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REPUBLIC COLLEGES OF GUINOBATAN, INC.

COLLEGE DEPARTMENT
G. Alban St., Iraya, Guinobatan, Albay

THE SPANISH ERA

Subject : Philippine History
Instructor : Alvin V. Obniala, LPT

Learning objectives:
1. Trace how the Spaniards discovered the Philippine Islands.
2. Determine the Spanish tactics of pacifying the early Filipinos.
3. Discover the Spanish practices that lead to the abuse of the Filipinos during the Spanish era.
4. Relate the experiences of the Filipinos during the Spanish rule to the present situation in the country.
5. Evaluate the contributions and influences of the Spaniards to the culture of the present day Philippines

A. IN SEARCH OF NEW LANDS

In the last two centuries of the Middle Ages (1300-1500), the Europeans, while regaining the Holy Land from
the Muslims, were able to establish commerce with the Orient through trade routes. Spices like pepper, ginger,
nutmeg, onions, and garlic were the most important items trade from the East, owing to desire of the Europeans to
enhance the taste of food and to preserve meat during winter time.

The fall of Constantinople (1453) and the emergence of the Ottoman Turks closed the former trade routes to
the East, causing the monarchs and navigators of Europe to find new routes across the seas. Portuguese were a few
years ahead of the Spaniards in the discovery of new trade routes. Inspired by Prince Henry, the Navigator (1394-
1460), Portuguese navigators sailed down the African coast to reach the East. In 1487, led by Bartolome Dias, the
Portuguese rounded the Cape of Good Hope. A few years later, in 1498, Vasco de Gama reached Calicut, India by
sailing eastward from the cape.

The end of the reconquistas (wars against the Moors) in 1942 paved the way for great voyages including
the discovery of the New World (America) for Spain. Christopher Columbus, who had failed to convince the King of
Portugal that he could reach the East by sailing westward, was able to get the support of the Spanish Crown. After
these remarkable voyages, Portugal and Spain became keen rivals in colonizing new lands because of gold, spices,
and other merchandise found in the Orient, as well as their religious zeal to proselytize the natives.

Pope Alexander VI
− On May 3, 1943, he attempted to settle the rivalry, issued a papal bull known as the Inter Caetera.
− The Pope decreed that the Spanish zone of exploration should be west of the imaginary line drawn north to
south, 100 leagues west to Azores and Cape Verde Islands. All lands east of the demarcation line should
belong to Portugal. The demarcation line was drawn to identify Spanish and Portuguese spheres exploration
and conquest.

Ferdinand Magellan
− A member of nobility of Portugal who sailed with a fleet carrying the first Portuguese viceroy to the East
Indies in 1506 and from there, was sent to Malacca (Melaka) in the Malay Peninsula and the spice markets
of Ambon and Banda in Western Indonesia.
− 1510 - he was promoted to the rank of captain
− 1512 - he returned to Portugal.

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− Through observing wind directions and ocean tides, Magellan later conceived of the idea of the passage to
the west or around South America to reach the Moluccas or Spice Islands (Islands of the present day of
Indonesia).

− 1513 - While finding the chance to present his plan to King Manuel of Portugal, he fought against the
Moors in Morocco. After his return to Portugal, Magellan proposed to the king his plan to travel a westward
route to the Moluccas. The king refused and even canceled his promotion probably because of charges of
financial irregularities while he was in Morocco.
− 1517 - Disgusted by the king's response, he went to Spain and met influential people who helped him get
support for his plan to find a new route to the Spice Islands from King Charles I (later Holy Roman Emperor
Charles V). One of them was Juan de Fonseca, the head of the Royal Council of the Indies.
− 1518 - The contract for expedition was signed on March 28 and Magellan was named captain-general of the
expedition.

B. MAGELLAN'S NEW ROUTE TO THE EAST

1519
− September 20, Magellan left the port of San Lucar de Barrameda, Spain with five ships namely Trinidad,
Concepcion, Santiago, San Antonio, and Victoria together with about 250 men. The expedition intended
to circumnavigate the earth in the service of Spain.
− Accompanying him were Fr. Pedro de Valderrama (fleet chaplain), Antonio Pigafetta (Chronicler of the
expedition), Duarte Barbosa (Magellan’s brother-in-law), and his Malay slave Enrique of Malacca (acting
as interpreter).
− The fleet sailed through familiar waters along the west coast of Africa. They reached the Canaries on
September 26. Crossing the Atlantic, the landed on the South American coast, now Pernambuco, Brazil, on
November 29.
− December 13, he continued the voyage, reaching Rio de Janeiro and named it Santa Lucia because he
landed there on the saint's feast day.
− The voyage continued at Rio de Plata. By the time they were at the tip of the South American continent, it
was already winter and snowstorms were in a headstrong. His men asked Magellan to return to Spain but
he declined.

1520
− In March, the ships took shelter from storms in Port San Julian (now in Argentina).

− Unknown to Magellan, some officers took into command the maneuvering of three ships, the San Antonio,
Concepcion, and the Victoria. The next day, Gaspar de Quesada, captain of the Conception, wrote to
Magellan that he and others would not recognize his authority unless they return immediately to Spain. Still,
Magellan refused to heed their petition. Juan de Cartagena, Antonio de Coca, Juan Sebastian del Cano,
and Gaspar de Quesada were found guilty of treason but pardoned.

With the first signs of spring, the exploratory voyage continued in search of a route to the Southern Sea (now Pacific
Ocean), the smallest ship which is the Santiago had driven ashore and destroyed by a strong typhoon.

− In August, the four ships went farther south and eventually they came upon a strait which Magellan called
"Strait of All Saints" (now Strait of Magellan).
Magellan sent the San Antonio to explore the southeast opening of the strait. Trinidad entered the southwest.
Secretly, San Antonio was piloted by Esteban Gomez (a Portuguese), deserted on the night of November 20 and
sailed back for Spain.

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The fleet reached the Southern Sea, which Magellan named Pacific Ocean because it was calm. Unfortunately,
Magellan had underestimated the ocean’s size. In the next five months the ship was running out of supplies. Instead
of eating biscuits, the men ate sawdust. They also started to eat leather rope guards and even rats. Many got sick
with scurvy (a gum disease). A number of his men died.

March 6, 1521
− But Magellan and his men bravely sailed and they had reached an island in the Northern Pacific, he called it
Islas Landrones or Island of thieves later to be named Marianas in honor of Maria Ana of Austria (Queen
Regent of Spain) because some of the native Chamorros had stolen a boat from a flagship. To stop them,
Magellan ordered his men to fire their guns.

C. REDISCOVERY OF THE PHILIPPINES

− From Landrones Islands, Magellan fleet went on their voyage westward.

March 16, 1521

− At the dawn of Saturday, they saw the towering heights of Samar and named the islands Islas de San
Lazaro, for it was the feast of St. Lazarus. They stayed overnight off Suluan Island. The following day, they
landed on the small uninhabited islet of Humunu (Homonhon) found at the mouth of Leyte Gulf and built
two tents for the sick.

On the third day after their arrival on March 18, they met nine natives from the neighboring island of Suluan
who arrived in a boat. Seeing them as friendly people, Magellan gave them red caps, combs, mirrors, small bells,
ivory, fine linen cloth, and other trifles. In return, the islanders gave them their cargo of bananas, fish, coconuts, and
palm wine (tuba).

On Holy Thursday, March 28, the fleet landed in Masao, Butuan, Agusan del Norte. (Early historians claim
that it was Limasawa, an island in Southern Leyte.) Rajah Kolambu was rowed to where the Europeans where. At
first, he refused to board Magellan's big ship. Finally, the rajah welcomed Magellan and visited him aboard ship. He
gave Magellan three porcelain jars of rice while Magellan gave a red cap and a red-and-yellow robe.

Subsequently, Magellan’s men held a mock fight. The soldier in a suit of armor remained unhurt even after
he was struck. Rajah Kolambu was fascinated and noted that one man in such attire was worth 100 fighters. These
newcomers could help them win their battles. Thus, the rajah decided to seal their new friendship.
March 29, Good Friday
− Rajah Kolambu performed the kasi-kasi or blood compact ceremony with Magellan.
March 31, 1521 (Easter Sunday)
− A mass was held on Masao’s shore, the first recorded mass in the Philippines, with Reverend Father Pedro
Valderrama, officiating. At sundown, Magellan, in the presence of Spaniards and Filipinos, planted a large
wooden cross on the summit of a hill overlooking the sea.
− He named the country the Islas de San Lazaro.

April 7, 1521
− Magellan together with King Kolambu and the Spanish and native fleets landed on Sugbu (now Cebu). On
the same day Humabon made a blood compact with Magellan after the latter had won his trust and
friendship.

April 14, 1521

− A mass on the shore of Cebu was held with Rajah Humabon and his people attending the ceremony.
Magellan planted a huge wooden cross and gave Lisabeta (renamed Queen Juana after baptism for the
mother of King Charles I of Spain), wife of Rajah Humabon, an image of the Child Jesus as a gift.

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− There were 800 Filipinos who participated in the mass and underwent ritual baptism.
− Humabon was renamed Carlos. Magellan made him the king’s representative in Cebu and promised to unite
the local chieftains under his authority.

Rajah Humabon and Datu Zula of Mactan welcomed the Spaniards, but not Lapu- Lapu another chieftain of
Mactan. Lapu Lapu's real name was Cali Pulacu as written by Carlos Calao, a Chinese-Spanish poet in the 17th
century in his poem Que Dios Le Perdone (That God May Forgive Him).
Lapu-lapu refused to accept the new political system and pay tribute. He decided to break away from Rajah
Humabon.

April 27, 1521

− Magellan invaded Mactan to teach Lapu-lapu a lesson. He led an army of 60 steel-clad Spaniards in three
vessels and 1,000 Cebuano warriors in 30 boats. He told Rajah Humabon and his men to stay on their
boats, watch how the Europeans fight.
− He misjudged the fighting skill of Lapu-lapu and his men. The Mactan warriors repulsed the Spanish force
with their spears and bamboo stakes. They aimed their spears at the unshielded legs of the Europeans.
− In the battle, Magellan was wounded. A poisoned arrow hit his right leg and then a bamboo spear struck
his face. Lapulapu and his fighters pounced and killed him.
− The Battle of Mactan was a scandalous defeat for the Spaniards for they were not able to prove themselves
better in combats.

May 1, 1521
− The natives of Cebu carried out a plan to massacre them. While the Europeans were attending a banquet
prepared for them by Rajah Humabon, the warriors attacked them. Duarte Barbosa, Juan Serrano and 27
other Spaniards were killed.

The remaining members of the expedition were forced to flee the islands before the Cebuano could kill
them. They burned the ship Concepcion for the lack of men to operate the vessel. Trinidad led by Gomez de
Espinosa sailed back to Spain, while Victoria, under Juan Sebastian del Cano's command sailed via Cape of Good
Hope.
The Victoria crossed the Indian Ocean, rounded Cape of Good Hope, and finally reached San Lucar, Spain
on September 6, 1582 with only 18 survivors. The voyage around the world lasted 2 years, 11 months, and 16
days.

The cargo of cloves sold for such a high price that it was more than sufficient to pay for the expenses of
Magellan’s expedition. As a reward, the Spanish crown granted Elcano, a proud motto for his shield, Primus
Circumdedisti Me (you circumnavigated me first). As for the ship of San Antonio (the ship that deserted the
expedition), they had been imprisoned until Elcano’s return. They were tried and convicted.

Magellan's expedition paved the way for Spain's expansion to the Orient. Driven by the thrill of adventure
and the reward of gold and spiritual dispensation, the conquistadores took the risks of the journey.

1525
− The first-post-Magellan expedition led by Captain Garcia Jofre de Loaysa sailed with seven ships and 450
men, the vessels were dispersed by a storm and unfortunately Loaysa got ill and died. His men failed to
reach the Philippines.

1526
− Second expedition led by Sebastian Cabot, son of Venetian explorer John Cabot with four ships and 250
men but they failed to find the Strait of Magellan.

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1527
− Alvaro Saavedra Ceron, cousin of Hernando Cortes of Mexico, together with 110 men constituted the first
expediton to the Philippines from the Viceroyalty from Mexico(New Spain). Three ships were sent out to
investigate what had happened to the two earlier expeditions and rescue any survivors. Only one ship, the
Florida, reached Surigao in Northeastern Mindanao but failed to colonize.

− They were able to rescue several survivors from the first two expeditions in Tidore, Moluccas. Loaded with
spices, the Florida attempted to return to Spain but strong winds drove it back. Saavedra Ceron tried the
second and third time to sail against strong winds. He fell ill and died. His successor also failed to make a
return trip. Finally, they decided to surrender to the Portuguese.

1542
− King Charles I sent another expedition to reassert the claim of Spain to the Islands. He instructed Ruy
Lopez de Villalobos to command a fleet of 6 ships and around 400 me. He exhorted Villalobos to avoid any
of the Spice Islands in their voyage to the Philippines, then known as Islas del Poniente (Sunset Islands).
− Villalobos reached Banganga Bay in Eastern Mindanao on February 2, 1543 after three months of sailing.
He named Mindanao Caesarea Caroli or the imperial island of Charles.
− Reached southern islands of Sarangani, renamed as Antonia in honor of Viceroy Antonio de Mendoza of
Mexico.
− Some of his men went far as Leyte which renamed as Felipina, in honor of the future King Philip II. Later,
the name Felipinas was given to the entire islands
− He also failed to colonize in Mindanao and eventually died in Moluccas, consoled by St. Francis Xavier,
acclaimed as the Apostle of the Indies.

King Charles I of Spain abdicated his royal crown after getting weary of far ranging duties brought about by
his scattered dominion. His son Philip II succeeded as ruler of the Netherlands in 1555 and Spain in 1556.

During the reign of King Philip, he wrote to Mexican Viceroy Velasco ordering him to prepare an expedition
for the conquest of the Philippines.

Miguel Lopez de Legazpi (1505-1572)

− A soldier, lawyer and administrator who received the command for an expedition to the Philippines as
odered by King Philip II to Mexican Viceroy Velasco. Since the Mexican government was then in the brink of
bankruptcy, Legazpi spent his own resources to finance the expedition.
− His fleet consisting of four ships with 350 men left Natividad, Mexico, on November 19, 1564. Besides royal
officials and crew, five Augustinian friars joined the expedition. Legazpi was accompanied by Father
Andres de Urdaneta (survivor of the Loaysa expedition), Captain Felipe de Salcedo (Legazpi's grandson),
Guido de Lavezaris (survivor of the Villalobos expedition), and Melchor de Legazpi (Legazpi's son).

February 13, 1565

− Legazpi and his men anchored near the island of Cebu. Due to Cebuano opposition, they sailed to the
neighboring islands and landed in Samar

Later, Legazpi landed in Bohol and befriended two native kings, Sikatuna and Sigala. On March 15, 1565,
Legazpi and Sikatuna made a blood compact. A few days later, Legazpi and Sigala did a similar pact.

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April 27, 1565

− Legazpi landed Cebu and hit the shore. Rajah Tupas and his Cebuano warriors challenged the enemy
forces but we're overpowered by the Spaniards. Soon, the natives burned their houses and retreated to the
uplands.
April 28, 1565
− One of Legazpi's men, a Greek sailor named Mermeo (others say Juan de Camuz) discovered the image of
the Sto. Niño in one of the houses. Viewing it as a sign of God's approval, Legazpi named the first
settlement Ciudad del Santissimo Nombre de Jesus (City of the Most Holy Name of Jesus), in honor of
the sacred image. The statue can be found in the present Augustinian Church of the Holy Child.

One day, a soldier, Pedro de Araña, went out alone from the camp. He was speared to death. In retaliation,
a unit was sent to grab captives, one of them a niece of Rajah Tupas of Cebu. Upon learning this, Legazpi sent her
nursemaid to inform Rajah Tupas that the hostages are free to go home, on the condition that he had to come for a
talk.

Tupas did not heed the invitation of Legazpi, but Tamuyan, the girl's father came with six men. Tamuyan
offered himself as a slave in place of his daughter but Legazpi assured him the freedom of his daughter without
making him subservient to the Spaniards. The father was stunned to see his daughter dressed as befitted her rank.
He knew that captives taken in war were not given noble treatment. Moved by their kindheartedness, Tamuyan
accepted Legazpi's friendship. He promised to convince his brother Tupas to accept Spanish good will.

After a few more days, convinced that Legazpi was sincere with his words, Rajan Tupas accepted Legazpi's
friendship. He took the oath of vassalage to the Spanish Crown and promised to pay a yearly tribute.

D. THE SPANISH CONQUEST OF THE ISLANDS

Legazpi tried to win Rajah Tupas and the people of Cebu through the policy of attraction, inviting them to
return, rebuild their homes and live in peace with them. With the help of Cid Hamal (Sidamit), a Muslim Malay,
Legazpi succeeded.

The Augustinian missionaries, on the other hand, were assiduously spreading Christian the faith. The first
Cebuano convert was Jandulaman, a widowed niece of Tupas, later on named Isabel in honor of Isabel Garces,
Legazpi's deceased wife. After her baptism, she married Master Andres, a Greek member of Legazpi's expedition.
Fray Diego Herrera officiated the wedding, the first Christian marriage on Philippine soil.

Rajah Tupas also accepted baptism. Legazpi stood as the godfather. He was named Felipe in honor of King
Philip II. His son, Pinsuncan was likewise baptized and was named Carlos. The natives followed the same.

1569
− Legazpi transferred to Panay due to meager food provisions in Cebu. Meanwhile, he sent his grandson back
to Mexico with his first reports to the Spanish King.

1570
− Legazpi sent his grandson, Juan de Salcedo who arrived in Cebu from Mexico in 1567, to Mindoro to
punish the Moro pirates who plundered the Panay's villages. With 30 Spaniards and several hundreds of
Visayans, Salcedo destroyed the Moro forts in Ilin and Lubang (islets near Mindoro).

May 8, 1570
− Marshal Martin de Goiti and his men left Panay. With a force of 120 Spaniards and 600 Visayans, they
explored the Pansipit River in Batanggas.

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From the bay, Goiti saw the south bank of the Pasig River a wall protecting a port. He sent his interpreter
ashore to invite the local chief to a conference, which Rajah Matanda and his nephew Rajah Sulayman (or Soliman)
accepted. Rajah Sulayman led Goiti to a house and they sealed their new alliance with the traditional kasi kasi. But
the Maynilad chief remained restive, knowing that he had more men than the strangers.
A bloody hand-to-hand battle ensued until the Manilans turned their backs as flames begun to engulf their
houses. Sulayman and his warriors retreated accros the river. Goiti and his men captured the Maynilad on the 24th of
May and seized some cannons that Panday Pira had made for Sulayman.

After the Battle, Goiti returned to Panay. He told Legazpi about the rich kingdom of Maynilad, a trading
center where Chinese, Borneans, Siamese and other foreign merchants engaged in. From thereon, Legazpi decided
to colonize Maynilad.

Lakandula, king of Tondo and Sulayman's uncle, realized that it's useless to resist the Spanish forces. He
welcomed Legazpi and persuaded his nephew Sulayman to make peace with Legazpi. On May 19, 1571, Legazpi
took possession of Maynilad in the name of King Philip II of Spain.

Bambalito, a Pampango warlord from Macabebe, wanted to resist the Spanish forces in Maynilad. He
conferred with Lakandula and Sulayman to support his cause but the two refused. On June 3, 1571, Bambalito’s
more than 2,000 fighters in 40 caracoas (boats) from Hagonoy, Macabebe and other Pampanga villages sailed into
Bankusay’s creek, off the north shore of Manila Bay. They fought with Marshall Goiti’s forces and were frantically
driven away.

June 24, 1571

− Feast Day of St. John the Baptist, he proclaimed Manila as the Capital of the Philippines (celebrated as
Manila's foundation day).
− Legazpi called the city Nueva Castilla, because he had been told that there had been any old fort or castle
on the site. On the same day, the city government was established with a cabildo or city council and a
court.

Years later, King Philip II by his Royal Decree of June 1, 1574, named Manila, Insigne y Siempre Leal
Ciudad (Distinguished and Ever Loyal City) and by his Royal Decree of March 20, 1596, conferred a beautiful coat-
of-arms on this city.

August 20, 1572

− Legazpi, the first Spanish governor and adelantado (title given to those who personally funded their
expeditions) of the Philippines, died of heart attack.
− Guido de Lavezaris succeeded him and stayed in post until 1575

Captain Juan de Salcedo

− Grandson of Legazpi, subdued the region along Laguna de Bay
− Discovered the gold mines of Paracale across the mountains and pacified Ilocandia and Cagayan in 1572
− Founded Villa Fernandina de Vigan in honor of Prince Ferdinand, son of King Philip II who died at the age
of four.
− In recognition of his military services, the Spanish Crown gave him encomienda in Ilocos.
− From Vigan, he explored the tip of Luzon and in 1573 he conquered Camarines, Albay, and Catanduanes.
The Bicolanos refused to yield to them. The natives used their arrows against the Spanish forces, however
they hurriedly withdrew for their safety after Salcedo fired his guns.

The Philippines
− Was a crown colony considering it was under Spanish domination.

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− From the beginning of Spanish rule in 1565 to 1821, the Philippines was a dependency of Mexico.
− The Mexican viceroy, in the name of the Spanish King, administered the country. After the independence of
Mexico from Spain in 1821, the Philippines came to be directly governed from Madrid.

The colonial code titled Recopilacion de leyes de los reynos de las Indias (Compilation of Laws on Royal
Lands in the Indies) known as Leyes de Indias (Laws of the Indies) issued in 1680, was used by Spain to rule its
extensive possessions.

It was on November 16, 1568, when King Philip II issued instructions to Legazpi to establish cities and
towns and create encomiendas to be distributed to the deserving soldiers. In the first three decades of Spanish rule,
the Philippines was divided in encomiendas. The word encomienda comes from the verb “encomendar ” meaning
"to commend or to commit one's care."

Originally, an encomienda was a feudal institution used in Spain to reward deserving general and
conquerors during Spanish wars of recovery and territory from the Moors. The earliest encomenderos in the West
Indies were delegated with the power to collect tribute and to use the personal services of the inhabitants of their
encomiendas.

Encomienda in the Philippines was not a land grant. It was more of an administrative unit for the purpose of
exacting tribute from the natives and to use the personal services of the King's vassals in the encomienda. The
encomendero undertook ways to look after the well-being of his people and to educate them with Spanish norms of
conduct. In the domain of relations, the encomienda has been considered as a kind of benevolent paternalism. In
reality, the encomienda was looked upon by its beneficiaries as a pretense for slavery.

Tributes were collected in cash or in kind. From the total collection, not exceeding one-fourth of this went
to the encomendero and the rest of the friars as well as the government. The cabeza de barangay (former datu)
collected the tribute and gave it to the encomendero.

The Laws of the Indies provided that the encomendero must not own a house in the native settlements,
within their encomiendas to avoid the commission of abuses. Governor Gomez Perez Dasmariñas, as commanded
by King Philip II, urged the encomenderos to reside near their wards to promote the latter's welfare. However, this
arrangement became an opportunity for the encomenderos to enrich themselves. The unlawful exaction of numerous
services coupled with greed and cruelty made the lives of the natives miserable. The early Spanish friars took the
side of the exploited people because they saw that the colonizers had failed to instruct their people in the Catholic
religion.

The national economy, founded upon the medieval concept of master and slave, paved for the introduction
of a class of landed aristocracy, while the broad masses live in distress.

Haciendas and encomiendas are not the same though both were forms of colonial appropriation. The
demands or exactions of an encomendero were incidental to his position as a representative of the King, thus he
exacted tribute and drafted labor. The hacendero on the other hand, under the fiction of partnership (with the tenant
as companion or kasama), had the right of inheritance and free disposition of the hand.
Because of the abuses perpetrated by the encomenderos, the encomiendas were replaced by a system of
provincial government.

There were two types of provincial administrations

1. Alcaldia-mayor or the provice
- Under a civil official called alcalde-mayor.
- Divided into towns or pueblos which were administered by gobernadorcillos.

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2. Corregimientos
- Territories that had not been completely pacified under the charge of corregidores or politico-military
governors.

The office of governadorcillo was open to Filipinos. This local of position was first occupied by pre-colonial
chieftains and their descendants and later elected by an electoral board composed of the outgoing gobernadorcillo
and twelve members of the principalia. The principalia (social and political aristocracy) referred to the prominent
land-owning and propertied citizens, who could read, write and speak Spanish.

Each town had several villages or barangays placed directly under the cabezas de barangay. This position
remained an appointive office.

The King appointed the governor general and other colonial officials administering the country.

Governor general
− chief executive and commander-in-chief of the military forces in the colony
− vice-royal patron, wherein he has the power to recommend priests in parishes and the authority to intervene
in controversies between religious authorities.
− could reject/suspend the implementation of any royal decree or law with his cumplase power, if in his
opinion, the conditions in the colony did not justify its implementation.

The office of the governor general was oftentimes bought or granted as a favor. Since it generally involved a
short tenure of office, averaging two years and ten months, and in the 19th century even shorter, the governor
general oftentimes became eager in accumulating wealth before his term of office expired.

Checks to the gubernatorial powers were made possible through the following:
1. Audiencia Real or Royal Audiencia established in 1583 to act as the Supreme Court of the colony also
served as advisory body to the governor and audited the expenditures of the government.
2. Residencia, which was a judicial institution headed by the incoming governor general to conduct a trial of
an outgoing governor-general and other Spanish officials for the purpose of punishing those guilty of
corruption, but the case may be appealed to the King for clemency.
3. Visitador-general, who was the investigator sent by the King or an official dispatched by the Council of
Indies in Spain to check the behavior of the high officials in the colony.
4. Archbishop and clergy who were appointed by the Pope upon the recommendation of the King.
5. Subordinate of the public officials and influential private citizens.

The local and Spanish high officials became the main instrument of "pacification". The subjugation of
natives became complete after they have agreed to pay the tribute. One tribute corresponds to one family, consisting
of one husband, wife and minor child. Half of the tribute has to be paid by unmarried man or woman. One tribute is
equivalent to 8 reales or 1 peso. It may be paid in money or in kind like rice, honey, corn and the like. In 1851, it was
increased to 12 reales or 1 peso and a half. In 1884, the cedulla tax replaced the tribute.

Exempted from paying the tribute were as follows:

- incumbent,
- gobernadorcillos,
- cabezas and their families,
- government employees,
- soldiers with distinguished service,
- descendants of Lakandula,
- a few other native chieftains,
- choir members,

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- sacristans,
- porters of the churches, and
- government witnesses.

Encomenderos often had to send soldiers to collect the tribute by force. Non-payment of tribute meant
torture or imprisonment. Sometimes houses were burned or looted by these soldiers as punishment for the natives'
defiance. Other natives just fled to the mountains to escape punishment. The Filipinos hated the tribute for it was a
symbol of subjugation to Spain. Likewise, it resulted to Spanish abuses especially by tribute collectors. Opposition to
colonial authority became quite difficult. Although the Spaniards constituted a small number in the country, they had
conscripted natives from different regions to put down revolts in other regions to remain in power.

Polo or forced labor

− Instituted in 1580 was another form of pacifying the natives. Male Filipinos between 16 to 60 years of age
rendered manual service for the country for the purpose of building ships, churches, roads and other forms
of infrastructure.
− The polista or worker has to work 40 days a year in the labor pool. In 1884, forced labor was reduced to 15
days a year. To be excluded from the polo, one has to pay falla (exemption of fee), which only the Filipinos
could actually pay. The chieftains and their eldest sons were also excused from forced labor.
− Polo led to the abandonment of the fields, separation from the families or homes, as well as illness and
death for some. The alcaldes often drafted hundreds of men, more than what was necessary for
woodcutting and then pocketed the money, which must be paid for the polistas.

Bandala
− Which was instituted in the first half of the 17th century by Governor General Sebastian Hurtado de
Corcuera was another way to overpower of the Filipinos.
− This refers to the assignment of annual quotas to each province for the compulsory sale of products to the
government. Due to lack of funds, the government issued promissory notes in exchange for the goods.
The political condition in the Philippines was worsened with the union of Church and State. The friars, like
the government officials, exercised political, economic, and other non-spiritual powers. They controlled the
educational system as well as the collection of taxes and the conscription of the natives into the army. They even
controlled municipal collections and censored plays and reading materials. So extensive was the so-called friar
interference in the country that in the 19th century, Filipino propagandists demanded their expulsion.

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SCORE:
REPUBLIC COLLEGES OF GUINOBATAN, INC.
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION ____________

50
G. Alban St., Iraya, Guinobatan, Albay

WORKSHEET #1
NAME: ____________________________________________ COURSE: ______________ Date: ______________
INSTRUCTOR: Mr. Alvin V. Obniala, LPT SUBJECT: Philippine History

A. MULTIPLE CHOICES (50 items)

Read and analyze each statement then answer the question. Box the letter that corresponds to your answer.

1. What branch of government does not exist under the Spanish occupation because all laws came from Spain
through Royal decrees?
A. Judiciary B. Legislative C. Executive D. Captain

2. Who was the first Governor-General in the Philippines?

A. Wesley Merritt C. Miguel Lopez de Legazpi
B. Elwell Otis D. Ruy Lopez de Villalobos

3. It refers to the highest court of justice in the Philippines during the Spanish occupation
A. Royal Audiencia B. Ministry of Colonies C. Court of Appeals D. Ombudsman

4. An old practice in Spain wherein the King, in an effort to recognize the good deeds, services, and loyalty of his
officers and men awarded a piece of land.
A. Encomienda system B. Kasama system C. Bandala system D. Caste system

5. The smallest unit of government.

A. Distrito B. Rehiyon C. Siyudad D. Baranggay

6. It refers to the obligation of Filipino farmers to sell their products to government at a minimum price.
A. Encomienda system B. Kasama system C. Bandala system D. Caste system

7. A form of force labor

A. polo y servicio B. polo ravales C. kawang gawa D. bayanihan

8. Money paid to be exempted from polo.

A. falla B. calla C. mella D. libre

9. Paid by anyone who is over eighteen years old.

A. tribute B. cedula C. bandala D. samboangan

10. Mix of both Spanish and Indio. They were regarded inferior people by both Spanish and Filipinos.
A. peninsulares B. insulares C. Mestizos D. Indio

11. Period of history wherein European countries secure colonies overseas for themselves.
A. age of discovery and exploration C. french revolution
B. industrial revolution D. world war 2

12. Where the first mass was held?

A. Zamboanga B. Limasawa C. Manila D. Masao

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13. It is a piece of identification paper and you recognize the authority of Spain.
A. cedula personal B. Identification Card (ID) C. tribute D. bandala

14. It referred to provinces not yet fully controlled by the colonial government.
A. Alcaldia B. Pueblo C. Corregimiento D. Municipio

15. The first bishop of Manila in 1581.

A. Miguel Lopez de Legazpi B. Domiñgo de Salazar C. Jose Basco D. Martin Goiti

16. The highest in the structure of the Catholic Church.

A. Diocese B. Parishes C. Archdiocese D. Missions

17. They were the police force in the Spanish colonial period who were feared because they were armed with rifles.
A. Cuadrilleros B. Guardia Civil C. Guardia Civil Veterana D. Gobernadorcillo

18. They were the elite force tasked to police Manila during the Spanish colonial period.
A. Cuadrilleros B. Guardia Civil C. Guardia Civil Veterana D. Gobernadorcillo

19. Which of the following was NOT a reason for Spanish rule in the Philippines?
A. cultural development B. acquisition of resources C. spread of Christianity D. territorial expansion

20. Who re-discovered Philippines and proved that the world was round?
A. Vasco de Gama B. Christopher Columbus C. King Philip II D. Ferdinand Magellan

21. Who established Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines?

A. Miguel Lopez de Legazpi B. Carlos Maria dela Torre C. Andres de Urdaneta D. Ferdinand Magellan

22. Which of the following was NOT among the repressive policies that was enforced during the Spanish period?
A. Fiestas B. Polo y servicio C. Bandala D. Cedula

23. What economic policy imposed by Spain on the Indios that require them to do forced labor?
A. tribute B. Polo y servicio C. bandala D. cedula

24. Who were Spaniards born in the Philippines?

A. creoles B. peninsulares C. ilustrados D. sangleys

25. Which of the following was NOT part of the goods that were traded during the Manila-Acapulco galleon trade?
A. gold B. silver C. silk D. sugar

26. Which of the following was NOT a function of the state during the Spanish period?
A. provide peace and order C. defend the Catholic religion
B. protect the Spanish monarchy D. protect the ancestral lands of the Indios

27. These are town divisions of a province.

A. corregimientos B. pueblo C. retablo D. principalia

28. The power vested to governor generals of colonies of Spain to reject or suspend the implementation of any royal
decree or law from Spain, if in his opinion, the conditions in the colony did not justify its implementation.
A. repulse power B. audiencia power C. retroventa power D. cumplase power

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29. He founded Villa Fernandina de Vigan in honor of Prince Ferdinand, son of King Philip II.
A. Captain Juan de Salcedo B. Ferdinand Marcos C. Guido de Lavezaris D. Martin Goiti

30. The governor general who first instituted the bandala system in the country.
A. Jose Basco y Vargas C. Gomez Perez Dasmariñas
B. Sebastian Hurtado Corcuera D. Juan de Salcedo

31. How old were the natives forced to join polo y servicio; constructing churches, ships, roads and other
infrastructure?
A. 18 to 4 yrs. old B. 15 to 30 yrs. old C. 16 to 60 yrs. old D. 20 to 60 yrs. old

32. An investigator sent by the King or an official dispatched by the Council of Indies in Spain to check the behavior
of the high officials in their colonies.
A. residencial B. visitador-general C. conquistadores D. gobernadorcillos

33. They are the social and political aristocracy during the Spanish rule, referred to as prominent land-owning and
propertied citizens who could read, write and speak Spanish.
A. principalia B. illustrados C. mestizos D. insulares

34. The feast of St. John the Baptist, also the date when Manila was proclaimed as the capital of the Philippines. It is
also celebrated as Manila’s foundation day.
A. July 12 B. April 9 C. June 24 D. August 21

35. He was the head of the first post-Magellan expedition to the east traversing the westward direction.
A. Alvaro Saaverdra Ceron B. Sebastian Cabot C. Jofre de Loaysa D. Ruy Lopes Villalobos

36. He was a brave Mactan warrior who refused to accept the new political system imposed by Magellan. Thus, with
an incredulous fight, he killed Magellan.
A. Rajah Humabon B. Rajah Kolambu C. Rajah Sikatuna D. Lapu-lapu

37. An award of proud motto given to Elcano after his return to Spain from the east proving that the earth is round.
A. Primus Circumdedisti Me B. Caesarea Caroli C. Nueva Castilla D. adelantado

38. A title given to those who personally funded their expeditions.

A. Primus Circumdedisti Me B. Caesarea Caroli C. Nueva Castilla D. adelantado

39. The date of arrival and rediscovery of Magellan to the Philippines.

A. March 15, 1621 B. March 21, 1516 C. March 16, 1521 D. March 16, 1621

40. Why did Magellan carry the name of Spain in his exploration to the east whereas, he is a Portuguese.
I. He is originally a Portuguese who betrayed his country by serving Spain.
II. The king of Portugal refused his proposal of reaching the east by traversing westward direction.
III. He went to Spain and got support from influential people and the king sent him to lead the exploration.
IV. He opposed the king of Portugal with his proposal that the earth is round.

A. II only B. I and II C. II and III D. I and IV

41. He was the chronicler of Magellan’s Expedition.

A. Antonio Pigafetta B. Duarte Barbosa C. Enrique of Malacca D. Pedro de Valderrama

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42. The only ship of Magellan’s expedition that was able to sail back to Spain.
A. Conception B. Trinidad C. San Antonio D. Victoria

43. What happened to the Santiago, smallest ship of Magellan’s expedition?

A. Deserted the expedition and sailed back to Spain before crossing to the Strait of All Saints
B. Driven ashore and destroyed by a strong typhoon while crossing the Pacific Ocean
C. Burned down because of lack of men to operate the vessel.
D. Stolen by the native Chamorros in the Island he named Islas Ladrones.

44. What happened to the San Antonio, one of the five ships of the expedition piloted by Esteban Gomez?
A. Deserted the expedition and sailed back to Spain before crossing to the Strait of All Saints
B. Driven ashore and destroyed by a strong typhoon while crossing the Pacific Ocean
C. Burned down because of lack of men to operate the vessel.
D. Stolen by the native Chamorros in the Island he named Islas Ladrones.

45. What happened to the ship Conception?

A. Deserted the expedition and sailed back to Spain before crossing to the Strait of All Saints
B. Driven ashore and destroyed by a strong typhoon while crossing the Pacific Ocean
C. Burned down because of lack of men to operate the vessel.
D. Stolen by the native Chamorros in the Island he named Islas Ladrones.

46. Which zone of exploration belongs to Spain as mandated by the Papal bull?
A. All lands to the north of the imaginary line drawn east to west, 100 leagues west of Azores and Cape Verde.
B. All lands to the west of the imaginary line drawn north to south, 100 leagues west of Azores and Cape Verde.
C. All lands to the east of the imaginary line drawn north to south, 100 leagues west of Azores and Cape Verde.
D. All lands to the south of the imaginary line drawn east to west, 100 leagues west of Azores and Cape Verde.

47. The Spice Islands on the east, those European nations are looking for.
A. Indonesia B. Malaysia C. Vietnam D. Moluccas

48. The name given to Lisabeta, wife of Humabon, after her baptism to Christianity.
A. Queen Lisabeta B. Queen Elizabeth C. Queen Juana D. Queen Juliana

49. How did the Spaniards fully pacify and take control of the Philippines.
A. Through befriending the local leaders and making them an ally to Spain.
B. By killing those who disobey and imposing strict rules for the Indios to follow.
C. By the cross (religion) in one hand and a word (power) in the other they were able to control the natives
D. By sending many Spaniards to the Islands to lead and live in the place.

50. What was the main purpose of encomienda system in the Philippines?
A. To reward deserving leaders for their dedication to the king.
B. To extract tribute from the natives and to use the personal services of the enslaved locales.
C. To allow Spanish officials to have land rights and properties in their areas of jurisdiction.
D. To control the movement of the natives from one place to another in escape of the Spaniards.

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REPUBLIC COLLEGES OF GUINOBATAN, INC.

COLLEGE DEPARTMENT
G. Alban St., Iraya, Guinobatan, Albay

THE SPANISH ERA

Subject : Philippine History
Instructor : Alvin V. Obniala, LPT

Learning objectives:
1. Determine the strategies imposed by the Spaniards to subdue the Filipino natives.
2. Identify the Spanish contributions and influences to the Philippines
3. Point out the Chinese practices during the Spanish Era in the Philippines.

E. TOWARDS THE HISPANIZATION OF THE NATIVES

The Spaniards integrated into the Filipino society their religion, language, custom, arts, and sciences.
The Church and state inseparably carried out Spanish policy in the country. When the Spaniards came in the
country, they destroyed the carve idols out of wood and stone because these art works were regarded as
abominable to the faith. Spanish urbanization was centered in the city of Manila, within a walled city called
Intramuros.

Infrastructure showing Spanish domination in the country, such as massive colonial churches,
convents, schools, roads, bridges and the bahay na bato at kahoy (Antillian stone and wood houses) were
constructed. Initially, buildings during the Spanish era were of thatch and bamboo. After accidental fires that
hit some of them, stones, woods, bricks and tiles were used for construction. The bahay na bato at kahoy
also known as bahay na mestiza (or mixed, because wood and stone were blended together), perpetuated
the features of the pre-Hispanic bahay na kubo. The ground floor was used for storage and for parking
vehicles. Habitation took place upstairs with specific room for guests (azotea and Sala), dining (comedor),
cooking (cocina), and sleeping (cuarto).

The converging of the islands under a single administration was facilitated through reduccion,
referring to the resettlement of inhabitants in Spanish-style poblaciónes- or at least – bajo de las campanas
(within hearing distance of the church bells). The Spanish model for a poblacion (town center) was organized
around a rectangular plaza, with the church (the most important structure of plaza complex) the convent on
one side, bounded by the tribunal or municipio, and by the houses of Spanish officials and principales
(elite). The presence of principalia residences in the plaza complex reflected the existence of socioeconomic
ascendancy.

Spanish society had always stressed “purity” of blood in indicating societal rank. At the top of the
social pyramid were the españoles, with both Spanish parents which included the españoles peninsulares
(born in Spanish peninsula) and the españoles insulares or Filipinos (born in the colony). Below the
españoles were the mestizos and mestizos – the children of an español and an indio or india. The term

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mestizo referred to the mestizos de sangley or Chinese mestizos, while Spanish mestizos were called
mestizos de español.

Constituting the majority of the population were the indios or indios naturales, pertaining to the
natives of the Philippines without Spanish or Chinese ancestry. Generally, the Spanish colonizers believed
that indios could not comprehend more than the basic knowledge.

The ceremonial splendor of the Roman Catholic Church aroused the admiration of the natives. More
representatives of various religious order such as the Augustinians, Dominicans, Franciscans, and Jesuits
came to the Philippines after Legazpi’s expedition. Consequently, the missionaries learned local dialects
and introduced the Roman alphabet.

By the 16th century, there were Filipino like Tomas Pinpin (the first Filipino printer), who became
conversant with the Spanish language. He wrote the first published tagalog book titled Librong Pag-aaralan
nang manga Tagalong nang uicang Castila (Book that the Tagalog Should Study to Learn Spanish), for
the benefit of unlettered Filipinos in the Spanish language.

Basic education was rendered by the parochial schools, established primarily for religious instruction.
The first one was established in Cebu. In 1582, Archbishop Domingo de Salazar ordered that every town
was to have one school for boys and one for girls. Attendance was made compulsory. Parents paid teachers’
salaries. The subjects taught were catechism, reading and writing in dialect, music, the rudiments of
arithmetic, and trades and industries.

Education was still in the early stage of development during the Spanish period. Even by the late
19th century, the Spanish language was still unknown to a great majority. They were literate in their own
native dialects. The Spanish aristocracy tried to distinguish themselves from the indios with the use of
language and level of education. Higher education was established exclusively for the Spaniards and
Filipinos, referring to those born in the colony to Spanish parents. Colleges and universities were closed to
indios. (The natives were only allowed in these institutions after 200 years of colonial rule.)

The Jesuits in Manila founded the first college for boys in 1589. It was originally called College of
Manila (for scholastics), and later changed to College of San Ignacio. In 1621, it was elevated to the rank
of a university by Pope Gregory XV and was named University of San Ignacio. However, this school was
closed in 1768 when the Jesuits were expelled from the country. In 1601, the Collegio de san Jose also under
the Jesuits, was established.

In 1611, Fray Miguel de Benavides, the third archbishop of Manila established the Collegio de
Nuestra Señora del Santissimo Rosario, later renamed Universidad de Santo Tomas (in 1645 by Pope
Innocent X). The Dominican order that administered Collegio de Santo Tomas also established the Collegio
de San Juan de Letran to take care of orphaned Spanish boys.

The girls were also given special education. Schools were of two kinds: the colegio, which is regular
school for girls; and the beaterio, a combined school and nunnery. The first college for girls in the Philippines
was the College of Santa Potenciana (1594). After the school ceased its operations, the students
transferred to College of Santa Isabel, now the oldest existing college for girls in the country. The institution
was originally built to care for orphaned Spanish girls. Eventually, it became an exclusive school for the
daughters of affluent Spaniards.

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In 1621, the Franciscan nuns established the Real Monasterio de Santa Clara (now St. Claire
Convent in Manila) the first nunnery in the Philippines. In 1694, the Beaterio de la Compania de Jesus which
was directed under the Jesuits was founded by Mother Ignacia del Espiritu Santo, a Filipina nun. This was a
school established to accommodate Filipino girls, the indias. Mother Ignacia’s spirit of poverty, humility,
penance, confidence in God and charity became the distinguishing mark of the beatas (resident pupils). The
beatas had extended their apostolate to education. The beaterio has developed into the Congregation of the
Religious of the Virgin Mary (R.V.M.) of the 20th century.

Primary Education consisted of courses in reading, writing, arithmetic, religion; geography, the
history of Spain, the Spanish language, vocal music; and agriculture for boys and needle work for girls. The
girls were taught basic education, as well as religion, needlework, painting, and music. Academic reforms
were later on implemented, after Spanish government conceded to its growing demand. The Educational
Decree, dated December 20, 1863 introduced a system of public education that opened opportunities to
Filipinos for higher learning. It ordered the establishment of an educational system consisting of elementary,
secondary, and collegiate levels. It also provided for the establishments of normal schools to train teachers.
The Board of Public Instruction was likewise created to supervise the schools. The decree also provided for
the use of Spanish as the language of instruction, starting at the elementary level.

The Escuela normal (Normal School) intended for the training of male teachers for elementary
instruction, was delegated to the Jesuits. It was inaugurated in 1865. In 1893, it became the Normal Superior
which trained teachers of secondary courses. Schools for the arts were also built aside from these regular
schools. Archbishop Juan A. Rodriguez Founded the Escuela de Tiples in 1743. The institution was to
provide elementary education and offer courses in vocal and instrumental performance. In the late 19th
century, the school was able to pattern its plan to study after the Conservatory of Music in Madrid.

Damian Domingo founded the Academy of Fine Arts, the first school in painting in manila in 1820.
With this, he was called the “Father of Filipino Painting”. The Academia de Dibujo y Pintura (Academy of
Drawing and Painting) was founded in 1824. Some of its students were sent by the government to pursue
higher studies in Madrid, Rome, Paris.

In the 19th century, various technical schools were established like the school of Mercantile
Accounting and Modern Languages, patterned after the Commercial School in Barcelona. Commerce was
introduced as a three-year vocational course, with the degree of perito to be earned by the student after
studying.

Mechanics and other vocational courses were offered in secondary instruction leading to the
bachillerato en artes. After finishing the course, the student could take examinations for the title perito
mecanico (mechanical expert). Surveying was also introduced as a vocational course, which conferred the
degree of perito agrimensor to its graduates.

It was in 1860, that a nautical school was opened upon orders of the queen. It was placed under the
commander of fleet. After four years, the student was to board a ship. The degree of piloto de marina
mercante was to be given after the training. The seeds of vocational education were sown by the early
Spanish missionaries who taught the natives better methods of farming, the cultivation of foreign plants like
indigo, corn, cotton, and wheat, and various crafts like printing, carpentry, masonry, and dyeing.

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The early missionaries were also the first to establish a printing press in the Philippines. Books were
being printed by xylographic method using engraved wood blocks. The earliest book printed was the
Doctrina Christiana en lengua española y tagala (1593), written by Fray Juan de Oliver. This catechetical
book sought to explain the importance of Christ, chastity, and devotion to God in the vernacular.
At the beginning of the 19th century, the passion was the prevalent form in print. Written in verse
and chanted during Lent, depicted the life and passion of Jesus Christ. The first tagalog passion was written
by Gaspar Aquino de Belen. It was published in 1704. The second written passion titled Casaysayan ng
Pasiong Mahal ni Jesucristong Panginoon Natin na Sucat Ipag-alab ng Sinomang Babasa (The Story
of the Holy Passion of Our lord Jesus Christ that Should Inflame the Heart of the Reader, circa 1814) was
preferred over the first one. It was also known as Pasyong Genesis. This version was edited by Father
Mariano Pilapil (circa 1758-circa 1818) and published by the Imprenta de Santo Tomas. It was later translated
into several native dialects.

During the first half of the 19th century, Jose de la Cruz was the most prominent poet in the oral
tradition. He was said to have written many literary pieces in elegant tagalog language. Among them were:
Doce Pares de Francia; Bernardo Carpio; and Adela at Florante. He was popularly known as Huseng Sisiw
because whenever zealous writers approached him for guidance in their verses, he required them to bring
sisiw (chick) as a payment.

Pedro Bukaneg, the blind poet who wrote the popular Ilocano epic, Lam-Ang was hailed as the
“Father of Ilocos Literature”. Among the Tagalogs, Francisco Balagtas (later dubbed as the Prince of
Tagalog Poets) became popular with his poetical pieces particularly, Florante at Laura.

Momentous feasts and events like the arrival of a new Spanish official also meant stage
presentations. The first recorded drama was staged in Cebu in 1598, a comedia wtitten by Vicente Puche.
It was performed in honor of Msgr. Pedro de Agurto, Cebu’s first bishop. Christian victory over the Muslims
was depicted with moro-moro in 1637.

At the end of the 17th century, the first theater was established in Intramuros Manila, known as Teatro
Cinco. At the turn of the 19th century, the zarzuela a Spanish one-act opera with satirical theme became
popular in the country. In the field of music the Sampaguita composed by Dolores Paterno became popular.
The first music teacher to win distinction in Philippine history was Geronimo de Aguilar, a Franciscan
missionary.

In 1811, the first newspaper in the country appeared in Manila, which was the Del Superior
Govierno (Of the Supreme Government) with Governor General Manuel Gonzales de Aguilar as editor.

In the Field of science, the first scientists in the Philippines were the Spanish friars. Fr. Manuel
Blanco, the “Prince of Botanist”, wrote Flora de Filipinas, which was published in 1837. This book identified
1,200 kinds of plants in the country. The first sundials in the country were built in 1871 at Tagudin, Ilocos Sur
by Fr. Juan Sorolla, a Spanish Augustinian.

Father Marcial Funcia Ramos introduced the first iron printing press in the Philippines in 1847. He
also initiated the use of better paper such as papel de hilo (linen paper), instead of rice paper and Chinese
paper. George Oppel, a German, introduced lithography in the country in 1858.
The Spaniards also introduced to us varied plants as well as animals like horses, cows, sheep, and
goats. From Mexico via galleons, we got the following plants: corn, cassava, sweet potato, cotton, maguey,

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 19

indigo, achuete, tobacco, cacao, peanut, cashew nut pineapple, avocado, pepper, squash, tomato, lima
bean, turnip, and eggplant.

The Galleon ships were used to ferry the cargoes across the Pacific Ocean. These products being
shipped to Acapulo, Mexico were brought into the Philippines by Asian traders from China, Japan, India,
Siam (now Thailand), Moluccas, and other nearby places. On its return, the galleon would be carrying silver
coins or silver bullion that the Asian traders wanted as well as other products of Mexico. At the beginning,
this was very profitable but agriculture and other industries were neglected. In 1815, the galleon trade was
finally abolished because of reported anomalies.

The financing of the galleon trade was made possible primarily through Obras Pias, the earliest
banking institution in the country. The funds were donated by rich people for charitable purposes. Later, the
Friars had the funds given as loans to businessmen at various rates of interests. The friars were also able to
from the government. Unfortunately, they were not able to pay back the government resulting in the
bankruptcy of the national treasury.

In 1717, Governor General Fernando Manuel de Bustamante compelled the friars return the money
they borrowed from the government. This however, only resulted to his death in 1719 in the hands of angry
mob, agitated by his stringent rules against the members of the church.

The Spanish government also attempted to introduce economic reforms in the country, through the
efforts of some enlightened officials like Governor General Jose Basco y Vargas. Governor Basco
implemented series of reforms not only to promote economic development but also make the country
independent of subsidy from Mexico. He envisioned large-scale production of silk, cotton, tobacco, spices
and sugarcane; the application of scientific knowledge to Philippine agriculture and industry and the growth
of foreign trade on the basis of Philippine natural resources.

Governor General Basco (1778-87) founded the Sociedad Economica de los Amigos del Pais
(Economic Society of the Friends of the Country) in Manila on April 26,1781. The society helped much in the
Agricultural development of the country. In 1824, importation of martines (birds) from china were made to
fight the locust that were destroying Philippine crops. In 1853, Candido Lopez Diaz, a Filipino was awarded
for his invention of a machine cleaning hemp fibers.

In 1861, the society established the first agricultural school in Manila. It introduced the cultivation of
tea, cotton, poppy, and mulberry trees. Large tracts of land in Camarines were planted to mulberry trees to
feed silkworms.

Upon Governor Basco’s recommendation, King Charles III issued a royal decree in 1780
establishing a government monopoly in the Philippines that took effect in 1782. Thus, the government
established monopolies on tobacco, wine, gun powder and playing cards among others. The tobacco
monopoly raised much money for the colonial government but resulted to the abuses of some crooked
Spanish officials. In 1882, Governor General Fernando Primo de Rivera abolished the monopoly. Private
firms took control of tobacco business.

On March 10, 1785, King Charless III of Spain issued a royal decree establishing the Real
Compania de Filipinas (Royal Company of the Philippines) to promote direct trade with Spain and
encouraged local agriculture and industry. The company was required to allot 4% of its profit for agriculture

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in the colony. However, the Royal Crowned abolished the company in 1834 because of big monetary losses
it incurred.

Governor General Felix Berenguer de Marquina succeeded Governor Basco. His first official act was
the demolition of nipa houses in the city of Manila, which to him was an ugly sight and can even cause fire.
He also ordered the abolition of indulto de comercio (license trade), which gave the alcalde mayor
(provincial governor) the privilege to control the prices of goods in his province. Monopolies on playing cards,
gunpowder, and wine were also abolished. He established the minting of money in the country to prevent the
outflow of gold.

In 1842, Don Sinibaldo de Mas, an economist, was sent by Spain to the Philippines to make an
economic survey of the country. In his report, he made the following recommendations; First, the opening
of more Philippine port to world trade; second, the encouragement of Chinese immigration in the country to
stimulate agricultural development; and third, the abolition of the tobacco monopoly.

The opening of the Philippines to world trade resulted to a great demand for its product in the world
market. This brought about the need in machinery for massive production. The first steam machine for hulling
rice was introduced in 1836 by Eulogio de Otaduy. Then few years later, Nicholas Loney, a British
merchant introduced the first steam machine for hulling sugar in Negros.

The end of Galleon Trade in 1815, together with Spain’s involvement in the Napoleonic wars (1799-
1858), reduced the large-scale importation of fabrics. This became beneficial to the local weaving industry.
The most important materials used in weaving were cotton, abaca, silk and piña. Finest of the fabrics were
usually woven in combination. Nipis (sheer) is from pure silk in combination with cotton and abaca (from the
trunk of wild banana). A particular type of nipis produced in Iloilo came to be called jusi (from raw silk fibers
brought in by Chinese traders). Since weaving of the nipis requires a great amount of skill, patience, and
time, the cloth was priced highly. Also popular during the Spanish era was the piña fabric (From the leaves
of the wild pineapple).

Batangas was known for its kulambo (gauze mosquito net). The Northern Luzon Provinces produced
a type of cloth known as abel Iloco. Sinamay, the finest abaca fabric was extensively woven in Camarines,
Albay, Panay, Bohol, and Samar.

In the early 19th century, the Augustinians missionaries introduced spinning wheels and more
sophisticated looms in Panay Island which greatly developed the local weaving industry of the place.
In time, needlework developed in Ermita, Malate, and Sta. Ana, Manila. Finished articles were expensive,
primarily because of embroidery. Elaborate works of embroidery were sewn on hemlines, sleeves, scarves,
handkerchiefs, and on children’s clothes. With skilled labor, this cottage industry gained popularity.

During the Spanish period, no building was allowed to rise higher than the church’s bell tower. The
highest part inside the church was the retablo. At the center and above the altar table was the tabernacle for
storing the sacred hosts. Many holy images and their corresponding devotions have originated from New
Spain (now Mexico). Some of the popular images are the following; Statue of Our Lady of Peace and Good
Voyage (also known as Our Lady of Antipolo); The Black Nazarene venerated at the Quiapo Church, and our
Lady of Guadalupe.

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Jesus Christ has been represented in various forms. As a child he is depicted as the Santo Niño,
either placed on a manger or standing as the sovereign king with a globe and a scepter. On his way to
Calvary, he is presented as the Nazareno, while placed inside a sepulcher, the image is called Santo
Entierro. The image of the resurrected Christ is known as Cristo Resucitado.

Christ on the cross known as the Santo Cristo is regarded as the most important symbol of the
church. It is to be placed at the center of every altar. During the Spanish era, it occupied the central pinnacle
of the church is retablo (decorated medieval altar).

Owing to the influence of Christianity, social welfare was also promoted in the country. The sick and
the needy were given care through medical services. Juan Clemente founded the first hospital in Manila in
1578. Out of this hospital originated the present San Juan Dios Hospital and the San Lazaro Hospital.

In 1594, the Santa Hermandad y Cofradia de la Misericordia (Holy Brotherhood and Confraternity
of Mercy) was organized for charitable works and services for the needy. The first regular Orphanage, Real
Hospicio de San Jose was established in 1810.

The religious calendar stemmed from celebrations in reverence of Jesus Christ and Mother Mary
and in the feasts of saints. Every December 8, the Feasts of the Immaculate Conception, which solemnizes
the dogma of Mary being conceived without original sin is celebrated through Eucharistic rite and a grand
procession.

The whole Christendom celebrates the birth of Jesus Christ on December 25. The joyous celebration
begins on December 16 with the start of Misa de Aguinaldo (Mass of the Gift), popularly known as simbang
gabi, a novena dawn mass to prepare for the midnight mass on Christmas eve called Misa de Gallo (Mass
of the Rooster).

The passion and death of our Lord is solemnly remembered during Lenten season, particularly during
Holy week from Palm Sunday to Eastern Sunday. People chant the passion or attend the cenaculo
(religiously play depicting the life, sufferings and crucifixion of Jesus Christ). In eastern Sunday, the traditional
salubong commemorates Christ’s first meeting with his mother.

In Marinduque, the Mariones Festival is held during the Holy Week. This glittering pageantry recalls
the story of Longinus, the Roman centurion who was converted to Christianity. In this colorful parade, the
participants wear masks and costumes portraying the roman era. A typical Mariones mask bears a bearded
Caucasian face with large arrogant eyes and an open mouth.

The tradition of self-flagellation during the Lenten season was introduced in the Philippines from
Mexico. During those times, public penance was practiced in Spain and the rest of Europe. But in Mexico
and in the Philippines self-flagellation was primarily done to carry out a promise (panata in Tagalog) to the
Lord. Every town established during the Spanish period has a patron saint, whose fiesta is celebrated
annually with masses procession, fireworks, feasting, music and often, theatrical presentation. Town or
barrios named after San Jose (St. Joseph) hold their fiesta on March 19. Those named Sta. Monica celebrate
every May 4. Those named after Sta. Rita de Casia commemorate her feast day on May 22. Those named
San Juan (St. John the Baptist) observe his feast on June 24.

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Every May 15, the Pahiyas Festival in Lucban, Quezon is held in honor of San Isidro Labrador, the
patron saint of farmers. The word “Pahiyas” comes from the root word “hiyas”, which gives notion of a joyous
shower of blessings or treasures. Elaborate decorations like rice water, fruits, and vegetables are placed on
houses, as an outpouring of creativity and thanks giving for good harvest.

In Pulilan, Bulacan, the Carabao Festival is also held in honor of San Isidro every May 15. Work
animals mostly colorfully groomed and shave carabaos are led on parade on the streets of Pulilan to genuflect
or kneel in front of the church. Also, in Bulacan, the Obando Festival is in honor of the town’s patron saints-
Nuestra Señora de Salambao, San Pascual Baylon, and Santa Clara, which begins on the 17 th of May. It is
a three-day celebration. Pilgrims attending the festival usually war straw hats adorned with quills, flowers,
ribbons or paper and join the danced to appeal for heavenly intercession for a future spouse in the case of
singles or a child in the case of childless couples. Farmers also attend to thank the virgin of Salambao for
bounteous harvest.

Bicol’s grandest celebration is the annual Peñafrancia Festival where in a fluvial procession is made
in honor of Our Lady of Peñafrancia every 17th of September in Naga Camarines Sur. Culminating the final
novena prayers is a Gregorian Mass in thanksgiving to God and in honor of Our Lady.

During the entire month of May, parishes annually hold the Flores de Mayo (Flowers of May), where
devotees offer flowers every day at the church altar to honor the blessed Mother. The Santa Cruz de Mayo
or the Santacruzan procession is held to commemorate the finding of the Holy Cross by Empress Helena
and Emperor Constantine. The participants called sagalas play various characters found in Christian history,
which include Reyna Elena. The festive celebration ends inside the church.

F. CHINESE IN THE PHILIPPINES

During the Spanish times, the Chinese were called Sangleys derived from the terms xiang and ley
meaning “travelling merchant”. Since Legazpi and those who succeeded him favored Sino-Philippine trade,
more trading junks from China came to the Philippines annually, bringing their merchandise like, silk, textiles,
and porcelain wares.

Prior to the coming of the Spaniards, the Chinese had already established their settlements in the
country. The Chinese, who were able to learn the styles and techniques from native craftsmen, predominantly
occupied the manufacturing of carriages, stone masonry, printing, shoemaking, and tailoring. In Manila, they
were forced to live outside the city walls. The place was called Parian, erected in 1581 by Governor General
Gonzalo Ronquillo de Peñalosa. Outside Manila, many Chinese engage in retail trade, while others
invested in land.

During the Spanish period, the Chinese mestizos were able to acquire land peasants through the
pacto de retroventa. This was also known as pacto de retro which was a contract under which the borrower
who conveyed his land to the lender could repurchase it for the same amount of money that he had received.
Generally, the borrower could no longer pay the sum of money; thus, the transfer of land ownership to the
lender has been completed.
The Chinese mestizo could legally change his classification through the dispensa de ley, which
involved the transfer of his family to the tax register of indios. The Chinese compound name was combined

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 23

into a single surname, e.g., Tan Hwang Co to Tanjuangco. He wore the camisa de chino and the top hat, a
status symbol of the native principalia.

The first Chinese threat to Spanish rule in the Philippines was the invasion of Lim-Ah-Hong. He
appeared in Manila Bay on November 29, 1574 with 62 war junks and shiploads of farming and household
goods. He was in search of a kingdom. In Parañaque beach, Lim-Ah-Hong landed a force of 600 men under
Sioco, his Japanse lieutenant. On November 30, 1574, Sioco attacked Bagumbayan, killed Marshal Martin
de Goiti, and assaulted the city of manila. But the Spanish forces aided by Filipinos, drove the invaders back
to their ships.

Lim-Ah-Hong himself led the second attack in Manila. This time, Juan Salcedo has already arrived
from Vigan upon knowing the previous attack in Manila. He succeeded Goiti as marshal. Sioco died in action
while Lim-Ah-Hong retreated with his ships and men northward, to Pangasinan. He established a colony at
the mouth of the Agno River. However, Lim-Ah-Hong’s colony in the Philippines did not last long. Marshal
Salcedo with a fleet of 1,500 Filipinos and 250 Spaniards sailed from Manila to Pangasinan and destroyed
Lim-Ah-Hong’s stronghold in Lingayen Gulf.

Lim-Ah-Hong evaded capture. He managed to escape through a man-made canal and fled to the
hills and mingled with the Igorots and Tingguians. Then he returned to China and re-organized his forces but
he was defeated by the Chinese viceroy in Frookien in a naval battle of Palahoan. He fled to Thailand but
was not permitted to stay there. He went to other kingdoms, but for fear of China these kingdoms did not
welcome him. He wandered from one place to another, till his whereabouts could no longer be traced.
The first Chinese revolt was brought about by the deep-seated suspicion of the Spaniards. On May 23, 1603,
three Chinese mandarins arrived in Manila. They wanted to see Chin-San (Mountain of Gold) which was
believed to be in Cavite. The Spaniards looked at it as a plausible scheme. After the Mandarins had left, the
Spaniards strengthened the city defenses, which alarmed the Chinese residents.

In Parian, a secret plot to overthrow the Spaniards was planned under the leadership of Eng-Kang,
a rich Chinese merchant. They attacked Tondo and Quiapo on October 3, 1603 by setting the buildings on
fire and by killing the inhabitants. Don Luis Dasmariñas (former governor general) and Captain Tomas
Bravo de Acuña (nephew of Governor General Acuña) led the retaliatory attacks but they were ambushed.

However, the Chinese failed to capture the city walls because of the Spanish, Filipino and Japanese
joint forces, including friars as well as residents of the area. The Chinese rebels retreated to the hills of San
Pablo, Laguna, but they were defeated by the forces led by Cristobal de Axqueta Monchaca. In 1639, the
Chinese revolted for the second time. This was caused by Governor General Sebastian Hurtado de
Corcuera’s order forcing the Chinese to work in Calamba Laguna. The Chinese denounced the abuses
committed by Spanish tribute collectors. On November 19, 1639, hostilities began in Calamba and it spread
to other town killings several Spanish friars, including the alcalde mayor of Laguna, Marcos Zapata.

In the early part of 1662, Koxinga (real name was Cheng Cheng-kung) was able to take Taiwan
from the Dutch. He sent Fr. Victorio Ricci to Manila, to extend his directive for tribute from Spanish authorities.
This infuriated Governor General Manrique de Lara and thus he prepared to drive out all Chinese residents
in the country.

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The Chinese retaliated by burning the district of Santa Cruz. Many Filipinos and Spaniards were
killed. An army of 4,000 Pampangueños, under Francisco Laksamana came to the rescue and defeated
the rebels who had fled to the mountains of Taytay and Antipolo.

The Fourth Chinese revolt (1686) was planned by Tingco, a Chinese ex-convict. He was desperate
to raise money to return to china. He tried to burn the city of Manila and to loot the churches. His groups of
rebels attacked in August, starting to the Parian, in the house of Don Diego Vivien, the Alcalde Mayor. The
government forces arrived and routed them. Tingco was caught and executed.

To put an end to possible Chinese insurrection in the country, the Governor in 1729 ordered that all
unbaptized Chinese in Manila were to reside in the Parian. The baptized one had to reside in Binondo and
Sta. Cruz. However, when the British came and occupied Manila in 1762, the Chinese collaborated with them
to fight the Spaniards. The Chinese in Manila as well as the Chinese in Guagua, Pampanga secretly plotted
to massacre the Spaniards on Christmas Eve, December 24, 1762. One of the plotters happened to reveal
the plot to his Filipina sweetheart. The latter relayed the news to Fr. Jose Salas, the Parish priest of Mexico,
Pampanga. Governor General Simon de Anda who was informed of this plot, led his forces to Guagua on
December 20, and crushed the Chinese rebels. This bloody confrontation was considered in Philippine history
as the “Red Christmas”.

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SCORE:
REPUBLIC COLLEGES OF GUINOBATAN, INC.
COLLEGE DEPARTMENT ____________

45
G. Alban St., Iraya, Guinobatan, Albay

WORKSHEET #2
NAME: ____________________________________________ COURSE: ______________ Date: ______________
INSTRUCTOR: Mr. Alvin V. Obniala, LPT SUBJECT: Philippine History

A. IDENTIFICATION
Provide what/who is described in each item. Write your answer on the space provided before each number.
1. The finest abaca fabric extensively woven in Camarines, Albay, Panay, Bohol and Samar.
2. A decorated Medieval altar. The highest part inside a Catholic Church influence by Spaniards.
3. The term used to refer to the Chinese during the Spanish rule.
4. A religious play depicting the life, sufferings, and crucifixion of Jesus Christ.
5. A procession held to commemorate the finding of the Holy Cross by Empress Helena and
Emperor Constantine.
6. A commemoration of Christ’s first meeting with His mother.
7. A re-enactment of the search of Joseph and Mary for an inn prior to the midnight mass on
Christmas eve.
8. A mass of the gift, popularly known as simbang gabi.
9. The first newspaper in the country.
10. A regular school for girls.
11. These are pure Spanish with both Spanish parents born in the Spanish peninsula.
12. The walled city of Manila.
13. Refers to the town center as a way of classifying a Spanish territory.
14. Pertaining to the natives of the Philippines without Spanish or Chinese ancestry.
15. The elites during the Spanish rule.
16. A combined school and nunnery for girls.
17. The earliest banking institution in the country used to finance galleon trade.
18. A company created to promote direct trade with Spain and encourage local agriculture and
industry.
19. The children of an español and an indio or india.
20. Referring to the resettlement of inhabitants in Spanish style poblaciones or at least bajo de las
campanas.
21. The first college for girls established in the Philippines in 1594.
22. The first college for boys founded by Jesuits in Manila in 1589.

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 26

23. Term used to refer to Chinese mestizos.

24. Chinese mestizo’s way of acquiring land which was a contract under which a borrower
conveys his land to the lender could repurchase it in case of failure to repay.
25. The Mass of the Rooster.
26. The term used to refer to the participants in Santacruzan, who play various characters.
27. A stage play or drama depicting Christian victory over Muslims.
28. The trade of local industries through ships from Manila to Acapulco, Mexico and vice versa.
29. The first school of nunnery in the Philippines.
30. The first published Tagalog book in the Philippines made for the benefit of unlettered Filipinos
in the Spanish Language.
31. A pure Spanish born in the colony.
32. He was the first Filipino printer.
33. The father of Filipino painting who founded the first school of painting in the country.
34. The blind poet, hailed as the father of Ilocos literature who wrote Lam-Ang, an epic.
35. He wrote the first Tagalog Passion published in 1704.
36. A Franciscan missionary, the first music teacher to win distinction in the Philippine history.
37. His invasion was the first Chinese threat to the Spanish rule in the Philippines.
38. The Spanish governor who introduced the economic reforms in the country.
39. The Spanish governor who abolished the tobacco monopoly in the country.
40. He introduced the first iron printing press in the Philippines in 1847.
41. He was popularly known as Huseng Sisiw because whenever zealous writers approached him
for guidance in their verses, he requires them to bring sisiw as payment.
42. A Filipino awardee for his invention of a machine cleaning hemp fibers.
43. The lead of the 4th Chinese revolt, an ex-convict desperate to raise money to return to China.
44. He wrote the first recorded drama in the Philippines staged in Cebu, a comedia.
45. The earliest book printed in the Philippines by xylographic method using engraved wood
blocks.

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REPUBLIC COLLEGES OF GUINOBATAN, INC.

COLLEGE DEPARTMENT
G. Alban St., Iraya, Guinobatan, Albay

STRUGGLE FOR RIGHTS AND FREEDOM

Subject : Philippine History
Instructor : Alvin V. Obniala, LPT

Learning objectives:
1. Identify the various revolts of the Filipinos against the Spanish rule.
2. Determine the reasons and results of the Filipino struggles for rights and freedom.
3. Summarize the revolts using a matrix.

A. Revolt of Lakandula and Sulayman (1574)

Cause: Lavezaris’s Reversal of Legazpi's Policy

After the death of Legazpi on August 20, 1572, Governor Guido de Lavezaris no longer exempted
the native rulers and their descendant from paying tribute. He ordered the confiscation of their patrimonial
land properties.
Because of the new policy, Lakandula and Sulayman decided to rise in arms. Taking advantage
of Lim-Ah-Hong's attack to Manila in 1574, the two chieftains proclaimed their revolt and gathered their
warriors in Navotas.
Juan de Salcedo and Fr. Geronimo Marin were sent by Lavezaris to persuade them not to carry out
their plan. They were given an assurance that all their grievances would be remedied and those who took
arms would be pardoned. Governor Lavezaris did this gesture to ask help from Filipino natives in driving
away Lim-Ah-Hong from the country.

B. First Pampanga Revolt (1585)

Cause: Abuses of Encomenderos

Disgruntled by the way the encomenderos administered, some brave Pampangueño leaders
connived with the people of Manila and the Botswana to rise in revolt.
According to their plan, they would secretly enter the city of Manila one dark night and massacre the
Spaniards. A native woman who was married to a Spanish soldier happened to learn of it and warned the
Spanish authorities about it. The leaders were arrested and executed without any fair trial.

C. The Tondo Conspiracy (1587-88)

Cause: Regain Lost Freedom

Attempting to restore freedom and local leadership being enjoyed during the pre-colonial years,
Agustin de Legazpi (nephew of Lakandula), together with other leaders like Martin Pangan (gobernadorcillo

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 28

of Tondo), Magat Salamat (son of Lakandula), Juan Banal (another Tondo chief), Esteban Taes (chief of
Bulacan), Pedro Balinguit ( chief of Pandacan), Pitonggatan (chief of Tondo), Felipe Salonga (chief of
Polo), and Geronimo Basi ( Brother of Agustin de Legazpi) planned to overthrow the Spanish rulers in the
country.
Through the Japanese Christian, Dionisio Fernandez, Agustin de Legazpi, and his fellow conspirator
a Japanese sea captain, Juan Gayo, to get arms and Japanese warriors to fight the Spaniards. In exchange,
he and his Japanese warriors would be given one-half of the tribute collected in the Philippines. Aside from
this, help would also be secured from Borneo, Laguna, and Batangas. The conspirators with their warriors
would then assault the city of Manila and start killing the Spaniards.
Magat Salamat innocently revealed the plan to Antonio Surabao, a Cuyo native who was pretending
to be supporter. Surabao later recounted this to his master, Pedro Sarmiento (the Spanish encomendero of
Calamianes). Immediately, Captain Sarmiento rushed to Manila and informed Governor General Santiago
de Vera on October 26, 1588, the existence of a conspiracy against the Spanish government.
Eventually, the governor ordered the arrest of all persons implicated in the revolutionary plot,
including Dionisio Fernandez, a Japanese interpreter. All these suspects were investigated and tried in court.
They were given harsh penalties. Agustin de Legazpi and Martin Pangan were brutally hanged. Their head
were cut off and place in iron cages. The government seized their properties. The sites of their homes were
plowed and sown with salt to remain barren.
Dionisio Fernandez was hanged and his property confiscated. Also executed were Magat Salamat,
Geronimo Basi and Esteban Taes. The rest given lighter punishment - heavy fines and some years of exile
from their town. Five of the leading members of the conspiracy were exiled in Mexico- Pedro Balinguit,
Pitonggatan, Felipe Salonga, Calao, and Agustin Manuguit.

D. Magalat's Revolt, Cagayan (1596)

Cause: Tribute

During the rule of Governor Francisco Tello, two brothers instigated the people of Cagayan to rise in
arms against the colonial government because of the latter's arbitrary levy collection. One of the brothers
was called Magalat. The uprising was suppressed by the authorities. He and his men were kept in Manila as
exiles.
The Dominican missionaries of Cagayan persuaded Governor Tello to pardon them, after knowing
the plight of the two brothers. The favor was subsequently granted. After Magalat released, he went back to
Cagayan and incited the people to continue the fight. Many Spaniards and loyal natives were killed by rebels.
Governor Tello sent Captain Pedro de Chaves to quell the revolt. Magalat, however, remained undefeated
in open battle. Later the Spaniards decided to hire native assassins. Magalat was murdered in his own house.

E. Revolt of the Igorots (1601)

Cause: Refusal to Accept New Religion

The Spaniards were determined to convert the Igorots to Christianity. They launched a crusade to
proselytize the highland natives of Luzon and to place them under Spanish authorities. A strong expedition
was sent to the Igorotland to stop the natives from resisting colonial subjugation. However, the Spaniards
were only able to gain nominal political and military control over them.

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F. Revolt of the Irrayas, Northern Isabela in the Cagayan Valley (1621)

Cause: Oppression of Spaniards Officials

Fray Pedro de Santo Tomas, a Dominican missionary, tried to convince the rebels to avoid an
uprising against the abusive Spanish officials. The rebels led by Gabriel Dayag and Felix Cutabay refused
to heed the priest's words of peace. However, they treated Fr. Santo Tomas and his missionary companions
with respect. They allowed the friars to leave unmolested, with all their ornaments and jewels of churches.
After the missionaries had left, the Irrayas began their fight by killing the oppressive encomenderos
and burning their houses. After this bloody incident, the rebels went up to the Basili River and built their
fortification on a rocky hill.
Fr. Santo Thomas returned and exhorted the leaders to lay down their arms and promised them that
the government would pardon them and remedy their grievances. The revolt ended without a fight.

G. The Revolt of Tamblot, Bohol (1621-22)

Cause: Return to Native Religion

In 1621, Tamblot, a babaylan (native priest), reported the appearance of a diwata who promised the
people a life of abundance, without the burden of paying tribute to the government or dues to church. He
persuaded the natives to abandon the Catholic religion and rise against the Spaniards. Around 2,000
Boholanos responded to Tamblot's call.
They began the uprising at the time when most of the Jesuit father, the spiritual administrators of the
Island, were in Cebu celebrating the feast of the beatification of St. Francis Xavier. They burned the villages
being supervised by the Jesuits, as well as their churches. They threw away all rosaries and crosses they
could find.
News of the revolt reached Cebu. Don Juan de Alcarazo, the alcalde mayor, sent immediately an
expedition to Bohol, consisting of 50 Spaniards and more than 1,000 natives from Cebu and Pampanga. In
the midst of a heavy downpour, Tamblot and his followers were crushed.

H. Bankaw's Revolt, Leyte (1622)

Cause: Return to Native Religion

The leader of this rebellion was the aged chieftain of Limasawa, Bankaw, who was one of the first
local leaders who received Miguel Lopez de Legazpi in 1565. He had been previously converted to
Christianity and became loyal to Spain. But in his old age Bankaw together with his son and native priest
named Pagali, led the people of Carigara, Leyte to rise in arms in defense of their old religion. Soon they
had the whole island into armed resistance. The rebels destroyed church property and created a temple to
their diwata.
Fr. Melchor de Vera, a Jesuit, went to Cebu and warned the Spanish authorities of the uprising.
Alcalde Mayor Alcarazo sent a fleet of 40 vessels, manned by hundreds of Cebuanos and some Spanish
arquebusiers to Leyte. The rebels were offered peace but they turned it down.
The Spanish-Filipino force pursued them in the hills and defeated them. Bankaw, together with his
son and Pagali perished in the battle. Soon his second son was beheaded as a traitor. His daughter was
taken as capture. Bankaw's head was placed on a stake as public warning, to generate fear among the
natives.

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I. The Revolt of Ladia (1643)

Cause: Spanish Oppression

Pedro Ladia, a native of Borneo, who claimed to be a descendant of Rajah Matanda, instigated the
people of Malolos Bulacan to rise the arms against the Spanish government. He was able to recruit a number
of followers but before he could carry out his plan, Fr. Cristobal Enriquez had already entreated the people
to remain loyal to Spain. Ladia later on arrested and sent to Manila to be executed.

J. The Revolt of Dabao (1650s)

Cause: Controversial Decree to Send Carpenters to the Cavite Shipyard

To move freely among fellow Christians, Dabao, a Manobo, chieftain in Northern Mindanao allowed
himself to be baptized to the Catholic faith. He convinced some new converts to join him in his plan to kill
the religious and all the Spanish soldiers in the fort.
Dabao's opportunity to carry out his plot came as natives who stole a quantity of maize and rice were
being hunted down. He offered himself to catch them. He took his men to act as prisoners. Just when the
men were going to be set in the stocks for their punishment, Dabao attacked the captain and supposed
prisoners joined him by taking out their concealed weapons. All Spaniards in the garrison were killed.
Governor Diego Fajardo offered amnesty to the rebels to end Northern Mindanao unrest. However, the
rebels who surrendered were either hanged or enslaved or taken to Manila, where they were sold to Spanish
household.

K. Sumoroy's Revolt, Samar (1649-50)

Cause: Forced Labor

Under Juan Sumoroy's leadership, the people of Palapag, Samar rose in arms against the
government. They resented Governor Diego Fajardo's order, which involved the sending of men to Cavite
Shipyards. Hostilities began on June 1, 1649, with the killing of the curate of town.
The revolt spread to Albay and Camarines, Cebu, Masbate, Camiguin and as far as Northern
Mindanao. Sumoroy won several victories over the Spanish-Filipino forces. At one time, the Spanish
commander offered a large sum of money in exchange of Sumoroy's head. The rebels sent him the head of
a pig instead.
In July 1650, under cover of darkness and rainfall, the government force staged an assault on the
native's fort. The rebels were caught by surprise. Sumoroy's mother perished in the battle. The revolt ended
with individual surrenders. The rebels themselves killed Sumoroy and brought his head to the Spanish
commander.

L. Maniago's Revolt, Pampanga (1660)

Cause: Frequent Recruitment of Men to Cut Timber in the Mountains and Bandala
Pampanga's rice production suffered exceedingly from the disruption effects of polo. One thousand
Pampangueños had been working for eight months as timber cutters. To show their sentiments against the
government, the workers mutinied and set their campsite on fire. They chose Don Francisco Maniago, a
chief from the village of Mexico to be their leader.

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The armed rebels gathered in Lubao under Maniago and another group made preparations in
Bacolor. They closed the mouths of rivers with stakes. Letter to other chiefs in Pangasinan, Ilocos, and
Cagayan were sent, asking them to join the uprising against the Spaniards and later elect a king of their own.
By the time the province of Pampanga revolted, the government owed the local inhabitants more
than 200,000 pesos due to unpaid rice purchase from the bandala system.
The Spaniards tried to end the rebellion immediately because they knew that the Pampangueños
had been trained in military art. Governor Manrique de Lara began his maneuver with a show of force, by
bringing with him 300 men in Macabebe. Seeing the well-armed Spaniards, the Pampangueños showed
cordiality. This caused other rebels to waver and distrust one another.
Governor Lara called for Juan Macapagal, chief of Arayat, to a discussion. De Lara treated him well
and assured him rewards if he would side with the government. Macapagal consequently accepted the offer.
He went back to Arayat and organized a force to repress the rebels. His defection discouraged other chiefs.
Parish priests as well as mercenary soldier were also employed to demoralize the rebels. The governor
general moreover proposed a partial payment of 14,000 pesos on the total amount of 200,000 pesos that the
government owed the Pampangueños.
The Spaniards concluded an agreement with Maniago which brought about peace in Pampanga. For
fear that the Pangasinenses would strike back; the Pampangueños themselves demanded two Spanish
garrisons in the province, one in Lubao and another in Arayat. From then on, they never revolt against the
colonial government.

M. Andres Malong's Revolt, Pangasinan (1660-61)

Cause: Spanish Oppression and the Desire to Replace the Spaniards as Personal Rulers of the
People

Spurred by the Pampangueño rebellion, the natives of Pangasingan also rose in arms against the
Spanish in Lingayen on December 15, 1660. Several Spaniards were killed, including an alcalde mayor.
Inspired by growing number of their followers and their early successes, Malong proclaimed himself king and
directed his military leaders to place the province under rebel control with his defenses at the capital town of
Binalatongan. He appointed Pedro Gumapos as count, Francisco Pacadua as judge, and Jacinto Macasiag,
and Melchor de Vera as army generals.
Letters were sent to the people of Ilocos, Zambales, Pampanga and Cagayan, inviting them to rise
against the Spaniards. The Pampangueños under Maniago did not join because they had already made their
peace with the Spaniards.
To extend his sovereignty, Malong sent 6,000 men to Pampanga and 3,000 men to Ilocos and
Cagayan, leaving 2,000 men with him in Pangasinan. But this depleted his forces. The government troops
led by Don Felipe de Ugalde and Don Francisco Esteban outmaneuvered his army in Pangasinan. He was
pursued into the mountains and was caught alive. He was executed together with Vera, Pacadua and
Macasiag in 1661 in Binalatongan.

N. The Revolt of Gumapos (1661)

Cause: Continue Andres Malong's Revolt

Pedro Gumapos and his army of Zambals killed many Spaniards in llocos. The Ilocanos did not join
them; for their loyalty was to their property. During the Zambal invasion, they hid their valuables in the
Bishop's house and buried other properties.

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The bishop assembled the Zambals and threatened them with excommunication the moment they
get anything from the churches or from his house. But the bishop's words fell on deaf ears.
Gumapos's campaign ended after an encounter with the Spanish forces. Four hundred rebels were
slain and Gumapos himself was taken prisoner and was later hanged in Vigan.

O. The Revolt of Almazan (1660s)

Cause: Personal Ambitions

The flames of rebellion soon spread in Ilocos with Pedro Almazan as the defiant leader. Almazan, a
rich chief of San Nicolas, crowned himself King of Ilocos during the wedding ceremony of his son to the
daughter of another chief. He wore the crown of the Queen of Angels taken from the church, which the rebels
sacked. The rebels were gaining some headway at the start but the Spaniards eventually suppressed them.

P. Tapar's Revolt, Panay (1663)

Cause: Found a New Religion Under Native Supervision

The prevalent misdemeanor of Spanish friars alienated countless natives from the Catholic faith.
Tapar, a native of Panay, wanted to establish a religious cult in Oton. He attracted many followers with his
stories about his frequent conversations with a demon.
Tapar and his men were killed in a bloody fight against the Spaniards, along with native volunteer
soldiers. Their corpses were impaled on stakes.

Q. Dagohoy's Revolt, Bohol (1744-1829)

Cause: Refusal to Give His Brother a Christian Burial

Father Gaspar Morales denied Francisco Dagohoy's brother a Christian burial because the latter
died in a duel. Dagohoy argued that his brother's burial was the responsibility of the Jesuit priest because he
had died carrying out the missionary's order, to arrest an apostate. The priest refused to bury Dagohoy's
brother unless the proper limosnas, or church offerings were given. The body was left decomposing for three
days.
Humiliated by this tragic incident, Dagohoy got mad and incited the natives of Bohol to revolt. He
took around 3,000 men and women to the uplands of Talibon and lnabangan. He set up a self-sustaining
community far from the Spanish authorities. Dagohoy's community grew in number as more people fled to
the hills to avoid being recruited by the government to join its expeditions in Northern Mindanao as well as to
avoid the harsh impositions of the government.
Dagohoy and his men raided the Jesuit estate of San Javier. Then they killed the Italian Jesuit curate
in Jagna, Father Guiseppe Lamberti in 1744. Because of the killing, the Spanish authorities tortured and
killed Dagohoy's future father-in-law and the porter of the church of the slain priest.
The death of the innocent porter drove more people to join Dagohoy's group. Shortly afterwards, l
ather Morales was killed in cold blood. Bishop Miguel Lino de Kspeleta of Cebu tried to pacify the rebels
through negotiations. The plan to send secular priests to Bohol was not carried out. A 20-year deadlock set
in. The community continued to subsist without outward sign of rebellion.

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Twenty Spanish governors from Caspar de la Torre (1739-45) to Juan Antonio Martinez (1822-25)
tried to stop the rebellion but failed. In the 1740s and the 1750s, the Spanish government was preoccupied
with the Muslim raids.
In 1829, the rebellion finally ended when Governor Mariano Ricafort pardoned 19,420 survivors and
permitted them to live in the new villages. Nothing has been heard on how Dagohoy died. His autonomous
community lasted for 85 years.

R. Silang's Revolt (1762-63)

Causes: His Imprisonment, Abusive Government Officials, Heavy Taxation

The Ilocanos had already been complaining about the anomalous collection of tribute and the abuses
of the alcaldes max/ores in the exercise of indulto de comercio. Diego Silang appealed to Don Antonio
Zabala, the provincial governor of llocos to consider the demands of the natives. Regarding him an agitator,
Zabala had Silang incarcerated.
Silang's followers and friends successfully worked for his release. Taking advantage of the Spanish
preoccupation with the British in Manila, Silang led the revolt of the Ilocanos and made Vigan the capital of
his independent government. His defiance of the Spaniards lost him support of many principals. He ordered
that those principals who were opposing him be arrested and brought to him. Should they resist, they were
to be slain. He also imposed a fine of 100 pesos on each priest but lowered it to 80 pesos on their petition.
Property of the church was also taken.
Bishop Bernardo Ustariz of Vigan issued an interdict against Silang and his followers. He exhorted
the Ilocanos to withdraw support for the rebels' cause. In retaliation, Silang imprisoned all of the latter's
followers.
Finally, Spanish Governor Simon de Anda sent Silang an ultimatum. Fearing that Anda was planning to
march to llocos, Silang decided to seek the protection of the British. Shortly thereafter, he accepted the Bri
tish offer of friendship to fight against the Spaniards.
However, Silang's leadership ended with an assassin's bullet. Miguel Vicos, a Spanish mestizo who
wished to take revenge on Silang and Pedro Becbec, a trusted aide of Silang conspired to kill the rebel leader
in exchange of a large monetary reward. Vicos shot Silang in the latter's house.
Gabriela Silang, Diego's wife, continued the fight. Nicolas Carino, Silang's uncle, temporarily took
command of the forces. He and Gabriela attacked the town of Santa in Ilocos Sur and won over the
government forces. After the battle, Gabriela went to the forests of Abra and recruited the Tingguians (Itnegs).
Another battle was fought at Cabugao, but this time the rebels were beaten. Carino perished in
action. Gabriela and her warriors fled to Abra and organized a new army of Ilocanos and Tingguians.
With her newly reorganized battalion, Gabriela marched towards Vigan. She rode on a fast horse
and led her troops into the combat. The loyal archers of the Spanish government repulsed her attack. Once
more, she went back to the mountains of Abra with her followers. Don Manuel de Arza, lieutenant governor
of Northern Luzon and his Cagayan warriors followed her trail. With the aid of Apayaos and Kalingas, they
captured her and her surviving followers. On September 20,1763, Gabriela and her companions were
executed in Vigan, Ilocos Sur.

S. Palaris's Revolt (1762-65)

Causes: Tribute, Spain's Loss of Prestige Due to the British Occupation of Manila

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Simultaneous with the Silang revolt was an uprising in Pangasinan. The local inhabitants wanted the
abolition of the tribute and the removal of loaquin Gamboa, alcalde mayor of the province for irregularities in
tax collection.
The rebellion began on November 3,1762 at the town of Binalatongan under the leadership of Juan
de la Cruz Palaris. From Binalatongan, the spirit of insurrection spread to other towns of the province. Palaris
urged the people to fight since the Spaniards were very weak because of their defeat at the hands of the
British in Manila. For over a year, he succeeded in driving the Spaniards and friars out of the rebel towns.
The Dominican friars tried to pacify the rebels, but failed.
In March 1764, Don Mariano de Arza together with 3,000 loyal Ilocano soldiers suppressed the
Revolt of Palaris in Pangasinan. Palaris was publicly hanged.

T. Basi Revolt (1807)

Cause: Wine Monopoly of 1786

Due to the wine monopoly of the government, the Ilocanos were prohibited to drink homemade basi
(wine fermented from sugarcane). They were compelled to buy wine from government stores.
On September 16, 1807, the Ilocanos of Piddig, Ilocos Norte, rose in arms in defense of their favorite
wine, basi. The rebellion spread to the neighboring towns, Badoc and Santo Domingo.
The Spanish alcalde mayor, who was residing in Vigan, sent a force of 36 soldiers and two column*
of civilian guards with a cannon to attack Badoc. However, on September 28, 1807, the alcalde mayor
together with a strong force of regular troops attacked them at San lldefonso and quelled the revolt.

U. Revolt in Defense of the Spanish Constitution (1815)

Cause: Abolition of the Liberal Spanish Constitution

The Spanish Constitution of 1812 was very much influenced by the ideals of the French Revolution
– Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity. This democratic constitution granted human rights to both Spaniards and
Filipinos. It was promulgated by the Spanish Cortes (Parliament) and approved and signed by 184 delegates
of Spain and her colonies (including the Philippines). One of its signatories was Ventura de los Reyes, a
Filipino.
Upon knowing that this constitution was abolished on May 4, 1814 by the despotic ruler King
Ferdinand VII, an explosion of violence in the country against the principales took place. The masses
suspected that the principales were behind this, since they had been presumed aiding the Spanish authorities
to perpetuate in power.
On March 3, 1815, more than 1,500 Ilocanos of Sarrat, Ilocos Norte, under the leadership of Simon
Tomas rose in arms in defense of the Spanish Constitution of 1812. The Ilocanos plundered the houses of
rich Spaniards and pro-Spanish natives. They also looted the churches and killed some friars and officials.
The Spanish government rushed infantry and cavalry forces to the rebellious towns in the Ilocandia. The
revolt ended on March 6, with the surviving leaders of the rebellion severely punished.

V. Revolt of the Bayot Brothers (1822)

Cause: Feeling of Distrust between the Peninsulares and the Creoles

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The insulares in the Philippines, as well as the Creoles in other colonies of Spain resented the extra
privileges given to the peninsulares. The feeling of distrust and antagonism between the peninsulares and
the Creoles became intense in the early decades of the 19th century.
Inspired by the achievements of the Creole liberators in Latin America from 1808 to 1826 and
influenced by the ideals of the French Revolution (1789-1799), the three Bayot brothers - Manuel, Jose, and
Joaquin - sons of Colonel Francisco Bayot, a prominent creole of Manila, conspired with other Creole officers
of the Battalion Real Principe, to overthrow the government, which was dominated by the peninsulares. The
plot was to be carried out on April 17,1822 at dawn.
A few days before April 17, the plan of the Bayot conspiracy was discovered. Governor Mariano de
Folgueras alerted the Queen's Regiment and surrounded the barracks of suspected rebels with loyal troops
and 15 cannons. The Bayot brothers were imprisoned after a trial.

W. Religious Revolt of Hermano Pule (1840-41)

Cause: Religious Freedom

In 1839, Apolinario de la Cruz went to Manila to pursue priestly vocation under the Dominican order.
He was not accepted on the ground that he was an indio (native). At that time, all religious orders were closed
to indios.
In June 1840, Apolinario, better known as Hermano Pule returned to Lucban, Tayabas Province (now
Quezon Province), and founded the Confradia de San Jose (Confraternity of St. Joseph), a nationalist
fellowship, which fostered the practice of Christian virtues.
Hermano Pule sought the recognition of his religious brotherhood. However, Governor General
Marcelino Oraa and Archbishop Jose Segui, upon the recommendation of the Spanish friars, banned his
confraternity. Undaunted by the intolerance of the government authorities, he carried on his religious
movement at Barrio Isabang of Mount Banahaw, then later moved his camp at Alitao, at the foot of Mount
Cristobal. His brotherhood attracted thousands of followers in Tayabas, Laguna, and Batangas.
On November 1,1841, Lt. Col. Joaquin Huet, a veteran Spanish combat commander, launched a
massive assault in Alitao, killing hundreds of defenseless old men, women, and children. Hermano Pule was
captured the following evening at Barrio Ibanga and was executed on November 4, 1841. The Spanish
soldiers paraded his chopped body from Tayabas to nearby Lucban, his birthplace.
Enraged by the merciless killing in Alitao, the non-commissioned officers and soldiers of the Tayabas
Regiment secretly planned to rise in arms under the leadership of Sergeant Irineo Samaniego. After a few
hours of fighting at Fort Santiago, Samaniego and his men were routed, captured and shot to death at
Bagumbayan at sundown of January 21,1843.

X. Muslim Wars (1578-1898)

The Spaniards made attempts to subdue the inhabitants of Mindanao by deploying its military forces
in the South. The Muslims on the other hand, valiantly resisted and repulsed the colonizers. They retaliated
by raiding territories under Spanish rule with varying degrees of intensity. The war between the Muslim
Filipinos and the Spaniards (aided by Christian Filipinos) lasted for more than 300 years.
The Muslim wars were brought about by the following reasons: the Spanish invasion of Mindanao
and Sulu, preservation of Islam, and the love of adventure arising from the spoils of wars.
In 1597, the Spanish colonizers tried to seize Jolo and force the sultanate into submission. After his
victorious battle in Borneo for the Spanish Crown, Governor Francisco de Sande sent forces to Jolo, under
the command of Captain Esteban Rodriguez de Figueroa. He ordered the pacification of the place and the

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payment ot tribute by the inhabitants to the colonial government. Sultan Pangiran Budiman (Muhammad ul-
Halim) resisted the attack. However, Sulu fell into Spanish hands. Pearls were given as tribute to the
Spaniards.
The Muslims, haughtily referred to by the Spaniards as Moros, avenged by plundering coastal towns
under Spanish dominion. Sirungan and Salikala prepared a stronger force of 70 vessels and 4,000 warriors,
a year .liter their first successful raid in the Visayas in 1599. This time, they were repulsed with heavy losses
at Arevalo, lloilo province by 1,000 Visayan warriors and 70 Spanish arquebusiers under the command of
Don Juan Garcia de Sierra, a Spanish alcalde mayor who died in the fight.
To embark its operations over Muslim Mindanao, the Spaniards built fortified stations in particular
areas. On June 23, 1635, Father Melchor de Vera along with 1,000 Visayans began the building of the stone
fort in the province. This fort was named Fort Pilar (in honor of Nuestra Senora del Pilar, the patroness of
Zamboanga), which helped the government forces in their campaign against the belligerent natives.
The Spaniards tried to conquer Maguindanao but were thwarted by native resistance. From 1600-
1650, the sultan of Maguindanao, Sultan Muhammad Dipatuan Kudarat (Corralat in Spanish records) held
power in regions from the Gulf of Davao all the way to Dapitan.
On March 13, 1637, Governor Corcuera with his Spanish-Filipino troops landed at the mouth of Rio
de Grande de Mindanao. The next day, Lamitan, Sultan Kudarat's capital in Cotabato fell into the hands of
the Spaniards. Kudarat retreated to a hill called Ilihan. Corcuera's troops assaulted the place and finally
captured it after a bloody encounter. Defeated by the Spaniards, Kudarat was able to escape together with
his brave wife, carrying a baby.
On May 24, Governor Corcuera returned to Manila and was given a conqueror's welcome - with
music, religious festivals, and a moro-moro performance (a stage play about the contending Christians and
Muslims with the former emerging as victors).
The fighting Moros intensified their efforts to continue the battle against the Spaniards. After nursing
his bullet wound in one arm, Sultan Kudarat later mounted raids on Spanish settlements in Luzon and the
Visayas and inspired fellow Muslims never to submit to the Spanish colonizers. The Muslims also assaulted
the Spanish outposts in Mindanao and Sulu. In 1645, the Tausugs finally liberated Jolo from the Spanish
forces.
In 1749, Sultan Alimud Din I was deposed by his brother Bantilan because of his friendship with the
Spaniards. On January 2,1750, he and his family, together with some faithful followers arrived in Manila. The
sultan was royally received by Bishop Juan de Arrechedera, the acting governor general. On April 28 of the
same year, he was baptized by the Dominican fathers at Paniqui, Tarlac. He was named Don Fernando
Alimud Din I, the first Christian sultan of Jolo. His son, Israel, and his daughter Fatima were likewise converted
to Christianity and given education in Manila.
In 1751, Governor General Jose Francisco de Obando wanted Alimud Din I to regain his throne in
Jolo. The sultan left Manila for Jolo and stopped at Zamboanga. The Spanish commander in Zamboanga
claimed to have intercepted a letter from Alimud Din I to a sultan in Mindanao, which was allegedly
treasonable. Alimud Din I was shipped back to Manila and later imprisoned at Fort Santiago.
Governor General Pedro Manuel de Arandia, Obando's successor, released Alimud Din I and
granted him royal privileges. In 1762, the British troops rescued Alimud Din I at Pasig and later restored to
him his throne in Jolo.
The Spanish forces, plunged in its conflict with the British and the local rebels, were unable to control
the Mow (plunderer) raids on Christian pueblos in the Visayas and Luzon. The height of Moro wars occurred
in the second half of the 18th century. In 1769, the Moros landed at Malate and plundered the place.
According to Spanish records, an average of 500 Christians were captured and sold annually as
slaves in Betavia, Sandakan, and in other slave markets in the East Indies. The Spanish government spent
huge sum of money for military operations against the marauding troops of the South.

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In the closing decades of the 19th century, the Moro power declined. In 1848, Governor General
Narciso Claveria, using new steamships, attacked the Samals at Balanguingui. They brought 350 Samal
prisoners to Manila.
On December 11,1850, Governor General Antonio de Urbiztondo left Manila for Zamboanga in
command of a force consisting of 100 troops of artillery and 500 infantry to subjugate the Muslims of Sulu.
Upon his arrival in the last week of the month, he desisted from fighting, realizing that his force was not
enough to capture Jolo. He sailed again to Jolo in January 1851. Sulu warriors fired upon his ships. The
Spanish force retaliated and burned down 1,000 houses and around 100 bancas (boats) in Tungkil before
sailing back to Zamboanga. The following month, after a reinforcement of his troops, Urbiztondo attacked
Jolo. The natives of Sulu lost over 100 men, and were forced into the interior.
In 1861, after more expeditions by the Spaniards in Maguindanao, the sultan finally recognized
Spanish sovereignty. However, resistance continued under Datu Ugto in upper Pulangi. Superior Spanish
arms allowed the colonizers to remain in Maguindanao until 1899.
In 1874, Admiral Jose Malcampo became the Spanish governor general in the Philippines. He
prepared a mighty armada for the invasion of Jolo. This would put an end to the devastating raids of the
Tausugs on the Christian pueblos. The attack lasted for 24 hours. On March 1, 1876, Sultan Jamalul A'lam
worked for peace with the Spaniards.
Sultan Jamalul A'lam of Jolo transferred his capital to Maimbung. The Sultanate of Sulu, being a
sovereign government was able to lease Sabah (North Borneo) to a British company. On January 22,1878,
Sultan Jamalul A' lam leased Sabah to Mr. Alfred Dent, an Englishman and Baron Gustavus Von Overbeck,
an Austrian of British North Borneo Company for an annual rental of 5,000 Malayan dollars. The contract in
1878 used the Tausug word "padjack," which means lease. (The rental was increased to 5,300 Malayan
dollars in 1903 to 1963).
The sultan of Jolo, a direct descendant of Sultan Kudarat, acquired sovereignty over North Borneo
(Sabah) the second half of the 17th century. When the sultan of Brunei sought help to the sultan of Jolo to
suppress a rebellion in 1704, the Sabah territory was ceded to the latter in 1715 out of gratitude.
In 1886, Governor General Emilio Terrero led the invasion to Cotabato to subdue the Moro
Maguindanaoans. Terrero's forces destroyed some kutas (forts) of Datu Utto but failed to crush Utto's fighters.
After suffering heavy losses, Governor Terrero decided to return to Manila.
In 1891, Governor General Valeriano Weyler, known as the "Butcher" for his ruthless suppression of early
revolts in Cuba, invaded Lanao. On August 21, 1891, he won the First Battle of Marawi in Lanao Lake. Datu
Amai Pakpak, the defender of Marawi, was able to escape. He recruited more warriors to fight against the
Spanish invaders. Failing to conquer Lanao, Weyler assaulted Cotabato. However, he was overpowered by
Datu Ali Jimbangan and his fierce krismen (warriors).
In 1891, Governor General Ramon Blanco invaded the Lanao Lake region. Blanco's troops attacked
Marawi on March 10,1895. In this second battle of Marawi, the heroic Datu Amai Pakpak died in action.
Blanco won his battle, but he failed to conquer Lanao like Terrero and Weyler. To avenge the fall of Marawi
and the death of Datu Amai Pakpak, the Muslim warriors declared a jihad (holy war), forcing Blanco to halt
the campaign and return to Manila.
The bitter warfare between the Spaniards and the Muslims ended in 1898, after the signing of the
Peace Treaty of Paris on December 10, 1898, which ended the Spanish domination in the Philippines.

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 38

SCORE:
REPUBLIC COLLEGES OF GUINOBATAN, INC.
COLLEGE DEPARTMENT ____________

32
G. Alban St., Iraya, Guinobatan, Albay

WORKSHEET #3
NAME: ____________________________________________ COURSE: ______________ Date: ______________
INSTRUCTOR: Mr. Alvin V. Obniala, LPT SUBJECT: Philippine History

A. MULTIPLE CHOICES
Carefully analyze each item then supply the correct answer by writing the letter of your choice on the space provided.

_____ 1. Raja Lakandula and Raja Sulayman revolted against Governor Guido de Lavezaris, because of the abuses
by the Spaniards. What is the revolt called?
A. Pampanga Revolt B. Isneg Revolt C. Tamblot Revolt D. Manila Revolt

_____ 2. Which one of these Philippine revolts during the Hispanic period lasted longest?
A. Camerino Revolt B. Palaris Revolt C. Dagohoy Revolt D. Parang & Upay Revolt

_____ 3. In 1762-1763 the most popular revolt took place in Ilocos. Diego and Gabriela Silang had defended Ilocos
from the Spanish authorities. Identify the relationship of the Silangs.
A. brother and sister B. husband and wife C. parent and child D. they were not related

_____ 4. The Religious Revolt of Hermano Pule took seventeen months to quell. The root of this revolt came from
this kind of order The One, this author described was a ___________________________.
A. Personal order B. Business order C. Religious order D. Government order

_____ 5. Dr. Jose Protacio Rizal is Philippines' national hero because of his large contribution to independence
during the 19th century. What was his main weapon against the Spaniards?
A. Guns B. Pen C. Swords and Knives D. Religion

_____ 6. Filipinos remembered Dr. Jose Rizal as the patriot of the masses. He was executed by the Spanish
authorities in Luneta (Bagumbayan by then), Manila in December 30, 1896. Which of these capital punishments was
used to execute him?
A. Garrote B. Live burial C. Guillotine D. Shooting

_____ 7. Which is NOT a reason the caused the Muslim wars?

A. Preservation of Islam C. The killing of innocent indios.
B. Spanish invasion in Mindanao and Sulu D. Love of adventure arising from the spoils of wars

_____ 8. The revolt caused by the feeling of distrust between the peninsulares and the creoles.
A. Bayot Brothers revolt B. Basi revolt C. Palaris revolt D. Almazan revolt

_____ 9. The term used to refer to the Muslims by the Spaniards.

A. illustrados B. creoles C. moros D. sangleys

_____ 10. The Spanish governor general in 1874 who prepared a mighty armada for the invasion of Jolo to put an
end to the devastating raids of the Tausugs on the Christian pueblos.
A. Admiral Valeriano Weyler B. Gov. Emilio Terrero C. Gov. Ramon Blanco D. Admiral Jose Malcampo

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 39

_____ 11. During a classroom lesson, the Social Studies teacher asked why, despite more than 300 years of
Spanish rule, majority of Filipinos could not speak Spanish. What could be a possible reason for this?
A. Spanish, as an official language, was opposed by Filipinos.
B. The Filipinos in general were not interested to learn Spanish.
C. Spain outlawed the teaching and learning of Spanish by Filipinos.
D. The Spaniards did not propagate the Spanish language.

_____ 12. During much of the Spanish occupation, how were the natives of the Philippines called?
A. principalia B. indios C. insulares D. peninsulares

_____ 13. Rizal focused the “La Liga Filipina” to:

I. Unite the whole country.
II. Revolt against the Spaniards.
III. Fight violence and injustices.
A. II only B. I and II only C. II and III only D. I and III only

_____ 14. The Filipino students are taught to emulate the young Jose Rizal, who was everything listed below, except:
A. motivated B. loner C. very observant D. reflective

_____ 15. What was Rizal’s greatest resentment during his student days that motivated him to work harder?
A. unequal treatment of students by the Jesuits C. passivity of Filipino students
B. use of Spanish as a medium of instruction D. prevailing discrimination

_____ 16. Which work of Rizal was said to be an angry man’s personal debate on whether or not a violent revolution
would solve the Philippine crisis during the Spanish times?
A. Junto al Pasig B. Noli Me Tangere C. A la Juventud Filipina D. El Filibusterismo

_____ 17. Who was known as the Lakambini of the Katipunan?

A. Trinidad Rizal B. Melchora Aquino C. Gregoria de Jesus D. Delfina Herbosa

_____ 18. Which of the following occurred first?

A. Cry of Balintawak C. trial and execution of Bonifacio
B. execution of Rizal at Bagumbayan D. proclamation of Philippine Independence at Cavite

_____ 19. Where did Rizal and Bonifacio not agree?

A. in the inclusion of women in the Katipunan C. in the manner of organizing the Katipunan
B. in how to win independence from Spain D. in their religious convictions

_____ 20. Who was the “boy general” that tried to delay American advances by making a last stand at Pasong Tirad?
A. Antonio Luna B. Juan Luna C. Gregorio del Pilar D. Macario Sakay

_____ 21. For which are the Filipinos thankful for Julian Felipe?
A. the tune of the National Anthem C. the lyrics of the National Anthem
B. the making of the national flag D. the draft of the Malolos Constitution

_____ 22. Who was the great Filipino reformist known for his work, Fray Botod, which exposed the ignorance,
abuses, and immorality of a certain friar?
A. Apolinario Mabini B. Emilio Jacinto C. Graciano Lopez-Jaena D. Marcelo H. del Pilar

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 40

_____ 23. Who was known for the parody of “Our Father”and the “Ten Commandments” in his attempt to campaign
against the abuses of the friars?
A. Antonio Luna B. Pedro Paterno C. Graciano Lopez-Jaena D. Marcelo H. del Pilar

_____ 24. What replaced the tribute as a form of taxation in the Hispanic Philippine colony in 1884?
A. Donativo B. Santotum C. Diezmos prediales D. Cedula personal

_____ 25. How did the Hispanic conquest affect the physical features of the conquered native Filipinos, especially in
lowland regions?
A. Indian mestizos C. light-skinned, high-nosed mestizos
B. slit-eyed Chinitos D. Fil-Am half-breeds

_____ 26. In whose painting/s was slavery in the Philippines during the Spanish period clearly depicted?
A. Antonio Luna B. Felix Hidalgo C. Juan Luna D. Jose Rizal

_____ 27. Which religious institution is the only living remnant of the Philippine Revolution of 1896 today?
A. Unitarian Church of the Philippines C. Philippine Independent Church
B. Roman Catholic Church D. United Church of the Philippines

_____ 28. Who was the second editor of La Solidaridad with the penname Dolores Manapat?
A. Graciano Lopez-Jaena B. Jose Rizal C. Marcelo H. del Pilar D. Mariano Ponce

_____ 29. How many ships arrived to the Philippines from Mexico during the Galleon Trade?
A. two B. three C. one D. five

_____ 30. What is a non-debatable evidence left by Rizal proving his faith in God despite being estranged from his
religion?
A. El Filibusterismo B. Mi Ultimo Adios C. retraction paper D. Noli Me Tangere

_____ 31. What was the signal of the Philippine Rebellion against Spain?
A. Pact of Biak-na-Bato C. La Liga Filipina
B. Battle of San Juan del Monte D. Cry of Pugadlawin

_____ 32. Who were the rich landowners during the Spanish Era?
A. cabezas de barangay B. gobernadorcillo C. hacienderos D. encomienderos

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 41

REPUBLIC COLLEGES OF GUINOBATAN, INC.

COLLEGE DEPARTMENT
G. Alban St., Iraya, Guinobatan, Albay

THE RISE OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM

Subject : Philippine History
Instructor : Alvin V. Obniala, LPT

Learning objectives:
4. Define and determine the factors that gave rise to Filipino Nationalism.
5. Discuss the goals, aims and strategies of the Propaganda Movement
6. Identify the Katipunan body of revolutionary government.

NATIONALISM

- was said to have rooted from a strong feeling among populace that they belong to the same race.
- The cultural traits of the early Filipinos had striking similarities, their linguistic differences as well as
the local autonomy of each political unit in the archipelago barely yielded to the development of this
national sentiment.
- The absence of adequate means of transportation and communication made the situation even more
dismal.
COLONIAL BUREAUCRACY

- the transition of the country’s societal structure brought about the awareness of the local inhabitants
of their common source of anxiety and suffering.
- The Spanish government planted the seeds of nationalism by perpetuating poverty and injustice
among the classes of society.

A. FACTORS THAT GAVE RISE TO FILIPINO NATIONALISM

• Spread of liberalism
- When Spain gradually exposed the Philippines to international commerce in the late 18 th and early
19th centuries, liberal ideas from Europe filtered in.
- The transformation of the Philippine economy into a raw material market.
- The improvement in transportation and communication facilities.
- Spain opened the Philippine ports in 1834 to free trade, commercialization of Philippine agriculture
and economic expansion benefited the principalia in the country. They were able to send their
children to schools and even to educational institutions in Spain.

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 42

- The dissipation of European and American liberalism in the country was facilitated with the opening
of the Suez Canal in 1869 like the ideas of masonry:(free thinking, anticlerical, and humanitarian).

• Sentiment against the Principales

There was a mounting dissatisfaction against the principales or (the political and social
aristocracy which includes the prominent land owning and propertied citizens) accommodated as
intermediate of the Spanish government from the inception of its colonial rule.

• Racial prejudice
The Spaniards commonly regarded the Filipino natives as belonging to the “interior race”
and called them as indios. The preconceived notion of the Spanish colonizers that the natives could
not rise beyond their “limited intelligence” instigated the enlightened Filipinos to struggle for equality.
Jose Rizal’s annotation of Antonio de Morga’s Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas of the Spaniards
denounced the allegations of the Spaniards that the Filipino’s were savages and had no culture prior
to the coming of the Western colonizers.

• Cultural changes
The educational reforms of 1863 improved the standards of education in the primary level
with the implementation of a new educational system. Qualified Filipinos were able to pursue higher
education. Young men from prosperous Chinese mestizo and native families were able to take up
law, medicine, and pharmacy. They were able to see the repressive colonial policies of Spain after
being enlightened with liberal ideas thus giving birth to a new breed of Filipino’s the
ilustrados(enlightened ones).
The ilustrados got the chance to manifest their political will when Carlos Maria de la Torre
became a governor general in 1869.
Carlos Maria de la Torre was able to show his liberal disposition in administering the
government after he invoked reforms in the government like the revocation of press censorship and
the abolition of flogging as a form of punishment. He even lived simply within his means. He inspired
the Filipino middle class to sustain their campaign for reforms in the country.

• Secularization controversy
The mandatory provision of the Council of Trent affirmed that secular priests be appointed
to administer the parishes in the colony. Due to lack of secular priests, Pope Pius V upon the request
of King Philip II, the Exponi Nobis which allowed the regular clergy (those belonging to monastic
orders)to serve as parish priests without diocesan authorization and be exempted from bishop’s
authority.
The regular orders at the outset resisted diocesan visitation on the ground that this would
place them under two superiors, the head of the religious orders and the bishop as well. The
members of the society of Jesus, SJ (Jesuits) were expelled from the country for this reason.
The Jesuits were expelled in the 1768. In the 18 th century, Archbishop Basilio Santa Justa
accepted the resignation of the regular priests and appointed native secular priests to the parishes.
The royal decree, which was promulgated on November 9, 1774, ordering the secularization
of the parishes became the basis for the appointment of the native secular clergy.

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 43

The secularization controversy transformed into a Filipinization issue since the secular priest
were mostly Filipinos.
Some of the strong proponents of the secularization movement of the parishes were
Archbishop Gregorio Meliton Martinez and Father Jose Burgos both from the Archdiocese of Manila).
In December 1870, Archbishop Martinez wrote to the Spanish Regent advocating
secularization and mentioned that discrimination against Filipino priests would encourage anti-
Spanish sentiments.

• Cavity Mutiny of 1872

In 1868, a revolution led by the liberals in Spain deposed Queen Isabella II and gave rise to
the Provisional Republic of Spain. Democratic ideals were sent to the Manila, including Governor
General Carlos Maria de la Torre in 1869.

The republican government was overruled with the restoration of monarchy, Amadeo, son
of King victor Emmanuel II of Italy accepted the invitation to assume the Spanish crown in December
1870.

When Rafael de Izquierdo replaced Governor de la Torre in 1871, he promptly discarded

the liberal measures.

As an expression of protest, on the night of January 20, 1872, about 200 Filipino soldiers
and dock workers in the province of Cavite mutinied and killed their Spanish officers under the
leadership of Sergeant Lamadrid. Two days after the mutiny, Lamadrid was executed together with
41 mutineers at Bagumbayan.

Accused of alleged conspiracy in the rebellion were Fathers Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos,
and Jacinto Zamora. They were sentenced to death by garrote on February 17, 1872.

Some were thrown into jail while the rest were exiled to the Marianas Islands on March 14,
1872. Among those who left on board the Flores de Maria were Father Jose Maria Guevarra, Father
Pedro Dandan, Joaquin Pardo de Tavera, Antonio Maria Regidor, Maximo Paterno, jose Maria Basa,
Balbino Mauricio, and Pio Maria Basa.

The Spaniards succeeded in uniting the Filipinos in a common spirit to oppose colonial
authority. Between 1872 and 1892, national consciousness was growing among Filipinos who had
settled in Europe. The execution of Gom-Bur-Za eventually hastened the growth of Filipino
nationalism.

The concept of nationhood coincided with the development of the concept of Filipinos.
Before, Filipinos would only refer to the españoles insulares. Later, it included the mestizos de
sangley and the native elite who had Hispanized themselves.

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 44

B. PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT

Many Filipinos took refuge in Europe and initiated in Spain a crusade for reforms in thein the
Philippines. The emergence of Filipino ilustrados gave birth to a unified nationalist movement. This campaign
was known in our history as the Propaganda movement.

The aim of the Propaganda Movement was peaceful assimilation referring to the transition of the
Philippines from being a colony to a province of Spain.

The propagandists believed that it would be better if the Filipinos would become Spanish citizens,
since they would be enjoying the same rights and privileges of the latter. Its adherents did not seek
independence from Spain but reforms.

These reforms were as follows:

➢ Equality of Filipinos and Spaniards before the laws.

➢ Restoration of the Philippine representation in the Spanish Cortes.
➢ Secularization of Philippine parishes and the expulsion of the friars.
➢ Human rights for Filipinos, such as freedom of speech, freedom of the press and freedom to
meet and petition for redress of grievances.
Those who joined this peaceful campaign were the Filipino exiles of 1872, the patriots who left the
islands to escape persecution, and those who had been to Spain for their studies. Although not all of the
propagandists were sons of wealthy Filipinos, they were the scions of good families.

One of the greatest was Marcello H. del Pilar, a lawyer and journalist from the town of Bulacan.

Toribio, a priest, was implicated in the Cavite Mutiny and exiled. From then on, he joined in dupluhan
and dalitan or literary jousts during fiestas. During a pintakasi (cockfighting day), he spoke out to the crowd
by satirizing corrupt officials and friars.

Del Pilar reached out to people through his pen. He wrote his anti-friar pamphlets in simple yet
forceful Tagalog. In 1882, he helped establish the first bilingual (in Spanish and Tagalog) newspaper, the
Diariong Tagalog. He became the editor of the Tagalog section.

Between 1887-1888, when anonymous manifestos against the friars were distributed to the public,
he released Dasalan at Tocsohan (Prayer and Mockeries), a manual of anti-clerical commentary in the
formal of novena. He parodied the Lord’s Prayer, Hail Mary, the Apostles Creed, the Ten Commandments,
the Act of Contrition and the catechism. Del Pilar’s stay in the country became dangerous. His house was
burned mysteriously. He left the Philippines in October 188 to escape the prosecution of the friars.

Graciano Lopez Jaena, like Del Pilar he parodied religious literature in his satires. In Iloilo he saw
the misery of rural communities and the abuses perpetrated by civil and religious authorities.

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 45

He wrote Fray Botod or “Friar Pot Belly” (1874) where he ridiculed a cleric named Fray Botod,
who arrived looking like a hungry mosquito and soon became a stout because of the stocks taken from the
people.

Among those who had gone Spain to study was Jose Rizal, born to a well-to-do family in Calamba,
Laguna. In 1882 he went to Spain and studied medicine at the Universidad Central de Madrid. His prestige
was greatly enhanced by the publication of his socio historical novel Noli Me Tangere (Touch Me Not) in
1887.

The Noli reflected the defects of the Spanish rule in the Philippines, particularly the abuses of the
friars. The impact of the story on the Spaniards in the Philippines was so intense that later the reading of it
was forbidden in the country.

Rizal may have been the first Filipino political cartoonist. In his sketchbook, he drew lampoons of
Chinese merchants and the cover design for the Noli included the hairy calf and the slippered foot of a
Spanish friar.

Other great Filipino propagandists were

➢ Pedro A. Paterno, lawyer

➢ Antonio Luna, pharmacist and essayist
➢ Pedro Serrano Laktaw, teacher-tutor of Prince Alfonso de Bourbon (later King Alfonso XIII of
Spain)
➢ Isabelo de Los Reyes, folkrists and newspapernan
➢ Juan Luna, known for his monumental painting Spoliarium
➢ Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo, acclaimed for his masterpiece Virgenes Cristianas Expuestas al
Populacho (Christian Virgins Exposed to the Rabble), also joined the movements for reforms.
The Filipino propagandists were also supported by a number of Spanish friends. In 1882, Juan
Atayde, a Spaniard born in Manila founded the Circulo Hispano-Filipino. Unfortunately, the society did not
stay long due to the shortage of funds and also because of the lack confidence of the members in the Atayde.

Professor Miguel Morayta, Rizal’s professor at Central University of Madrid, tried to form the
Association Hispano-Filipino in 1889. This association was concerned with instituting reforms in the
Philippines. The association lobbied successfully for the passage of some laws which included the law
pertaining to the compulsory teaching of Spanish and the laws providing reforms in the judiciary. These laws
were not fully implemented considering the return to power of reactionary group in Spain.

Since the membership of the association was composed mostly of Spaniards, it failed to secure the
support of many Filipinos, including, Dr. Jose Rizal and Antonio Luna. The young Filipinos felt that the
Spaniards and the creoles were too moderate in dealing with their clamor for reforms.

La Solidaridad (Solidarity) – a purely Filipino organization was established in Barcelona on

December 31, 1888. This took place at a traditional New Year’s Eve banquet with Galicano Apacible as

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 46

president and Graciano Lopez Jaena as vice president. Rizal, who was in London during that time was
named honorary president.

To make known the objects of the Propaganda, Graciano Lopez Jaena founded a fortnightly
newspaper, La Solidaridad in Barcelona on February 15, 1889. Marcelo H. del Pilar recently arrived from
the Philippines. He joined the group and helped prepare the issues.

La solidaridad was printed in Barcelona from February 15 to October 31,1889, then in Madrid, where
it was printed from November 15,1899 until its last issue on November 15,1895. From December 15,1889
until its last issue, M.H del Pilar became the editor replacing Jaena.

The contributors of La Solidaridad were mostly Filipinos like M.H. del Pilar, (Plaridel), Dr. Jose Rizal
(Dimas Alang, Laong Laan), Mariano Ponce (Naning, Kalipulako, or Tigbalang) and Antonio Luna (Taga
Ilog). Some foreigners also contributed their articles, like Professor Ferdinand Blumentrit and Dr. Morayta.

Many Filipino propagandist turned masons, including Dr. Riza and M.H. del Pilar because they
needed the helped of the masons in the Spain and in other countries in their fight for reforms. This
organization called Freemansonry, consisted of fraternal lodges which later evolved into social societies
subsequently opened to non-masons.

The first Filipino Masonic Lodge called Revolucion was founded by Lopez Jaena in Barcelona. This
lodge was recognized by the Grande Oriental Español headed by Morayta in April 1889. The Revolucion did
not last long. It ended after Lopez Jaena resigned in Woeshpfil Master on November 29, 1889.

The following month M.H. del Pilar, with the help of Julio Llorente, organized Lodge Solidaridad in
Madrid, with the latter as the first Worshipful Master. Grande Oriente Español recognized it in May 1890.
Lodge Solidaridad eventually prospered that other Filipinos joined it, including Dr. Rizal, Pedro Serrano
Laktaw, Baldomero Roxas, Galicano Apacible and others. Towards the end of 1891, M.H. del Pilar sent
Pedro Serrano Laktaw to the Philippiines to establish the first masonic lodge in Manila. Thus the Lodge Nilad
was founded on January 6, 1892.

As of May 1893, the masonic lodges in the country numbered thirty-five, nine of which were in the
city of Manila. They also accepted women members. The first woman to be admitted was Rosario Villaruel,
who was initiated a member of the Lodge Walana on July 18, 1893. Other female members were Trinidad
Rizal, Romualda Lanuza, Josefa Rizal, Marina Dizon, Sixta Fajardo, Valeriana Legazpi and Purifacacion
Leyva.

Almost simultaneously with the introduction of masonry in the Philippines, Rizal wrote the constitution
of La Liga Filipina (The Philippine League) while living in Hongkong with the help of Jose Ma Basa.

On the night of July 3, 1892, Rizal founded La Liga Filipina at the residence of Doroteo Ongjunco
in Ilaya St. Tondo, Manila with Ambrosio Salvador as President; Deodato Arellano, secretary; Bonifacio
Arevalo, treasurer; and Agustin dela Rosa, fiscal. Among those present in the meeting were Pedro Serrano
Laktaw (Panday Pira), Domingo Franco (Felipe Leal), Jose A. Ramos (Soccoro), Moises Salvador (Araw),

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 47

Faustino Villaruel (Ilaw), Numeriano Adriano (Ipil), Apolinario Mabini (Katabay), and Andres Bonifacio (May
Pag-asa).

The League’s motto Unus Instar Omnium (one like all) served as an avowal of their ideals. Based
in its constitution, the objectives of the La Liga were:

1. The unification of the whole archipelago into one compact, vigorous and homogenous body.
2. Protection in cases of want and necessity.
3. Defense against violence and injustice.
4. Encouragement of instruction, agriculture and commerce.
5. The study and implementation of reforms.
The goals of La Liga were to be carried out by the Supreme Council, the Provincial Council, and the
Popular Council. Each member of the league had to pay ten centavos monthly dues. The members ought to
choose a symbolic name.

The members became quite active. Bonifacio for one, exerted great efforts to organized chapters in
various districts in Manila. Rizal himself caused the circulation of a handbill Ang Karapatan ng Tao printed
in both Tagalog and Spanish. This was his translation of the French Declaration of Rights of Man of 1789.

The situation alarmed the Spanish authorities. On July 6, 1892, Rizal was secretly arrested by order
of Governor Despujol and subsequently imprisoned at Fort Santiago. The following day the governor
general ordered the deportation of Rizal to Dapitan, Zamboanga del Norte as punishment for his allegedly
subversive materials.

C. THE KATIPUNAN

Some of the members of the La Liga Filipina found out that peaceful agitation for reforms was not
enough. This time, they opted for the country’s freedom more than anything else. Andres Bonifacio was one
of them. He did not join the Los Compromisarios or Cuerpo de Compromisarios led by Domingo Franco.
This faction pledged to continue supporting the Propaganda Movement in Spain.

The radical ones led by Bonifacio believed that the welfare of the people could not be achieved by
requests for reforms but by an armed revolution. Their goal was transformed from assimilation to separation
and then independence.

On the night of July 7, 1892 Bonifacio and his friends met secretly at Deodato Arellano’s house at
No. 72 Azcarraga Sreet (now Claro M. Recto) near Elcano Street in Tondo, Manila. They decided to form a
secret revolutionary society, modeled in part on Masonic Order called Kataastaasan Kagalang-galangang
Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (Highest and Respect society of the Sons of the People) otherwise
known as K.K.K. or Katipunan, dedicated to national independence through armed revolution.

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 48

The men, gathered around a flickering table lamp, signed their membership with their own blood. It
was agreed that the members be recruited by means of the triangle method which an original member would
recruit two members who did not know each other but only knew the original member who took them in. they
decided that the payment of an entrance fee of one real fuerte (twenty-five centavos) and a monthly due of
media real (about twelve centavos).

The triangle method was abolished in December 1892 after it was found out to be too cumbersome.

More than a secret society, the Katipunan was a government itself with a constitution promulgated
in 1892, and another constitution replacing the first one in 1894. The central government of the Katipunan
was vested in a Kataastaasang Sanggunian (Supreme Council).

In each province, there was a Sangguniang Bayan (Provincial Council), and in each town, a
Sangguniang Balangay (Popular Council). The judicial power resided in a secret chamber called
Sangguniang Hukuman (Judicial Council).

There were three grades of membership in the Katipunan.

1. Katipun (associate), first grade, wore a black mask at the Katipunan meetings. His
password was Anak ng Bayan (Sons of the People).
2. Kawal (soldier), second grade, wore a green mask. His password was GOM-BUR-ZA.
3. Bayani (patriot), third grade, wore a red mask. His password was Rizal, the honorary
president of the Katipunan.
During the first election, the following officers of the Supreme Council were chosen:

Deodalto Arellano – President

Andress Bonifacio – Comptroller

Ladislao Diwa – Fiscal

Teodoro Plata – Secretary

Valentin Diaz – Treasurer

There were also women members in the Katipunan, but they were not required to sign with their own
blood. To be admitted in the women’s section, one had to be wife, daughter, or sister of a Katipunero (male
member) to ensure the secrecy of the movement. Among with the women members were Gregoria de
Jesus, Bonifacio’s wife, who was called the Lakambini of the Katipunan; Benita Rodriguez, the wife of
Katipunero Restituto Javier; and Josefa and Trinidad Rizal, sisters of Dr. Jose Rizal. The women guarded
secret papers and documents of the society. When the Katipunan held a meeting in a certain house, they
made it appear that a real social party was going on. They also help recruit new members.

The women’s chapter of the Katipunan was born during the presidency of Roman Basa (second
president) in July 1893. Josefa Rizal was elected President of the women’s chapter called La Semilla.

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 49

Bonifacio deposed Arellano as president in a meeting in February 1893 because of the latter’s inaction.
However, early 1895, Bonifacio realized that Roman Basa was an ineffective as Deodato Arellano, that he
called the meeting of the society and readily deposed Basa. Bonifacio himself was elected as Supremo
(President).

With the Katipunan’s organizational set-up, Bonifacio turned his attention to the symbol of his
authority. Upon his request Benita Rodriguez, with the help of Gregoria de Jesus, made a flag, which
consisted of a red rectangular piece of cloth with three white K’s arranged in the form triangle. Others had
one Kat the center of the red flag. Some generals of the revolution, likewise, adopted their own designs.

Knowing the importance of a primer to teach the members of the society its ideals, Emilio Jacinto
prepared one, which he called kartilla, a word adopted from the Spanish cartilla which at that that time meant
a primer for grade school students. (Former UP President Rafael Palma, a revolutionary patriot, noted that
Apolinario Mabini wrote the original statues of the Katipunan’s Kartilla and Emilio Jacinto translated it into
Tagalog for the benefit of the unschooled members of the Katipunan.)

The Kartilla consisted of thirteen teachings which the members of the society were expected to
observe. The primer constituted the following:

I. Life which is not consecrated to a lofty and sacred cause is like a tree without shadow, if not
a poisonous weed.
II. A good deed that springs from a desire for a personal profit and not from a desire to do good
is not kindness.
III. True greatness consists in being charitable, in loving one’s fellowmen and in adjusting every
movement, deed and word to true Reason.
IV. All men are equal, be the color of their skin black or white. One may be superior to anther in
knowledge, wealth and beauty, but cannot be superior in being.
V. He who is noble prefers honor to personal gains; he who is mean prefers personal profit to
honor.
VI. To a man with a sense of shame, his word is inviolate.
VII. Don’t fritter away time; lost riches may be recovered, but time lost will never come again.
VIII. Defend the oppressed and fight the oppressor.
IX. An intelligent man is he who is cautious in speech and knows how to keep the secrets that
must be guarded.
X. In thorny path of life, man is the guide of his wife and children; if he who guides moves
toward evil, they who are guided likewise move toward evil.
XI. Think not of woman as a thing merely to while away time, but as a helper and partner in the
hardships of life. Respect her in her weakness and remember the mother who brought you
into this world and who cared for you in your childhood.
XII. What you do not want in your wife, daughter and sister, do not do to the wife, daughter and
sister of another.
XIII. The nobility of man does not consist in being a king, nor in the highness of the nose and the
whiteness of the skin, nor being in a priest representing God, nor in the exalted position on
this earth, but pure and truly noble is he who, though born in the woods, is possessed of an

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 50

upright character; who is true to his word; who has dignity and honor; who does not oppress
and does not help those who oppress and does not help those who oppress; who knows
how to look after and love the land of his birth. When these doctrines spread and the Sun of
beloved liberty shines with brilliant effulgence on these unhappy isles and sheds its soft rays
upon the united people and brothers in everlasting happiness, the lives, labors, and
sufferings of those who are gone shall be more than recompensed. (Teodoro Agoncillio,
History of the Filipino People, Quezon City: Malaya Books, 1970, p.181.)
Bonifacio wrote a decalogue or ten commandments titled Katungkulang Gagawin ng mga Anak
ng Bayan (Duties to be Observed by the Sons of the Country) to lay down the guidelines for good citizenship.
This documents in manuscript form still exists. The rules include the

➢ Love of God.
➢ Love of country and one’s fellowmen.
➢ Diligence in work.
➢ Sharing of one’s means with the poor.
➢ Punishment of scoundrels and traitors.
➢ Guarding of the mandates and aims of the K.K.K.
Another step taken by the Katipunan to propagate its teachings was the establishment of a printing
press. In 1894, the Katipunan bought an old hand press with the money donated by two patriotic Filipinos
from Visayas – Francisco del Castillo and Candido Iban. These two Katipuneros, who came back from
Australia in 1895, had one thousand pesos between them of having won in the lottery. The types used in
printing were purchased from Isabelo de los Reyes, and many were stolen from the press of the Diario de
Manila (Manila Daily) by Filipino’s employees who were members of the Katipunan.

Under Emilio Jacinto’s supervision, two patriotic printers, Faustino Duque and Upiano
Fernandez, printed the Kalayaan, the organ of the Katipunan, to disseminate the ideals of the society.
Kalayaan had its first and only issue on January 1896, which carried a false masthead stating that it was
being printed in Yokohama with Marcelo H. del Pilar as editor. This was to deceive the Spanish authorities
and evade arrest.

Published in the Kalayaan was an essay titled “Ang Dapat Mabatid ng mga Tagalog” (What the
Filipinos Should Know) attributed to Bonifacio. This composition dealt with the three questions asked of
Katipunan applicants.

1. What were the conditions in the Philippines before Spanish conquest?

2. What is the condition of the country today?
3. What will the Philippines be tomorrow?
Copies of the Kalayaan reached members and the possible recruits through the efforts of Macario
Sakay and Pio del Pilar as distributors. The Katipuneros were tirelessly recruiting members in Nueva Ecija,
Bulacan, Cavite. The society grew and began to spread into the non-Tagalog provinces. By August 1896,
there were thousands of Katipunan members in the arrabales of Manila and some 18,000 in other towns.

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During the Holy Week of 1895, Bonifacio and some Katipuneros went to the mountains of Montalban
in search of a good hideout where they could hold their secret meetings. On April 10,1895, Bonifacio and his
companions including Emilio Jacinto, Restituto Javier and Guillermo Masangkay entered the Pamitinan Cave
(Cave of Bernardo Carpio) on mount Tapusi in the mountain ranges of San Mateo and Montalban. There
they held a secret session leading to the initiation rites of the new recruits. After the session, Aurelio Tolentino
picked up a piece of charcoal and wrote on the cave wall in Spanish, “Viva la Independencia Filipina”.

In the early part of 1895, Bonifacio became the Supremo ( head of the Supreme Council). He also
occupied this position in the fourth and fifth elections of the Supreme Council, in December 1895 and August
1896 respectively.

On June 15, 1896, Dr. Pio Valenzuela, acting a Bonofacio’s emissary, sailed for Dapitan to get Rizal’s
support for the armed revolution. To cover his real mission from Spanish authorities, he brought with him a
blind man named Raymundo Mata, who was in need of Dr. Rizal’s medical services. Rizal did not agree to
the Katipunan’s plans of an armed uprising since the people were not ready for it.

The Katipunan was finally discovered on August 19 Teeodoro Patiño, a member of the Katipunan
betrayed the secrecy of it to Father Mariano Gil, an Augustinian parish curate. On the basis of Patiño’s
information, the Spanish act immediately.

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 52

SCORE:
REPUBLIC COLLEGES OF GUINOBATAN, INC.
COLLEGE DEPARTMENT ____________

40
G. Alban St., Iraya, Guinobatan, Albay

WORKSHEET #4
NAME: ____________________________________________ COURSE: ______________ Date: ______________
INSTRUCTOR: Mr. Alvin V. Obniala, LPT SUBJECT: Philippine History

A. MULTIPLE CHOICES
Carefully analyze each item then supply the correct answer by writing the letter of your choice on the space provided.

______ 1. The group that aimed to achieve independence through violent means.
A. Katipunan B. Katipon C. La Liga D.Katapangan

______ 2. What is the complete meaning of KKK

A. Kataastaasang Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bansa
B. Kataastaasang Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan
C. Kataastaasang Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayani
D. Kataastaasang Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bato

______ 3. The system used by the Katipunan to recruit new members.

A. Flag system B. Square System C. Tribute System D. Triangular System

______ 4. Who is the first supremo of the Katipunan?

A. Deodato Arellano B. Andres Bonifacio C. Ladislao Diwa D. Emilio Aguinaldo

______ 5. What is the code of Katipun?

A. Anak ng Bansa B. Anak ni Rizal C. Anak ng Bayan D. Anak ni Bonifacio

______ 6. What is the code of Kawal?

A. GOMBURZA B. Anak ng Bayan C. Rizal D. Gomez

______ 7. What is the code of Bayani?

A. Anak ng Bayan B. Gomburza C. Gomez D. Rizal

______ 8. What is the code of law that was created by Emilio Jacinto?
A. Code of Act B. Kartilya C. Dekalogo D. Kalayaan

______ 9. What is the official newspaper of Katipunan?

A. Kartilya B. Dekalogo C. Kalayaan D. Katungkulan

______ 10. Who is Emilio Jacinto?

A. The Supremo of Katipunan C. The Treasurer of Katipunan
B. The Editor of Katipunan D. The Brains of Katipunan

______ 11. Why are women important in katipunan?

A. Because they are pretty C. Because they like men in Katipunan
B. Because they hide important documents D. Because they protect their husbands

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 53

______ 12. Who was known to be the “Lakambini ng Katipunan?””

A. Melchora Aquino B. Teresa Magbanua C. Samantha De Jesus D. Gregoria De Jesus

______ 13. She was known to be “Tandang Sora”.

A. Melchora Aquino B. Gregoria de Jesus C. Teresa Magbanua D. Samantha de Cruz

______ 14. Who was the Katipunero who revealed the secret organization of Katipunan?
A. Apolonio dela Cruz B. Emilio Aguinaldo C. Emilio Jacinto D. Teodoro Patiño

______ 15. What signalled the revolution?

A. The Cry of Imus B. The Cry of Cavite C. The Cry of Pugadlawin D. The Cry of Batangas

______ 16. Which is not part of the eight provinces who fought against the Spaniards?
A. Ilocos B. Cavite C. Manila D. Pampanga

______ 17. What are the two factions of Katipunan?

A. Magdiwang and Magsayo C. Magdiwang and Manalo
B. Magdiwang and Magdalo D. Magdiwang and Masakpo

______ 18. Who won as president during the Tejeros, Convention?

A. Emilio Jacinto B. Emilio Aguinaldo C. Emilio Baltazar D. Emilio Aguilar

______ 19. Who opposed that Bonificio should not be held as Director of Interior since he’s not well educated?
A. Daniel Cruz B. Daniel Aguilar C. Daniel Tirona D. Daniel Ozoa

______ 20. What ended the first phase of Philippine Revolution?

A. The Pact of Magdiwang C. The Pact of Biak na Bato
B. The Pact of Biak na Bata D. The Pact of Magdalo

______ 21. The founder of the Katipunan.

A. Emilio Aguinaldo B. Andres Bonifacio C. Apolinario Mabini D. Jose Rizal

______ 22. An assembly that was created to solve the problem between Magdiwang and Magdalo
A. Tejeros Convention B. Treaty of Paris C. Pact of Biak na Bato D. Treaty of Tordesillas

______ 23. This event said to be the signal to start the revolution against the Spaniards.
A. Tejeros Convention B. Cry of Pugad Lawin C. Pact of Biak na Bato D. Treaty of Paris

______ 24. When did Tejeros Convention happen?

A. March 22,1897 B. February 25, 1986 C. July 18, 1976 D. June 12, 1996

______ 25. What is the name of the revolutionary government organized by Aguinaldo and other revolutionary
leaders while exiled in Hong Kong?
A. Hongkong Punta B. Hongkong Junta C. Hongkong Sovereignty D. Hongkong External

______ 26. Who did Emilio Aguinaldo order to sew the first Philippine flag?
A. Gabriela Silang B. Melchora Aquino C. Marcela Agoncillo D. Corazon Aquino

______ 27. What type of government did Emilio Aguinaldo form upon the advice of Apolinario Mabini?
A. Democratic B. Communist C. Totalitarian D. Revolutionary

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 54

______ 28. Who was considered the "Brains of the Philippine Revolution"?
A. Apolinario Mabini B. Emilio Jacinto C. Andres Bonifacio D. Emilio Aguinaldo

______ 29. The official publication of KKK written by Emilio Jacinto.

A. kartilya B. kalayaan C. katipun D. bayani

______ 30. The name given to Bonifacio being the founder of katipunan.
A. presidente B. bayani C. katipunero D. supremo

B. MATCHING TYPE
Match the names of the Propagandists listed in Column A with their corresponding pen names in Column B. Write
only the letter on the space provided.

Column A Column B
______ 1. Antonio Luna A. Plaridel
______ 2. Dr. Jose Rizal B. Felipe Leal
______ 3. M.H. del Pilar C. Panday Pira
______ 4. Mariano Ponce D. Ilaw
______ 5. Domingo Franco E. Katabay
______ 6. Andres Bonifacio F. Ipil
______ 7. Apolinario Mabini G. Dimas Alang at Laong Laan
______ 8. Pedro Serrano Lactaw H. Araw
______ 9. Moises Salvador I. Naning, Kalipulako at Tigbalang
______ 10. Numeriano Adriano J. Taga-Ilog
K. May Pag-Asa

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REPUBLIC COLLEGES OF GUINOBATAN, INC.

COLLEGE DEPARTMENT
G. Alban St., Iraya, Guinobatan, Albay

THE REVOLUTION OF 1896

Subject : Philippine History
Instructor : Alvin V. Obniala, LPT

Learning objectives:
7. Discuss the important events in the Revolution of 1896.
8. Determine the causes the instigated the Revolution of 1896.
9. Identify the persons involved in the Rivalry in Katipunan.
10. Point out salient details, key persons and events in the Spanish-American War and the Filipino-
American Collaboration.

D. THE REVOLUTION OF 1896

By the middle of 1896, as the Katipunan was busy preparing for a revolution, hints about its existence
reached the Spanish authorities. On July 5, 1896, Manuel Sityar, the Spanish lieutenant of the Civil Guards
stationed at Pasig, reported the questionable activities of some Filipinos.

On August 13, 1896, Father Agustin Fernandez, Augustinian curate of San Pedro, Makati, wrote to
Don Manuel Luengo, the civil governor of Manila, about the evening gatherings in his parish, apparently by
men plotting against the Spaniards.

The Katipunan was finally discovered on August 19. Teodoro Patiño, a member of the Katipunan
betrayed the secrecy of it to Father Mariano Gil, an Augustinian parish curate. On the basis of Patiño’s
information, the Spanish authorities acted immediately.

The Spanish cazadores (civil guards) began making hundreds of arrest. Many of them died of
suffocating while detained at the overcrowded Fort Santiago. Two Katipuneros acting as spies for the
governor of Manila told Bonifacio about the discovery.

On August 21-22, Bonifacio called for a meeting at the House of Vidal Acab, then to the residence
of Apolonio Samson in Kangkong, Caloocan to issue the call to arms. Emilio Jacinto summoned the heads
of Katipunan Councils to Kangkong to discuss their measures against the Spanish forces. The next day,
August 23, Bonifacio, Jacinto and other Katipuneros met at Bahay Toro, Pugadlawin, Balintawak, north of
Manila and gathered at the residence of Melchora Aquino, known as Tandang Sora.

In the mass meeting held in the yard of a son of Melchora Aquino, the Katipuneros tore their cedulas
personales (certificates), the symbol of the Filipino vassalage to Spain at the same time shouting, “Long live
the Philippines! Long live the Katipunan!” this event is recorded in history as the Cry of Pugadlawin or Cry

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 56

of Balintawak, which proclaimed their defiance to the Spanish government. At Hagdang Bato, Mandaluyong,
Bonifacio gave his last manifesto Katipunang mararahas ng mga anak ng Bayan (Society of Enraged
Sons of the Country) regarding the revolution that will take place in Manila.

Bonifacio led his army to attack the polverin (powder depot) in San Juan at the dawn of Sunday,
August 30, 1896. This is now known as the Battle of pinaglabanan. The Spaniards outnumbered the
revolutionaries who were not fully armed. Due to heavy casualties, Bonifacio and his surviving men were
forced to retreat to Balara. A day earlier, August 29, Melchora Aquino, was arrested by the Guardia Civil at
Pasong Putik, Novaliches, and jailed at Bilibid (prison) for giving aid to the Katiponeros.

In the afternoon of August 30, Battle of San Juan, Governor General Ramon Blanco, in trying to
quell the Philippine revolution, issued a decree declaring a state of war on Manila and seven Luzon Provinces
– Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Bulacan, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, and Tarlac and placed them under martial
law. The decree also provided that those who would surrender within 48 hours after the publication of the
decree would be pardoned except the leaders of the Katipunan. Taking advantage of the amnesty provision,
some Katipuneros surrendered like Valenzuela. However, the Spanish authorities only subjected them to
torture to make them squeal matters about the revolution.

After the San Juan del Monte Battle, Bonifacio, Jacinto, and other leaders like Macario Sakay,
Apolonio Samson, Faustino Guillermo and General Lucino (alias Payat) set up camp in the hills near
Mariquina (now Marikina), San Mateo, and Montalban. More Filipinos joined them.

Series of executions by the government began after the proclamation of a state war. Blanco
inaugurated a reign of terror in the belief that this would stop the rebellion. On September 4 four members of
the Katipunan were executed at Bagumbayan. On September 12, thirteen were put to death at Plaza de
Armas, Near the Fort of San Felipe in Cavite are now remembered as “Los Trece Martires” (The Thirteen
Martyrs of Cavite). They were Maximo Inocencio, Luis Aguado, Victoriano Luciano, Hugo Perez, Jose
Lallana, Antonio San Agustin, Agapito Conchu, Feliciano Cabuco, Maximo Gregorio, Eugenio Cabezas,
Severino Lapidario, Alfonso de Ocampo, and Francisco Osorio.

On September 16, twenty-two prominent residents of Manila were imprisoned at Fort Santiago for
alleged involvement in the insurrection. Among them were Telesforo Chuidian, Ambrosio Salvador,
Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista, Juan Luna, Antonio Luna, and Mariano Limjap.

The following month, around 150 Filipino citizens were loaded on S.S Manila bound for Cartagena,
Spain. From there , they were taken to Fernando Po in Africa to serve as exiles for their alleged involvement
in the rebellion.

Meanwhile, Rizal was arrested while on his way to Cuba to serve as a doctor for the spanish army.
On November 20, Dr. Jose Rizal appeared before Colonel Francisco Garcia Oliver to answer the charges
filed againts him. By December 26, the litigation of Rizal took place before a military court . Two days after,
Governor Camilo Polavieja approved the verdict. Convicted of sedition, rebellion, and illicit associations,
Rizal was executed by firing squad at Bagumbayan Field (now Luneta) on December 30, 1896, at 7:03 a.m.
Eight Filipino soldiers, with eight Spanish Soldiers behind them carried out the execution. Such incidents
involving detention, deportation, and execution only made the Filipinos more unrelenting to the Spanish
government. The more they became determined to continue the struggle.

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The Katipuneros in Cavite rose in arms on August 31, 1896. They assaulted the tribunal (municipal
building) of San Francisco de Malabon. At Cavite el Viejo (now Kawit), the Magdalo troops led by Candido
Tria Tirona attacked the enemy garrison. The Magdiwang forces on the other hand, pounded the Spaniards
in Noveleta.

In the morning of September 5, Emilio Aguinaldo and his men assailed the Spanish troops stationed
at Imus under the command of General Eusebio Aguirre. In this battle, the Spaniards lost hundreds of men
and sixty guns and ammunitions. From that time on, the Cavitenos recognized Aguinaldo as a man of
distinguished valor and called him Heneral Miong, no longer Capitan Miong.

The Spanish regular army were tremendously defeated at the twin battles of Binakayan and
Dalahican in Cavite, fought on November 9-11. Both Magdiwang and Magdalo forces in their respective
trenches built by General Edilberto Evangelista (an engineer trained in Belgium) fought furiously against
the Spanish army under the personal command of Governor General Blanco. Unfortunately, Candido Tria
Tirona, the secretary of war in the Magdalo Council died in the Battle of Binakayan.

The citizens of Taal, Lemery, Calaca, and Bayungyungan in Batangas also joined the revolution at
the end of October 1896. However, they were dispersed after the Spanish garrison in Taal came to the aid
of the besieged towns.

At the outbreak of the revolution , the number of Katipuneros grew. On December 4,1896, the
Katipunan members of Balangay Dimasalang met at Bigaa (now Balagtas) in the province of Bulacan. They
wanted to reinforce their operation against the Spaniards and to conduct an election of officials under their
newly founded Kakarong Republic. Led by General Eusebio Roque (also known as Maestrong Sebio and
Dimabungo), Canuto Villanueva, and Casimiro Galvez, around 6,000 men and women enlisted themselves
as members. The Spanish government had already known the existence of Katipunan and Kakarong Real
(a.k.a Kakarong de Sili) because of the armed resistance it had begun against them since August of 1896.

On January 1, 1897, the government troops under General Olaguer-Feliu rushed to the fortifications
of Kakarong and launched a massive assault against the people, including civilians. The revolutionaries,
caught by surprise, resisted with ferocious courage but they were overwhelmed by the superior armaments
of the enemy. Around 1,100 rebels were killed. The government forces captured six fortified positions, seven
cannons, a cartridge factory and a large number of firearms. Maestrong Sebio managed to escape his
persecutors at first. Ten days later, he was captured and arrested at Bunga Mayor, Bustos. On January 16,
at 5:00 in the afternoon, Maestrong Sebio was executed.

With the objective of ending the revolution, Governor Polavieja launched an all-out offensive on
February 15,1897 in Cavite. On February 17, a Spanish sniper killed General Evangelista in the Battle of
Zapote. Two days later, General Lachambre of the Spanish forces captured the town of Silang. General
Aguinaldo aided by Generals Vito Belarmino and Artemio Ricarte, mounted a counteroffensive, but failed to
get Silang back.

On February 25, 1897, the town of Dasmarinas, Cavite, was taken by the Spanish troops led by
General Antonio Zabala who also attacked Salitran (barrio of Dasmarinas) which was defended by General
Flaviano Yengko. Yengko was mortally wounded in action and died on March 3, 1897 at Imus Military
Hospital. Yengko was the youngest general of the Philippine revolution, being younger than General Gregorio
del Pilar by one year, 2 months and 7 days. In the bloody battle of Salitran. General Zabala was killed by

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Yengko’s troops. On May 17 of the same year, the Katipuneros led by Francisco del Castillo attacked a
Spanish garrison in Aklan. Unfortunately, the leader died in aaction. His men decided to retreat into the
mountains.

The amnesty offer of government lured twenty Katipuneros to accept it. Not true to its promise, the
government killed the nineteen of them. The martyrs of Aklan were Ramon Aguirre, Benito Iban, Maximo
Mationg, Tomas Briones, Candido Iban, Simplicio Reyes, Domingo dela Cruz, Simeon Inocencio, Canuto
Segovia, Valeriano Dalida, Isidro Jimenez, Gabino Sucgang, Claro Delgado, Catalino Mangat, Angelo
Fernandez, Gabino Yorisal, Francisco Villorente, Lamberto Mangat, and Valeriano Masinda.

E. RIVALRY IN THE KATIPUNAN

In Cavite, there were two Katipunan councils – the Magdalo council, headed by Baldomero
Aguinaldo (Emilio Aguinaldo’s cousin) and the Magdiwang Council with Mariano Alvarez (uncle of
Gregoria de Jesus, Bonifacio’s wife) as President.

The capital of Magdiwang Council was Noveleta, then later transferred to San Francisco de
Malabon (now General Trias). The other towns under its jurisdiction were Rosario, Tana, Naic, Ternate,
Maragondoon, Magallanes, Bailen, Alfonso, Indang, and San Roque. The Magdalo Council had its capital
in Imus. The other towns under its jurisdiction were Kawit, Dasmarinas, Silang, Amadeo, Mendez, Nunez,
Bacoor, and Carmen.

Emilio Aguinaldo first gained popularity after he had beaten a surgeant of the Guardia Civil in a
single combat. He even became more renowned after his successful uprising in Kawit (his hometown), then
in the Battle of Imus and in the early of November 1896, he liberated the town of Talisay, Batangas, from the
Spanish soldiers.

Upon invitation of the Magdiwang Provincial in Cavite, Bonifacio left his hideout in Morong. On
December 1,1896 he and his wife, together with his two brothers (Ciriaco and Procopio), General Lucino and
twenty soldiers arrived in Cavite.

The Magdalo council hosted a general assembly of both factions in Imus on December 31, a day
after Rizal’s execution. Bonifacio conducted the meeting. Among the issues discussed were the
establishment of a revolutionary government under the newly elected officials and uniting the Magdiwang
and Magdalo forces under a single command. The Magdalo faction believed that with the outbreak of
revolution, the Katipunan had ceased to be a secret society and therefore should be replaced ba a new one.

The Magdiwangs insisted that there was no need to create a revolutionary government because
the Katipunan was actually government with a constitution and by laws recognized by everyone. General
Edilberto Evangelista tried to reconcile the two groups by drafting a constituion establishing the Philippine
Republic. This constitution was reportedly discussed in the assembly. Due to heated debates arising from
the issues, the assembly accomplished nothing difinite. Its proceedings ended with the arrival of Josephine
Bracken (Dr. Jose Rizal’s widow), accompanied by Paciano Rizal. They later agreed to reschedule the joint
assembly at a different place.
The Second Convention of these two Katipunan factions was held on March 22, 1897 at Tejeros,
San Francisco de Malabon, Cavite. The Two factions met at an estate-house of the friars, which the rebels

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had captured earlier. Majority of those who attended were the Magdiwangs. General Aguinaldo and other
Magdalo officials were absent beacause they were defending the Magdalo towns at that time.

The session which started at about two o’clock in the afternoon was presided by Jacinto
Lumbreras, a Magdiwang. Severino de las Alas, a Magdiwang, suggested that the covention assembled
should resolve whether there should be a new government to replace the Katipunan. Lumbreras called for a
recess after this issue led to another heated discussion.

As it turned out, the convention upheld the views of the Magdalo Council. The majority wanted a
new revolutionary government. This resulted to the election of new officials. Bonifacio presided over the
election. Before the casting of votes had taken place, Bonifacio reminded that whoever should get elected in
any position should be respected. Elected were as follows:

President - Emilio Aguinaldo

Vice-President - Mariano Trias
Captain-General - Artemio Ricarte
Director of War - Emiliano Riego de Dios
Director of the Interior - Andres Bonifacio

Daniel Tirona, a Magdalo, protested Bonifacio’s election saying that his position should be
occupied by a lawyer. He suggested a Caviteno lawyer, Jose del Rosario, for the post. Bonifacio felt insulted.
He demanded Tirona to retract what he had said. But Tirona, instead of offering an apology, tried to leave
the scene. This infuriated Bonifacio and made him drew his revolver to shoot Tirona, but Ricarte and others
intervened. The people began to leave the hall. Bonifacio angrily declared the election null and void and left
the assembly room with his bodyguard.

From Pasong Santol, a barrio of Dasmarinas, Aguinaldo went to Tejeros as informed by a special
committee headed by Col. Vicente Riego de Dios. Being the new president, he had to take his oath. He
was sworn into office inside the Catholic Church of Santa Cruz Malabon (Tanza) together with other newly
elected officials. A day after the Tejeros assembly, March 23, Bonifacio gathered his followers and drafted
a document called Acta de Tejeros, signed by Bonifacio and 44 other plotters.

This document rejected the revolutionary government of Aguinaldo on the following grounds:
first, the Tejeros Assembly lacks legality;
second, there was Magdalo conspiracy to oust Bonifacio from leadership;
third, the election of officials was fraudulent; and
fourth, the actual pressure has been brought upon the presidency.

Another secret meeting was held on April 19,1897 at the friar state house in Naic. Bonifacio and his
coconspiration drew up another document called the Naic Military Pact, signed by 41 men, including
Bonifacio, Ricarte, Pio del Pilar, and Severino de las Alas. An army corps under the command of General
Pio del Pilar was created.

While Bonifacio and his companions were busy conferring, Major Lazaro Makapagal who was held
prisoner downstairs manage to escape and informed President Aguinaldo, who was in bed suffering malaria,
about the recent developments. Aguinaldo rose from his sickbed and went to the friar-state house to confront
his conspirators.

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Seeing that Aguinaldo’s soldiers had already surrounded the estate house, Bonifacio and his
Magdiwang followers left hurriedly except General Pio del Pilar and General Mariano Noriel who
subsequently joined Aguinaldo’s troops. President Aguinaldo convoked a revolutionary assembly in Naic.
The following matters were taken up: adoption of a new red flag with a white sun of eight rays at the center,
a standard uniform for the soldiers – the rayadillo and a set of new rules fixing military ranks and theur
insignias;and, the reorganization of the reovolutionary army.

Bonifacio, with his wife Gregoria, his two brothers (Ciriaco and Procopio) and loyal followers fled to
Limbon (barrio of Indang). Upon learning of Bonifacio’s presence at Limbon and the alleged crimes committed
by his soldiers in Indang, Aguinaldo summoned Colonels Agapito Bonzon, Felipe Topacio, and Jose Ignacio
Paua to go to Limbon with some troops and arrest Bonifacio and his men. Bonifacio furiously resisted. Ciriaco
Bonifacio and two soldiers were killed, while Bonifacio himself was wounded in the left arm and neck.
Bonifacio (in a hammock), Gregoria, and the surviving Bonifacio soldiers were taken prisoners and brought
to Naic.

The case of the Bonifacio brothers envolved quite rapidly after a Council of War headed by General
Mariano Noriell was created. The trial begun on May 5, with Placido Martinez as defense attorney for
Bonifacio and Teodor Gonzalez for Procopio. Tragically, the Bonifacio brothers were given the penalty of
death the next day. The charges were treason, conspiracy to assassinate President Aguinaldo, and bribery.

Pio del Pilar testified in the trial of Bonifacio saying that the latter had been forcing officers to join
him. As for Severino de las Alas, it was he who made the false charges that the friars bribed Bonifacio to
establish the Katipunan and made the Filipinos into a fighting a war for which they were poorly armed. He
also said that Bonifacio ordered the burning of the convent and church of Indang and that his soldiers had
taken by force from the people, carabaos and other animals. He also accused Bonifacio and his men that
they were planning to surrender to the Spaniards.

Lieutenant Colonel Pedro Giron, turning as state witness, told the Council that Bonifacio gave him
an initial payment of ten pesos to assassinate Aguinalo but he refused to follow the order. On May 10,1897
General Noriel ordered Major Lazaro Makapagal to release the Bonifacio brothers from prison. He gave
Makapagal a sealed letter with orders to read its details after reaching their destination.

Makapagal took four men with him and open the letter upon the request of Bonifaio. The letter
ordered the execution af Andres and his brother Procopio. Included in the letter was a warning that failure to
comply with the order would result to serve punishment. Makapagal followed the order and executed them
at Mount Nagpatong, Maragondon (according to the National Historical Institute). Makapagal placed a few
twigs on the shallow grave of the two brothers.

On the same day. The Spanish army attacked Maragondon. Upon Makapagal’s return, he found the
Filipinos retreating. On May 12, after two days of defending the town, Aguinaldo and his men were compelled
to leave. They crossed the mountains to Batangas and aided General Miguel Malvar in a fight against the
Spaniards in Talisay. On June 10, they crossed the Pasig River and bivouacked at Mount Puray, Montalban.
Two days later, the Morong freedom fighters under General Licerio Geronimo arrived an joined them. Tired
of successive combats, General Camilo de Polavieja asked for his relief as Governor General. His request
was given on April 15, 1897, with Ferdinando Primo de Rivera succeeding his post on April 23.

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Governor General Rivera issued a decree granting pardon to rebels who would give up their arms
and surrender until May 17. Most Filipino simply ignored this decree. Thereafter, the governor general
launched a campaign against the rebels, forcing Aguinaldo and his forces to seek refuge in Batangas.

On June 14, the Spanish troops led by Colonel Dujiols attacked the rebel camp at Mount Puray.
Aguinaldo and his men resisted. After six hours of bloody fighting, they won over the Spaniards. After the
Battle of Mount Puray, President Aguinaldo organized the Department of Central Luzon under the
jurisdiction of the revolutionary government. The Department Government was headed by Father Pedro
Dandan, canonist of the Manila Cathedral as President with Dr. Anastacio Francisco, Vice President;
Paciano Rizal, Secretary of the Treasury; Cipriano Pacheco, Secretary of War; Teodoro Gonzales,
Secretary of the Interior; and Feliciano Jocson as Secretary of Welfare.

F. THE BIAK-NA-BATO REPUBLIC

President Emilio Aguinaldo and his men headed for Bulacan. Finally on June 24,1897, they arrived
at Biak-na-Bato, San Miguel de Mayumo. From this area, Aguinaldo and his men joined the troops of
General Mariano Llanera of Nueva Ecija in assaulting Spaniards station in the Central Luzon provinces. With
the coming of the rainy season, Primo de Rivera’s offensive attacks temporarily ceased.

On November 1, the revolutionary leaders met and adopted a constitution titled the Provisional
Constitution of the Philippine Republic. It was intended to be effective for two years. It declared that the
aim of the revolution was the separation of the Philippines from Spanish Monarchy and the formation of an
independent state. Isabelo Artacho and Felix Ferrer wrote the provisional constitution, which was based
on the Cuban Constitution known as Jimaguayu Constitution.

On the same day, the Biak-na-Bato Republic was also inaguruated and the officials were:

Emilio Aguinaldo - President

Mariano Trias - Vice President
Isabelo Artacho - Secretary of the Interior
Antonio Montenegro - Secretary of Foreign affairs
Baldomero Aguinaldo - Secretary of the Treasury
Emiliano Riego de Dios - Secretary of War.

The Struggle between the Spanish government and the Biak-na-Bato Republic had reached a
deadlock. Governor General Primo de Rivera sent Pedro Paterno to Biak-na-Bato for peaceful
negotiations with the revolutionaries, which began in August and concluded in December.

The agreement known as the Pact of Biak-na-Bato, resulted to the voluntary exile of Aguinaldo and
his men to Hong Kong. This pact consisted of three documents. The first two were signed on December 14,
and the third on December 15,1897.
The first document called Program, provided that Governor Primo de Rivera would pay 800,000
pesos to those who rose in arms and would let Aguinalo and his men to retire in voluntary exile to Hong Kong.
The second document called called Act of Agreement, reiterated the granting of amnesty to those
who would lay down their arms and the privelege to move freely in the Philippines and abroad.

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The third document discussed the question of indemnity, wherein Spain would pay total of
1,700,000 pesos, of which 800,000 pesos was to be paid to those who would lay down their arms as
mentioned in the first document. The remaining 900,000 pesos was to be distributed among the civilian
population as indemnity for the damages created by the war.

On December 25,1897, Aguinaldo with Pedro Paterno and others went to Lingayen, Pangasinan,
from where Spanish merchant steamer was to take them to Hong Kong. Two days after Aguinaldo and 25
other leaders sailed for Hongkong on abroad the steamer Uranus, in compliance with the pact. General
Artemio Ricarte stayed behind at Biak-na-Bato to supervise the surrender of arms by the revolutionaries.

The Spanish government announced the end of hostilities on January 23, 1898. It proclaimed
amnesty two days later; and it gave part of the promised money to the rebels in Hong kong. However, after
the peace pact, neither side fully complied with the terms of the agreement. The government never instituted
the expected reforms. Likewise, the Filipinos continued their plan to overthrow the Government.

There were sporadic uprisings in the different parts of the country. On March 7, 1898, the
revolutionaries in Zambales besieged the cable station at Bolinao and seized the telegraph line connected to
Manila. On March 25, Federico Isabelo Abaya and his men were able to get Candon, Ilocos Sur, from the
Spaniards.

Pantaleon Villegas, popularly known as Leon Kilat incited a revolt in Cebu known as Tres de Abril
in retaliation of the March 25 incident when the Spaniards massacred many Visayas sailors at Camba Street,
Manila.

In Central Luzon, General Francisco Makabulos of Tarlac established a provincial revolutionary

government with a constitution written by him. The Makabulos Constitution adopted on April 17, 1898, set up
this provisional government in Cental luzon to continue in force until a general government for the Republic
was established.

In Malolos, General Isidoro Torres established a provincial revolutionary spirit. Revolts were also
experienced in Bohol, Cebu, Panay and other Islands I the country. Feliciano Jocson, a pharmacist, incided
the patriots in Manila to continue the fight against the Spaniards.

Aguinaldo and his officers went into exile but did not end the fight to win independence from Spain.
On a letter written in Hong Kong dated February 19,1898, Mariano Ponce stated that General Aguinaldo had
signed the Pact of Biak-na-Bato because under its terms, the Filipino revolutionists could rest and regain
their lost strength and then return to combat with renewed vigor.

G. THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR (1898)

The Spanish-American war which broke out on April 25, 1898, ended on August 12 of the same
year. There were factors that contributed to the United States’ decision to open hostilities against Spain.
These included:
− the Cuban struggle for independence
− efforts of the Americans to extend influence overseas, and
− the sinking of the U.S. warship Maine.

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Like the Filipinos, the Cubans were fighting against Spain to obtain their independence. Under the
leadership of Jose Marti, the Cubans revolted in 1895. The Cuban rebels rejected Spain’s offer of autonomy,
instead of complete independence. The brutalities committed by the Spanish government in Cuba such as
the rounding up of peasant population and placing them in concentration camps were made to suppress local
rebellion. Thousands died due to illnesses and limited food proisions. Such cruelties infuriated the American
public.

The New York Journal and the New York World were among the American newspapers which
published the stories about the alleged atrocities committed by the Spanish government in Cuba. They called
for the U.S. goerment to intervene on the sides of the cubans. This idea won widespread support among
American citizens and politicians. This gave rise to the belief of Manifest Destiny, where the United States
has the divinely ordained duty to help troubled countries.

America’s open support for the Cuban revolution and her vast investments in Cuba’s sugar industry
led her involvement in this Spanish colony. Spain could not oppose the United States, a rising powerful
nation, in the face of the Cuban Revolution.

A letter of Spain’s Ambassador to the United State (Dupuy de Lome) to a friend in Havana, Cuba,
was stolen and published in a New York periodical. It stated the US President William McKinley was a
weaking and a low politician. This created a national feeling among the Americans to support the war against
Spain.

The replacement of the Spanish ambassador could not, however, relieve the aggrieve American
populace. The provocation was heated up after the mysterious blowing up of the U.S. battleship Maine in
Havana, Cuba, which was sent by the U.S. consul general in the city to protect American citizens and
property. This incident happened on the night of February 18,1898. It reportedly resulted in the death of 226
officers and men. (In 1976, based on U.S. Navy Study, the findings suggested that the explosion could have
been caused by spontaneous combustion in the ship’s coalbunkers.)

The American authorities viewed the assault in Havana as an act of treachery, US newspapers
blamed Spain for the Tragedy and evoked American symphaty with this cry, “Remember the Maine.” On
April 19, the U.S. Congress passed several resolutions demanding the pull out of Spanish forces in Cuba.
To save her honor, Spain declared war against the United States on April 24. The next day, the U.S. Congress
declared war on Spain and thus the Spanish-American war began. Past noon of April 25, Commodore
George Dewey, Commander of the Asiatic Squadron received a cable from the Secretary of navy stating
the war has commenced between the United States and Spain. Dewey was instructed to proceed against
the Spanish fleet anchored in Manila Bay.
An often-debated question in the U.S. during those times was why a U.S. naval squadron should be
sent to the Philippines in order to end Spanish rule in Cuba. This has been ascribed to the growing spirit of
American imperialism induced by supporters of Manifest Destiny, which in like manner encountered
considerable opposition in the United States.

The conclusion of the Spanish-American war, which resulted to the victory of the Americans, paved
the way to the end of the Spanish colonial rule and the rise of the United States as a global power.

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H. FILIPINO-AMERICAN COLLABORATION
At the time of the Spanish-American war, General Emilio Aguinaldo was in Singapore where he had
negotiations with the American Consul general, Mr. E. Spencer Pratt, regarding the Americans offer to
support the Philippine in fighting the Spaniards. The United States would then recognize Philippine
Independence after the defeat of Spain. Pratt advised Aguinaldo to meet with Commodore Dewey who was
then based in Hong Kong, if he were to join the latter should he sail for the Philippines.

General Aguinaldo rushed to Hong Kong but missed Commodore Dewey who had already sailed
to Manila with his fleet. Dewey proceeded at once to Manila with his fleet consisting of four armored cruises
- Olympia, Baltimore, Boston and Raleigh and two gunboats – Concord and Petrel.

The Battle of Manila Bay began May 1,1898 at 5:40 a.m. and ended at noon. Admiral Patricio
Montojo of the Spanish forces incurred heavy casualties with 160 of his men killed and 210 wounded. The
Spanish forces consisting of twelve ships, including the flagship Reina Castilla were subdued. The U.S. naval
squadron had no fatal casualties. None of the ships was heavily damaged.

This battle made Dewey an instant hero. The Congress promoted him to rear admiral and later
admiral. However, the U.S. naval squadron could not attempt to occupy Manila in the absence of ground
troops, which did not arrive until about three months later.

On news of Dewey’s victory, ships from Britain, France, Japan and Germany began to arrive in the
Manila Bay area. They had recently obtained consessions from China for naval bases and designated
commercial spheres of Interest. At that time, Germany had sent her warships to protect the interests of her
nationals in the Philippines.

The German fleet of eight warships led by Admiral Von Diedrichs was especially aggressive. The
fleet acted provocatively by cutting in front of American ships. They supplied the city with flour and other
products, ignoring the American economic blockade on the Spaniards in the city. This angered Dewey. He
sent an ultimatum to Von Diedrichs to stop it or else fight. Captain Edward Chichester of the English Fleet
came to support Dewey. Von Diedrichs, fearing to risks battle with the combined Anglo-American fleets,
ended his hostile activities.

Upon the advice of the Hong Kong junta, General Aguinaldo left on board the McCulloch (others
say McCullough), Dewey’s dispatch vessel, and arrived in Cavite on May 19,1898. He reassumed command
of rebel forces. His first act upon his return was his proclamation on May 21, urging the people to rise in arms
and join the americans in a common struggle against the Spaniards.
On May 24,1898, General Aguinaldo established a dictatorial government, with him as the dictator,
upon the advice of Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista. Aguinaldo established a new government to revoke the
authority of the Biak-na-Bato Republic and unite the revolutionary forces. At that time, a dictatorship was
necessary to carry out the war successfully. This government was temporary and was to last only until a
republic could have been established.

On May 28, the Consultative Assembly instituted by Governor General Basilio Augustin met for
the first time. But the Filipinos did not like to settle for the projected reforms. They clamored for total

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independence. On the same day, Aguinaldo’s new army repulsed the Spanish marines at Alapan, a barrio in
Imus, Cavite. The Philippine Flag (The Sun and Stars Flag) was first unfurled in the Battle of Alapan.
This initial success inspired other people to relive the revolutionary spirit, During the subsequent days, the
Spanish forces were routed in Bataan, Cavite, Bulacan, Pampanga, Laguna, Batangas, Tayabas (now
Quezon), and other provinces.

The Capture of Manila was the principal objective of General Aguinaldo. He and his troops
commanded by General Gregorio del Pilar, Pio del Pilar, Artemio Ricarte, and Mariano Noriel, among
others, surrounded the city.

Dewey’s squadron dominated the bay and thus the Spaniards were trapped within the city walls.
Aguinaldo’s men had cut off the supply of food stuffs and potable water in the city. The populace suffered
terribly during the siege. Aguinaldo offered Governor General Augustin terms for an honorable surrender
but the latter rejected him. Dewey demanded the surrender of Manila on August 7. Consequently, the Spanish
governor general honorably conceded.

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SCORE:
REPUBLIC COLLEGES OF GUINOBATAN, INC.
COLLEGE DEPARTMENT ____________

20
G. Alban St., Iraya, Guinobatan, Albay

WORKSHEET #5
NAME: __________________________________________ COURSE: ______________ Date: ______________
INSTRUCTOR: Mr. Alvin V. Obniala, LPT SUBJECT: Philippine History

A. IDENTIFICATION
Identify what/who is described in each item. Write your answers on the space provided.
_____________________________ 1. He betrayed the secrecy of Katipunan to Fr. Mariano Gil, an Augustinian
parish curate.
_____________________________ 2. The date that marked the defiance of Filipino revolutionaries to the Spanish
government when they tore their cedulas known as the Cry of Pugadlawin.
_____________________________ 3. On September 12, 1896, thirteen were put to death at Plaza de Armas, near
the Fort of San Felipe in Cavite. What are they remembered now?
_____________________________ 4. Where was Rizal executed?
_____________________________ 5. The title given by the Caviteňos to Aguinaldo, recognizing him as a man of
distinguished valor.
_____________________________ 6. He was known as Maestrong Sebio and Dimabungo.
_____________________________ 7. The president of Magdiwang Council of Katipunan.
_____________________________ 8. Where was the Capital of Magdalo Council?
_____________________________ 9. He protested the election of Bonifacio as Director of the interior in the Tejeros
Convention, saying that his position should be occupied by a lawyer.
_____________________________ 10. The document crafted by Bonifacio and 44 other plotters aimed to reject the
revolutionary of Aguinaldo.
_____________________________ 11. A state witness against Bonifacio who told the Council of War that Bonifacio
gave him an initial pay of ten pesos to assassinate Aguinaldo.
_____________________________ 12. He was given a sealed letter from General Mariano Noriel, ordering him to
execute/kill the Bonifacio brothers.
_____________________________ 13. The date when the revolutionary leaders of Aguinaldo met and adopted the
Provisional Constitution of the Philippine Republic.
_____________________________ 14. The name of the first document in the Pact of Biak-na-Bato which provided
that Gov. Gen. Primo de Rivera would pay 800,000 pesos for the
revolutionaries.
_____________________________ 15. The document which reiterated the granting of amnesty to those who would
lay down their arms and the privilege to move freely in the Philippines and
abroad.
_____________________________ 16. The revolt incited by Pantaleon Villegas in Cebu in retaliation of the March
25 incident when the Spaniards massacred many Visayan sailors at Camba
St., Manila.
_____________________________ 17. The belief that United States has the divinely ordained duty to help troubled
countries.
_____________________________ 18. America’s cry over their newspapers blaming Spain for the tragedy of their
battleship in Havana, Cuba.
_____________________________ 19. He led the American army against the Spanish fleet anchored in Manila Bay.
_____________________________ 20. The ship, Dewey’s dispatched vessel, that boarded Aguinaldo from Hong
Kong to Cavite on May 19, 1898.

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