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Forests Pakistan Studies Notes O Level/igcse

Forests Pakistan Studies notes for O level and IGCSE.

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Bilal Sohail
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
223 views22 pages

Forests Pakistan Studies Notes O Level/igcse

Forests Pakistan Studies notes for O level and IGCSE.

Uploaded by

Bilal Sohail
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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‘rests are continuous areas ofland dominated by trees. there are two main types of forests: * Productive forests (1/3rd of Pakistan) * Protective forests (2/3rd of Pakistan) * Productive forests are natural * Productive forests have high density . * Productive forests have high commercial value * Productive forests examples are timber for construction, etc. * Productive forests are planted at western and northern mountains * Protective forests are planted by man Protective forests have relatively less density as they are planted by spacing / linearly. > © Protective forests have low commercial value * Protective forests examples are: - to prevent soil erosion, for pleasant environment, etc. ‘* Protective forests are planted on the banks of rivers and around fields. Importance * They reduce air pollution by absorbing pollutants like nitrogen and they provide oxygen. + They provide natural habitat to wild life e.g. Food, nesting sites, etc. * They prevent soil erosion as their roots hold soil and their leaves intercept rain. * They increase the fertility of soil through decomposition of leaves. * They reduce flooding by regulating water supply. * They provide employment to those who work in forest departments as well as to those who work in wood ~ based industries + They attract tourism due to their scenic beauty. + One of their products are ephedra, which is used in pharmaceutical industry. * Few products are also used in chemical industry as well like resin for varnishes. + Mazri, another minor product of trees, is used in making packing material and baskets + Wooden pulp is used in paper industry. + | They are used as raw material in wood ~ based industry e, flooring, in making cupboards, etc. © _ In furniture industry for making tables, chairs, etc. © In sports good industry in making bats, racquets, etc. ‘©. In transport industry in making wooden carts, bus bodies, boats, railway sleepers, etc, + Wood is used in agriculture as well e.g. making agricultural implements like animal shed, fences, wooden plough, gates, etc. + Contributes to GDP/GNP therefore to national income. + Ithelps to restrict imports as it fulfils local demand of timber / wood in wood — based industries therefore save foreign exchange. + It is used as fuel for cooking / heating (both domestically and commercially) Factors / Determinants Soil + If soil is alluvial, then better growth of trees e.g. Mangroves thrive well in the alluvium of deltas. However, if the soil is thin, then less / low / stunted growth of trees e.g. Alpine forests have stunted growth due to thin soil of mountain peak. Rainfall + Ifrainfall is high, then better growth of trees e.g. Coniferous grow well in rainy areas of Murree. However, if rainfall is low, then stunted growth e.g. only bushes are found in deserts due to rainfall. Temperature / Sunlight * If temperature is very high or very low then low / slow growth e.g. Alpine forests in low temperature of iber is used in construction industry, in N ‘mountain peaks and bushes in high temperature in deserts. However, if the temperature is warm —hot then better growth e.g. Coniferous grow well in warm temperature of mountain valleys. | Altitude / Height | * Above 4000 meters: Alpine (only in north of Pakistan) * Between 1000 ~ 4000 meters: Coniferous (Both northern and western mountains) * Less than 1000 meters: Subtropical /Thorne /Dry / Scrub forest (at coastal level/ sea level in Paki like mangroves). Grown in Potowar Plateau. Forest Products + Main products are timber and firewood. + Minor products are resin, mazri and ephedra + Timber is used for paper, furniture, sports good industries, etc. * Firewood is used for cooking / heating * Resin is used for varnishes + Mazriis used for making packing material and baskets + Ephedra is used for making medicines + There is an increase in demand of timber due to high population, growth of wood — based industries, demand abroad of sports goods, etc. Afforestation / Forestation + Forestation / Afforestation is the planting of trees for the first time. Deforestation + Deforestation is the cutting of trees and forests. Reforestation + {tis the replantation of seeds after their deforestation / cutting / cleaning. Causes of Deforestation + To grow more food crops because of growing population + For exploration and exploitation of minerals * For construction of infrastructure like motor ways, highways, dams, etc. * Urbanization — that is the extension of cities due to more rural — urban migration. © More residential areas and more commercial areas. + Over—grazing by sheep and goats as they graze right from the bushes or grass. In a way they cause soil erosion. + Used as fire-wood and fuel wood as less gas is available in northern areas e.g. In heating, cooking (at both domestic and commercial level) + Demand of timber in wood — based industries e.g. Paper, sports, furniture industry, etc. Effects of Deforestation + No roots to hold soil and no leaves to intercept rain therefore causes soil erosion. (© Therefore loss of nutrients for agriculture + Siltation in reservoirs of dams © Soles production of HEP / irrigation + More floods therefore greater destruction like loss of life, loss of livestock, crops destroyed, roads washed away, etc. + Silt is deposited on farm —land due to flooding. If fertile, then better crop next year, but if infertile, then bad quality crop. + Low rainfall due to less transpiration, © Solow crop yield especially in barani (rain dependent) areas, + Loss of natural habitat so loss of wild life + Shortage of wood for being used as fuel. + People may have to travel more to collect wood * Loss of timber for wood based industries like sports goods industry, + _ Increase in air pollution due to less oxygen in atmosphere. / bad land due to soil erosion ,es / roots to stop them nd negatively effects Balance of Trade. ~ =". Gullying (dissection) Joss of foreign exchange a! More landslides / landslips as no tres timber due to its shortage SO young trees should not be wasted Heavy machinery be restricted in forest on smal plants (do not cut small plants) Reforestation to compensate for deforestation 100d / forests can be protected for wood — Land reserved for fuel wood plantation so that expensive w« sion, silting and flooding e.g. Terraced farming, + Import of Solutions Selective cutting so that small / based industries. Forestation on hill slopes which will reduce soll eros contour ploughing and strip farming. ‘Awareness about the benefits of trees through media, NGO's and educational institutions. + Nurseries for more plants: Forest laws be strictly implemented. Some afforestation projects have been started e. © Agha Khan Rural Support Program has starte planted over 80,000 plants. © Tarbela / Mangla project ~ which is planting trees on privately owned bad-lands 5 Rechna Doab Afforestation Project is planting trees between River Chenab and River Ravi. In many parts of Pakistan forests have been cut down. Describe and explain the effects this deforestation has had on the land and people of Pakistan. + No roots to hold soil. + Soil erosion. + Loss of nutrients. Silting of rivers / reservoirs Rain not intercepted. istan which has .d an afforestation project in Baluchi + Floods. + Houses destroyed, + Bridges washed away. Road / railways washed away. + Loss of wood for fuel. + Loss of timber for furniture and paper. Q. There has been deforestation within the areas with natural forests. How has this caused problems for: 1. Communication in the mountain areas, 2. Farming on valley floors and plains, 3. Hydro-electric power supplies? 4. Communication in the mountain areas: Soil erosion, Landslides, Flooding. Telephone wires grounded. erosion. Flooding. Canals blocked. Less rain. Crops destroyed. .. Landslides may break power lines 2. Farming on valley floors and plait 3, Hydro-electric power: Soil erosion. Silt in reservoirs. Less rai Sustainable Forestry To ensure forests are available for future by selective cutting. © By reforestation of trees which do not need irrigation. © More areas of forests © Reforestation of trees from where they have been cut down. 0 Maintain forests Forests are long ~ term investment * Because trees take many years to grow. = Many years before financial return / start production / results are seen ° = High cost of planting * Costs during growth.

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