لم‬ You were not eating.
weren’t You weren’t ‫تكونون‬ You weren’t eating.
He was not He was not ‫هو لم يكن‬ He was not eating.
wasn’t He wasn’t He wasn’t eating.
She was not She was not ‫هي لم‬ She was not eating.
wasn’t She wasn’t ‫تكن‬ She wasn’t eating.
It was not It was not ‫هي لم تكن‬ It was not eating.
wasn’t It wasn’t )‫(لغيرالعاقل‬ It wasn’t eating.
They were not They were not ‫هم لم‬ They were not eating.
weren’t They weren’t ‫يكونون‬ They weren’t eating.
They were not They were not ‫هم لم‬ They were not eating.
weren’t They weren’t ‫يكونون‬ They weren’t eating.

There ‫يوجد‬

Past now There was not (wasn’t) ‫لم يكن يوجد للمفرد‬
There wasn't a flower in the vase.
Now there is a flower in the vase.

Past now There were not (weren’t) ‫لم يكن يوجد للجمع‬
There weren't any flowers in the vase.
Now there are two flowers in the vase.

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 Was / Were…?
Verb to be ‫فعل يكون‬ Yes, ….. was / were.
Question ‫السؤال‬
( Past ‫( الماضي‬ No, … wasn't /weren't.

Be PN Question Question with short answers

Was I Was I …. ? Was I playing? Yes, you were.
‫هل كنت‬ Was I eating? No, you weren’t.
Were we Were we …? Were we playing? Yes, you were.
‫هل كنا‬ Were we eating? No, you weren’t.
Were you Were you...? Were you playing? Yes, I was.
‫هل كنت‬ Were you eating? No, I wasn’t.
Were you Were you...? Were you playing? Yes, we were.
‫هل كنتم‬ Were you eating? No, we weren’t.
Was he Was he …..? Was he playing? Yes, he was.
‫هل كان‬ Was he eating? No, he wasn’t.
Was she Was she ….? Was she playing? Yes, she was.
‫هل كانت‬ Was she eating? No, she wasn’t.
Was it Was it ……? Was it playing? Yes, it was.
‫ هل كانت‬/ ‫هل كان‬ Was it eating? No, it wasn’t.
Were they Were they..? Were they playing?Yes, they were.
) ‫هل كانوا ( للعاقل‬ Were they eating?No,they weren’t.
Were they Were they..? Were they playing?Yes, they were.
)‫هل كانوا(غيرعاقل‬ Were they eating?No,they weren’t.

:(Were you ..?) ‫ ) إلي‬I was / we were ) ‫* عند السؤال غالبا نحول‬
I was ….. Were you ……? Yes, I was. / No, I wasn’t.
We were ….. Were you …... ? Yes, we were. / No, we weren’t.

Was there….? ‫ هل كان يوجد للمفرد‬Yes, there was. / No, there wasn’t.
Was there a flower in the vase? Yes, there was.
Was there a pen in the vase? No, there wasn't.

Were there..? ‫ هل كان يوجد للجمع‬Yes, there were. /No, there weren’t.
Were there flowers in the vase? Yes, there were.
Were there pens in the vase? No, there weren't.

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 Exercises (v. to be )

Look at the pictures and match:

am is are

was was 're were

'm 's

She Water They You A boy Ali

Boys We He I It Ali and Omar

Answer the following questions:

1) What's your name? 1) …………………………………….

2) Where are you from? 2) …………………………………….
3) How old are you? 3) …………………………………….
4) What's your father's job? 4) …………………………………….
5) When were you born? 5) …………………………………….
6) Where were you born? 6) …………………………………….
7) What's the weather like today? 7)………………………………….….
8) What was the weather like? 8) ……………………………………..

Complete with: am / is / are / was / were

1) My brother ……....…… fine today. He ……..…. sick yesterday.

2) I …….. studying at 6:00 last day. Now I ….….…… playing with my sister.
3) The boys ………… watching TV now. Last night they ……….. sleeping.
4) There ………… some water in the bottle. Do you want to drink?
5) My cat ………..… small now. Last year it ……………. big.
6) The weather …………….. hot today but last night it …………….. rainy.
7) My sister ….… studying now but she ….…. playing at 5:00 p.m. last day.
8) When I saw my friends, they ……… not studying. They ………….. playing.
9) My father ………… not sleeping now. He ……………. at work.
10) There …... many boys in the class today but there ..…. few boys last
week.

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Verb to have ‫فعل يمتلك‬ have ('ve)/ has ('s)
Affirmative ‫األثبات‬
(Present ‫(المضارع‬
PN have/has PN+ have/has Sentence
I have I have I have got a ball.
’ve I’ve ‫أنا معي‬ I’ve got a ball.

We have We have We have got a ball.

’ve We’ve ‫نحن معنا‬ We’ve got a ball.
You have You have You have got a ball.
’ve You’ve ‫أنت معك‬ You’ve got a ball.
You have You have You have got a ball.
’ve You’ve ‫أنتم معكم‬ You’ve got a ball.
He has He has He has got a ball.
’s He’s ‫هو معه‬ He’s got a ball.
She has She has She has got a ball.
’s She’s ‫هي معها‬ She’s got a ball.
It has It has It has got a ball.
’s It’s ‫هي معها‬ It’s got a ball.
They have They have They have got a ball.
’ve They’ve ‫هم معهم‬ They’ve got a ball.
They have They have They have got a ball.
’ve They’ve ‫هم معهم‬ They’ve got a ball.

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Verb to have ‫فعل يمتلك‬ have not (haven't) /
Negative ‫النفي‬
(Present ‫(المضارع‬ has not (hasn't)

PN V. to have PN + Sentence
V. to have
I have not I have not I have not got a bike.
’ve not I’ve not I’ve not got a bike.
haven’t I haven’t I haven’t got a bike.
‫أنا ليس معي‬ ‫أنا ليس معي دراجة‬
We have not We have not We have not got a bike.
’ve not We’ve not We’ve not got a bike.
haven’t We haven’t We haven’t got a bike.
‫نحن ليس معنا‬ ‫نحن ليس معنا دراجة‬
You have not You have not You have not got a bike.
’ve not You’ve not You’ve not got a bike.
haven’t You haven’t You haven’t got a bike.
‫أنت ليس معك‬ ‫أنت ليس معك دراجة‬
You have not You have not You have not got a bike.
’ve not You’ve not You’ve not got a bike.
haven’t You haven’t You haven’t got a bike.
‫أنتم ليس معكم‬ ‫أنتم ليس معكم دراجة‬
He has not He has not He has not got a bike.
’s not He’s not He’s not got a bike.
hasn’t He hasn’t He hasn’t got a bike.
‫هوليس معه‬ ‫هوليس معه دراجة‬
She has not She has not She has not got a bike.
’s not She’s not She’s not got a bike.
hasn’t She hasn’t She hasn’t got a bike.
‫هي ليس معها‬ ‫هي ليس معها دراجة‬
It has not It has not It has not got a bike.
’s not It’s not It’s not got a bike.
hasn’t It hasn’t It hasn’t got a bike.
‫ هي ) ليس معها‬/ ‫(هو‬ ‫هي ليس معها دراجة‬

They have not They have not They have not got a bike.
’ve not They’ve not They’ve not got a bike.
haven’t They haven’t They haven’t got a bike.
‫هم ليس معهم‬ ‫هم ليس معهم دراجة‬
They have not They have not They have not got a bike.
’ve not They’ve not They’ve not got a bike.
haven’t They haven’t They haven’t got a bike.
‫هم ليس معهم‬ ‫هم ليس معهم دراجة‬

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Verb to have ‫فعل يمتلك‬ Have / Has …?
Question ‫السؤال‬ Yes, ….. have / has.
(Present ‫(المضارع‬ No, ….. haven't / hasn't.

Have PN Question Question with short answers

Has
Have I Have I ….. ? Have I got a ball? Yes, you have.
‫هل أمتلك‬ Have I got a car? No, you haven't.
Have we Have we ...? Have we got a ball? Yes, you have.
‫هل نمتلك‬ Have we got a car? No, you haven't.
Have you Have you.. ? Have you got a ball? Yes, I have.
‫هل تمتلك‬ Have you got a car? No, I haven't.
Have you Have you.. ? Have you got a ball? Yes, we have.
‫هل تمتلكون‬ Have you got a car ? No, we haven't.
Has he Has he….. ? Has he got a ball? Yes, he has.
‫هل يمتلك‬ Has he got a car? No, he hasn't.
Has she Has she …. ? Has she got a ball? Yes, she has.
‫هل تمتلك‬ Has she got a car? No, she hasn't.
Has it Has it ….. ? Has it got a ball? Yes, it has.
‫هل تمتلك‬ Has it got a car? No, it hasn't.
Have they Have they..? Have they got a ball? Yes, they have.
‫هل يمتلكون‬ Have they got a car? No, they haven't.

Have they Have they..? Have they got a ball? Yes, they have.
‫هل يمتلكون‬ Have they got a car? No, they haven't.

I he

we she
Have …? Has
you it …?
they Ali

boys tea

(Have you ….?) ‫ ( الي‬I have / We have ( ‫عند السؤال غالبا نحول‬

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 Verb to have ‫فعل يمتلك‬ had ( 'd )
Affirmative ‫األثبات‬
(past ‫(الماضي‬
PN had PN + had Sentence
I had (’d) I had / I’d I had got a car. / I'd got a car.
We had (’d) We had / We’d We had got a car./We'd got a car.
I’ve
You had (’d) You had / You’d You had got a car./You'd got a car.
He had (’d) He had / He’d He had got a car. / He'd got a car.
She had (’d) She had / She’d She had got a car./ She'd got a car.
It had (’d) It had / It’d It had got a car. / It'd got a car.
They had (’d) They had/They’d They had got a car./They'd got a car.

Negative ‫النفي‬ had not / hadn't

PN had not PN+ had not Sentence

I had not I had not / I'd not / I hadn't I hadn't got a car.
We had not We had not/ We'd not/ We hadn't We hadn't got a car.
had not I’ve
You had not/ You'd not/ You hadn't You hadn't got a car.
You
He had not He had not / He'd not / He hadn't He hadn't got a car.

She had not She had not / She'd not / She hadn't She hadn't got a car.
It had not It had not/ It'd not/ It hadn't It hadn't got a car.
They had not They had not/They'd not/They hadn't They hadn't got a car.

Had ….. ? Yes,…. had.

Question ‫السؤال‬
No, …. hadn't.

Had PN Question Question with short answers

Had I Had I…? Had I got a car? Yes, you had./ No, you hadn't.
Had we Had we…? Had we got a car?Yes,you had./No,you hadn't.
I’ve
Had you Had you..? Had you got a car? Yes, I had. / No, I hadn't.
Had he Had he…? Had he got a car? Yes, he had. / No, he hadn't.
Had she Had she..? Had she got a car?Yes,she had./No,she hadn't.
Had it Had it…? Had it got a car? Yes, it had. / No, it hadn't.
Had they Had they.? Had they got a car? Yes, they had./No,they hadn't.

14
 Exercises (V. to have)

Complete with: have has had

1) My brother …………..……… a car now. He ………………. a bike last year.

2) I ……..... a pet dog these days. I ………..….. a pet cat three weeks ago.
3) The boys ……….. nice shoes today. Last week they ………..... old shoes.
4) My mother …….. little money yesterday. Today, she …….. much money.
5) My cat ……………… a long tail now. Last year it …………... a short tail.

Complete with: Abbreviate:

I We / You / They / Boys I have ……………….

He has ……………….
He / She / It / A boy
She has ……………….

It has ……………...

We have ……………….

You have ……………….

They have ……………….

.
I have not ……………….

He has not ……………….

We have not .………………

…..
complete the sentences with (have / haven't/has/hasn't):

1) The boy …….. got a ball in his hands. He ……….…… got a racket.
2) The boy ………… got sandals in his leg. He …….…… got sneakers.
3) The boy …………….. got shorts. He ………………….……. got pants.
4) Has the boy got a watch in his hand? No, he …………….
5) Has the boy got a T-shirt? Yes, he …………..

6) The boys …………… got TV in their room. They ……….. got a fridge.
7) The boys ….. got an oven in their room. They …… got a cupboard.
8) The boys ……….. got stove in their room. They ………… got a sofa.
9) Have the boys got a window in their room? Yes, they …………..
10) Have the boys got a desk in their room? No, they …………….

Answer: How many brothers do you have? I ………………………………… brothers.

How many hands does your brother have? He ……………………. hands.

15
Verb to do ‫فعل يعمل‬ do / does
Affirmative ‫األثبات‬
(Present ‫(المضارع‬
What do they do every day?

PN do PN+ Sentence
does do/does
I do I do I do my homework.
‫أنا أعمل‬
We do We do We do our homework.
‫نحن نعمل‬
You do You do You do your homework.
‫أنت تعمل‬
You do You do You do your homework.
‫أنتم تعملون‬
He does He does He does his homework.
‫هو يعمل‬
She does She does She does her homework.
‫هي تعمل‬
It does It does It does harm to people.
‫هي تعمل‬
They do They do They do their homework.
‫هم يعملون‬
They do They do They do harm to people.
‫هم يعملون‬

16
Verb to do ‫فعل يعمل‬ do not (don't) /
Negative ‫النفي‬
(Present ‫(المضارع‬ does not (doesn't)

What don't they do every day?

PN don't PN + Sentence
doesn't don't/ doesn't
I do not I do not I do not do my homework.
don’t I don’t I don’t do my homework.
‫أنا ال أعمل‬ ‫أنا ال أعمل واجبي‬
We do not We do not We do not do our homework.
don’t We don’t We don’t do our homework.
‫نحن ال نعمل‬ ‫نحن ال نعمل واجبنا‬
You do not You do not You do not do your homework.
don’t You don’t You don’t do your homework.
‫أنت ال تعمل‬ ‫أنت ال تعمل واجبك‬
You do not You do not You do not do your homework.
don’t You don’t You don’t do your homework.
‫أنتم ال تعملون‬ ‫أنتم ال تعملون واجبكم‬
He does not He does not He does not do his homework.
doesn’t He doesn’t He doesn’t do his homework.
‫هو ال يعمل‬ ‫هوال يعمل واجبه‬
She does not She does not She does not do her homework.
doesn’t She doesn’t She doesn’t do her homework.
‫هي ال تعمل‬ ‫هي ال تعمل واجبها‬
It does not It does not It does not do harm to us.
doesn’t It doesn’t It doesn’t do harm to us.
‫هي ال تعمل‬ ‫هي ال تعمل أذى لنا‬
They do not They do not They do not do their homework.
don’t They don’t They don’t do their homework.
‫هم ال يعملون‬ ‫هم ال يعملون واجبهم‬
They do not They do not They do not do harm to us.
don’t They don’t They don’t do harm to us.
‫هم ال يعملون‬ ‫هم ال يعملون أذى لنا‬

I / We / You / They / My friends / Ali and Omar do not ( don't )

He / She / It / A boy / My friend / Ali / Water does not ( doesn't )

17
Verb to do ‫فعل يعمل‬ Do / Does …?
Question ‫السؤال‬ Yes, ….. do / does
(Present ‫(المضارع‬
No, ….. don't / doesn't.
Do PN Question Question with short answers
Does
Do I Do I .. ? Do I do my homework? Yes, you do.
‫هل تعمل‬ Do I play? No, you don't.
Do we Do we..? Do we do our homework? Yes, you do.
‫هل نعمل‬ Do we play? No, you don't.

Do you Do you? Do you do your homework? Yes, I do.

‫هل تعمل‬ Do you play? No, I don't.

Do you Do you ? Do you do your homework? Yes, we do.

‫هل تعملون‬ Do you play? No, we don't.
Does he Does he.? Does he do his homework? Yes,he does.
‫هل يعمل‬ Does he play? No, he doesn't.
Does she Does she? Does she do her homework?Yes,she does.
‫هل تعمل‬ Does she play? No, she doesn't.

Does it Does it. ? Does it do harm to people? Yes, it does.

‫هل تعمل‬ Does it do well to people? No, it doesn't.
Do they Do they? Do they do their homework?Yes, they do.
‫هل يعملون‬ Do they play? No, they don't.

Do they Do they? Do they do harm to people?Yes,they do.

‫هل يعملون‬ Do they do well to people?No,they don't.

I he

we she
Do Does
you …? it …?
they Ali

boys tea

(Do you ….?) ‫ ( إلي‬I do / We do ( ‫عند السؤال غالبا نحول‬

18
 Verb to do ‫فعل يعمل‬ did
Affirmative ‫األثبات‬
(Past ‫(الماضي‬
PN did PN + did Sentence
I did I did ‫أنا عملت‬ I did my homework.
We did We did ‫نحن عملنا‬ We did our homework.
You did You
I’ve did ‫أنت عملت‬ You did your homework.
He did He did ‫هو عمل‬ He did his homework.
She did She did ‫هي عملت‬ She did her homework.
It did It did ‫هي عملت‬/‫هو عمل‬ It did harm to people.
They did They did ‫هم عملوا‬ They did their homework.

Negative ‫النفي‬ did not (didn't)

PN did not PN+ did not Sentence

I did not I did not / I didn't I didn't do my homework.
We did not We did not/ We didn't We didn't do our homework.
I’ve
You did not You did not/ You didn't You didn't do your homework.
He did not He did not / He didn't He didn't do his homework.
She did not She did not / She didn't She didn't do her homework.
It did not It did not / It didn't It didn't do any harm.
They did not They did not/They didn't They didn't do their homework.

Did..?
Yes,… did.
Question ‫السؤال‬
No, ….. didn't.

Did PN Question Question with short answers

Did I Did I ? Did I do my homework? Yes, you did./No,you didn't.
Did we Did we? Did we do our homework?Yes,you did./No,you didn't.
I’ve
Did you Did you ? Did you do your homework? Yes, I did. / No, I didn't.
Did he Did he? Did he do his homework? Yes, he did. / No, he didn't.
Did she Did she? Did she do her homework?Yes,she did./No,she didn't.
Did it Did it? Did it do any harm? Yes, it did. / No, it didn't.
Did they Did they? Did they do their homework? Yes,they did.
/ No,they didn't.

(Did you ….?) ‫ ( الي‬I did / We did ( ‫عند السؤال غالبا نحول‬

19
Complete with: I We / You / They / Boys He / She / It / A boy

complete the sentences with (don't /doesn't /didn't):

Ali goes to the park every Friday. Ali and Hamad study every day.
He …………….. go to the cinema. They ………………….. play football.

The crocodile lives in water. Elephants lives on land.

It ……………….. live on land. They ……………….. live in water.

Omar watched TV yesterday. Saif played football yesterday.

He ……………….. listen to music. He ………………….. play tennis.

Change into negative using (don't / doesn't / didn't):

1) I go (……………………..) 4) She played (………………………..)

2) He watches (……………………) 5) They studied (…………………………)
3) You study (………………………) 6) We went (…………………………)

20
Complete the sentences with (do/ don't /does/doesn't /did/ didn't):

1) Where ………………… your father work? – He works in a bank.

2) What ………………….. you eat every day? – I eat fish.
3) Do you go to school? Yes, I ………………..
4) Does your mother cook tasty food? Yes, she …………….
5) Do your friends play tennis? No, they …………..
6) Does your sister sleep early? No, she ………………
7) Did your friends go to the club last week? No, they ………….
8) Did your friend study yesterday? Yes, he …………….
9) Where …………………. you go yesterday? – I went to the park.
10) Did your brother play football yesterday? No, he…………..

Answer the following questions:

1) What don't you do on Fridays? ………………………...…………………………

2) What foods don't you like? ………………………………………….…………...
3) What sports doesn't your friend play? …………………………..………………
4) What didn't you do yesterday? …………………………………………………..
5) Where didn't your friends go yesterday? ……………………………..……….
6) What subjects don't your friends like? ………………………………..………..

Complete the sentences with (don't /doesn't /didn't):

1) I go to the park everyday but yesterday I ……………… go to the park.

2) My brother watches TV every day but last night he …………. watch TV.
3) My friends don't like fish. Also, I ……………. like fish.
4) I don't play tennis. Also, my brother …………….. play tennis.
5) I do my homework everyday but my sister ………….. do her homework.

Reorder to make sentences:

1) not – TV – I – do – watch – night – at

2) your – father – does – Where – work ?
3) eat – fish – yesterday – you – Did ? I- No – didn't.
4) does – My - mother - a car – not- drive – work – to - her

21
 Helping Verbs Uses ‫استخدامات األفعال المساعدة‬
Helping Verb Uses ‫األستخدامات‬ Sentences
V. to be )‫ للتعريف (اسم شخص أو حيوان أوشئ‬- - He is Ali. / It is a cat.
‫ للتعبير عن الوظيفة والعمر‬- - My father is a doctor. He is 45.
( am/ is/are ) ‫ الطقس‬- - It is hot today.
( was /were ) ‫ الوقت‬- - It is three O'clock now.
‫ لون‬- - My hair is black.
‫ صفة‬- - I am happy today.
)ing ‫ أحداث مستمرة (الفعل بعده ينتهي ب‬- - My friends are playing now.
‫ مبني للمجهول ( الفعل بعده في التصريف‬- - Football is played every day.
) ‫الثالث‬
V. to have ) ‫ للملكية (يأتي بعده األسم الممتلك‬- - I have got a nice cat.
‫ بمعنى يشرب‬- - I have milk in the morning.
( have/ has ) ‫ بمعنى يأكل‬- - I have fish for my lunch.
( had ) ‫ بمعنى يأخذ‬- - My brother has a bath daily.
‫ بمعنى يقضي أو يستمتع‬- - We had nice time in the park.
‫ أحداث تامة(الفعل بعده في التصريف الثالث‬- - They have just watched TV.
V. to do ‫ بمعنى يفعل‬- - I do my homework every day.
‫ في النفي ( زمني المضارع البسيط‬- - I don't play football every day.
( do/ does ) . ‫والماضي البسيط ) وبعده مصدر الفعل‬ - They didn't come yesterday.
( did ) ‫ في السؤال ( زمني المضارع البسيط‬- - Where does your father work?
. ‫والماضي البسيط ) وبعده مصدر الفعل‬ - Did you watch TV last night?

Choose the correct answer:

1) My mom ……… beautiful. ( have / has / is / am )

2) We ……… listen to music yesterday. ( didn't / aren't / haven't / don't )
3) My brother ………. studying his lessons now. ( does / is / has / are )
4) I usually ……… tea before I study. ( am / does / has / have )
5) The weather ……… very cold today. ( has / is / was / do )
6) My sister ………… long hair. ( does / is / has / have )
7) …….. you go to school yesterday ? ( Did / Were / Do / Had )
8) ………. you sleeping when I phoned you? ( Had / Was / Were / Did )
9) There ……… many girls in the class. ( do / have / are / is )
10) These ………… my shoes. ( is / have / do / are )
11) My sister ……….. go to school. ( don't /isn't /hasn't /doesn't)
12) My mother ………. a teacher. ( are / does / has / is )
13) I ………….. study English every day. ( am not /haven't / don't / isn't)
14) Where ……… your friend live? ( do / does / has / is )

22
Negative Sentence { ‫ فعل مساعد‬+ not + " ‫} " فعل أساسي‬
‫الجملة المنفية‬ Ex: I haven’t eaten fish.
) ‫ بعد الفعل المساعد أو الناقص ونترك الفعل األساسي كما هو‬not ‫في حالة وجود أفعال مساعدة أو ناقصة ( نضع‬
1) I’m eating some fish now. 1) I’m not eating any fish now.
2) He’s playing tennis now. 2) He’s not playing tennis now.
3) They were sleeping. 3) They were not sleeping.
4) She has just studied English. 4) She has not studied English yet.
5) I will come tomorrow. 5) I won’t come tomorrow.
6) You should sleep early. 6) You shouldn’t sleep late.
.‫) والمصدر‬not ( ‫) حسب زمن الحدث ثم نضع‬do/does/did ( ‫ في حالة عدم وجود أفعال مساعدة أو ناقصة نستخدم‬-
He, She , ‫ اسم مفرد‬,‫ ) بعد ( أسم غير معدود‬does( ‫ ) و‬I, We ,You ,They , ‫ ) بعد (األسم الجمع‬do ( ‫ نستخدم‬-
. ‫ ) تستخدم مع الكل في زمن الماضي البسيط‬did ( ‫) وذلك في زمن المضارع البسيط أما‬It ,
1) I drive my car every day. 1) I don’t drive my car every day.
2) He drives a car every day. 2) He doesn’t drive a car every day.
3) She drove a car yesterday. 3) She didn’t drive a car yesterday.
.‫) والمصدر‬not ( ‫) حسب زمن الحدث ثم نضع‬do/does /did ( ‫ عند استخدام األفعال المساعدة كأفعال أساسية نستخدم‬-
1) I have a car. 1) I don’t have a car.
2) He has curly hair. 2) He doesn’t have curly hair.
3) I had some friends. 3) I didn’t have any friends.
4) He has to get up early. 4) He doesn’t have to get up late.
5) They had to play well. 5) They didn’t have to play badly.
6) I do my homework. 6) I don’t do my homework.
7) He does his homework. 7) He doesn’t do his homework.
8) They did all their best. 8) They didn’t do all their best.
. ‫ ) حتى إذا أتوا بمفردهم‬am /is /are/ was/were ( ‫ ) مع‬do/does/did) ‫ ال يجوز أن نستخدم‬-
1) I am a boy. 1) I am not a boy.
2) She was ill. 2) She wasn’t ill.
.‫ ) ونكتب الفعل كما هو في المصدر‬had better / would rather ( ‫ بعد‬not ‫نضع‬
1) You’d better play. 1) You’d better not play.
2) I’d rather have tea. 2) I’d rather not have tea.
.) never ,nothing , nobody, no one , none ,neither ,nor ( ‫يمكن أن نستخدم كلمات للتعبير عن النفي‬
1) He usually plays tennis. 1) He never plays tennis.
2) I can see something. 2) I can see nothing.
3) There was somebody at the 3) There was nobody (no one/none) at
door. the door.
4) I like fish and rice. 4) I don’t like fish or rice.
/ I like neither fish nor rice.
5)Both of my friends love reading. 5) Neither of my friends loves reading.
6) All students like Math. 6) None of the students (like/ likes) Math.

23
 Asking Questions ‫تكوين األسئلة‬

) ‫) السؤال بهل ( بفعل مساعد أو ناقص‬1( ‫ ) السؤال بأداة إستفهام‬2(

"Yes / No" questions " Wh- / How "
questions
) ‫) إستفهام بهل ( بفعل مساعد أو ناقص‬1( No ‫ أو‬Yes ‫نجيب عليه ب‬

‫فعل مساعد أو ناقص‬ ‫فاعل‬ ‫فعل رئيسي‬ ‫تكملة الجملة‬

‫ ( نسبق الفعل المساعد أو الناقص علي الفاعل ثم نترك الفعل الرئيسي كما‬: ‫◄ في حالة وجود فعل مساعد اوناقص‬
. )‫هو‬
‫الجملة الخبرية‬ ‫الجملة األستفهامية‬ ‫األجابة‬
-They are playing. Are they playing? Yes, they are./No, they aren’t.
- I am eating fish. Are you eating fish? Yes, I am. / No, I am not.
- I was sleeping. Were you sleeping? Yes, I was. / No, I wasn’t.
- We were studying. Were you studying? Yes,we were./No,we weren’t.
- I have got a car. Have you got a car? Yes, I have. / No, I haven’t.
- He has got a car . Has he got a car? Yes, he has. / No,he hasn’t.
- We had got a car. Had you got a car? Yes,we had./No,we hadn’t.

- I will play football. Will you play football? Yes, I will. / No, I won’t.
- I can ride a bike. Can you ride a bike? Yes, I can. / No, I can’t.
- You should play sports. Should I play sports? Yes, you should.
No, you shouldn’t.
.‫) ثم مصدرالفعل‬not ( ‫ ) ثم نضع‬do , does , did) ‫◄ في حالة عدم وجود فعل مساعد نستخدم‬
.) I, We , You , They , ‫) بعد ( األسم الجمع‬do( ‫نستخدم‬ ) play ( ‫ اذا كان الفعل في المصدر‬-
.) He , She, It ,‫ اسم مفرد‬,‫) بعد (اسم غيرمعدود‬does( ‫نستخدم‬ ) plays ( s ‫ اذا كان الفعل منتهي ب‬-
. ‫ ) مع الكل‬did ( ‫نستخدم‬ )played( ‫ اذا كان الفعل في الماضي‬-
- I go to school. Do you go to school? Yes, I do. / No, I don’t.
-- He goes to school. Does he go to school? Yes,he does./No,he doesn’t.
- I went to school. Did you go to school? Yes, I did. / No, I didn’t.

: ) do , does , did ( ‫◄ اذا أستخدمنا األفعال المساعدة كأفعال رئيسية فأننا نستخدم‬
- He has a car. Does he have a car? Yes, he does. /No, he doesn’t.
- I had to study well. Did you have to study? Yes, I did. / No, I didn’t.
- I did my homework. Did you do your Yes, I did. / No, I didn’t.
homework?

24
 ‫ ) السؤال بأداة إستفهام‬2(
" Wh- / How "
questions
‫أداة استفهام‬ ‫فعل مساعد‬ ‫فاعل‬ ‫فعل رئيسي‬ ‫تكملة الجملة‬

‫أداة االستفهام‬ ‫معناها‬ ‫تسأل عن‬ Examples ‫أمثلة‬

Who ‫من‬ ‫ الفاعل او المفعول العاقل ويمكن أن‬Who are you? – I’m Ahmed.
) whom ( ‫نسأل عن المفعول ب‬
When ‫متى‬ )tomorrow( ‫ الوقت او الزمن‬When will you come? – Tomorrow.

Where ‫أين‬ ) to school) ‫ المكان‬Where do you live? – In Paris.

Which ‫آى‬ ‫ االختيار أو التفضيل أو المقارنة‬Which car do you like?-The red car.
Which boy is taller: Ahmed or Ali?
What ‫ ماذا‬- ‫ما‬ ) car / dog .. ( ‫ غيرالعاقل‬What did you buy? – A car.
Why ‫ ) لماذا‬because-as -for ( ‫السبب‬ Why was he absent?
- Because he was ill.
) to +‫ الغرض (المصدر‬Why do you go to the club?
- To play football.
Whose ‫لمن‬ ) Ali’s / his … ( ‫ الملكية‬Whose book is this? - It’s Ali’s book.
How ‫كيف‬ ) by car ( ‫ الحال أو مواصالت‬How do you go to work? – By car.
How old ‫كم عمر‬ ) 10 years old ( ‫ العمر‬How old are you? I'm 10 years old.
How ‫كم عدد‬ ) two / three …. ( ‫ العدد‬How many pens do you have?
many - I have three pens.
How ‫كم ثمن‬ ) 2 Dollars (‫ الثمن او السعر‬How much is this dress? – $ 40
much ‫كم كمبة‬ ) liter / milliliter ( ‫ كمية‬How much sugar do you want?
- I want one spoon.
How far ‫ما بعد‬ ) 5 km far ( ‫ البعد او المسافة‬How far is your school? – 2 km far.

How ‫كم طول‬ ) 3 m long ( ‫ طول األشياء‬- How long is this bridge? 13 m long.
long (for / since ( ‫ المدة الزمنية‬- How long will you stay? - For 2 days.

How tall ‫كم طول‬ ) 150 cm ( ‫ طول األشخاص‬How tall is your father? – 150 cm.

How big ‫كم حجم‬ )gram'' g'' / kg ( ‫ الحجم‬How big is an elephant? 4000 kg.
How big ‫كم مساحة‬ ) cm / m / km ( ‫ المساحة‬How big is Egypt? 1.01 million Km².
How often ‫كم مرة‬ ‫ عدد مرات حدوث الفعل‬How often do you swim? Once a day

. ‫ اذا أستخدمنا أداة األستفهام في منتصف الجملة فال نضع بعدها فعل مساعد أو ناقص مباشرة‬: ‫ملحوظة‬
Ex : Can you tell me where the bank is , please?

How + adj. (‫ = )صفة‬What + n )‫( اسم‬

How old big big far much tall/high long?
What age Size area distance price/quantity height length?

When '' What time" do you get up? At 6:00. )‫( للسؤال عن وقت (فيه ساعة‬When / what time?) ‫نستخدم‬
Ex: What time is it ? It is 6:00. :( What time?) ‫للسؤال عن الساعة نفسها نستخدم‬
Ex: When do you go to the club? On Fridays. : (When) ‫للسؤال عن وقت (ليس فيه ساعة) نستخدم‬

25
Choose the correct answer:
1) _________________ time does your class start?
a) What b) When c) Where d) How
2) _______________ sugar do you want in your tea?
a) How many b) How often c) How far d) How much
3) ---------------- is your friend? - 18 years old.
a) How many b) How long c) How far d) How old
4) _____________ broke this window? - The children.
a) What b) Whose c) Who d) Whom
5) _____________ do you plan to stay in Paris? For two weeks.
a) How much b) How many c) How long d) How far
6) ----------------was he absent? - Because of his illness.
a) Where b) When c) How d) Why
7) _______________ car is this? - It's my brother's.
a) Whose b) who c) which d) whom
8) ---------------- is the weather like in Cairo? - Very fine.
a) When b) What c) Where d) Why
9) ----------------- did the car accident take place? - Last night.
a) How b) Why c) Where d) When
10) ------------------ is Ali fond of? - Collecting stamps.
a) What b) Where c) When d) Why
11) -------------------- does Mary go to the library? - Twice a week.
a) How often b) How many c) How much d) How far
12) ------------------ is the capital from this village? - 50 kilometers
a) How much b) How big c) How long d) How far
13) ---------------- children are there in the park? Nine children.
a) How b) How much c) How many d) Who
Reorder to make sentences:
1) many – cars- have- does – How – father – your ?
2) this – How – dress – cost – much – does ?
3) stay – long- you – How – will – London – in ?

26
 Questions Tags ‫األسئلة المذيلة‬

. ‫ نكون السؤال المذيل بإستخدام فعل مساعد أو ناقص ثم ضمير يعود علي الفاعل‬-
‫) للمضارع‬do , does ( ‫أفعال مساعدة نستخدم‬.‫) في حالة عدم وجود فعل مساعد‬do,does,did ( ‫ نستخدم‬-
. ‫ ) للماضي البسيط‬did ( ‫البسيط و‬
‫اثبات‬ ‫نفي‬ ‫نفي‬ ‫اثبات‬

Sentence Q. Tag Sentence Q. Tag

It is very cold , isn’t it? They aren't playing, are they?
They will come, won’t they? My friend hasn't come, has he ?
He can drive a car , can’t he ? He can't ride a horse, can he?
I’m a good student , aren’t I ? I’m not fine today , am I ?
am I not ?

My friends play tennis, don’t they ? They don't like fish, do they?

She watches TV , doesn’t she? My sister doesn't watch TV, does she?
Everyone loves joy, ?
don't they? Every one doesn't love you , do they?
Ali broke his leg, didn’t he ? You didn't come yesterday, did you?

He has to study, doesn’t He doesn't have to study, does he?

I did my homework, he?
didn't I ? I didn't do my homework, did I ?

Ex: Everyone is here, aren't they? :)everyone /everybody) ‫ ) بعد‬they( ‫ نستخدم الضمير‬-

Ex: Everything is clear, isn't it? : )everything) ‫ ) بعد‬it ( ‫ نستخدم الضمير‬-

Sentence Q. Tag Sentence Q. Tag

You’d better study , hadn’t you You’d better not play had you?
You’d rather come, ?
wouldn’t you? ,You’d rather not be late, would you?
early ,'d better ( had better) ‫يجب‬ 'd rather ( would rather ) ‫يفضل‬
Open the door, will you ? ‫أمر‬ Let’s play soccer, shall we? ‫اقتراح‬

Don’t come late, will you ? ‫نهي‬ Let me go out , will you ? ‫أذن‬
) will you? ( ‫مع األمر والنهي واألذن نستخدم‬ ) shall we? ( ‫ ) نستخدم‬let's ( ‫مع األقتراح‬

: ‫هناك بعض الكلمات تعبر عن النفي وعند وجودها في الجملة نضع الفعل المساعد مثبت ومنها‬

scarcely - seldom-rarely- hardly –never – neither – nor – none – no one –

no body – nothing – nowhere – little – few Ex: ( I ate little fish, did I?)

a little – a few Ex: ( I ate a little fish, didn't I?) a little / a few ( ‫) تعطي معنى ايجابي‬

27
 Exercises (Questions Tags)

Choose the correct answer:

1) The little girl’s playing with her sister, -----------------she?

a) hasn’t b) has c) isn’t d) is
2) He never helps the poor, …………. he ?
a) does b) doesn't c) is d) isn't
3) Reem ate little food, ………. she ?
a) did b) didn't c) does d) doesn't
4) You’d better study, ………. you ?
a) had b) would c) hadn't d) wouldn't
5) You’d rather come early, …………. you ?
a) would b) wouldn't c) had d) hadn't
6) I'm studying my lessons now,……… I ?
a) am b) amn't c) aren't d) wasn't
7) I'm not playing now, ………… I ?
a) am b) amn't c) are d) aren't
8) Your sister watches TV every day,…………… she ?
a) does b) doesn't c) is d) did
9) Let's go to the park, ………………. ?
a) will we b) shall we c) do we d) don't we
10) Open the door please, …………….. ?
a) shall we b) are you c) will you d) have you

Write the complete form of the abbreviated helping or modal verbs:

1) 'm …………... 6) 're ………………. 11) 'd rather …….

2) 's eating .…... 7) 've ……………… 12) 'd prefer …….
3) 's sad ………. 8) 'd like ………….. 13) 'll …………..
4) 's Ali ……….. 9) 'd played ……... 14) won't ……...
5) 's eaten……. 10) 'd better ……... 15) can't ………...

28
 Irregular Verbs ‫أفعال شاذة‬
Present ‫مضارع‬ Past P.P. ( V3) Present Past P.P. ( V3)
‫مضارع‬ ‫يكسر‬
cost ‫يكلف‬ cost cost break broke broken
cut ‫ يجرح‬/ ‫يقطع‬ cut cut choose ‫يختار‬ chose chosen
hit ‫ يصطدم‬/ ‫يضرب‬ hit hit speak ‫ يتحدث‬/ ‫يتكلم‬ spoke spoken
hurt ‫ يصيب‬/ ‫يؤذي‬ hurt hurt steal ‫يسرق‬ stole stolen
let ‫ يسمح‬/ ‫يترك‬ let let wake ‫يوقظ‬ woke woken
put ‫يضع‬ put put drive ‫يسوق‬ drove driven
shut ‫يغلق‬ shut shut ride ‫يركب‬ rode ridden
lend ‫يسلف‬ lent lent rise ‫ يشرق‬/ ‫يرتفع‬ rose risen
send ‫يرسل‬ sent sent write ‫يكتب‬ wrote written
spend ‫ ينفق‬/ ‫يقضي‬ spent spent
beat ‫ يضرب‬/ ‫ يهزم‬beat beaten
build ‫يبني‬ built built
bite ‫ يعض‬bit bitten
burn ‫ يحترق‬/ ‫يحرق‬ burnt burnt
hide ‫ يختبأ‬/ ‫ يخفي‬hid hidden
learn ‫يتعلم‬ learnt learnt
smell ‫يشم‬ smelt smelt eat ‫ يأكل‬ate eaten
lose ‫ يخسر‬/ ‫يفقد‬ lost lost fall ‫ يقع‬/ ‫ يسقط‬fell fallen
get ‫ يحصل‬/ ‫يصبح‬ got got forget ‫ ينسى‬forgot forgotten
sit ‫يجلس‬ sat sat give ‫ يعطي‬gave given
keep ‫يحفظ‬ kept kept see ‫ يري‬saw seen
sleep ‫ينام‬ slept slept blow took
‫ ينفخ‬/ ‫ يهب‬blew taken
blown
feel ‫ يحس‬/ ‫يشعر‬ felt felt take
grow ‫يأخذ‬
‫ يزرع‬/ ‫ يكبر‬grew grown
leave ‫يترك‬ left left Know ‫ يعلم‬/ ‫ يعرف‬knew known
meet ‫يقابل‬ met met throw ‫ يقذف‬/ ‫ يرمي‬threw thrown
dream ‫يحلم‬ dreamt dreamt fly ‫ يطير‬flew flown
mean ‫يحضر‬
bring meant
brought meant
brought draw ‫ يرسم‬drew drawn
‫يقصد‬
buy / ‫يشتري يعني‬ bought bought begin ‫ يبدأ‬showed
began begun
shown
fight ‫ يتشاجر‬/ ‫يحارب‬ fought fought show ‫ يوضح‬/‫يشرب‬
drink ‫ يبين‬drank drunk
think ‫ يعتقد‬/ ‫يفكر‬ thought thought swim ‫ يسبح‬swam swum
catch ‫ يصطاد‬/ ‫يمسك‬ caught caught ring ‫ يدق‬/ ‫ يرن‬rang rung
teach ‫ يعلم‬/ ‫يدرس‬ taught taught sing ‫ يغني‬sang sung
sell ‫يبيع‬ sold sold come ‫ يأتي‬ran
came run
come
run
become ‫ يصبح‬became become
tell ‫ يحكي‬/ ‫يخبر‬ told told ‫ يجري‬went
find ‫يجد‬ found found go ‫يذهب‬ gone
hear ‫يسمع‬ heard heard
hold ‫ يعقد‬/ ‫يمسك‬ held held
read ‫يقرأ‬ read read
say ‫يقول‬ said said
pay ‫ يسدد‬/ ‫يدفع‬ paid paid
make ‫ يصنع‬/ ‫يجعل‬ made made
stand ‫ يقف‬stood stood
understand ‫ يفهم‬under- under-
stood stood
d

29
 )‫الفعل في التصريف األول ( المصدر‬
Present Simple ‫زمن المضارع البسيط‬ ( s ) ‫أو مضاف له‬

Affirmative ‫األثبات‬ Negative ‫النفي‬ Question ‫السؤال‬

‫المصدر‬ ‫ فعل‬+ s don’t

‫المصدر‬ Do ‫الفاعل‬ inf.. ?
doesn’t Does
live lives
go goes
watch watches do not/does not live Subj. live
Do/Does
play plays go go
study studies don't/doesn't Yes, ….. ( do / does)
No, …….( don’t / doesn’t)
I I ‫المصدر‬
I
We ‫المصدر‬ We we ‫المصدر‬
You You do not live Do you
They live They they live
go
‫اسم جمع‬ go ‫اسم جمع‬ don't ‫اسم جمع‬ go
( Boys) ( Boys) ( boys)
He He he
She ‫ فعل‬+ s She ‫المصدر‬ she ‫المصدر‬
It It it
‫اسم مفرد‬ lives ‫اسم مفرد‬ does not Does ‫اسم مفرد‬
live live
( A boy ) goes (A boy) (a boy)
doesn't go go
‫اسم ال يعد‬ ‫اسم ال يعد‬ ‫اسم ال يعد‬
( Water) (Water) (water)
I usually go to school. I don't go to school. Do you go to school?
Yes, I do. / No, I don't.

Ali often plays tennis. Ali doesn't play tennis. Does Ali play tennis?
Yes, he does.
/ No, he doesn't.
She always eats fish. She doesn't eat fish. What does she always eat?
She eats fish.
Time Words : ‫◄ الكلمات الدالة علي زمن المضارع البسيط‬
always ‫ دائما‬-usually ‫عادة‬- sometimes ‫أحيانا‬- often ‫غالبا‬-seldom/scarcely/rarely‫ نادرا‬-
never ‫ أبدا‬- Every/Each (day …)

Once/Twice/Three times a day/week..

- I usually go to the park . ‫) عادة منتظمة‬1 : ‫◄ يعبر المضارع البسيط عن‬

- The sun rises in the east. ‫ ) حقيقة علمية‬2
- The train leaves at 7:00 a.m. every day. ‫) حقيقة يومية‬3
Ex : When I travel abroad, I will buy gifts. : ‫◄ نستخدمه بعد الروابط الزمنية للتعبيرعن المستقبل‬

30
 Exercises (Present Simple)

Add ( s / es ) to the following verbs:

live (……………….) read (…..………….) relax ( …………. )

watch (……………… ) wash (………………) cross (……………)
play (……...……..…) study (…..……...….) go (……………)

Change into negative with (don't / doesn't):

go (….……..…….) I go to school every day.

watches (……………..…) ( …………………….…………………………..……. )
studies (……………….) My sister watches TV every day.
play (……..…..…… ) (…………………………………………………….… )

Complete the sentences with (play/watch/listen/go) in the correct form:

Affirmative ‫اثبات‬ ‫نفي‬

1)Ali usually............… football. Negative
2) He ……………………
tennis.
3) My mother always …….… 4) She …………………......
TV at home. to music.
5) My friends ……………… to 6) They ……………… to the
the park every day. cinema every day.

Complete the sentences with (do / don't / does / doesn't):

Affirmative ‫اثبات‬ ‫نفي‬

1) Does Ali usually play Negative
2) Does Ali play tennis?
football? Yes, he ……………. No, he ……………
3) Does your mother watch 4) Does your mother listen
TV? Yes, she …….….. to music? No, she
5) Do your friends go to the ……………….
6) Do your friends go to the
park every day? Yes, they …. cinema? No, they ……..

Choose the correct answer:

1) I ………. English. ( like/ likes ) 6) Where ………. you live ? ( do / does / are )
2) He ….. tennis. (play /plays) 7) He usually….. stories. (read /reads/ reading)
3) They don't ….. fish. ( eat/eats) 8)They often …… early.( sleep/sleeps/sleeping)
4) Does he …. pictures? (draw/draws ) 9)The sun ….. in the east. (rise/rises / rose )
5) My sister doesn't …. (swim/ swims) 10) My dad ... in a bank. (work/works/worked)

31
 Past Simple ‫زمن الماضي البسيط‬ ‫الفعل في التصريف الثاني‬

Affirmative ‫األثبات‬ Negative ‫النفي‬ Question ‫السؤال‬

‫منتظم‬ ‫شاذ‬ did not ‫المصدر‬ Did inf.. ?

‫الفاعل‬
didn’t
lived went
watched saw live live
listened ate did not watch go
played drank go see
studied slept didn't Yes, ….. ( did)
see
No, …….( didn’t)
I went to the club last I didn't go to the club Did you go to the club?
day. last day. -Yes, I did. / No, I didn't.

Ali played football Ali didn't play football Did Ali play football?
yesterday. yesterday. Yes, he did. /No,he didn't.

They traveled to Paris They didn't travel to When did they travel to
two weeks ago. Paris two weeks ago. Paris? - Two weeks ago.

Time Words : ‫◄ الكلمات الدالة على زمن الماضي البسيط‬

yesterday ‫ أمس‬- last (day-week-month-year) ‫ السنة ) الماضية‬-‫ الشهر‬-‫ األسبوع‬-‫( اليوم‬

two (days/weeks..) ago ) ‫ أسبوعين‬- ‫ منذ ( يومين‬- In the past ‫ في الماضي‬-Once ‫ذات مرة‬
One day ‫ ذات يوم‬- Once upon a time ‫ يحكي أن‬- In 1990 - Our grandfathers

Uses : ‫◄ يعبر الماضي البسيط عن حدث تم في الماضي وأنتهي تماما‬

- I watched a good film on TV last night.

- My friend bought a new car last week.
- My sister swam in the sea three weeks ago.
- I saw many monkeys when I went to the zoo.
- I didn’t come because I was ill.
: ‫◄ يعبر الماضي البسيط عن عادة في الماضي‬
- When I was young, I always ate my meals at home.
- My father played the piano in his childhood.
: ‫◄ يستخدم الماضي البسيط مع مدة زمنية للتعبير عن حدث دام مدة طويلة وانتهى‬
- My father worked in a bank for forty years. Now, he is retired.

What did the boy do yesterday? He played football.

Did the boy play football yesterday? Yes, he did.

Did the boy play tennis yesterday? No, he didn't.

32
 Exercises (Past Simple)

Write the past:

live (……………….) read (…..………….) watch ( ……...……. )

go (……………… ) eat (………………) listen (……..………)
play (……...……..…) study (…..……...….) write (………………)

Change into negative with (didn't):

drank (……….……….) I saw my friend in the park yesterday.

climbed (……………..…) ( …………………….………………………..……. )
drove (……….……….) My brother rode his bike yesterday.
painted (...……..……… ) (………………………………………………….… )

Complete the sentences with (drive/ ride / study/ play /go) in the past:

Affirmative ‫اثبات‬ ‫نفي‬

1) My father...............… his car 2) He ……………….… Negative
a
to his work yesterday. bike to his work yesterday.
3) My brother ……….…….. his 4) He …………………....
lessons yesterday. tennis yesterday.
5) We ……………… to school 6) We ………...……… to the
last day. park last day.

Look at the pictures and complete the sentences with (did /didn't):

Affirmative ‫اثبات‬ ‫نفي‬

1) Did your brother draw 2) Did your brotherNegative
watch
yesterday? Yes, he …………. TV yesterday? No, he………

3) Did your sister ride a bike 4) Did your sister drive a

last week? Yes, she …….….. car last week? No, she
5) Did the family see a giraffe …….…..
6) Did the family see a
in the zoo? Yes, they ………… plane in the zoo? No, they
…………
Choose the correct answer:

1) I …. English last day.(study/studied) 6) What …. you eat last night ? (do/did /are)
2) He ... tennis last week.(played/play) 7) He …. stories last week.(read/reads/reading)
3) They didn't ….. fish. (eat/ate) 8)They … sleep last night. (didn't/don't/hasn't)
4) Did he …. pictures? (drew/draw) 9) I didn't….. him yesterday. (saw/sees / see)
5) Where ….. he go last day? (did/do) 10) Did Ali come ? No, he ( did/doesn't/didn't)

33
 Future Simple ‫زمن المستقبل البسيط‬ ‫حدث في المستقبل‬
Affirmative ‫ األثبات‬Negative ‫النفي‬ Question ‫السؤال‬

Will ('ll) ‫المصدر‬ will not

‫المصدر‬ Will inf.. ?
won’t ‫الفاعل‬
will come ('ll come)
will go ('ll go) watch watch
will not
will study ('ll study) go go
will play ('ll play) won't see Yes, ….. ( will)
No, …….( won’t)
I will go to the park I won't go to the park Will you go to the park?
tomorrow. tomorrow. -Yes, I will. / No, I won't.

am am Am
is going to INF. is not Is Subj. going to INF . ?
going to INF
are are Are
.

I'm going to study I'm not going to study Are you going to study
today. today. today? Yes, I am. /No,I'm not.

) will + inf. ( ‫المستقبل مع‬

I promise I will come with you. : ‫ وعد‬I will study English today. :‫خطط مستقبلية‬
It's hot. I will turn on the AC. : ‫ قرار مفاجئ‬I will be thirty next month. : ‫حقيقية مستقبلية‬
I'll open the door for you. : ‫ عرض خدمة‬It will be a nice day tomorrow. :‫تنبؤ‬
Will you give me a chair? : ‫ طلب‬Perhaps we will travel next week. :‫توقع‬
Respect yourself or I will hit you. : ‫ تهديد‬I hope we will win the next match. : ‫تمني‬
Study well or you'll fail the exam. :‫ تحذير‬If you study,you'll succeed. : )if( ‫الحالة األولى في‬

) going to + inf. ( ‫المستقبل مع‬

I'm going to study today. : ‫ خطة أو نية‬It's cloudy. It's going to :‫فعل على وشك الحدوث‬
rain. ) ‫( الحظ وجود دليل‬
The train arrives at 6.30 a.m. :).. ‫نستخدم المضارع البسيط للتعبير عن مواعيد منظمة ( قطارات‬
‫( للتعبير عن المستقبل ) عندما يكون الحدث‬am / is / are + ‫ فعل‬+ ing ( ‫◄ نستخدم زمن المضارع المستمر‬
:) ‫مؤكد‬
Ex: My father has got a ticket. He is traveling next week.
: ‫◄ الكلمات الدالة علي زمن المستقبل البسيط‬
tomorrow ‫ غدا‬/ hope-wish ‫ يتمني‬- ‫ يأمل‬/ soon ‫ قريبا‬/next (day-week…) /
In the future ‫ في المستقبل‬- In 2050 - in + ( period)… in (two weeks) ‫في خالل أسبوعين‬
) suppose ( ‫ يفترض‬/ ) expect ( ‫ يتوقع‬/ ) think-believe ( ‫ يعتقد‬/ )predict ( ‫يتنبؤ‬
) I'm afraid ( ‫أنا أخشى‬/ )I'm sure( ‫ أنا متأكد‬/ )possibly( ‫) محتمل‬perhaps( ‫ربما‬

‫ ) للتعبير عن المستقبل‬I , we ( ‫ ( فقط بعد‬shall + ‫يمكن أن نستخدم ( المصدر‬

34
 Exercises (Future Simple)

Choose the correct answer:

1) Khalid ____________ skiing with his classmates next weekend.

a) went b) going c) is going d) has gone
2) Ali ___________ swimming with Badr and Hassan next Friday .
a) has gone b) went c) is going d) going
3) What ____________ tonight? Anything special?
a) have you doing b) are you done c) are you doing d) do you
4) It’s so hot in here. I ____________ turn the air-conditioning on.
a) will b) will be c) am d) am going to
5) I think that my father ____________ next week.
a) will come b) comes c) is going to come d) comes
6) I think I ____________ the exam tomorrow.
a) pass b) would pass c) will pass d) passing
7) Will your father travel next week? Yes, he ____________
a) will b) won't c) is d) does
8) The boy is climbing a high tree. He ____________ to the ground.
a) going fall b) is going to fall c) will fall d) is falling
9) The plane ____________ off in a few minutes.
a) will take b) would take c) to take d) taking
10) I am ____________ for the airport at two o’clock.
a) left b) leave c) leaves d) leaving
11) Study well or you ____________ fail the exam.
a) are going to b) will c) going to d) will to
12) My sister hopes that she ____________ a doctor in the future.
a) be b) going to be c) will be d) will
13) Will your mother go shopping tomorrow? No, she ____________
a) will b) won't c) doesn't d) isn't

35
 Present Continuous ‫زمن المضارع المستمر‬ ‫نشاط مستمر في الحاضر‬

Affirmative ‫األثبات‬ Negative ‫النفي‬ Question ‫السؤال‬

am ‫ فعل‬+ing am Am
‫الفاعل‬ ‫فعل‬+ing
is is not ‫فعل‬+ing Is
are reading are Are
riding
riding
riding
am/is/are writing am/is/are not Yes, ….. ( am / is / are)
writing
running No, .( am not /isn't/aren't).

I am V+ing I am not V+ing Am I V+ing

He He he
She She she V+ing
is V+ing is not Is
It It V+ing
it
‫اسم مفرد‬ ‫اسم مفرد‬ isn't ‫اسم مفرد‬

We We we
You are V+ing You are not you V+ing
They They V+ing Are they
aren't
‫اسم جمع‬ ‫اسم جمع‬ ‫اسم جمع‬
I’m eating fish now. I am not eating fish. Are you eating fish?
Yes, I am. / No, I’m not.

Look! Ali is playing Ali isn’t playing football. Is Ali playing football?
football. Yes, he is. / No, he isn’t.

Listen! They're They aren’t singing. Are they singing?

singing. Yes,they are/No,they aren’t.
Uses : ‫◄ يعبر زمن المضارع المستمر عن فعل يحدث األن ( لحظة الكالم ) أو حدث مؤقت‬
1) My father is sleeping so he can't come. 2)We are studying about Mars this week.
: : ‫◄ يعبر زمن المضارع المستمر عن فعل يحدث تدريجيا‬
1) He is growing quickly. 2) My English is improving. 3) The climate is changing fast.
: ‫◄ الكلمات الدالة علي زمن المضارع المستمر‬
now ‫ األن‬/ at the moment ‫ في تلك اللحظة‬/ Look! ‫ انظر‬/ Listen ! ‫ أستمع‬/ today ‫اليوم‬
This ( day – week ……) ) ...... ‫ هذا ( اليوم – األسبوع‬/ at the present time ‫في الوقت الحالي‬
Be quiet ! ‫ كن هادئا‬/ Watch out ! ‫ أحترس‬/ Be careful ! ‫كن حريصا‬
) ing ‫◄ أفعال الشعوروالحواس والملكية واألعتقاد واالدراك ال يمكن أن نستخدمها في األزمنة المستمرة ( ال نضيف لها‬
Ex: I hear a loud sound now. : ) ‫ألنها ال ارادية ( بدون مجهود‬

36
 ) ing ) ‫األفعال التي ال نضيف لها‬

like- love ‫يحب‬/ see ‫ يري‬/ hear ‫ يسمع‬/ have-own ‫ يمتلك‬/ think-believe ‫ يعتقد‬/ feel ‫ يشعر‬/
prefer / ‫ يفضل‬/ hope -wish ‫يتمني‬/ seem - appear ‫ يبدو من شكله‬/ smell ‫ يشم‬/ taste ‫يتذوق‬
want ‫ يريد‬/ need ‫ يحتاج‬/ know ‫ يعرف‬/ cost ‫ يكلف‬/ sound ‫ يبدو من صوته‬/understand ‫يفهم‬

: ‫◄اذا كان هناك مجهود أو ارادة نستخدم مضارع مستمر‬

The food tastes delicious. )‫( بدون مجهود‬ / The cook is tasting the food. )‫) يوجد مجهود‬
I hear a loud sound now. ( ‫) ال ارادي‬ / I'm listening to the music. ( ‫) إرادي‬

Exercises (Present Continuous)

Complete the sentences with (play/study/watch/listen) in the correct form:

Affirmative ‫اثبات‬ ‫نفي‬

1) The boy .............................… 2) He Negative
football now. ………………………….…
3) My brother ……….………..... tennis
4) He now.
his lessons at this moment. ……………….………….... TV
5) My mom …………………….. at She
6) this moment.
TV now. …………....………….… to
music now.
complete the sentences with (is /isn't /are/aren't):

Affirmative ‫اثبات‬ ‫نفي‬

1) Is your brother drawing Negative
2) Is your brother watching
now? Yes, he …………. TV now? No, he ……………

3) Is your sister riding a bike 4) Is your sister driving a

now? Yes, she …….….. car now? No, she
5) Are the boys studying their ………….….…..
6) Are the boys playing
lessons? Yes, they ………… football? No, they …….……

Choose the correct answer:

1) Look! The car …….…. very fast. (comes/coming/ is coming/came)
2) My friend ………... tennis now. (playing/ is playing / plays / play)
3) What is he ………….at the moment? (eat / eats / ate / eating )
4) I ………………. English these days. (am studying/studying/study/studies)
5) He can't come because he ……… (sleeping/is sleeping/sleeps/sleep)
6) Don't make noise. Your father ..……. (works /working /is working/ work)
7) Watch out! It …………… heavily. (snowing / snows / snow / is snowing )
8) The pollution ……….……. these days. (rising/ is rising / rises / rise )

37
 Past Continuous ‫زمن الماضي المستمر‬ ‫نشاط كان مستمر في الماضي‬

Affirmative ‫ األثبات‬Negative ‫النفي‬ Question ‫السؤال‬

was was Was ‫فعل‬+ing

‫فعل‬+ing ‫الفاعل‬
were were not ‫فعل‬+ing Were
riding

was/were riding was/were not riding Yes, ….. ( was / were)

No, ….( wasn't /weren't).
I I I
He was V+ing He he V+ing
was not Was
She She she
V+ing
It It wasn't it
‫اسم مفرد‬ ‫اسم مفرد‬ ‫اسم مفرد‬

We We we
were not
You were V+ing You Were you V+ing
They They V+ing they
weren't
‫اسم جمع‬ ‫اسم جمع‬ ‫اسم جمع‬
I was studying at I was not studying at Were you studying ….?
6:00 yesterday. 6:00 yesterday. Yes, I was. / No, I wasn't.

They were playing They weren't playing Were they playing …..?
when it rained. when it rained. Yes, they were.
/No, they weren’t.
Uses : ‫يعبر زمن الماضي المستمر عن حدث كان مستمر في وقت معين في الماضي‬ ◄
It was raining all night yesterday. /I couldn't answer the phone as I was sleeping.

:‫الكلمات الدالة على الماضي المستمر‬

at 5:00 yesterday /all day yesterday/While-As-Just as/When
While - As ‫ بينما‬/ When ‫عندما‬
While/As ‫ماضي مستمر‬ , ‫ماضي بسيط‬ When ‫ماضي بسيط‬ , ‫ماضي مستمر‬

While I was running, I fell down. When I fell down, I was running.

‫ماضي بسيط‬ While/As ‫ماضي مستمر‬ ‫ماضي مستمر‬ When ‫ماضي بسيط‬

I fell down while I was running. I was running when I fell down.
: ‫مالحظات‬
. ‫ ) ممكن نستخدم الماضي المستمر أو الماضي البسيط‬When ( ‫) دائما نستخدم الماضي المستمراما بعد‬While/ As) ‫◄بعد‬
Ex: When I was running, I fell down. / When I fell down, I was running.
‫◄ الماضي المستمر يعبر عن حث كان مستمر مدة طويلة اما الماضي البسيط يعبر عن حدث مفاجئ ( دخل على الحدث‬
.)‫المستمر‬
. ‫◄ اذا كان هناك حدثان مستمران في نفس الوقت فنستخدم زمن الماضي المستمر‬
Ex: While I was studying, my sisters were playing.

38
 Exercises (Past Continuous)

Look at the pictures and complete the sentences:

walk - The boy ….……. a snake while he …..….….…. in the street.

- While the boy …………. in the street, he ….......… a snake.
see
- The boy .…………. in the street when he ..…….… a snake.
- When the boy …...... a snake, he …….....…… in the street.

drive - The man ……..…. an accident while he ………….……. fast.

- While the man ……....……. fast, he …..........… an accident.
make - The man .……………… fast when he ..……… an accident.
- When the man ….……... an accident, he ………..…… fast.
study -The father …….…… the room while the children ………....…
-While the children ……………, the father ……..…. the room.
enter
-The children ….….……. when the father…........… the room.
-When the father ……….. the room, the children……..…..….
read -While the girl ……….………… a book, the boy
……………..…. a flower.
draw

Complete with (watch/ listen /study /play) in the correct form:

Affirmative ‫اثبات‬ ‫نفي‬

1) My father...............……… TV 2) My father ………….…Negative
to
all night yesterday. music all night yesterday.
3) My brother ……….…….. his 4) My brother ……………....
lessons when I saw him. tennis when I saw him.

Complete the sentences with (was /wasn't / were / weren't):

Affirmative ‫اثبات‬ ‫نفي‬

1) Was your brother studying at 2) Was your brother Negative
watching
5:00 yesterday? Yes, he ………. TV? No, he ……………
3) Were the kids playing when it 4) Were the kids swimming
rained? Yes, they …….….. when it rained? No, they …..

Choose the correct answer:

1) She …. apples all yesterday. ( peels / was peeling / was peel / were peeling)
2) The students …. when the teacher came in . (wrote / was writing /were writing )
3) While we were walking, we ….. an accident. ( saw /seeing /was seeing / see )
4) He couldn't answer the phone as he ……… (slept /were sleeping/was sleeping)
5) When he …….. down, he was running very fast. ( was falling / fell / falls / fall )

39
 ‫نشاط بدأ في الماضي وأنتهى‬
Present Perfect ‫زمن المضارع التام‬ ‫قبل لحظات ( له أثر) أو قد‬
‫يستمر للمستقبل‬

Affirmative ‫ األثبات‬Negative ‫ النفي‬Question ‫السؤال‬

have V3 have Have V3

‫الفاعل‬
has has not V3
Has
played
have ('ve) played haven’t played
has ('s) eaten hasn’t eaten Yes, … (have / has)
No, … (haven’t/ hasn’t)
I I I
We We we
have V3 haven't V3 Have V3
You You you +
They They they
‫اسم جمع‬ ‫اسم جمع‬ ‫اسم جمع‬

He He he
She has V3 She hasn't V3 Has she + V3
It It it
‫اسم مفرد‬ ‫اسم مفرد‬ ‫اسم مفرد‬
I have already I haven’t studied yet. Have you already studied?
studied. Yes, I have./No, I haven’t.

My father has just My father hasn’t come Has your father come?
come. yet. Yes, he has.
/ No, he hasn’t.
Have gone / Have been
have gone / has gone ( went but didn’t return ) ‫ذهب ولم يعد‬

Ex: My father has gone to Paris. ( He is still in Paris )

have been / has been ( went and returned ) ‫ذهب وعاد‬

Ex : My father has been to Paris . ( He isn’t in Paris now )
: ‫◄ الكلمات الدالة علي زمن المضارع التام‬
just ‫ حاال‬/ already ‫ بالفعل‬/ for ‫ لمدة‬/ since ‫ منذ‬/ever ‫ من قبل‬/ never ‫ أبدا‬/ yet ‫حتي األن‬
so far-up till now ‫حتي األن‬/ lately-recently ‫ منذ فترة بسيطة‬/ several-many times ‫مرات عديدة‬

‫◄ يستخدم هذا الزمن للتعبير عن حدث حصل في الماضي و انتهى قبل لحظات أو انتهى في الماضي و الزالت آثاره موجودة‬
:‫حتى اآلن أو قد يستمر للمستقبل‬
- I have lived in Cairo for six years.
- The street is wet. It has rained heavily.
- My country has made many projects.
- I haven't studied yet. I will study tomorrow.
- I have washed my car . ( It looks lovely now )
- He is very hungry. He hasn’t eaten anything since morning.

40
 ‫الكلمات الدالة على زمن المضارع التام‬
Word Usage ‫األستخدام‬ Example ‫أمثلة‬
just have/ ‫◄نستخدمهم في األثبات ( بين‬ - He has just /already gone out.
‫ حاال‬/ ‫توا‬ ) ‫ والتصريف الثالث‬has - Have you already studied your
already ‫ في‬already ‫◄ يمكن أن نستخدم‬ lessons? / Have you studied your
‫بالفعل‬ ‫السؤال (لألستغراب عن سرعة أنتهاء‬ lessons already?
ever . ‫ في صيغة التفضيل‬ever ‫نستخدم‬ )‫الحدث‬
◄ It is the best meal I’ve ever eaten.
‫من قبل‬ ‫ في السؤال ( بين‬ever ‫ ◄ نستخدم‬Have you ever been to Paris?
never ) ‫الفاعل و التصريف الثالث‬
‫أبدا‬
‫ في األجابة المنفية‬never ‫ ◄ نستخدم‬No, I have never been to Paris.
) ever ‫ ( للرد علي سؤال‬Yes, I went there last year.
‫ قبل‬not (n't) ‫◄ ال نستخدم‬ ‫أذا أستخدمنا كلمات دالة علي زمن‬
)never( ‫الماضي البسيط فأننا نستخدم زمن الماضي البسيط‬
yet ‫ في نهاية الجمل‬yet ‫ ◄ نستخدم‬Have you finished yet?
‫حتى األن‬ . ‫ األستفهامية أو المنفية‬No,I haven’t finished yet./Not yet.

Since For

since 6 : 00 for an hour (one hour)/ two hours

since Monday for a day (one day) / two days
since 2003 for five years.
since yesterday for a day (one day).
since last (day/week/month..) for a (day /week/ month /year )
since last decade for ten years
since last century for 100 years
since my birthday for a long time ‫لمدة طويلة‬
since world war ‫׀׀‬ for ages ‫لمدة طويلة‬
since morning for a while /a moment ‫للحظة‬
since he traveled for a minute ‫لدقيقة‬
I haven't seen him for ages. ) ‫ ) نستخدم مدة زمنية غير محددة ( ال نعرف بدايتها أو نهايتها‬For ( ‫◄ بعد‬
I have known him since 1995 : ‫ ) نستخدم زمن محدد‬Since ( ‫◄ بعد‬
.
Since ‫قاعدة‬

‫مضارع تام‬ ) Since ( ‫ماضي بسيط‬

I haven't seen him since he traveled.
) Since ( ‫ ماضي بسيط‬, ‫مضارع تام‬
Since he traveled, I haven't seen him.
. ) Since ( ‫◄ أذا كنا نتحدث عن فترة زمنية لم تنتهي بعد فأننا نستخدم زمن المضارع التام قبل وبعد‬
‫مضارع تام‬ ) Since ( ‫مضارع تام‬
Ex: He has missed his friends since he has traveled abroad. ( He is still
abroad )
) How long ( ‫ ) نستخدم‬Since , For ( ‫◄ للسؤال عن‬
Ex: How long have you visited Paris? For ten years. / Since 2007.

41
 Present Perfect Continuous ‫مضارع تام مستمر‬

Affirmative ‫اثبات‬ Negative ‫نفي‬ Question ‫سؤال‬

( have / has ) + been + (have /has)+ not + (Have /Has) + ‫ الفاعل‬+
V+ing been+ V+ing been+ V+ ing

I have been playing for I haven’t been Have you been playing
2 hours. playing for 2 hours. for 2 hours?
just - already - ever - never - for - since- yet - several
? times - so far - lately -
recently

Present Perfect & Present Perfect Continuous ‫مضارع تام ومضارع تام مستمر‬
.‫نستخدم المضارع التام للتعبير عن حدث بدأ في الماضي وانتهي في الحاضر ( له أثر ) وقد يستمر في المستقبل‬
The road is wet. It has rained. / I haven't bought a car yet. I will buy one next year.
She's been studying for two hours :)‫المضارع التام المستمر يعبر عن مدة استمرار الحدث ( يركز على النشاط‬
She's studied three lessons for two hours. : ‫المضارع التام يعبر عن نتيجة الحدث‬

Choose the correct answer:

1) The train ………… the station yet. ( hasn’t left / has left / leaves / leave)
2) I …… Ali since his arrival last month. (don't see/haven't seen/ didn't see)
3) This is the best pizza I …. (have ever had/am ever having/ have been had)
4) We …..… all our money already. (spend / spends / spent / have spent )
5) She..… the house since 9:00. (is cleaning/has cleaning/has been cleaning)
6) …….… everyone finished the exercise? (Was / Does / Did / Has )
7) I …...… my homework. (have just done / just have done / have done just )
8) How long ……… collected stamps? (have he / has he / he has / did he )
9) I can’t have dinner. I ……… already. (eaten / ate / have eaten /eat)
10) They ……… married for 3 years. (are / have / have been / has been)
11) Ali ……… had three accidents. (has/is/have/was)
12) Mouza is ill. She has been ill …… the last few days. (for / till / since / just)
13) ------------- you ever -------------- Mount Everest ?
) Has ---- climbed / Did ---- climb / Have ---- climbed / Do ---- climb )
Complete with: for / since

……. two days / ……. yesterday / ….. 1990

……. Last day / ……… four years / …. Monday/
……. ages / …… three months / ……….. April

42
 Past Perfect ‫زمن الماضي التام‬ ‫حدث تم قبل حدث ّأخر في الماضي‬

Affirmative ‫األثبات‬ Negative ‫النفي‬ Question ‫السؤال‬

had V3
had V3 Had V3
not ‫الفاعل‬

played played
played Yes, ….. ( had)
had eaten had not
eaten No, ..….. ( hadn't).

I had studied before I I had studied before I Had you studied ….?
went out. went out. Yes, I had. / No, I hadn't.
: ‫◄ نستخدم زمن الماضي التام للتعبير عن حدث تم قبل حدث ّأخر في الماضي‬

- He was hungry because he hadn’t eaten his breakfast.

- He hadn’t eaten his breakfast so he was hungry.
- I found the key which I had lost.
- I had hardly / scarcely done my homework when I went to the club.
- I had no sooner done my homework than I went to the club.
( said/ ‫◄ نستخدم الماضي التام للتعبير عن أحداث سابقة في الكالم الغير مباشر وفعل القول يكون ماضي‬
Ex: He told me that he had done his homework. : )told
:‫◄ الكلمات الدالة علي زمن الماضي التام‬
hardly-scarcely ‫ بصعوبة‬- ‫ بالكاد‬/ No sooner ‫ بمجرد أن‬/ as soon as ‫ بمجرد أن‬/
till - until ‫ حتي‬/ after ‫ بعد‬/ when ‫ عندما‬/ before - by the time ‫قبل‬
: ) had + P.P ( ‫◄ روابط زمنية ياتي بعدها ماضي تام‬ : ‫◄ روابط زمنية ياتي بعدها ماضي بسيط‬
After / As soon as / No sooner / Before / By the time ‫قبل‬
hardly- scarcely / till-until

After ‫ماضي تام‬ , ‫ماضي بسيط‬ Before ‫ماضي بسيط‬ , ‫ماضي تام‬

After I had studied, I went out. Before I went out, I had studied.

‫ماضي بسيط‬ after ‫ماضي تام‬ ‫ماضي تام‬ Before ‫ماضي بسيط‬

I went out after I had studied. I had studied before I went out.
: ‫مالحظات‬
: ) had + V3 ( ‫) وبعدها ماضي تام‬didn’t + ‫ ) نستخدم ماضي بسيط منفي ( المصدر‬Till/Until ( ‫◄ قبل‬
- My father didn’t buy a new car till / until he had got money.
: ‫ ) يمكن أن نستخدم الماضي البسيط أو الماضي التام‬When ( ‫◄ بعد‬
- When I had finished my homework, I went to the club.
- When I went to the club, I had finished my homework.
: ‫◄ يمكن أستخدام زمن الماضي البسيط في كال الجملتين مع كل الروابط السابقة‬
Ex: I waited till the train came. / After I studied, I went out.

43
 Exercises (Past Perfect)

Complete the sentences with the verbs in the first column:

1) eat - I …..…….. to school after I ……….………. my breakfast.

- After I ……………. my breakfast, I …............… to school.
2) go
- I.…………. my breakfast before I ….......… to school.
- Before I …......… to school, I …….………. my breakfast.

1) study - I …..….….. tennis as soon as I ………..…..…. my lessons.

- As soon as I …...........…. my lessons, I …...…..….. tennis.
2) play
- I ….……......…. my lessons by the time I …….….. tennis.
- By the time I ……….. tennis , I …….....…..…. my lessons.

Choose the correct answer:

1) I didn’t go with them to the cinema because I _________ the movie already.
a) had seen b) was seeing c) see d) am seeing
2) By the time I got home, they _______________ dinner.
a) are eating b) ate c) had eaten d) eating
3) Jane _____________ worked for that company for 15 years when she retired.
a) had b) would c) has d) was
4) The play_______________ before we got to the theatre.
a) was starting b) had started c) has started d) starts
5) After the exam _______________, the students discussed the answers.
a) finishes b) was finishing c) had finished d) finishing
6) My brother went to the stadium after he ----------------- his homework.
a) had done b) did c) does d) doing
7) Mustafa ___________ driven for 6 hours before he arrived in Cairo last night.
a) has b) would c) had d) was
8) He __________ there for 20 years when he heard that he’d lost his job.
a) has worked b) works c) had worked d) would work
9) Even before she finished her job search, she _______ a number of job offers.
a) has b) had have c) had had d) was having
10) The Smiths ______________ a new house a month after their son was born.
a) have bought b) bought c) will buy d) were buying

44
 To + inf. / V+ ing

want - need - would like - hope – plan - try –

afford- fail- refuse – arrange- tend- decide- to + ‫مصدر الفعل‬
forget- learn-promise - offer – manage) Does he want to play tennis ?
( ask - tell – advise – teach - persuade - My father told me to study.
expect -encourage – help – remind ... ) + ‫مفعول‬
to + ‫مصدر الفعل‬
It's + adj. (important / vital /necessary/easy..)
It's important to play sports.

to ‫مصدر الفعل بدون‬

(make / let) – (had better / would rather)
Plays make me laugh.
(Let's / Why not / Why don't you? )
You’d better study well.

(go/like/prefer/hate/appreciate/enjoy/avoid/
keep/ complete / finish /stop/quit/give up/ V + ing
mind/ suggest/imagine/ fear/miss/ practice/ Did you go swimming?
deny/ involve/ risk/ fancy/can't stand/can't Do you mind eating with me?
help/ regret/ look forward to /It’s no use -
good / It's worth …..

‫ ( حروف الجر‬in , on , at , of , for , about , by , V + ing

with , without , through , ….. ) I'm fond of reading stories.
‫ ( الروابط الزمنية اذا حذفنا الفاعل‬After , Before, when, While running, he fell down.
while, As soon as…..)
V + ing
( There is / are + object ) There is a man waiting for you.
( Verb + object ) I see a bird flying in the sky.

Choose the correct answer:

1) I’d be happy ___________ you with that.
a) help b) to help c) helps d) helped
2) Her mother told her ___________ her room.
a) clean b) cleans c) cleaned d) to clean
3) I like cooking but I hate ___________ the dishes.
a) wash b) washing c) washes d) washed
4) He prefers ___________ to walking.
a) run b) runs c) ran d) running
5) I decided ___________ a course in English soon.
a) to take b) to taking c) taking d) will take

45
6) Let me ___________ you.
a) help b) helping c) to help d) helps
7) The teacher asked Mona ___________ carefully.
a) listened b) listening c) to listen d) listens
8) Would you like ___________?
a) come b) coming c) to come d) came
9) He refused ___________ me the car.
a) lent b) lending c) to lend d) lend
10) Do you mind ___________ it with you?
a) take b) took c) to take d) taking
11) We are trying ___________ this problem.
a) to solve b) solving c) solve d) solved
12) He stopped ___________ when he got married.
a) to smoke b) smoking c) smoked d) smoke
13) She made us___________ the whole house.
a) cleaning b) clean c) to clean d) cleaned
14) I advise you to avoid ___________ too fast.
a) drive b) to drive c) drove d) driving
15) I can't stand___________ any person bleeding too much.
a) seeing b) saw c) to see d) seen
16) You had better ___________ well before going to the interview.
a) dressed b) dress c) to dress d) dressing
17) I look forward to ___________ my family.
a) met b) meet c) meeting d) meets
18) I regret not ___________ your party yesterday.
a) attending b) attend c) attended d) attends

46
 Expressing habit ‫التعبير عن العادة‬
Present Past

would (not) + inf.

When I was in Paris, I would watch
Eiffel Tower every day.
Used to + inf. / didn't use to + inf.
When I was young, I used to ride a
bike. Now I drive a car.
am / is / are (not ) + used to + V+ ing was / were ( not ) + used to + V+ ing
I am used to waking up early for In my childhood, I was used to writing
my new job. with a pencil.
get/ gets + used to + V+ ing got + used to + V+ ing
I couldn’t ride a bike. Now I'm When I was young, I got used to
used to riding it. swimming in the sea.
Be used to = be accustomed to (An action that was strange and unusual, but now it
has become familiar.)
‫نشاط كان غريب واألن أصبح مألوف‬
Choose the correct answer:
1) I _______________ a lot before I got married, but now I don't.
a) am used to travelling b) am used to travel c) use to travel d) used to travel
2) Every January during my childhood, my family __________ camping.
a) had gone b) had went c) would go d) was go
3) In the past, people ______________ in tents, but now they don’t.
a) to live b) lives c) lived d) used to live
4) Last week I ------------------- video games the whole night, but now I don’t.
a) played b) used to play c) playing d) play
5) He ------------------- use to smoke.
a) didn't b) doesn't c) isn't d) hasn't
6) Hatem ______________ crying when his father shouts at him.
a) used to b) uses to c) was use to d) is used to
7) I ……………… sleeping at ten when I was a kid.
a) is used to b) use to c) got used to d) used to

47
 Adjectives ‫الصفات‬ ‫كلمات تصف األسماء‬

Positive Comparative Superlative

old older than the oldest
nice nicer than the nicest
big bigger than the biggest
.‫) للصفة‬er( ‫) نضيف‬1 : ‫* عند المقارنة بين أثنين في صفة قصيرة المقطع‬
.‫) بعد الصفة‬than( ‫) نضع‬2

Ex: The elephant is bigger than the lion.

.‫ ) قبل الصفة‬the ( ‫) نضع‬1 : ‫* عند المقارنة بين أكثر من أثنين في صفة قصيرة المقطع‬
.‫ ( للصفة‬est ( ‫) نضيف‬2

Ex: The blue whale is the biggest animal.

exciting (more / less) exciting than the (most / least) exciting
beautiful (more/less) beautiful than the (most/least) beautiful
.‫) قبل الصفة‬more / less( ‫) نضع‬1 : ‫* عند المقارنة بين أثنين في صفة طويلة المقطع‬
.‫ ) بعد الصفة‬than ( ‫) نضع‬2

Ex: Football is more exciting than handball.

.‫ ) قبل الصفة‬the most /the least( ‫) نضيف‬1 : ‫* عند المقارنة بين أكثر من أثنين في صفة طويلة المقطع‬

Ex: Football is the most exciting sport.

‫صفات شاذة‬

Positive Comparative Superlative

bad / ill ‫ مريض‬/ ‫سئ‬ worse than ‫أسوأ من‬ the worst ‫األسوأ‬
good / well ‫ بخير‬/ ‫جيد‬ better than ‫أفضل من‬ the best ‫األفضل‬
many ‫ كثيرللعدد‬/much ‫كثير للكمية‬ more than ‫أكثر من‬ the most ‫األكثر‬
little ‫قليل للكمية‬ less than ‫أقل من‬ the least ‫األقل‬
far ‫بعيد‬ farther than ) ‫ أبعد من ) للمسافة‬the farthest )‫األبعد (مسافة‬
further than )‫ أبعد من ( للوقت‬the furthest ) ‫األبعد ( للوقت‬

as (adj.) as ‫مثل‬ ‫تساوي في الصفات‬ Ali is as fat as Amr.

not as/so(adj.) as ‫عدم التساوي في الصفات‬ Saif isn't as fat as Ali.

‫مثل‬
48 Saif Ali Amr
 ( The …. er / more ) , ( the …. er / more ) : ‫* عند التعبير عن المقارنة المتوازية نستخدم‬
Ex: The more you study, the higher marks you will get.
: ‫* يمكن أن نستخدم زمن المضارع التام مع صفة المقارنة بين أكثر من أثنين‬
It is the highest mountain I have ever seen. / It is the best meal I have ever eaten.
:(much taller/much more exciting) ‫قبل صفة المقارنة بين أثنين‬ (much/little) ‫يمكن أن نستخدم‬
Ex : My father is much older than me. / Football is much more exciting than tennis.

Exercises (Adjectives)

Complete the sentences with: short / tall / taller / tallest

1) Ali is …………………. than Omar.

2) Omar is as ……………… as Hany.
3) Ali is not so ……………….. as Saif.
4) Saif is the ……………….. boy.

Complete the sentences with: most / least / as / more / less

1) Tennis is ………… exciting as basketball.

2) Volleyball is …………. exciting than basketball.
3) Basketball is ………….. exciting than volleyball.
4) Football is the ……………… exciting sport.
5) Tennis and basketball are the ……… exciting sports.

Choose the correct answer:

1) That movie was the…… movie I've ever seen. (bad /worse /worst/ badest )
2) My car is ………… expensive than your car. ( too / more / as / very)
4) Planes are ……..… than cars. ( fast / faster / fastest / the fastest )
5) Ali is the ………. boy in the class. ( good / better / best / better than )
6) Everest is the ------ summit on the earth. (higher than /higher/high/highest )
7) It's ……….than I thought. ( good / better / gooder / best )
8) Brazil is ……….England. ( big than / bigger / bigger than / big as )
9) My room is as ……… as your room. ( bigger / big / biggest / bigger than )
10) My sister is ……….girl in the class.
a) the most intelligent b) more intelligent c) the intelligent d) intelligent

49
 Adverbs
. ‫( للصفة‬ly( ‫نكون الظرف بأضافة‬ ‫ظروف شاذة‬

‫الصفة‬ ‫الظرف‬ ‫الصفة‬ ‫الظرف‬

quick ‫سريع‬ quickly ‫بسرعة‬ good ‫جيد‬ well ‫بطريقة جيدة‬
careful ‫حريص‬ carefully ‫بحرص‬ early ‫مبكر‬ early ‫مبكرا‬
simple ‫بسيط‬ simply ‫ببساطة‬ late ‫متأخر‬ late ‫متأخرا‬
happy ‫سعيد‬ happily ‫بسعادة‬ hard ‫صعب‬ hard ‫بجد‬
dramatic ‫هائل‬ dramatically ‫بشكل هائل‬ fast ‫سريع‬ fast ‫بسرعة‬

) lovely , friendly , motherly , brotherly ). : ‫) السم فتعتبر الكلمة صفة‬ly ( ‫ اذا اضفنا‬-

‫الفرق بين الصفة والظرف‬

Adverb ‫الظرف‬ Adjective ‫الصفة‬
: ‫◄ الظرف يصف‬ : ‫◄ الصفة تصف األسم وتأتي قبله‬
He can run very quickly. ‫( الفعل األساسي‬1 Ex: He is a rich man.
He is very happy today. ‫) الصفة‬2 : ‫◄الصفة تأتي أيضا بعد‬
Really, it is a nice city. ‫ ) الجملة الكاملة‬3 ( be /am /is/are/was/were ( ‫( فعل يكون‬1
Ex: My friend was happy yesterday.
‫ ) أو‬quickly ( ‫◄ الظرف يأتي قبل أو بعد الفعل األساسي‬ : ‫) أفعال الحواس‬2
) Really ( ‫ ) أو بداية الجملة‬very ( ‫ قبل الصفة‬seem / look / appear / smell / taste / (
.‫أونهاية الجملة‬ ) sound / feel
: ‫◄ ال نستخدم الظرف بعد‬ Ex: The food tastes delicious.
Look / seem.. ‫ أو أفعال الحواس‬Be ‫( فعل يكون‬ : ( become / get ( ‫( فعل يصبح‬3
. ‫ وانما نستخدم صفة‬. ) become / get ‫ أو فعل يصبح‬Ex: My friend got ill yesterday.
Ex: He seems happy today. : ( make ( ‫( فعل يعمل‬4
Ex: The film made me happy.
: ( find ( ‫) فعل يجد‬5
Ex: I found the film interesting.

‫ترتيب الصفات‬
Opinion Size Age Shape Color Nationality Material Purpose
‫رأي‬ ‫حجم‬ ‫عمر‬ ‫شكل‬ ‫لون‬ ‫ جنسية‬/ ‫أصل‬ ‫مادة‬ ‫الغرض‬
silly tiny new square blue (origin )
French wooden sleeping
beautiful small young round pink American metal
difficult little old oval grey Egyptian paper roasting

: ‫يمكن أن نستخدم الكلمات التالية قبل الصفات‬

( very , so , extremely , too / fairly, quite, pretty, rather, a bit and a little ).

50
 ‫كلمات تعبر عن األشخاص أو الحيوانات‬
Nouns ‫األسماء‬ ‫أو النباتات أو الجماد أو أسماء مجردة‬

Noun Types ‫أنواع األسماء‬

Common country city language continent laptop

Proper Egypt Cairo English Africa HP

.‫ هي األسماء بشكل عام وال نكتب بدايتها بحرف كبير إال في بداية الجملة‬:( Common nouns ( ‫األسماء العامة‬

Ali , Cairo .‫ هي األسماء بشكل خاص ويشترط أن نكتب بدايتها بحرف كبير‬:( Proper nouns ( ‫األسماء الخاصة‬

Countable Nouns ‫ أسماء معدودة‬Uncountable Nouns ‫أسماء غير معدودة‬

Singular ‫مفرد‬ Plural ‫جمع‬ ‫ليس لها صيغ مفرد أو جمع‬

a boy / a man boys / men water / tea / coffee / money / grass

:‫( في زمن المضارع البسيط‬s ( ‫األسماء المفردة واألسماء الغير معدودة يأتي بعدها فعل منتهي ب‬

Ex: My friend goes to the club every day. / Water is very important in our life.

:‫( في زمن المضارع البسيط‬s ( ‫األسماء الجمع يأتي بعدها فعل في المصدر اي فعل بدون‬

Ex: My friends go to the club every day.

:‫إذا وضعنا كلمات تدل على الكمية قبل االسم الغير معدود فأن الفعل يأتي حسب لفظ الكمية أو التجزئة‬
Ex: Two cups of tea are not enough for me. / A cup of tea is enough for me.

Classify the nouns in the table:

person / April / day / Omar / month / city / Sunday / Cairo

Common
Proper

tea / egg / children / grass / desk / boys / books / milk / pen

singular
plural
uncountable

51
 Plurals ‫جمع االسماء‬

‫) للمفرد‬s( ‫نكون الجمع بإضافة‬ ) es ( ‫) نضيف لها‬s, sh, ch, x, z( ‫األسماء التي تنتهي بالحروف‬
) k ( ‫ ) تنطق‬c ( ‫ ألن‬stomach – stomachs : ‫شواذ‬

‫ مفرد‬cat car pen ‫ مفرد‬beach dish bus box quiz

‫ جمع‬cats cars pens ‫ جمع‬beaches dishes buses boxes quizzes

) y ( ‫األسماء التي تنتهي بحرف‬ , ‫ ) وسبقها حرف ساكن‬y ( ‫األسماء التي تنتهي بحرف‬
‫ نترك ال‬, ‫وسبقها حرف متحرك‬ . ) ies ( ‫ ) ثم نضيف‬y ( ‫نحذف ال‬
.)s( ‫( ثم نضيف‬y)
‫ مفرد‬boy ray day ‫ مفرد‬city country body baby
‫ جمع‬boys rays days ‫ جمع‬cities countries bodies babies

)o( ‫األسماء التي تنتهي بحرف‬ , ‫ ) وسبقها حرف ساكن‬o ( ‫األسماء التي تنتهي بحرف‬
)s( ‫ نضيف‬, ‫وسبقها حرف متحرك‬ . ) es ( ‫نضيف‬
‫ مفرد‬zoo radio ‫ مفرد‬potato tomato hero
‫ جمع‬zoos radios ‫ جمع‬potatoes tomatoes heroes

photo – photos / piano – pianos / volcano (volcanos - volcanoes) : ‫شواذ‬

: ‫شواذ‬ ‫ ) الي‬fe ( ‫) أو‬f ( ‫ ) نقلب ال‬fe ( ‫ ) أو‬f ( ‫األسماء التي تنتهي بحرف‬
. ) es ( ‫ ) ثم نضيف‬v (
scarf (scarfs / scarves) ‫ مفرد‬shelf knife thief wife
dwarf (dwarfs /dwarves ) ‫ جمع‬shelves knives thieves wives
cliff (cliffs ) / roof (roofs)
/ chef ‫شواذ الجمع المنتظم‬
(chefs)/chief(chiefs)
SING phenomenon curriculum criterion oasis analysis cactus
.Plural phenomena curricula criteria oases analyses cacti

‫أسماء لها نفس صيغة المفرد وصيغة الجمع‬

SING. sheep deer fish series species
Plural sheep deer fish series species

52
 Irregular Plurals ‫أسماء جمع شاذة‬ ‫تحفظ كما هي‬

Singular Plural Singular Plural

man ‫رجل‬ men ‫رجال‬ tooth ‫سنة‬ teeth ‫أسنان‬

woman ‫أمرأة‬ women ‫نساء‬ goose ‫وزة‬ geese ‫أوز‬
child ‫طفل‬ children ‫أطفال‬ ox ‫ثور‬ oxen ‫ثيران‬

person ‫شخص‬ people ( persons) ‫ناس‬ mouse ‫فأر‬ mice ‫فئران‬

foot ‫قدم‬ feet ‫أقدام‬ louse ‫قملة‬ lice ‫قمل‬

Uncountable Nouns ‫أسماء غير معدودة‬ ( a/an ( ‫ال نضع قبلها‬

(S) ‫وال نزيد عليها‬
General homework / equipment /baggage / luggage / clothing /
furniture / jewelry / perfume / soap / petrol / traffic
Quantity dust / sand / grass / sugar / salt / powder / / money / hair

materials gold / silver / wood / wool / paper / leather / cotton / glass /

plastic / rubber / stone/ oil
Abstract advice / help / fun / enjoyment / information / knowledge /
news / joy / happiness / sadness / progress / trust / education /
intelligence / space / energy / peace / pride / wisdom

Food food / flour/ meat / wheat / rice / cake /bread / pasta / fish/
fruit / cream / toast/ butter / oil / cheese / honey / soup
Liquids milk / water / tea / coffee / Pepsi
Weather weather / climate / thunder / lightning / snow / rain / ice / heat
/ wind / pollution
Languages English / Arabic / French / Italian / Chinese

Subjects English / history / geography / physics / music / grammar

Sports tennis / baseball / basketball / football / hockey / chess
Activities swimming / walking / driving / speaking / cooking / sleeping

Possessive ‫الملكية‬

53
 Exercises (Nouns)
Write the plurals:
man …………………. loaf ………………. photo ………….….. tomato …………..
child …………………. watch ……………. city …………….. Key ……………..…..
woman ………………. Wife ……….……… zoo ………………. class ………..……..
Choose the correct answer:
1) There’s a big sale on _________________ clothes at Carrefour.
a) child b) child’s c) children d) children’s
2) Please buy me some __________________ at the store.
a) pen b) a pen c) pens d) the pens
3) There's a big sale on ______________ hats.
a) men b) man c) man's d) men's
4) At least 10 ____________ work in this office.
a) peoples b) people c) person d) a person
5) The student didn’t have _______________ for the teacher.
a) answer b) some answer c) an answer d) an answers
6) We need to buy _______________ for our living room.
a) chair b) some chair c) a chair d) a chairs
7) My sister would like to be ____________.
a) writer b) write c) writes d) a writer
8) Mohammed and Moataz went shopping last Friday without their ………….. .
a) wifes b) wife c) wive d) wives
9) She got some_________ fore her wedding present.
a) a gold b) gold c) the gold d) golds
10) This is my ……………… car. He drives it every day.
a) father's b) father c) fathers d) father'
11) These are my ……………… bikes. They ride them every day.
a) friends b) friend c) friend's d) friends'
12) There are my ……………… clothes. I have to wash them.
a) children b) childrens c) children's d) children '

54
 Noun Determiners ‫محددات األسماء‬ ‫ما يأتي قبل األسماء‬

Singular ‫مفرد‬ Plural ‫جمع‬ Uncountable ‫ال يعد‬

The boy The boys The water

A boy Both boys

An egg
Both eggs

This These This

That boy Those boys That water

Every All All

boy boys water
Each Most Most

Another Other Other water

The other boy The other boys The other

Many Much
More More
Several Plenty of
A lot of A lot of
boys water
Lots of Lots of

A few A little
Few boys Little
Fewer water
Less

some some
any boys any water
enough enough

55
 (Another / Other ( )‫ أخرون‬/ ‫(أخر‬

‫اسم مفرد‬ ‫اسم جمع‬ ‫اسم ال يعد‬

‫ غير محدد‬Another boy Other boys / others Other water

Ex: I want another cup of Some people are Some water is salt
tea. rich but other people but other water is
are poor. fresh.
‫ محدد‬The other ( boy ) The other boys / The other water
The others
Ex: I've two pens. I'll have I see only six boys in They have drunk all
one and you can take the class. Where are the juice. Can you
the other (one). the other boys? bring the other juice
in the fridge?

( many / much / a lot of (

) a lot of ( ‫أثبات‬ ) many / much ( ‫النفي‬ ) many / much ( ‫السؤال‬

I have a lot of pens. I don’t have many pens. Do you have many pens?

I’d like a lot of tea. I wouldn’t like much tea. Do you have much tea?
too many / too much ) too ( ‫ ) في األثبات بعد كلمة‬many / much ( ‫◄ يمكن أن نستخدم‬
Many boys are absent today. ‫) في األثبات في بداية الجملة‬many/much( ‫◄ يمكن أن نستخدم‬

( some / any (

) some ( ‫أثبات‬ ) any ( ‫النفي‬ ) ‫السؤال ( حسب نوع السؤال‬

I have some books. I don’t have any books. Do you have any books?

. ‫ ) في النفي و السؤال العام‬any ( ‫◄ نستخدم‬

I’d like some tea. I wouldn’t like any tea. Would you like some tea?
I want some milk. I don’t want any milk. Can I have some milk?
. ‫ ) في األثبات و سؤال الطلب أو العرض‬some ( ‫◄ نستخدم‬
Choose the correct answer:
1) We arrived before all the _______ guests at the party.
a) other b) others c) another d) one other
2) Would you like _______ book to read?
a) some b) other c) others d) another
3) I got two presents: one from my mother and _______ from my friend.
a) other b) others c) the other d) the others

56
4) I invited four guests. Two are present. Where are _______ guests?
a) others b) other c) another d) the other
5) Reem and Moza are old friends. They try to see each _______ at least once
a week.
a) another b) the other c) other d) others
6) Give me _______ loaf of bread, please.
a) another b) the others c) other d) others
7) She returned three of my six books and promised to bring_______ on Friday.
a) other b) another c) others d) the others
8) We’ll take three cars. You go in one and we’ll take _______
a) others b) the others c) other d) another
9) Some people prefer vegetables while_______ prefer meat.
a) other b) another c) others d) the others
10) Call me if you want some help. I have ________ ideas that you might like.
a) few b) little c) a few d) a little
11) There isn’t _______ milk in the fridge.
a) many b) any c) some d) none
12) I have never read _______ of these books.
a) some b) any c) much d) a little
13) I saw _______ students on my way to the mall.
a) lots b) a little c) any d) several
14) Pass me _______ salt if you don't mind.
a) lot b) a lot c) some d) many
15) He always eats too _______ oranges.
a) many b) much c) lots d) little
16) There is _______ milk left in the refrigerator. I need to buy some.
a) little b) a little c) many d) a few

57
 Definite & Indefinite Articles ‫أدوات التعريف و النكرة‬

.‫ ) تستخدم كأداة للتعريف‬The ( .‫ ) تستخدمان كأدوات نكرة‬a / an ( ◄

a pen – a tree – a car – a man - a girl .‫( قبل األسماء التي تبدأ بحرف ساكن‬a ( ‫◄ نضع‬
an apple – an egg )a , e , i , o , u ) ‫( قبل األسماء التي تبدأ بحرف متحرك‬an) ‫◄ نضع‬

: ‫ ) فقط حسب النطق‬a / an ( ‫◄ نضع‬

an hour /an honest man : ) h ( ‫◄حروف صامتة‬

) an umbrella ( an ‫( نضع‬a) (u) ‫◄ أذا نطقنا‬
) a university / a European city ( a ‫( نضع‬y) ‫( كما هي‬u) ‫◄أذا نطقنا‬

(a /an( ‫أستخدام‬

a table - an egg ‫قبل األسماء المفردة المعدودة‬

He is an engineer. ‫قبل الوظيفة‬
She is an English woman. ‫قبل الجنسية‬

He visits his uncle four times a week. “‫بمعني ”كل‬

(The) ‫أستخدام‬

The sun / The earth / The universe / The sky ... ‫االسم الذي ال يوجد منه سوى نوع واحد‬
.‫قط‬
The Arabian Gulf / The River Nile / The Red ‫أسماء األنهار و البحار والمحيطات‬
Sea / The Pacific Ocean / The Alps .… ‫والخلجان والجبال والصحاري والجزر‬

The north / the south / The east / The west ‫مع األتجهات‬
The top / The bottom / The left / The right / ‫مع ظروف المكان‬
The center / The middle / The corner

I saw a man. The man was young. ‫نستخدم مع االسم الذي ذكر للمرة الثانية‬

The president / The manager / The ground / ‫مع األشياء المعروفة‬

The roof / The door / The police / The army
The airport / The museum / The club …. ‫مع األماكن المشهورة‬

The piano / The drum / The oud / The guitar .‫أسماء اآلالت الموسيقية‬

I know the boy who took your bike. )‫قبل جملة الوصل ( التي تحتوي علي ضمير‬
)‫وصل‬
The name of / The winner of/ The capital of ‫ ) أو الجملة الوصفية‬Of ( ‫قبل‬
The tallest / The most beautiful )‫قبل الصفات (المقارنة بين أكثر من أثنين‬

58
 The first / The second /The third / The fourth ... ‫مع أرقام الترتيب‬
The radio/ The internet / The end / The same ‫مع بعض الكلمات‬

)The) ‫حاالت عدم استخدام‬

home /bed / hospital / school / college ) ‫قبل بعض األماكن (بشكل عام‬

: ) The ( ‫◄ أذا استخدمنا هذه األماكن بشكل خاص فأننا نستخدم‬

I go to school. ) ‫ ( بشكل عام‬/ My father came to the school yesterday. )‫(بشكل خاص‬

breakfast / lunch / dinner ) ‫قبل الوجبات الغذائية ( بشكل عام‬

: )The ( ‫◄اذا كنا نتحدث عن وجبة معينة فأننا نستخدم‬

The lunch in this restaurant will be very delicious.

France / Egypt / Cairo / Dubai / Africa ‫قبل الدول والمدن والقارات‬

: ‫ ) قبل أسماء الواليات والجمهوريات والممالك‬The ( ‫◄ نستخدم‬

The U.A.E. / The K.S.A. / The U.S.A. / The U.K. ( The united kingdom )

Times Square / Hope Street / Union Road ‫قبل أسماء الشوارع والميادين والطرق‬

English / Math / IT / Arabic / History …. ‫قبل المواد الدراسية‬

tomorrow /yesterday / last (day )/next (day) ‫قبل الظروف الزمنية‬

football / tennis …….. ‫قبل الرياضات‬

Monday / June / October ……… ‫قبل أيام األسبوع وشهور السنة‬

Music / water / work / life / weather / fish …. )‫قبل األسماء الغير معدودة (بشكل عام‬

: ) The ( ‫◄ أذا أستخدمنا األسماء الغير معدودة بشكل خاص ( محدد ) فأننا نستخدم‬

I don’t like cold weather. ) ‫ ) بشكل عام‬/ The weather is cold today. ) ‫) بشكل خاص‬

Choose the correct answer:

1) Really he is ____________ honest man.

a) an b) a c) the d) one
2) You have got to buy ____________ uniform for your new job.
a) an b) a c) zero article d) the

59
3) Ahmed usually has ____________ with his friends in the cafeteria.
a) the lunch b) the lunches c) lunch d) a lunch
4) Princess Rania has become famous for her work with____________ children.
a) a b) the c) an d) zero article
5) Nelson Mandela was born in ____________ South Africa.
a) a b) an c) the d) zero article
6) ____________ K.S.A is a country in Asia.
a) A b) The c) Zero article d) An
7) Last summer we spent a few days at ___________ very nice hotel by the sea.
a) the b) an c) a d) so
8) She works as ____________ teacher in a private school.
a) the b) a c) an d) some
9) Bill is good at playing ____________ piano.
a) an b) no need c) the d) __
10) I saw a man in the park. ____________ man was playing with his children.
a) the b) a c) an d) __
11) I'd like to travel all over ____________ world.
a) a b) the c) an d) __
12) Teachers don't like ____________ children who make noise.
a) an b) the c) a d) __
13) ____________ watermelon that I bought yesterday was very tasty.
a) a b) the c) an d) __
14) There are many stars in ____________ sky.
a) a b) an c) the d) zero article

60
 Relative Pronouns ‫ضمائر الوصل‬

. ‫نستخدم ضمير الوصل ليحل محل األسم أو الضمير في الجملة الثانية‬

-The boy was tall. He broke the glass. The boy, who broke the glass, was tall.

Relative PN. Usage Example

Who ‫ للعاقل ( فاعل أو‬The boy, (who) I met, was playing.

) ‫ مفعول‬The boy, who studies hard, gets high marks.
Whom ) ‫ للعاقل ( مفعول فقط‬The boy, (whom) I met, was playing.
Which ‫ لغير العاقل‬I drove the car which my father bought me.
That ‫ للعاقل وغير العاقل‬The boy, (that) I met, was playing.
I drove the car (that) my father bought me.
Whose ‫ للملكية (مع العاقل‬This is the woman whose son died.
) ‫ وغير العاقل‬The dog, whose leg was broken, was small.
When ‫ للوقت‬The fall is a time when leaves turn brown.
Where ‫ للمكان‬This is the school where we learn.
Why ‫ للسبب‬I don’t know the reason why he was absent.
How ‫ للكيفية أو الحال‬He told me how to face challenges.
What ‫ لألشياء غالبا مسبوقة‬This is all what I have.
all ‫ ب‬I don't know what he is looking for.

who
) ‫أشخاص ( فاعل‬ Verb noun whose noun

‫مالحظات هامة‬

. ‫( مع غير العاقل‬Which) ‫( مع العاقل و‬Whom) ‫ اذا سبق الضمير حرف جر فأننا نستخدم‬-
Ex : The boy, with whom I played yesterday , made an accident.
This is the school in which I learnt.
.‫( عند أستخدامهم مكان المفعول‬who , whom , which , that( ‫ يمكن أن نحذف‬-

Ex: The boy I met yesterday was playing.

/ I drove the car my dad bought me. . ‫الحظ وجود فاعل اخر في الجملة‬

: ‫ ال يجوز أن نحذف ضمير الوصل اذا أتي مكان الفاعل في الجملة الثانية‬-
Ex: The boy, who studies hard, gets high marks.
I ate the apple that was on the table.

61
 Exercises (Relative Pronouns)
Choose the correct answer:
1) I prefer travelling in the winter ________ the weather is more comfortable.
a) who b) where c) which d) when
2) I’m going to Kenya, ________________ I hope to go on safari.
a) who b) whom c) which d) where
3) The lady ________________ car was damaged in the accident is very sad.
a) who b) whose c) whom d) which
4) The person ______________ visited your house was very nice.
a) who b) which c) what d) where
5) The shop owner wondered ____________I was looking for.
a) what b) how c) why d) when
6) Children _____________ eat a lot of sugar often get fat.
a) which b) who c) whose d) whom
7) This is the house in ________ I live.
a) who b) whose c) which d) where
8) Fatima, ________ mother makes lovely cakes, has invited us to tea.
a) who b) whose c) which d) where
9) This is the house ________ my grandfather was born.
a) which b) when c) who d) where
10) The teacher ________ we all like is ill today.
a) how b) whom c) whose d) which
11) The house________ they have rented is in the center of town.
a) who b) where c) which d) whose
12) He bought all the books ________are required for the course.
a) that b) who c) where d) whose
13) A dictionary is a book _____________ we can find meanings of words.
a) who b) where c) when d) which
14) The boy didn’t understand _________ his friend was crying.
a) who b) which c) why d) what

62
 Connectors ‫الروابط‬ ‫كلمات تربط بين جمل أو عبارات‬

Connectors ‫الروابط‬ Examples ‫أمثلة‬

For ) ‫ألن ( سبب‬ He loves science for he wants to be a scientist.
And )‫و ( اضافة معلومات‬ She went shopping and she bought vegetables.
Nor ) ‫وال ( نفي‬ They haven’t relaxed nor have they studied.
But ) ‫ ولكن ( تناقض‬He studied hard but he failed the exam.
Or )‫ تحذير‬/‫ أو (اختيار‬You can join a university or you can have a job.
Yet ) ‫ ( تناقض‬He slept early yet he got up late.
‫ولكن‬
So ) ‫ ( نتيجة‬He studied hard so he got high marks.
‫ولذلك‬
‫جمل مثبتة‬
Both ….. and ‫كال من‬ - Both Reem and her sisters play tennis.
)play) ‫دائما يأتي بعدهم فعل لصيغة الجمع‬ - Both Ali and Saif play soccer.
Not only … but also /as well -Not only Reem but also her sisters play
‫ ولكن أيضا‬....... ‫ليس فقط‬ tennis.
not only ‫ نكتب الفعل المساعد بعد‬- -Not only has she succeeded but also / as
well she has got high marks.
And also ( ‫ فعل مساعد مثبت‬+ ‫) فاعل‬ - Reem plays tennis and also do her sisters.
And ( ‫ فاعل‬+ ‫ ) فعل مساعد مثبت‬too - Reem plays tennis and her sisters do too.

‫جمل منفية‬
Neither …. nor ‫ وال‬..... ‫ليس‬ - Neither Reem nor her sisters swim in the sea.
( nor ) ‫الفعل يأتي حسب الفاعل بعد‬ - Neither Reem nor Mona swims in the sea.
And neither -Reem doesn’t swim and neither do her
( ‫ فعل مساعد مثبت‬+‫) فاعل‬ sisters.
) neither ( ‫( بدال من‬nor) ‫يمكن استخدام‬ - Reem doesn’t swim and neither does Mona.
and ( ‫ فاعل‬+ ‫ مساعد‬+ not ) either - Reem doesn’t swim and Mona doesn’t
either.

‫جمل للتعبير عن خيارين‬

Either ….. or ‫ أو‬...... ‫اما‬ Either Moza or her sister feeds the cat.
( or ) ‫الفعل يأتي حسب الفاعل بعد‬
‫جمل للتعبير عن التحذير‬
Or / Otherwise ‫ وإال‬Hurry up, or / otherwise you will miss the bus.

None (not one / -None of the students want/wants to take exams.

no one / nothing) - I wanted some coffee, but there was none left.

Neither of my parents lives with me. (None) ‫( للتحدث عن اثنين وال نستخدم‬Neither) ‫نستخدم‬

63
 Exercises (Connectors)

Choose the correct answer:

1) All of his brothers became doctors, _____________ he wants to be a teacher.

a) yet b) and c) for d) or
2) I would like to see you tonight, _______________ I’m too busy with work.
a) so b) and c) but d) nor
3) Ali wants to lose weight, _________________ he exercises daily.
a) so b) and c) yet d) but
4) We played well, _________ we lost the match.
a) or b) and c) but d) so
5) Pepper and salt are bad for the heart, _________ he doesn’t eat them.
a) so b) but c) because d) or
6) Study well …………you will get low mark in the exam.
a) or b) and c) for d) so
7) Moza is a nice girl, ________________ her sister isn't.
a) and b) but c) so d) since
8) My sister didn’t go out and …………. did my brother.
a) either b) nor c) neither d) also
9) My friend speaks English well and…………… does my sister.
a) neither b) nor c) too d) also
10) I haven’t studied yet and my friend …………
a) haven’t either b) hasn’t either c) has either d) has too
11) My mother works in a bank and also ………..
a) do my father b) my father does c) does my father d) is my father
12) ………….. my mother nor my father traveled abroad.
a) Either b) Not c) Too d) Neither
13) ………......... my brother and my sister go to school.
a) Neither b) Both c) Also d) Either
14) You can drink ……… tea or coffee.
a) neither b) either c) both d) too

64
 Conjunctions ‫الروابط‬ ‫كلمات تربط بين جمل أو عبارات‬

‫روابط يأتي بعدها جملة كاملة‬ ‫روابط يأتي بعدها عبارة‬

Reason Because / As / Since / For ‫ألن‬ Because of / Due to /

As a result of
‫سبب‬
On account of ‫ نتيجة ل‬/ ‫بسبب‬
Example He didn’t come because he was He didn’t come because of
ill. his illness / being ill.

Contrast Although Despite / In spite of

Though ‫بالرغم من‬ ‫جملة أساسية‬ ‫بالرغم من ( يأتي بعدهم عبارة من الجملة‬
‫تناقض‬
Even though )‫األساسية‬
Example Although he is poor, he is glad. Despite being poor, he is
He is glad although he is poor. glad.
In spite of his poverty, he is
glad.
Contrast Nevertheless
However ‫مع ذلك‬ ‫جملة فرعية‬
‫تناقض‬
But ‫ولكن‬

Example • He is poor. However, he is glad.

• He is poor but he is glad.
While / whereas ‫بينما‬ Ali is clever whereas his sister is lazy.

Result ‫النتيجة‬
so ) ‫) جملتان متصلتان‬ •He was ill so he didn’t go to school.
Thus /Therefore /As a result / •He didn’t study. As a result, he failed the
Consequently )‫ ( جملتان منفصلتان‬exam.
so ‫ ظرف‬/ ‫ صفة عادية‬that •The tea was so hot that I couldn’t drink it.
such ‫ صفة عادية‬+ ‫ اسم‬that •It was such hot tea that I couldn’t drink it.
‫ صفة عادية‬enough to + ‫مصدر الفعل‬ •The boy is not old enough to come with us.
‫ صفة عادية‬enough for + ‫ فعل‬+ ing •The boy is not old enough for coming with us.
too ( adj. ) to + inf. •The tea is too hot (for me) to drink.
Purpose ‫الغرض‬
in order that / so that ‫ • لكي‬I study hard so that I can get high marks.
to / in order to / so as to ‫ • لكي‬I study hard so as to get high marks.
in order not to • I study hard in order not to fail the exam.
so as not to ‫لكي ال‬
‫عبارة‬ • I study hard for good marks.
For ‫من أجل‬ ‫ فعل‬+ ing • I study hard for getting good marks.

65
 Exercises (Conjunctions )

Choose the correct answer:

1) She couldn’t travel ________________ the bad weather.

a) as b) since c) so that d) because of
2) ________________ his poverty, he didn't ask anyone to help him.
a) As b) Although c) Despite d) Because
3) __________ she was ill, she went to the club with us.
a) However b) Although c) Despite d) Therefore
4) ________ it was raining, I didn't get wet.
a) Although b) Because c) Just as d) If
5) Aliya got the job, ________ she had no experience.
a) as b) whereas c) even though d) until
6) I don't drink coffee, ________ it makes me nervous.
a) while b) although c) when d) since
7) Surfing is fun ________it can be dangerous.
a) as b) in order to c) because d) although
8) ___________ his talent, no body admires him.
a) Although b) Despite c) However d) Nevertheless
9) ___________ his illness, Jack didn’t come to school.
a) So that b) In order to c) Because d) Due to
10) We lost the match _____________ we didn't train well.
a) because b) due to c) because of d) therefore
11) They lost the match __________ the hard training.
a) although b) because c) despite d) however
12) I go to the park ___________________ relax under the trees.
a) in order that b) in order to c) so that d) for
13) We are trying to save money _________ we can buy a bigger house.
a) for b) in order to c) to d) so that

66
 If ( Conditional sentences ) ) ‫ لو ( الجمل الشرطية‬/ ‫أذا‬

‫الحالة‬ ‫فعل الشرط‬ ‫فعل جواب الشرط‬

) ‫للتعبير عن شئ حقيقي ( حقيقة علمية أو عادة عامة‬
‫مضارع بسيط‬ ‫مضارع بسيط‬

inf. / V + s don’t / inf. / V + s don’t /

doesn’t + inf. doesn’t + inf.
Ex: If I eat fish, I usually get ill.
If we heat water, it boils.
. ‫للتعبير عن شئ محتمل الحدوث في ال مستقبل‬
‫مضارع بسيط‬ will (’ll ) / won’t
can / can’t
inf. / V + s don’t / shall / shan’t inf. ) ‫( مصدر الفعل‬
doesn’t + inf. may / may not
must / mustn’t
Ex: If it rains, I won’t go out.
If I have money, I will buy a new car.
‫شواذ‬
)‫) نستخدم مصدر الفعل للتعبير عن األمر في جملة جواب الشرط ( والفاعل يكون محذوف‬1
Ex: If you meet Ahmed, tell him about the party.
: ‫) يمكن أن نعبرعن النصيحة في جملة جواب الشرط بأستخدام أفعال ناقصة في المضارع مثل‬2
( should , have to / has to , ought to , must )
Ex: If you are ill, you should go to the doctor.
. ‫للتعبير عن مواقف خيالية أو شئ مستبعد الحدوث في المضارع‬
‫ماضي بسيط‬
would (’d )/wouldn’t
V + ed / ‫شاذ‬ didn’t + inf. could / couldn’t ) ‫( مصدر الفعل‬
might / might not inf.
Ex: If I were a bird, I would fly.
If I had money, I would buy a new car.
. ‫للتعبير عن اللوم أو العتاب أو عن استبعاد حدوث فعل في الماضي‬
‫ماضي تام‬ would (’d ) / wouldn’t
could /couldn’t have +V3
had + V3 hadn’t + V3 might / might not
Ex: If I had studied hard, I would have succeeded.
If I had had money, I would have bought a car.

( not ‫ ولكنها تشير للنفي ( ال نضع بعدها‬If ‫مثل حاالت‬

Ex :Unless you study , you won’t pass the exam .
(If you don’t study, you won’t pass the exam).

67
 Exercises (if / unless )

Choose the correct answer:

1) You shouldn’t drive a car _____________ you have a driving license.
a) if b) when c) since d) unless
2) If you don’t hurry up, you _______________ miss the bus.
a) will b) would c) can d) should
3) If you ___________ faster, we would have arrived on time.
a) had driven b) rive c) have driven d) driving
4) Unless he gets up early, he _____________ the school bus.
a) would miss b) will miss c) missed d) missing
5) If I _______________ stronger, I'd help you carry the piano.
a) am b) will be c) were d) had been
6) I would have bought a new car if I _________________ enough money.
a) has b) will have c) had d) had had
7) If you eat much fat, you _____________ weight.
a) gaining b) gained c) would gain d) will gain
8) If I __________ a spaceship, I would travel to the moon.
a) had b) has c) have d) had had
9) If he had studied well, he _____________ high marks.
a) would get b) would have got c) will get d) gets
10) If you came late, you ___________ the interview.
a) misses b) would have missed c) would miss d) will miss
11) We would go home if the bell ___________
a) ring b) rang c) rings d) rung
12) If you feel cold, _____________ a jacket.
a) wore b) wearing c) wear d) worn
13) If I had enough money, I _____________ a new mobile.
a) bought b) would buy c) will buy d) would have bought
14) They will travel abroad if they _____________ enough money.
a) had b) have c) has d) having

68
 Expressing Regret / Far wish ‫التعبير عن الندم أو التمني المستحيل‬

‫عند التمني أو الندم في المضارع نستخدم الماضي البسيط‬ ‫عند التمني أو الندم في الماضي نستخدم الماضي التام‬
1) I can't fly. 1) I failed the exam.
I wish I were a bird. / If only I were a bird. I wish I had studied my lessons.
2) I can't drive a car. If only I had studied my lessons.
If only I knew how to drive a car.
2) I came late to school yesterday.
3) You always come late.
I wish you wouldn’t arrive late all the time. I wish I had come early to school.
If only I had come early to school.

: ‫( للتعبير عن الندم‬regret ’s’ + V+ ing / not+ V+ ing ( ‫يمكن استخدام‬

He has cancer. He regrets smoking. / I am very fat. I regret not playing sports.

Choose the correct answer:

1) His mother was at hospital. I wish she _____________ better .
a) has been b) would be c) had been d) will be
2) I had an accident. I wish I _____________ carefully.
a) drive b) had driven c) have driven d) driving
3) Mike made a horrible mistake. He _____________ deeply.
a) thought b) will think c) thinks d) should have thought
4) Jack failed the driving test. I wish he _____________ it
a) passes b) had passed c) can pass d) will pass
5) I hope my sister ______________ the university next year.
a) has joined b) joined c) join d) will join
6) I feel ill. If only I _____________ in cold water.
a) hadn’t swum b) haven’t swum c) don’t swim d) didn’t swim
7) I fell down. I wish _____________ on a banana.
a) hadn't stepped b) don't step c) haven't stepped d) doesn't stepped
8) My brother travelled abroad. If only I _____________ him.
a) meeting b) meet c) had met d) to meet
9) I hope my brother ______________ in the final exam.
a) will pass b) passed c) has passed d) passing

69
 Prepositions of time ‫حروف جر للوقت‬
in a period of time ) .... ‫ موسم‬/ ‫ شهر‬/ ‫يستخدم للتحدث عن فترة زمنية ( سنة‬
in 2003 / in July / in the winter – summer – spring-fall (autumn) / in the
morning-afternoon-evening /in the middle of the day / in a few weeks
on For days and dates: ‫لأليام والتواريخ‬
on my birthday / on July 4th / on Saturday / on Tuesday afternoon /
on holiday / on the weekend ( U.S)
at A point in time: ).... ‫ وجبات يومية‬/ ‫يستخدم للتحدث عن نقطة زمنية (ساعات‬
at 4 o'clock / at 10:45 / at breakfast- lunch – dinner / at the end of
: ‫أو مع بعض التعبيرات‬
at the moment/at the same time/at night/at noon/at the weekend(U.K)
by By = before ‫ قبل‬x after ‫بعد‬
by 9: 00 / before 9:00 x after 9:00
During ‫( فترة زمنية ( أثناء‬ during summer holiday
Prepositions of place ‫حروف جر للمكان‬
in : ‫ أماكن مغلقة ) أو مع األتجاهات‬/ ‫ قارات‬/ ‫ دول‬/ ‫يستخدم للتحدث عن أماكن تحوطنا ) مدن‬
in a room/ in the kitchen/ in Africa/ in Cairo / in Egypt / in a garden / in the
river / in the sea/ in a pool / in a shop / in a bank / in a factory/ in the east of
on : ‫للتحدث عن أشياء فوق أشياء أخري أو للتحدث عن أماكن مفتوحة‬
on the wall/on the table /on a tree /on the board/on a field/on a plain
/on a farm/ on the first floor /on the ground /on the way/on an island
at : ‫يستخدم مع العناوين أو مع أحداث أو للتحدث عن أماكن نذهب اليها يوميا لنري الناس أو نفعل شئ‬
at 25 Main street /at the bus stop/at the doctor's/at the post office/at
work/at school /at college /at university/at home/at the mall/at the
door /at the butcher's /at the station/at a party/at a meeting
Prepositions of place ‫حروف جر للمكان‬
in ‫ داخل‬/ ‫في‬ on ‫على‬ in the middle /
over / above ‫فوق‬ below / under ‫تحت‬ center ‫في الوسط‬
behind ‫خلف‬ in front of ‫أمام‬ on the corner
near / by ‫قريب‬ opposite ‫في الجهة المقابلة‬ ‫ في الزاوية‬/ ‫في الركن‬
next to ‫بجوار‬ far away from ‫بعيد عن‬ along ‫على امتداد‬
towards ‫تجاه‬ away from ‫بعيدا عن‬ across from
inside ‫داخل‬ outside ‫خارج‬ ‫ في الجهة المقابلة‬/ ‫عبر‬
at the top ‫في األعلي‬ at the bottom ‫في األسفل‬ between ‫بين‬
up ‫ألعلى‬ down ‫ألسفل‬ past ‫مارا ب‬

: ‫ للتعبير عن وسائل المواصالت‬by ‫نستخدم حرف الجر‬

by bus / by car / by taxi ‫ بالتاكسي‬/ ‫ بالسيارة‬/ ‫ بالباص‬/ on foot ‫سيرا علي األقدام‬

70
 Complete with (in / on / at):

1) …… night. 2) …… Monday. 3) ……. April. 4) ……… 1990.

5) …… the summer. 6) …… university. 7) ……. May first. 8) … home.
9) …… midnight. 10) …… Cairo. 11) …. the center. 12) ..… college.
13) …… an island. 14) …… holiday 15) …. the butcher's. 16) …… work.

Write ( in /on /under /above /between/in front of/behind) under the boxes:

……… ……… ……… …………………….. ……… ……… ………

. . . . . . .
Choose the correct answer:
1) Saif and Hissa are planning to have their wedding __________ the summer.
a) at b) to c) up d) in
2) I get up __________ 7.00 every day.
a) at b) in c) on d) for
3) I usually go out __________ Thursday evenings.
a) at b) from c) on d) in
4) David’s new restaurant will be open__________ the 23rd of August.
a) in b) at c) on d) to
5) Don't sit __________ the grass. It's wet
a) at b) on c) in d) to
6) Look! There's a man __________ the roof. What's he doing?
a) on b) at c) in d) from
7) Cairo is __________ the north of Egypt.
a) at b) in c) on d) for
8) The mosque is __________ the hospital and the park.
a) next b) under c) between d) above

71
Modal Verbs ‫أفعال ناقصة‬ Modals of Ability ‫أفعال ناقصة تدل علي القدرة‬

Affirmative Negative Question

Present can + inf. cannot ( can't ) + inf. Can + ‫ الفاعل‬+ inf.?
- He can swim. - He can't swim. - Can he swim?

(am/is/are) able to+ (am/is /are) not able Am / Is / Are + ‫ الفاعل‬+

inf. to + inf. able to + inf.?
- He's able to swim. - He's not able to - Is he able to swim?
swim.
Past could + inf. could not (couldn't)+ Could + ‫ الفاعل‬+ inf.?
He could swim last inf
day. He couldn't swim ... Could he swim last day?
(was/were) able to+ (was / were) not able Was / Were + ‫ الفاعل‬+
inf. to + inf. able to + inf.?
- He was able to He wasn't able to Was he able to swim?
swim. swim.
Future will be able to + inf. won't be able to + inf. Will+ ‫الفاعل‬+be able to +
inf?
He'll be able to swim. He won't be able to Will he be able to swim?
swim.

Modals of Obligation ‫أفعال ناقصة تعبر عن االلزام‬

Affirmative Negative
Present must + inf. mustn’t + inf.
- You must come on time. - You mustn’t smoke here.
Past had to + inf. /must have + V3 didn’t have + inf. /
mustn’t have + V3
- You had to call me yesterday. - You didn’t have to call me
yesterday.
- I didn't succeed. I must have - I didn't succeed. I mustn’t have
studied. missed my lessons.

Modals of Advice ‫أفعال ناقصة تعبر عن النصح‬

Affirmative Negative
Present should + inf. shouldn’t + inf.
ought to + inf. oughtn’t to + inf.
had better +inf. had better not + inf.
- You’re tired. You should relax. - You’re fat. You shouldn’t drink
Pepsi.
Past should have + V3 shouldn’t have + V3 /
ought to have + V3 oughtn’t to have + V3
- He was tired. He should have - He made an accident. He
relaxed. shouldn’t have driven very fast.
- He was tired. He ought to have - He made an accident. He
relaxed. oughtn’t to have driven very fast.

72
 Modals of Necessity ‫أفعال ناقصة تعبر عن الضرورة‬

Affirmative Negative
Present have to / has to + inf. (don’t / doesn’t ) have to + inf.
You are fat. You have to go on a -You are thin. You don’t have to go on
diet. a diet.

have got to /has got to + inf. haven’t got to / hasn’t got to + inf.
You are fat. You have got to go You are thin. You haven’t got to go on
on a diet. a diet.
need to + inf. needn’t to + inf. / don’t need to + inf.
There is an exam tomorrow. I -There is no exam. I needn’t to study.
need to study my lessons. / I don’t need to study.

Past had to + inf. didn’t have to+ inf./didn’t need to +

He was ill. He had to take inf.
medicine. He was well. He didn’t have to take
medicine. / He didn't need to take …
had got to + inf. hadn’t got to + inf.
He had got to take medicine. He hadn’t got to take medicine.
need have + V3 needn’t have +V3 /didn’t need to +
The restaurant is full. We need inf.
have booked a table. - The restaurant is empty. We needn’t
have booked a table.
- The restaurant is empty. We didn’t
need to book a table.

Modals of Possibility / Probability / deduction ‫أفعال ناقصة تدل علي األستنتاج أو األحتمال‬

Degrees of Present Past

certainty
Very sure must be must have been
‫متأكد جدا‬ He looks tired. He must be ill. He looked tired. He must have been
ill.
Quite sure may be may have been
‫متأكد الي حد‬ He isn’t here. He may be at He didn’t come. He may have been
‫ما‬ home. at home.
Not sure might be / could be might have been /could have been
‫غير متأكد‬ I’m not sure. He might be ill. Ali didn’t come. He might have been
ill.

) am / is / are / was / were ) ‫ فأننا نستخدم فعل يكون‬%111 ‫ عندما نكون متأكدين بنسبة‬-
.‫ ) لالستنتاج المنفي في الماضي‬can’t have been ( ‫( لالستنتاج المنفي في المضارع و‬can’t be) ‫ نستخدم‬-

Ex: Ali is in the class. He can’t be absent.

Ali was in the class. He can’t have been absent.

73
 Modals Of Prediction ‫أفعال ناقصة للتنبؤ‬

Affirmative Negative
Will (’ll) + inf. won’t + inf.
I think it will rain. I think it won’t rain.
(am / is / are) going to + inf. ( am / is / are ) not going to + inf.
It’s cloudy. I believe it’s going to rain. It’s not cloudy. It’s not going to rain.

Making requests (Modal + you) ‫أفعال ناقصة للطلب‬

Formal Could you + inf. / Would you+ inf.

Could you give me your book, please? / Would you give me your book?
Informal Can you + inf. Can you give me your book?

Modals of Permission (Modal + I / We) ‫أفعال ناقصة لألستئذان‬

Formal / Could I / May I / Shall I + inf. … ?

Polite Could I have some tea, please? / May I have some tea, please?
Shall I have some tea, please?
Informal Can I + inf. … ? Can I have some tea, please?

Modals to express habits ‫أفعال ناقصة للتعبير عن العادات‬

Present Will (’ll) + inf.

When we go to Paris, we will often eat in restaurants.
Past Would (’d ) + inf.
When we went to Paris, we would often eat in restaurants.

Choose the correct answer:

1) Ahmad ___________ finish all his work today; he’s got all day tomorrow as
well.
a) not have to b) must to c) doesn’t have to d) should to
2) Drivers __________have sunglasses for driving because they’re not
necessary.
a) have to b) don’t have to c) shouldn’t d) mustn’t
3) I ____________go to the party but I'm not sure yet.
a) can b) will c) must d) might
4) Aysha __________come for dinner this evening although she didn’t promise.
a) must b) shouldn’t c) might d) can

74
5) Carol may ____________a movie tonight.
a) seen b) saw c) sees d) see
6) ____________they drive in the rush hours? - No, they couldn’t.
a) Are b) Can c) Could d) Do
7) The doctor says he will never _________play tennis again after his accident.
a) can b) could c) be able to d) is able to
8) I ____________run at all. I’m very unfit.
a) can b) couldn’t c) wasn’t able d) can’t
9) He ____________ride a bike when he was young.
a) wasn’t able b) couldn’t c) can’t d) was able
10) ____________play a musical instrument?
a) Could you b) Can you c) Are you able d) Can’t you
11) I ____________understand why you won’t let me go out.
a) couldn’t b) could c) be not able to d) can’t
12) Although it contains many difficult words, I ___________read this book now.
a) can b) could c) able to d) was able to
13) There was a fire in his office but he ____________escape through a window.
a) can b) is able to c) could to d) was able to
14) Mariam was so ill that she ____________to school two days ago.
a) can't go b) not gone c) couldn’t go d) hasn’t gone
15) We arrived early so that we ____________the meeting on time.
a) could attend b) may attend c) attended d) will attend
16) ____________I have another book, please?
a) May b) Would c) Will d) Am
17) ____________I come with you to see the new movie?
a) Will b) Can c) would d) Have
18) He had a lung cancer. He ____________ cigarettes.
a) shouldn’t smoke b) shouldn’t have smoked c) should have smoked

75
 Passive Voice ‫المبني للمجهول‬
:‫( نتبع الخطوات التالية‬Passive) ‫( الي مبني للمجهول‬active ( ‫لتحويل الجملة من مبني للمعلوم‬
.‫) نكتب الظروف الزمنية‬3 .‫) اذا كان هناك أفعال مساعدة أو ناقصة نكتبها بما يناسب المفعول‬2 .‫) نبدأ بالمفعول‬1
‫) نكمل باقي‬6 .‫) ويمكن حذف هذه الخطوة‬by( ‫) نكتب الفاعل مسبوقا ب‬5 .‫) نكتب فعل يكون مناسب لزمن الجملة‬4
.‫الجملة‬
I have already studied English. English has already been studied by me. .

Verb to be ‫فعل يكون‬

Infinitive Progressive Form past participle Present simple Past simple

be being been am / is / are was / were

Active Passive
will/would/can/could/may/might/ will/would/can/could/may/might/
must/ have to/ ought to + inf. must/ have to/ ought to + be + V3
Ex: You should study your lessons. Ex: Your lessons should be studied.
want / tell / ask … + object + to + inf. want /ask… +object + to + be + V3
Ex: I want someone to clean my room. Ex: I want my room to be cleaned.
am / is / are / was / were + V+ ing am/is/are/was/were + being + V3
EX: I am studying my lessons. Ex: My lessons are being studied.
remember / avoid …. + object + V+ ing remember / avoid …. + being + V3
EX:I remember my dad hugging me. EX: I remember being hugged.
have/ has / had + V3 have/ has / had + been + V3
EX: I have just eaten my meal. Ex: My meal has just been eaten.
Will have/ would have / should have Will have / would have / should
+ V3 have.. + been + V3
Ex: You should have tidy your room. Your room should have been tidied.
Present simple (study / studies) ( is / are + V3)
Ex: I study my lessons every day. My lessons are studied every day.
Past simple (studied) (was / were + V3)
Ex: I studied my lessons yesterday. My lessons were studied yesterday.
‫ فعل أمر‬+ ‫مفعول‬ Let + )‫ (المفعول‬+ be + V3
Ex: Open the door, please. Let the door be opened.
Ex: My dad gave me a pen. : ‫ مفعولين‬I was given a pen.
/ A pen was given to me.

76
 ‫الجملة العادية‬ ‫جملة السببية‬ ‫الجملة العادية‬ ‫جملة السببية‬
My sister makes I have cake My sister will I will have cake
me cake. made. make me cake. made.
My sister made me I had cake My sister has I’ve just had
cake. made. just made me cake made.
cake.
My sister’s making I’m having My sister had I had had cake
me cake. cake made. made me cake. made.
My sister was I was having My sister’s going I’m going to have
making me cake. cake made. to make me cake made.
cake.

Choose the correct answer:

1) Do you like my new car? It ____________ for me by my father last year.
a) is bought b) are bought c) was bought d) bought
2) A new hospital ____________ in each village soon.
a) can build b) will build c) has built d) will be built
3) A new hotel ____________ in the center of town.
a) is being built b) built c) is building d) building
4) Sorry I'm late. I'm afraid my bike ____________.
a) has been stolen b) were stolen c) being stolen d) be stolen
5) This painting ____________ by a great artist.
a) has been painted b) paints c) painted d) painting
6) This villa ____________ twenty years ago.
a) builds b) was built c) is built d) built
7) We ____________ to the party, but we didn’t go.
a) were invited b) are invited c) invited d) invite
8) Important projects ____________ by the government lately.
a) have been made b) have made c) made d) make
9) I haven’t ____________ my eyes tested for a long time.
a) had b) have c) made d) make

77
 ‫ الجملة‬-Reem told me (that) she felt .‫( هو الرابط في الجملة الخبرية ويمكن حذفه‬that)
‫ الخبرية‬tired.
.(me) ‫( نستخدمهم قبل مخاطب‬said to/told)
-Ali said to me(that)he had
been ill. .‫ ( نستخدمها اذا لم يكن هناك مخاطب‬said )
‫ جملة‬- I wondered if she had won the . ‫ ( هما الرابطان في السؤال بهل‬if / whether )
‫ األستفهام‬Reem
race.
said (that) she had
studied. ‫نستخدم أداة األستفهام نفسها كرابط في السؤال بأداة‬
- She asked me whether I .‫أستفهام‬
would come.
‫( كأفعال قول‬asked/ wondered) ‫نستخدم‬
- He asked me where I was .‫السؤال الغير مباشر‬
going.
‫ جملة‬- He told me to study. .‫( هما الرابطان في األمر والنصح‬to/not to+ inf)
‫األمر أو‬
‫ النصح‬He advised me not to smoke. ‫( هي أفعال القول ويأتي مخاطب بعدهم‬told/advised)

‫) وذلك في الجمل الخبرية واألستفهامية‬told/said/asked/wondered ( ‫نستخدم أزمنة في الماضي بعد أفعال القول‬
. ( to/not to) ‫ في الجمل األمرية وجمل النصح نستخدم المصدر بعد‬-

: )says / asks / tells …. ( ‫ ال نغير األزمنة اذا كان فعل القول مضارع‬-
Ex: He says he lives in Cairo. ( says lives )
: ‫ ال نغير في األزمنة اذا كان الكالم يدل علي حقائق يومية أو حقائق علمية أو حكم‬-
My teacher said time is gold. / It is said that protection is better than cure.
‫تحويل األزمنة في الكالم الغير مباشر‬
) ‫كل زمن يتحول الي الزمن األقدم منه ( مضارع يتحول الي ماضي والماضي يتحول الي ماضي تام‬

Direct Indirect Direct Indirect

am / is / are was / were didn’t + inf. hadn’t + V3
am/is/are) eating was/were) eating didn’t eat hadn’t eaten
was / were had been eat - eats ate
was/were) eating had been eating ate had eaten
have / has had will/can /may would/could/might
( have/has) eaten had eaten will play would play
had had had should + inf. should have + V3
had eaten had eaten must + inf. must have + V3
don’t / doesn’t didn’t ought to + inf. ought to have + V3
(don’t/doesn’t) didn’t eat should study should have
eat studied

78
 ‫تحويل الظروف الزمنية وأسماء األشارة‬
D This These today tonight now Yesterday/ Tomorrow ago
last / next
ID That Those That That then The day The day before
day night before / after/The
The previous following
day day

‫تحويل الضمائر في الكالم الغير مباشر‬

.‫ ) يتحول حسب المخاطب‬you (‫ ( يتحولوا حسب المتكلم اما الضمير‬I / we) ‫الضمائر‬
Choose the correct answer:
1) John asked if I ____________ then.
a) was leaving b) am leaving c) will leave d) leave
2) My friend said that he ____________ me the following day.
a) will visit b) would visit c) visited d) visits
3) He expected that he ____________ the work some time the following week.
a) will complete b) completes c) would complete d) completed
4) My friend said that he ____________ abroad.
a) can travel b) will travel c) may travel d) might travel
5) All the guests confirmed that they _____ to the party the following weekend.
a) come b) would come c) had come d) was coming
6) Ali told me that he ____________ with his friends about exams.
a) talks b) will talk c) would talk d) talk
7) The lady said that she ____________ a lot of things
a) buy b) bought c) buying d) buys
8) My friend said he thought it ____________ the following day.
a) will rain b) would rain c) rains d) rain
9) He asked his sister if she ____________ his keys.
a) has seen b) had seen c) have seen d) sees
10) The doctor advised me …………. too much junk food.
a) eat b) to eat c) not to eat d) eating

79
 Sentence Structure ‫تركيبة الجملة‬

Subject Verb Object Complement

A A Adv.
An An (easily)
The + adv. + adj. + N Aux. + Main The + adv. + adj. + N Adj.
Many/Few Many/Few ( easy )
Much/Little Much/Little
A lot of A lot of
Several Several
Some Some
A very clever boy can answer an extremely hard exam easily.
My / His …. My / His ….

He is eating the food quickly. ‫( إذا سبقه فعل أساسي‬quickly) ‫ نكمل الجملة بظرف‬-
The boy is so quick. ‫( اذا سبقها فعل يكون أو أفعال الحواس‬quick) ‫ نكمل الجملة بصفة‬-

.) easy / easily ( : ‫ للصفة‬ly ‫ظرف الحال يتكون باضافة‬

: ‫الظرف يصف ثالثة أشياء‬
:‫) الفعل ويأتي قبله أو بعده‬1
I answered the questions easily./ I easily answered the questions.
My friend is extremely tall. : ‫) الصفة ويأتي قبلها‬2
Really, the weather was very nice. : ‫) الجملة كلها‬3

: ‫قبل الصفات والظروف ممكن نضع كلمات مثل‬

( very , so , extremely , too / fairly, quite, pretty, rather and a bit).
Ex: The weather is quite cold.

: ‫ ( أو أفعال مساعدة أو ناقصة مثل‬to ) ‫قبل الفعل نستخدم‬

(don't ,doesn't ,didn't , can ,could , will , won't, would, shall, should, may,
might, ought to )
Ex: You ought to organize your time.

80
Choose the correct answer:
1) What does that word ________________?
a) mean b) meaning c) meaningful d) meaningless
2) My brother has a lot of_____________ in himself
a) confide b) confident c) confidence d) confidently
3) Ahmed earned the _________ of the whole school after winning the contest.
a) admire b) admirable c) admirably d) admiration
4) The old fort is a famous ________________ of the city.
a) attract b) attractive c) attraction d) attractively
5) Swedish cars are known for their ________________
a) safe b) save c) safely d) safety
6) I am ________________ that I will get the job.
a) confide b) confident c) confidence d) confidently
7) You must _______________ your bank card before you can use it.
a) active b) actively c) activity d) activate
8) The climbers enjoyed their time as the trip was quite _____________.
a) exciting b) excited c) excites d) excitement
9) Our English teacher always speaks ---------------- to us.
a) clearly b) clear c) clarity d) clarify
10) We ran for four kilometers , so my brother was so ………………
a) tired b) tiring c) tire d) tiredness
11) Ali started a training course in Business -------------------.
a) Manager b) Manage c) Management d) Manageable
12) The government has established ------------------ centers.
a) educate b) educational c) educationally d) educated
13) People ------------------- too much water in summer.
a) consumption b) consumer c) consume d) consumptive
14) Oil is not a ---------------- resource.
a) to renew b) renewal c) renew d) renewable

81
 Simple Sentence ‫الجملة البسيطة تحتوي على فاعل وفعل واحد فقط‬

is / are + (V + ing ) is / are + (adj.) is / are + (in + place)

- A boy is playing tennis. - The boy is tall. -The boy is in the zoo.
- Boys are playing tennis. - The boys are tall. -The boys are in the zoo.

There (is/are) + obj. + (in+place) There (is/are) + obj. + V+ ing + (in+ place)

- There is a boy in the park. - There is a boy playing in the park.

- The boy has a bag./ The boys have bags. : ( have / has ) ‫للملكية‬

Compound ‫الجملة المركبة‬ ‫الجملة المركبة والجملة المعقدة يحتويان على جملتين فيهم رابط‬
Complex ‫الجملة المعقدة‬

Subject + Verb ‫رابط‬ Subject + Verb

The boy is playing so he is happy. ( Compound )

Examples
The boy is happy because he is playing. ( Complex )

‫رابط‬ Subject + Verb Subject + Verb

,

Ex: If we go to the park, we will enjoy our time. (Complex)

.‫( عبارة عن جملتين فيهم فاعل وفعل لكل جملة‬Complex) ‫( والجمل المعقدة‬Compound ) ‫الجمل المركبة‬

‫روابط الجمل‬

Compound ( FANBOYS ) for / and / nor / but / or / yet / so

Ex: There are many dark clouds but there isn't rain.

If/unless/because/although/who/which/when/where/while
Complex
/ After/ Before / till / until

Ex: If you study hard, you will get high marks.

82
 Suffixes ‫اللواحق‬
For ar ( liar ) / er ( teacher ) / eer ( engineer ) / or ( visitor ) /
people ist ( scientist ) /ent ( president ) /ant (assistant ) /ian ( musician )
Abstract tion ( pollution ) / sion ( explosion ) / ssion ( discussion ) /
nouns ture ( creature ) / ance ( importance ) / ence ( confidence ) /
ment ( development ) / ness ( weakness ) / ship ( friendship ) /
dom ( freedom ) / hood ( childhood ) / th ( growth ) / t (
weight ) / ty ( loyalty ) / ity ( ability ) / y ( pity )/al ( arrival ) /
ism (criticism )
Verbs fy ( beautify ) / en ( widen ) / ise ( advise ) / ize ( summarize )
/ ate ( create ) / uce ( produce ) / ed ( studied )
Adjectives able ( comfortable ) / ful ( careful ) / less ( careless ) /
ive ( expensive ) / ese ( Chinese ) / an (urban ( ian ( Asian ) /
ant ( ignorant ) / ent ( different ) / ish ( selfish ) / ous ( obvious )
/ y ( windy ) / ly ( lovely ) / ar ( popular ) / al ( normal )

ing ( interesting ) / ed ( interested )

. ‫( لألشياء‬ing( ‫ ( لألشخاص والصفات التي تنتهي ب‬ed ( ‫ الصفات التي تنتهي ب‬-
Reading is interesting. / I am interested in reading.
: ‫ ) إذا أثروا في الحدث‬ing) ‫ أحيانا األشخاص يأخذون صفات منتهية ب‬-
The clown was very exciting. He made all people laugh.
Adverbs ly ( slowly - simply - happily- dramatically ) / wards ( forwards
- backwards- towards )

Prefixes & Suffixes For Adjectives ‫بادئات ولواحق للصفات‬

dis- honest ‫صادق‬ dishonest ‫غيرصادق‬ trustful ‫واثق‬ distrustful ‫غيرواثق‬

loyal ‫مخلص‬ disloyal ‫غير مخلص‬ able ‫قادر‬ disabled ‫عاجز‬
il- legal ‫قانوني‬ illegal ‫غير قانوني‬ logical ‫منطقي‬ illogical ‫غيرمنطقي‬
im- modest ‫ متواضع‬immodest ‫غيرمتواضع‬ polite ‫مؤدب‬ impolite ‫غير مؤدب‬
in- active ‫نشيط‬ inactive ‫كسول‬ direct ‫ مباشر‬indirect ‫غير مباشر‬
un- happy ‫ سعيد‬unhappy ‫غير سعيد‬ easy ‫سهل‬ uneasy ‫غير سهل‬
usual ‫عادي‬ unusual ‫غير عادي‬ lucky ‫محظوظ‬ unlucky ‫غير محظوظ‬
healthy ‫ صحي‬unhealthy ‫غير صحي‬ safe ‫ امن‬unsafe ‫غير امن‬
ful careful ‫ حريص‬careless ‫مهمل‬ powerful ‫ قوي‬powerless ‫غير قوي‬
less hopeful ‫ متفائل‬hopeless ‫يائس‬ useful ‫ مفيد‬useless ‫غير مفيد‬
able capable‫ قادر‬-knowledgeable ‫مطلع‬-miserable ‫ يائس‬-dependable ‫جدير بالثقة‬

83
 Noun + Prep.

a demand for/ a need for / a reason for

an advantage of / A disadvantage of / a cause of / picture of / a map of
/ a plan of / a choice of
an increase in / a rise in / a decrease in / a fall in
a damage to / an invitation to / a solution to / an answer to /a reply to /
a reaction to / an attitude to
a relationship with / a connection with / a contact with
a comparison between / a similarity between / a difference between

Verb + Prep.
consists of / approve of / think of get into ‫يركب‬ get off ‫ينزل‬
believe in / succeed in / persist in Turn on ‫يفتح‬ Turn off ‫يغلق‬
concentrate on / focus on / depend on / put on ‫ يضئ‬/ ‫يلبس‬
rely on / insist on put off ‫ يؤجل‬/ ‫ يطفئ‬/ ‫يخلع‬
laugh at / look at / point at
talk about / complain about / worry about / ask about / hear about /
think about
wait for / apologize for / pay for / ask for

Adjective + Prep.

afraid of / frightened of / proud of / aware of / tired of /sick of /sure of /

certain of
good at / better at /bad at / annoyed at

famous for / dangerous for / responsible for

fond of interested in
angry with / familiar with

excited about / worried about / upset about / nervous about /

happy about

84
Complete with these prepositions: off / of / on / with / to
1) His speech has a great impact _____________ the audience.

2) There are many solutions _____________ the problem of air pollution.

3) I have good relationships _____________ my friends.

4) Don't get _____________ the bus until it stops.

5) He reminded me _____________ the next exam.

Complete with these prepositions: of / for / from / on / to

1) My aunt was married _____________ her cousin last week.

2) You should apologize _____________ arriving late.

3) She accused me _____________ breaking her sunglasses.

4) The noise from downstairs prevented me_____________ sleeping.

5) Sam always wastes his time ______________ watching TV.

Complete with these prepositions: on / for / to / from / of

1) That sports car belongs_____________ my brother.

2) My sister is suffering_____________ a terrible toothache.

3) I don't want to be dependent _____________ my parents all my life.

4) It was very kind _____________ you to lend me your car.

5) I will look _____________ a job.

Complete with these prepositions: on / at / off / against / for

1) Our teacher warned us _____________ wasting too much time.

2) Hamad bought his new car _____________ 20 thousand dollars.

3) She is very good _____________ English.

4) Look, your car is _____________ fire.

5) The plane took _____________ half an hour late.

85
V Adj
.
N Adv.

PN Prep.