Pearson BTEC Level 5 Higher National Diploma in

Construction and the Built Environment (Civil Engineering)

Unit – 43 (Hydraulic)
Reynolds Experiment lab Report

Student name – Kaung Zaw Hein

BTEC Registration No – M46966

Assessor Name – Daw Yin Tint…

 Table of Contents

Introduction......................................................................................................................................2
Part 1 (Hydrostatic and Hydrodynamic)..........................................................................................3
1.1 Hydrostatic conditions...........................................................................................................3
1.2 Reynolds number...................................................................................................................6
1.3 Hydraulics problem..............................................................................................................12
Part 2 (Forces related to fluids at rest and in motion)....................................................................15
2.1 Darcy-Weisback principle....................................................................................................15
2.2 Open channel flow...............................................................................................................17
2.3 Hydrodynamic systems........................................................................................................20
Part 3 (Distribution of Fluids)........................................................................................................25
3.1 Head loss in pipeline............................................................................................................25
3.2 flow types based on the pipe size.........................................................................................28
3.3 Determining pipework sizes and their efficiency................................................................31
Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................33
References......................................................................................................................................33

KZH 1
Introduction

The action, management and distribution of fluids, in relation to build structures, is

critical. In civil engineering, it is necessary to ensure that we are able to manage the pressures
that water may put on structures, either through its flow or the forces exerted and how to resist
these. In building services, the balance between necessary pressures to ensure flow and
distribution of fluids (through heating/cooling systems or domestic water supplies), and the
sizing of pipes to support this flow, will determine efficiency and effectiveness of a system. So,
by using concepts of physics to develop solutions to hydrostatic and hydrodynamic problems,
forces related to fluids at rest and in motion and practical solutions for the distribution of fluids
within correctly sized pipes with the reliable principles are going to discussed in this papers.

KZH 2
 Part 1 (Hydrostatic and Hydrodynamic)

Hydrostatic and Hydrodynamic are study of fluid properties as density & viscosity and
fluid behavior. Moreover flow calculation and energy problems are also involved in this portion.
So, these all are going to discuss with equations and principles in this part 1.

1.1 Hydrostatic conditions

(a)

Given data,

Volume of water, V = 1L = 10-3 m3

One litter weight of Crude oil, W = 9.6 N

Density of water, ρ water = 103 N

To find,

Specific weight of Crude, w =?

Density of Crude, ρ =?

Specific gravity, SG =?

Calculation,

Specific weight, w = W ÷ V = 9.6 ÷ 10-3 = 9600 Nm-3

Density, ρ = w ÷ g = 9600 ÷ 9.81 = 98 N (Two decimal)

Specific gravity, SG = ρ ÷ ρwater = 0.98 ÷ 103 = 0.00098 = 9.8 × 10-4

∴ One litter of crude oil of specific gravity is 9600 Nm -3, density is 0.98 N and it Specific
gravity is 9.8 × 10-4 when the crude oil weight is 9.6 N.

KZH 3
(b)

Given data,

Height of cylinder, H = 250mm = 0.25m (Height, H = length, L)

Inner diameter of cylinder, d = 150.0mm

Outer diameter of cylinder, d = 150.5mm

Torque on the torsion wire , T = 1Nm

Rotational speed of the outer cylinder, w = 110 rpm

To find,

Viscosity of liquid in the gap between the two cylinders, μ =?

Calculation,

Diameter = 2 Radius

Inner radious, Ri = 75 mm = 7.5× 10-2 m

Outer radious, Ro = 75.25mm = 7.525× 10-2 m

Thickness between two cylinder, t = Ro – Ri

= (7.525 -7.5) 10-2

= 2.5 × 10-4 m

2 πwR o
Velocity of the outer cylinder, u =
60

KZH 4
 2× 3.14 ×110 × 7.525× 10−2
=
60

= 0.867 ms-1

T
Force acting on the inner cylinder, F =
Ri

= 13.33 N (Two decimal)

Area of the inner cylinder wall, Ai = 2 πrH = 2 ×3.14 × 0.075 × 0.25

= 0.11775m2

F
Shear stress on the inner cylinder wall, τ =
Ai

13.33
=
0.11775

= 113.02 Nm-2 (Two decimal)

u
Viscosity of liquid in the gap between the two cylinders =
t

0.867
=
0.00025

= 3468ms-1

du
Coefficient of kinematic energy, μ = τ ÷ { }
dy

= 113.02 ÷ 3468

= 0.0326 Nm2 s-1

∴ Viscosity of liquid in the gap between the two cylinders is 3468ms -1 and coefficient of
kinematic energy is 0.0326Nm2 s-1.

KZH 5
1.2 Reynolds number

Date – 16.7.2021

Location – Chindwin- PSB Academy 1st Floor,

New Sin Ma Lite Market,Yangon, Burma

Group number – 2
Reynolds experiment
Supervisor – Daw Yin Tint

Group members : Mr Kaung Zaw Hein

Ms Khin Eaindra Naing
Ms Thiri Yamin Aung
Ms Shwe Yamin Pwint.

Introduction

Osborne Reynolds experiment is used to investigate the characteristic of the flow of the
liquid in the pipe which is also used to determine the Reynolds Number for each state of the
flow. The design of the apparatus allowed studying the characteristic of the flow of the fluid in
the pipe, the behavior of the flow and also to calculate the range for the laminar, transitional and
turbulent flow where the calculation is used to prove the Reynolds number is dimensionless by
using the Reynolds Number formula. The purpose of carrying Reynolds experiment is to
determine the Reynolds number, R and for illustrating the upper and lower critical velocities at
transitional flow.

KZH 6
Theory

Reynolds number is the ratio of the inertial force of flowing fluid to the viscous force of
the fluid. Inertial force of the fluid can be expressed as:

Inertial force, Fi = mass × acceleration

= (density ×volume) × (Velocity ÷ time)

= (density × Area) ×(Velocity × Velocity)

Fi = ρ × A cv2

Viscous force, Fv = Shear stress × Area

Fv =μ × v × D

Therefore, Reynolds number is given by:

Fi
Re =
Fv
ρ× A × v2
=
μ×v ×D
ρ× v × D
=
μ
v×D
=
γ

Where,
v = Velocity of fluid flow
D = Diameter of glass tube
ρ = Density of fluid
μ = Dynamic viscosity of fluid
γ = Kinematic viscosity of fluid

KZH 7
Apparatus Required for Osborne Reynolds experiment

1. A Tank filled with water

2. A small reservoir filled with colored fluid or dye
3. A glass tube with bell mouth entrance
4. A measuring tank
5. A stopwatch
6. Regulating valve at the outlet of glass tube and at inlet of dye injector
Fig 1: Reynolds Experiment Apparatus

Experiential procedures

1. The dye injector was Lowered until it were seen in the glass tube.
2. The inlet valve, V1 were opened and allowed water to enter the stilling tank.
3. A small overflow spillage was ensured through the over flow tube to maintain a constant
level.
4. Water was allowed to settle for a few minutes.
5. The water flows was let through the visualizing tube.
6. The dye control valve, V4 was slowly adjusted and slow flows with dye injection were
achieved.

KZH 8
7. The procedures were repeated to create a laminar flow, and slowly increased the flow rate
until the laminar flow produced small disturbance or eddies. These were lower critical
velocity.
8. The flow rate at the outlet valve, V2 was measured using volumetric method.
9. The experiment was repeated by first introducing a turbulent flow and slowly decreased flow
rate till the flow become transitional. These were upper critical velocity.

Fig 2: Reynolds Apparatus Working Condition

Following observations should be made while passing colored fluid through glass tube.
Check the formation or appearance of dye filament in the glass tube for different velocities and
note down the flow type based on its appearance from below three cases.

Case 1: If dye filament forms straight line, then it is called as laminar flow.

Case 2: If dye filament flows in a slightly wavy manner, then it is said to be transition flow.

Case 3: If dye filament diffuses over the entire cross section of tube while passing, then it is
called as turbulent flow. All of these three flows are represented in below figure.

KZH 9
 Fig 3: Types of Flows in Pipe Flow

Observations

Dye cannot mix with water and move parallel Laminar Flow

Dye partially mix with water Transitional Flow

Dye completely disappear in water Turbulent Flow

Calculation

Volume of water collected in tank in t seconds, V = area of tank × rise of water level in t
seconds.
Discharge, Q = volume ÷time
Velocity of flow, v = discharge ÷area of glass tube

Reynolds number, Re= Velocity of flow× Discharge/ Kinematic Viscosity

In most engineering text books, a Reynolds number of 2300 is usually accepted as the
value at transition; that is, the value of the Reynolds number between laminar and turbulent flow
regimes. The Reynolds number that exists anywhere in the transition region is called the critical
Reynolds number.

Re ≤ 2300 Laminar flow

2300 ≤ Re ≤ 4000 Transitional flow

Re ≥ 4000 Turbulent flow

Group - 2 experience result data

Diameter of pipe, D = 0.015 m,

Area, A = 1.766 x 10-4 m2

KZH 10
Kinematics viscosity of water at 27⁰C = 0.854 x 10-6 m2 /s
1 liter = 10-3 m3

V, Volume of Time Discharge Fluid Kinematic Reynolds Flow Regime

Water (t) (Q) Velocity Viscosity Number Classified
collected in t (secon (m3 /sec) v(m/sec) v (m2 /s) using
ds) 10-5 = Q/A Reynolds
seconds (L)
Number
0.4 ×10−3 2.00 0.113 ×0.015
Laminar
0.4 20 20 1.766× 10−4 0.854×10-6 0.89 ×10−6
flow
= 2.00 = 0.113 = 1984.8
0.4 ×10−3 2.5 0.142× 0.015
Transition
0.4 16 16 1.766× 10−4 0.854×10-6 0.89× 10−6
flow
= 2.5 = 0.142 = 2494.2
0.4 ×10−3 2.86 0.162× 0.015
Transition
0.4 14 14 1.766× 10−4 0.854×10-6 0.89× 10−6
flow
= 2.86 = 0.162 = 2845.4
0.4 ×10−3 3.33 0.189× 0.015
Transition
0.4 12 12 1.766× 10−4 0.854×10-6 0.89× 10−6
flow
= 3.33 = 0.189 = 3319.7
0.4 ×10−3 5.00 0.283× 0.015
Turbulent
0.4 8 8 1.766× 10−4 0.854×10-6 0.89× 10−6
flow
= 5.00 = 0.283 = 4970.7

Discussion

The differences between laminar, turbulent and transition flow before one is about to
conduct this experiment. As for laminar flow, it is defined as a highly ordered fluid motion with
smooth streamlines. Turbulent flow is much different with laminar, as it is a highly disordered
fluid motion characterized by velocity and fluctuations and eddies, whereas transition flow is
known as a flow that contains both laminar and turbulent regions. 
1.3 Hydraulics problem

Given data,

Temperature, T = 20oC

Pipe diameter, d = 200mm = 0.2m

Pipe length, L = 350m

Flow rate, Q = 60Ls-1 = 0.06 m3s-1

KZH 11
To find,

(i) Head loss through the pipe when roughness is 0.2mm, 0.01mm and 0.05mm.
(ii) Require pumping power for roughness of 0.2mm, 0.01mm and 0.05mm.
(iii) Pipe type suitable for use.
Calculation,

Area of pipe, A = (πD2 ÷4)

= πR2

= 3.14 (0.1)2

= 0.0314m2

V = Q ÷ A (∵ Q = AV)

V = (0.06 m3s-1) ÷(0.0314m2) = 1.91 ms-1

Reynolds number, Re = ρVD ÷ μ

= (998.2 kgm-3 × 1.91ms-1 × 0.2m) ÷(1.005 x10-3) kgms-1

= 379.58x103

Reynolds number, Re = 379.58x103 > 2000 therefore Turbulent flow.

(i) For carbon steel pipe with roughness 0.2mm,

∈ 0.2 mm
= = 0.001
d 200 mm

From the Moody diagram, f = 0.0225

hf = (f ×L÷d) ×(V2÷2g)

= (0.0205 ×350 ÷0.2) ×(1.91)2 ÷(2×9.81)

= 6.67 m

ΔP = ρ g hf

= 998.2 × 9.81 × 6.67

= 65320 Pa

Power = Q × ΔP

KZH 12
 =0.06 m3s-1×65320 Nm-2

=3919 Watt

∴The head loss in carbon steel pipe with roughness 0.2mm is 6.67 m and required power for

this pipe is 3919 Watt. 

For PVC pipe with roughness 0.01mm,

∈ 0.01 mm
= = 0.00005
d 200 mm

(ii) From the Moody diagram, f = 0.014

hf = (f ×L÷d) ×(V2÷2g)

= (0.014×350 ÷0.2) ×(1.91)2 ÷(2 ×9.81)

= 4.555 m

ΔP = ρ g hf

= 998.2 × 9.81 ×4.555

= 44608.8 Pa

Power = Q × ΔP

= 0.06 m3s-1×44608.8 Nm-2

= 2676.5 Watt

∴The head loss in PVC with roughness 0.01 mm is 4.555m and required power for this pipe is

2676.5 Watt. 
(iii) For ductile cement motor pipe with roughness 0.05mm,

∈ 0.05 mm
= = 0.00025
d 200 mm

From the Moody diagram, f = 0.0165

hf = (f ×L÷d) ×(V2÷2g)

= (0.0165 ×350 ÷0.2) ×(1.91)2 ÷(2 ×9.81)

= 5.37 m

KZH 13
 ΔP = ρ g hf

= 998.2 × 9.81 ×5.37

=52574.6 Pa

Power = Q × ΔP

= 0.06 m3s-1 ×52574.6 Nm-2

= 3154.5 Watt

∴The head in ductile cement motor pipe with roughness 0.05 mm is 5.37 m and required power

for this pipe is 3154.5 Watt. 

Ductile iron with
No Material Carbon steel PVC
cement motor lining
Wall roughness
1 0.2 0.01 0.05
(mm)
Friction factor
2 0.0205 0.014 0.0165
(f)
Pumping power
3 3919 2676.5 3154.5
(Watt)

The roughness of materials is varied based on the type of materials. So, the friction
factor, f is changed by the roughness of materials. Consequently, the values of hf, ΔP and
plumping power will change if the value of friction factor, f has changed. Therefore, the
roughness of materials and required plumping powers are directly proportional which mean if the
material’s roughness is high, the power is more required. This is already shown in above table. In
table, the roughness of PVC is lowest and so the required plumping power is also the less one
among these three. 
Based on Reynolds apparatus experiment, different properties are having in each flow.
The main different known by this experience are as follow. 
Laminar Flow Transitional Flow Turbulent Flow
The mixture of laminar and
Steady flow Unsteady flow
turbulent flows
Not easily to solve and too
Solve exactly Solve exactly
complex

KZH 14
 Dealing with small pipes and used in the context Dealing with larger pipe
low flow velocities boundary layers and high flow velocities
Not depend on pipe
Not depend on pipe roughness Depend on pipe roughness
roughness
Shear stress depend on
Shear stress not depend on Shear stress depend on
viscosity (μ) and not depend
viscosity (μ) and density (ρ) density (ρ)
on density (ρ)

Part 2 (Forces related to fluids at rest and in motion)

In civil engineering, forces related to fluids at rest and in motion is necessary to ensure
that we are able to manage the pressures that water may put on structures, either through its flow
or the forces exerted and how to resist these. So, forces related to fluid are discussion in this
section.

2.1 Darcy-Weisback principle

Given data,

The density, ρ = 850 kgm3

Kinetic velocity, v = 0.00062m2s-1

Pipe length, L = 40m

Pipe diameter, d = 3mm

The height of liquid level, h = 3m

To find,

Flow rate of the oil through the pipe.

Calculation,

μ =ρ v

KZH 15
 = 850 kgm3 × 0.00062ms-2

= 0.527kgms-1

P1 = ρ g h

= 850 × 9.81 × 3 × 10-3

= 25.0155kNm-2

ΔP = P1 – P2

= P1 – Patm

= 25.0155kNm-2

= 25.0155 kPa

The flow rate through a horizontal pipe in laminar flow is determined from

Q = (ΔP π D4) ÷(128μ L)

= 25.0155 ×3.14 ×(0.004)4 ×1000 ÷(128 ×0.527 × 40)

= 7.45 × 10-9 ms-3 (Two decimal place)

The average fluid velocity and the Reynolds number in this case are

A = π D4 ÷4

= 3.14 ×(0.004)4 ÷4

= 2.0096 × 10-10 m2

V = Q ÷A

= 7.45 × 10-9 ÷ 2.0096 × 10-10

= 37.07ms-1 (Two decimal place)

ρvD
Re =
μ

= (850 × 37.07 × 0.004) ÷ 0.527

= 239.16 (Two decimal place)

∴ The flow is laminar flow and analysis given is valid. In this case, the inlet is not well rounded
and so flow rate will be even less when the inlet and outlet losses are considered.

KZH 16
 

2.2 Open channel flow

Given data,
The channel slope, S = 0.0015
The depth of water, y = 1.2 m

To find
Mean velocity and discharge rate when (i) C = 60 SI units, (ii) Manning n = 0.014

Calculation
y 2
Flow area of the channel, A = 2ytan30˚× m
2
= y2tan30˚ m2
= (1.2)2tan30˚ m2
= 0.831m2

2y
The channel’s wetted perimeter. P = m
cos 30 ˚
2 ×1.2
= m
cos 30 ˚
= 2.771 m

A
Hydraulic radius, R =
P
0.831 m2
=
2.7712m

KZH 17
 = 0.3 m
(i) C= 60 SI unit
By using Chezy’s Formula,
V = C√ RS
= 60× (√ 0.3 ×0.0015
= 1.273 ms-1
Q = AV
Q = 0.831 × 1.273
Q = 1.06 m3s-1

-1 3 -1
∴ The velocity is 1.273 ms and the discharge rate is 1.06 m s when C is 60 SI

unit. 

(ii) Manning n= 0.014

2 1
3 2
V= R S (By using Manning’s Formula)
n
2 1
3 2
= (0.3) (0.0015)
0.014
= 1.24 ms-1
Q = AV
= 0.831× 1.24
= 1.03m3s-1
-1 3 -1
∴ The velocity is 1.24 ms and the discharge rate is 1.03 m s when Manning n is

0.014. 

Given data,

The channel slope, S = 0.0015

The depth of water, y = 1.2 m

To find

Mean velocity and discharge rate when (i) C = 60 SI units, (ii) Manning n = 0.014

Calculation

KZH 18
 Flow area of the channel, A = 2ytan30˚× y/2 m2

= y2tan30˚ m2

= (1.2)2tan30˚ m2

= 0.831m2

The channel’s wetted perimeter. P = 2y ÷ (cos30˚) m

= (2×1.2) ÷ (cos30˚) m

= 2.771 m

Hydraulic radius, R = A÷P

= (0.831 m2)÷(2.7712 m)

= 0.3 m

(i) C= 60 SI unit

V = C√RS (By using Chezy’s Formula)

= 60× (√ (0.3×0.0015)

= 1.273 ms-1

Q = AV

Q = 0.831 × 1.273

Q = 1.06 m3s-1

∴ The velocity is 1.273 ms-1 and the discharge rate is 1.06 m3s-1 when C is 60 SI unit

(ii) Manning n= 0.014

2 1
3 2
V = R S (By using Manning’s Formula)
n
2 1
3 2
= (0.3) (0.0015)
0.014

= 1.24 ms-1

KZH 19
 Q = AV

= 0.831× 1.24

= 1.03m3s-1

∴ The velocity is 1.24 ms-1 and the discharge rate is 1.03 m3s-1 when Manning n is 0.014.

2.3 Hydrodynamic systems

Given data,

n = 0.016

Flow rate = 4ms-1

Bottom slope = 0.0015

To find,

The dimensions of the best cross section if the shape of the channel is

(i) Circular of diameter D,

(ii) Rectangular of bottom width b, and
(iii) Trapezoidal of bottom width b.

Assumptions

(i) The flow is steady and uniform.

(ii) Bottom slope is constant.
(iii) Roughness coefficient is constant along the channel.

Calculation

(i) The flow is steady and uniform

KZH 20
 π D2
A=
8

πD
P=
2

A
R=
P

π D2 2 D
= × =
8 πD 4

Manning’s Formula,
2 1
3 2
Q= AR S
n
1
π D 2 D 23
×( ) ×(0.0015) 2
4= 8 4
0.016
2
π D2 ×( D) 3 × √ 0.0015
0.064 = 2
3
8 ×(4 )
2
8 3
0.064 ×8 ×( 4)
D =
3
π × √0.0015
8
D = 10.6
3

3
D = (10.6) 8

D = 2.42 m

πD
P=
2

3.14 ×2.42
=
2

= 3.8 m

∴The perimeter for the circular is 3.8 m. 

KZH 21
(ii) The optimum rectangular section is given as follow

b
Y=
2

b2
A = yb =
2

P = b+ 2y

b
= b+ 2( ¿
2

= b+ b = 2b

A
R=
P

b2 1
= ×
2 2b

b
=
4

Manning’s Formula,
2 1
3 2
Q= AR S
n
1
b 2 b 23
×( ) ×(0.0015)2
4= 2 4
0.016

KZH 22
 2
2 3
b ×b × √ 0.0015
0.064 = 2
3
2 ×4
2
8 3
0.064 ×2 × 4
b =
3
√ 0.0015
8
b 3 = 8.33
3
B = (8.33) 8

B = 2.2 m

b 2.2
y= = = 1.1 m
2 2

P = 2b = 2× 2.2 = 4.4 m

∴The perimeter for the rectangular is 4.4 m. 

(iii) The optimum section is given as follow

For trapezoidal channel of bottom width b,

1
Θ = 60˚, m=
√3
b √3
Y=
2

B = b+ 2my

A = (b+ my) y

P = b+ 2y√ 1+m2

KZH 23
 2y b √3 1
B = b+ = b+ [(2 × )× ]
√3 2 √3
= b+ b = 2b

( B+ b ) y
A=
2

(2 b+b) b √ 3
=
2 2

= 1.3 b2

P= 3b

A
R=
P

1.3 b2
=
3b

= 0.433 b

Manning’s Formula,
2 1
3 2
Q= AR S
n
2
3
4 = (1.3 b¿¿ 2)×(0.433 b) × √ 0.0015 ¿
0.016
2 2
0.064 = 1.3× b2× 0.433 3 × b 3 × √ 0.0015

8
0.064
b =
3 2
1.3× 0.433 3 × √ 0.0015
8
b 3 = 2.22
3
B = (2.22) 8

b= 1.35 m

KZH 24
 b √3
y=
2

1.35× √ 3
=
2

= 1.17 m

P = 3b = 3 × 1.35

= 4.05 m 
The perimeter for the trapezoidal channels is 4.05 m. Therefore, the circular
cross-section has the smaller perimeter. 

Part 3 (Distribution of Fluids)

Fluids are dynamic; their behavior changes based on a range of factors. Thus, the
ability to estimate and manage their forces, rates of flow and suitable systems for control requires
specialized calculations, equipment and maintenance are described with problems. 

3.1 Head loss in pipeline

(a)

Given data,

Specific gravity of oil, ρ= 0.9

Kinematic viscosity of oil, v= 1.25× 10-4 m2s-1

The diameter of the pipe, d= 25 mm= 0.025 m

The length of the pipe, L= 15 m

The pipe has two elbow fittings, K= 0.75

Check Valve, K= 4.0

KZH 25
 The height of the motor and the pump, z2- z1= 6m

The inlet pressure of the motor= 34 bar

To find,

The pump discharge pressure, if the discharge from the pump is 150 litres per min.

Calculation,

Γ=ρg

= 0.9× 1000 (density of water) × 9.81

= 8829
2
πd 2 3.14 ×(0.025)
Area of the pipe, A = = = 0.0005 m2
4 4

150
Q = 150 liter/min = m3s-1 = 0.0025 m3s-1
1000× 60

Q
Velocity of the flow in the pipe, V=
A

0.0025 m3 s−1
=
0.0005 m 2

= 5 ms-1

Vd
Re =
v

5 ms−1 × 0.025 m
=
1.25× 10−4 m 2 s−1

= 1× 103 <2300 (⸫Laminar Flow)

64 64
F= = = 0.064
ℜ 1× 103

K value for the fittings and valves = (2× 0.75) + 4 = 5.5

Total equivalent length = Length of the pipe+ Equivalent length of fittings

KD
= 15+
f

KZH 26
 5.5× 0.025
= 15+ ( )
0.064

= 17.15 m

fLe V 2
Head Loss = ( )( )
D 2g

0.064 ×17.15 52
=( )( )
0.025 2× 9.81

= 55.94 m

Applying Bernoulli’s equation between station 1 and 2

P1 (V 1 )2 P (V )2
+ + z1= 2 + 2 + z2+ HLoss total
ρg 2 g ρg 2 g

(P1−P2 )
= (z2- z1)+ HLoss total
γ

(P1−P2 )
= 6+ 55.94
8829

( P1−P2 )= 8829× 61.94

= 546868.26

= 5.47× 105 Nm-2

= 5.5 bar

Pump discharge pressure, P1 = 34+ 5.5

= 39.5 bar

∴The pump discharge pressure is 39.5 bar, if the discharge from the pump is 150 litres per min.


(b)

KZH 27
Given data,

Pipe diameter, d = 30mm

To find,

The diameter of the smaller pipe B

Calculation,

πd 4 ∆ p
Q laminar = ( )
128 μ L

Q = (constant) d4

Since∆ p, L and μ are the same in the two pipes, it follows that the flows simply vary as
the 4th power of their diameter. Let pipe I have the 30 mm diameter.

QC = 3 QB

(Constant) DC4 = 3 ×(constant) DB4

Thus,

(DB)4 = (DC)4 ÷3

DB = DC ÷ ¿3)1/4

= 30÷ ¿3)1/4

= 22.8mm

∴ The diameter of the smaller pipe B is 22.8mm. 

KZH 28
3.2 flow types based on the pipe size

Given data,

The Elevation of the free surface in tank A above that in the tank B = 25ft

The friction factor for each pipe = 0.02

To find,

The diameter, D, of this new pipe =?

Calculation,

P1 (V 1 )2 P (V )2
+ + z1 = 2 + 2 + z2 + HLoss total
ρg 2g ρg 2g

π ( D1)2 3.14 ×(0.5)2 2

A1 = = 3.14 × ¿ ¿¿= ft = 0.196 ft2
4 4

π (D 2)2 3.14 ×(0.5)2 2

A2 = = 3.14 × ¿ ¿¿ = ft = 0.196 ft2
4 4

π ( D3)2 3.14 ×(D 3)2

A3 = = = 0.785 (D3)2 ft2
4 4

With the single pipe,

PA V2 P V2 V2 V2
+ A + ZA = B + B + ZB +¿ ( 1 )] +¿ ( 2 )]
ρg 2g ρg 2g 2g 2g

Where PA = PB = 0, VA = VB = 0, ZA = 25 ft, ZB = 0, and V1 = V2 since D1 = D2.

KZH 29
 Thus,

L1+ L2 V2
ZA = (f ) ×( 1 )
D1 2g

500+600 V 21
25 = 0.02 ( ) ×( )
0.5 2× 32.2

25× 0.5 ×2 ×32.2

V12 =
0.02 ×1100

V1= 6.05 fts-1

Hence, Q = A1V1 = 0.196 × 6.05 ft3s-1 = 1.1858 ft3s-1

With the second pipe,

Q1= Q2+ Q3= 1.3 Q = 1.3× 1.1858 = 1.54 ft3s-1

Q1 1.54
V1= = = 7.85 fts-1
A 1 0.196

fL 1 V 21 fL 2 V 2
ZA= ( ) ( ) + ( ) ( 2)
D1 2 g D2 2 g

0.02× 600 (7.85)2 0.02× 500 V 22

25= ( )( )+( )( )
0.5 2× 32.2 0.5 2× 32.2
2
0.02× 600 (7.85)
25−( )( )
V 22= 0.5 2× 32.2 (0.5× 2× 32.2)
0.02× 500

25−22.96
V 22= × 32.2
0.02× 500

V2= √ 6.5688

V2= 2.56 fts-1

Hence,

Q2 = A2V2 = 0.196× 2.56 = 0.502 ft3s-1

Q3 = Q1- Q2= 1.54- 0.502 = 1.038 ft3s-1

For fluid flowing A to B through pipes 1 and 3,

KZH 30
 fL 1 V 21 fL 3 V 23
ZA= ( ) ( ) + ( ) ( )
D1 2 g D3 2 g

Where,

Q3 1.038 1.322
V3 = = 2 =
A 3 0.785(D 3 ) ( D 3 )2

Thus,

fL 1 V 21 fL 3 V 2
ZA= ( ) ( ) + ( ) ( 3)
D1 2 g D3 2 g

1.322 2
0.02× 600 (7.85) 2
0.02× 500 ( )
25= ( )( )+( ) ( (D3 )2 )
0.5 2× 32.2 D3
2 ×32.2

10 (1.322)2 1
25- 22.96 = ( ) ( 4 ) ( )
D3 (D3) 64.4

17.48
2.04 =
64.4 ×( D 3)5

17.48
( D 3 )5=
64.4 ×2.04

D3= √5 0.133

D3= 0.66 ft

D3= 0.66× 12 inches

D3= 7.92 inches 

At the end of calculation, we noticed that the area of the pipe surface will also large
when the pipe diameter is large.

3.3 Determining pipework sizes and their efficiency

Given data,

KZH 31
 The flow rate of water, Q = 0.8 m3s-1

The length of the cast iron pipe, L = 200 m

The diameter of the cast iron pipe, d = 0.35 m

The high between the free surface of the reservoir and the turbine discharge = 70 m

To find,

The electric power output of plant =?

Assumptions

The flow is steady and incompressible.

The entrance effects are negligible, and thus the flow is fully developed and the friction
factor is constant for the entire pipe.

The minor losses are given to be negligible.

The water level in the reservoir remains constant.

The density and dynamic viscosity of water at 20˚C is ρ = 998 kgm-3 & μ= 1.002×10-3
kgm-1s-1

The roughness of cast iron pipes is ε= 0.00026 m.

Calculation,
2
π d 2 3.14 ×(0.35)
Area of the surface of the cast iron pipe, A = = = 0.096 m2
4 4

Q 0.8
V= = = 8.33 ms-1
A 0.096

First, we take point 1 at the free surface of the reservoir, and point 2 and the reference
level at the free surface of the water leaving the turbine site (z 2= 0). Nothing that the fluid
at both points is open to the atmosphere (and thus P1= P2= Patm) and that the fluid
velocities at both points are very low (V1= V2= 0), the energy equation for a control
volume between these two points (in terms of heads) simplifies to

P1 (V )2 P (V )2
+ α1 1 + z1 + hpump = 2 + α2 2 + z2 + hturbine + hL
ρg 2g ρg 2g

hturbine = z1 - hL

KZH 32
 ρVd 998 ×8.33 ×0.35
Re = = = 2.9× 106
μ 1.002× 10−3

ε 0.00026
= = 7.428× 10-4
D 0.35

From Moody diagram,

f= 0.0184

When the minor losses are negligible, the head loss in the pipe and the available
turbine head are determined to be

fL 0.0184 ×200 (8.33)2

hL = ( ) ¿) = ( )( ) = 37.18 m
D 0.35 2× 9.81

hturbine = z1 - hL = 70- 37.18 = 32.82 m

The extracted power from water and the actual power output of the turbine become

Extracted Powerturbine = mghturbine

= ρgQhturbine

= 998× 9.81× 0.8× 32.82

= 257056.217 Watt

= 257.06 kW

Generator Powerturbine = ղ Powerturbine = 0.84× 257.06 = 215.93 kW

A perfect turbine-generator would generate 257.06 kW of electricity. The power

generated by the actual unit in only 215.93 kW because of the inefficiencies of the
turbine and the generator. Also note that more than half of the elevation head is lost in
piping due to pipe friction.

KZH 33
Conclusion

The hydraulic principles and their usage are huge and essential in our engineering
environment. By studying the basic principles of hydraulic, the sequences of calculations and
solving methods are improved a lot for my engineering skills and knowledge. Moreover, I can
solve concepts of physics to develop solutions to hydrostatic and hydrodynamic problems, forces
related to fluids at rest and in motion and practical solutions for the distribution of fluids within
correctly sized pipes with the reliable principles.

References

1. Bruce R Munson, Donald F. Young, Theodore H. Okiishi, Fundamental Of Fluid Mechanics,

fourth edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
2. http://www.mdp.eng.cam.ac.uk/web/library/enginfo/aerothermal_dvd_only/aero/fprops/pipef
low/node8.html retrieve in August 2015.
3. STROUD,K.A. and BOOTH,D.J. (2013) Engineering Mathematics. London: Palgrave
Macmillan
4. WYNN, P. (2014) Hydraulics for Civil Engineers. London: ICE Publishing

KZH 34