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Female Reproductive System Histology Lecture

This document provides an overview of the major organs and tissues of the female reproductive system, including the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, cervix, mammary glands, and external genitalia. It describes the histology and functions of these structures, such as the development and roles of ovarian follicles, hormonal regulation of the ovarian cycle, cyclic changes in the uterine endometrium, formation of the placenta during pregnancy, and lactation in the mammary glands.

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126 views46 pages

Female Reproductive System Histology Lecture

This document provides an overview of the major organs and tissues of the female reproductive system, including the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, cervix, mammary glands, and external genitalia. It describes the histology and functions of these structures, such as the development and roles of ovarian follicles, hormonal regulation of the ovarian cycle, cyclic changes in the uterine endometrium, formation of the placenta during pregnancy, and lactation in the mammary glands.

Uploaded by

Mwae
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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FEMALE

REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM

HISTOLOGY LECTURE
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS / TISSUES
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS / TISSUES

 Ovary
 Uterine tubes
 Uterus
 Vagina
 External genitalia
 Placenta
 Mammary glands
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS AND TISSUES

 External genitalia
 Labia majora, labia minora, clitoris
 Internal genitalia
 Ovaries, uterus, vagina

 The development of these organs is not complete until gonadotropic hormones of


pituitary gland initiate puberty
OVARY

 Paired, slightly flattened oval organ


 3 cm x 1.5 cm x 1 cm
 Covered by low cuboidal epithelium
 Parenchyma is divided into an outer
cortex and inner medulla
 In the cortex, there are large numbers
of follicles of varying sizes
OVARY
Ovarian Follicles
 Primordial follicle
 Primary follicle
 Antral or secondary follicle
 Mature or Graafian follicle
OVARY

Primordial Follicles
 Make up the majority of follicles
 Consists of a large spherical oocyte
enveloped by a single layer of
squamous cell
 The only follicles present at birth
OVARY
Primary Follicles
 Oocyte grows larger
 Lose their squamous epithelial covering,
first becoming cuboidal, then proliferating
into 2 or 3 layers of irregularly-shaped
granulosa cells
 Oocyte and its surrounding granulosa cells
become separated by a narrow space
 the zona pellucida (a highly refractile
layer of glycoprotein)
OVARY
Antral or Secondary Follicles
 After puberty, a number of primary
follicles enter a phase of rapid
growth in each menstrual cycle
 Oocyte enlarges further and
granulosa cells proliferate rapidly
 Oocyte is displaced to one side by
development of a fluid-filled cavity
in the mass of granulosa cells,
called the antrum
 Accumulations of a few dark-
stained bodies among the
granulosa cells, called Call-Exner
bodies
OVARY
Mature or Graafian Follicles
 Oocyte resumes its meiotic
division shortly before
ovulation
 A large translucent vesicle
occupies the full thickness of
the cortex and bulges 1 cm or
more above the surface of the
ovary; this is in preparation for
ovulation
OVULATION
 Within a few minutes after the
formation of the clear vesicle,
it ruptures and the ovum is
extruded out followed by a
gush of follicular fluid
 Usually one ovum is released
in each cycle
 Corpus luteum
 After ovulation, the wall of
the follicle collapses and
become deeply folded
ENDOCRINE CONTROL
 Ovarian function is dependent on
gonadotrophic hormones of the
anterior pituitary
◦ FSH and LH
 Before ovulation

◦ FSH stimulate granulosa cells to


secrete estradiol, the precursor of
estrogen
 After ovulation

◦ through the influence of LH,


granulosa cells decrease estradiol
production and their principal
product becomes progesterone
ENDOCRINE CONTROL

 Theca cells
 Interstitial cells found
around the follicles
 Have receptors for LH
which stimulate theca
cells to secrete
testosterone which later
are converted to estradiol
OVIDUCT OR FALLOPIAN TUBE

 Muscular tube about 12 cm long


 Its lumen is open to the
peritoneal cavity at its distal end
and opposite end opens into the
uterine cavity
OVIDUCT OR FALLOPIAN TUBE
3 portions
 Isthmus is the medial 3rd near
the uterus
 Ampulla is the middle 3rd
 Infundibulum is the distal 3rd,
funnel-shaped and its margins
have numerous tapering fringe-
like processes called fimbriae
OVIDUCT OR FALLOPIAN TUBE

 Lined by simple columnar


 Functions
 Receives the ovum released
from the ovary
 Provides the appropriate
environment for its fertilization
and transport to the uterus
UTERUS
 Pear-shaped
 7 cm x 4 cm x 2.5 cm
 Divided into fundus, corpus uteri or body,
isthmus, and a cylindrical lower segment,
the cervix
 Uterine cavity is flattened and triangular
 Receives the product of conception from
one of the oviducts for implantation
UTERUS

Myometrium
 1.25 cm thick middle layer of uterine wall
 Consist of flat or cylindrical bundles of
interlacing smooth muscles
UTERUS

Endometrium
 4-5 mm thick mucosal lining of the uterine cavity
 Consist of
 Endometrial glands lined by simple columnar
cells
 Endometrial stroma
 Functions
 Prepare for the reception of the fertilized ovum
 Participate in its implantation and nutrition
 Form the maternal portion of the placenta
UTERUS
Endometrium
2 zones
 Functionalis
 the upper to 2/3 that
is sloughed off during
menstruation
 Basalis
 a deeper portion that
remains and
regenerates
CYCLIC CHANGES IN THE ENDOMETRIUM (28 DAY CYCLE)

 Proliferative phase
 Secretory phase
 Menstrual phase
CYCLIC CHANGES IN THE ENDOMETRIUM (28 DAY CYCLE)

Proliferative Phase
 Coincides with estrogen secretion
 Beginning at the end of menstrual flow and continuing for 12 -14 days
 There is a 3- to 4-fold increase in the thickness of the endometrium
 Endometrial glands lengthen and are straight and narrow
CYCLIC CHANGES IN THE ENDOMETRIUM (28 DAY CYCLE)

Secretory Phase
 Coincides with secretion of progesterone
 Endometrium further thickens but this is due mainly to edema of
the stroma and accumulation of secretion in the glands
 Glands continue to grow becoming tortuous and sacculated
CYCLIC CHANGES IN THE ENDOMETRIUM (28 DAY CYCLE)

Menstrual Phase
 Period of degeneration associated with rapid decline in stimulation of the
endometrium by ovarian hormones
 Occur about 2 weeks after ovulation
 Endometrium is denuded of surface epithelium; glands collapsed and short
PLACENTA

 The implanted blastocyst continue to enlarge at the expense of the


surrounding endometrium
 From the 15th day, cords of trophoblasts grow that will form the
chorionic villi of the placenta
 Chorionic villi consist of 2 types of trophoblast
 Inner cytotrophoblast
 Outer syncytiotrophoblast (synthesize HCG)
CERVIX UTERI
 Surrounds a cervical canal about 3
cm in length
 Continuous above with the uterine
cavity through a constriction called
the internal os with the vagina
below through the external os
 Lined by simple columnar cells,
near the external os there is an
abrupt transition to stratified
squamous, the transformation zone
VAGINA
 Distensible fibromuscular tube
 8-9 cm in length
 Mucosa is lined by stratified squamous epithelium
 Muscular coat consist of interlacing bundles of smooth
muscles
EXTERNAL GENITALIA

 Clitoris corresponds to the dorsal portion of the penis; has 2 erectile


corpora cavernosa
 Labia majora and minora are lined by stratified squamous epithelium
 Vestibule between the labia minora
 Area where urethra and vagina open
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS / TISSUES
Mammary Gland
 Paired gland found on the ventral aspect of
the thorax on either side of the midline
 Nipple is located in the center of a circular
pigmented area of the skin called the areola
 15-20 lactiferous ducts open into the tip of
nipple
 Compound tubulo-alveolar gland consisting
of 15-20 lobes surrounded by adipose tissue
 Functional unit is the terminal duct lobular
unit (TDLU)
THANK YOU!

STUDY WELL AND STAY SAFE

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