LT1111

Micropower
DC/DC Converter
Adjustable and Fixed 5V, 12V
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FEATURES DESCRIPTIO
■ Operates at Supply Voltages from 2V to 30V The LT1111 is a versatile micropower DC/DC converter.
■ 72kHz Oscillator The device requires only three external components to
■ Works with Surface Mount Inductors deliver a fixed output of 5V or 12V. Supply voltage ranges
■ Only Three External Components Required from 2V to 12V in step-up mode and to 30V in step-down
■ Step-Up or Step-Down Mode mode. The LT1111 functions equally well in step-up, step-
■ Low-Battery Detector Comparator On-Chip down, or inverting applications.
■ User Adjustable Current Limit
■ Internal 1A Power Switch The LT1111 oscillator is set at 72kHz, optimizing the
■ Fixed or Adjustable Output Voltage Versions device to work with off-the-shelf surface mount inductors.
■ Space Saving 8-Pin MiniDIP or SO-8 Package The device can deliver 5V at 100mA from a 3V input in
step-up mode or 5V at 200mA from a 12V input in step-
UO down mode.
APPLICATI S
■ 3V to 5V, 5V to 12V Converters Switch current limit can be programmed with a single
■ 9V to 5V, 12V to 5V Converters resistor. An auxiliary open-collector gain block can be
■ Remote Controls configured as a low-battery detector, linear post regulator,
■ Peripherals and Add-On Cards undervoltage lock-out circuit, or error amplifier.
■ Battery Backup Supplies For input sources of less than 2V use the LT1110.
■ Uninterruptible Supplies
■ Laptop and Palmtop Computers
■ Cellular Telephones
■ Portable Instruments
■ Flash Memory VPP Generators

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TYPICAL APPLICATI
Typical Load Regulation
All Surface Mount 3V to 5V Step-Up Converter 6

SUMIDA
CD54-220M 5
22µH MBRS120T3
5V
OUTPUT VOLTAGE (V)

3V INPUT VIN = 2V 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3V

100mA 4

I LIM V IN 3
SW1
+ +
10 µ F* LT1111CS8-5 33 µ F 2

SENSE
1
GND SW2

0
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200

*OPTIONAL LOAD CURRENT (mA)

LT1111 • TA01 LT1111 • TA02

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LT1111
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ABSOLUTE AXI U RATI GS
Supply Voltage (VIN) ............................................... 36V Operating Temperature Range
SW1 Pin Voltage (VSW1) ......................................... 50V LT1111C ............................................... 0°C to 70°C
SW2 Pin Voltage (VSW2) ............................ – 0.5V to VIN LT1111I ......................................... – 40°C to 105°C
Feedback Pin Voltage (LT1111) ............................. 5.5V LT1111M ....................................... – 55°C to 125°C
Switch Current ....................................................... 1.5A Storage Temperature Range ................ – 65°C to 150°C
Maximum Power Dissipation ............................ 500mW Lead Temperature (Soldering, 10 sec)................. 300°C

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PACKAGE/ORDER I FOR ATIO
TOP VIEW ORDER PART TOP VIEW ORDER PART
ILIM 1 8 FB (SENSE)* NUMBER ILIM 1 8 FB (SENSE)* NUMBER
VIN 2 7 SET LT1111CN8 VIN 2 7 SET LT1111CS8
SW1 3 6 A0 LT1111CN8-5 SW1 3 6 A0 LT1111CS8-5
SW2 4 5 GND LT1111CN8-12 SW2 4 5 GND LT1111CS8-12
LT1111MJ8
J8 PACKAGE N8 PACKAGE
LT1111MJ8-5 S8 PACKAGE S8 PART MARKING
8-LEAD CERAMIC DIP 8-LEAD PLASTIC DIP 8-LEAD PLASTIC SO
*FIXED VERSIONS LT1111MJ8-12 *FIXED VERSION 1111
TJMAX = 150°C, θJA = 120°C/W (J) TJMAX = 90°C, θJA = 150°C/W 11115
TJMAX = 90°C, θJA = 130°C/W (N) 11111
Consult factory for Industrial grade parts

ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS VIN = 3V, Military or Commercial Version

SYMBOL PARAMETER CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNITS

IQ Quiescent Current Switch OFF 300 400 µA
VIN Input Voltage Step-Up Mode ● 2.0 12.6 V
Step-Down Mode ● 30.0 V
Comparator Trip Point Voltage LT1111 (Note 1) ● 1.20 1.25 1.30 V
VOUT Output Sense Voltage LT1111-5 (Note 2) ● 4.75 5.00 5.25 V
LT1111-12 (Note 2) ● 11.40 12.00 12.60 V
Comparator Hysteresis LT1111 ● 8 12.5 mV
Output Hysteresis LT1111-5 ● 32 50 mV
LT1111-12 ● 75 120 mV
fOSC Oscillator Frequency 54 72 88 kHz
DC Duty Cycle: Step-Up Mode Full Load 43 50 59 %
Step-Down Mode 24 34 50 %
tON Switch ON Time: Step-Up Mode ILIM Tied to VIN 5 7 9 µs
Step-Down Mode VOUT, = 5V, VIN = 12V 3.3 5 7.8 µs
VSAT SW Saturation Voltage, Step-Up Mode VIN = 3.0V, ISW = 650mA 0.5 0.65 V
VIN = 5.0V, ISW = 1A 0.8 1.0 V
SW Saturation Voltage, Step-Down Mode VIN = 12V, ISW = 650mA 1.1 1.5 V
IFB Feedback Pin Bias Current LT1111, VFB = 0V ● 70 120 nA
ISET Set Pin Bias Current VSET = VREF ● 70 300 nA
VOL Gain Block Output Low ISINK = 300µA, VSET = 1.00V ● 0.15 0.4 V

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 LT1111

ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS VIN = 3V, Military or Commercial Version

SYMBOL PARAMETER CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNITS

Reference Line Regulation 5V ≤ VIN ≤ 30V ● 0.02 0.075 %/V
2V ≤ VIN ≤ 5V 0.20 0.400 %/V
AV Gain Block Gain RL = 100k (Note 3) ● 1000 6000 V/V
ILIM Current Limit 220Ω from ILIM to VIN 400 mA
Current Limit Temperature Coefficient ● – 0.3 %/°C
Switch OFF Leakage Current Measured at SW1 Pin, VSW1 = 12V 1 10 µA
Maximum Excursion Below GND ISW1≤ 10µA, Switch OFF – 400 – 350 mV

VIN = 3V, – 55°C ≤ TA ≤ 125°C unless otherwise noted.

LT1111M
SYMBOL PARAMETER CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNITS
IQ Quiescent Current Switch OFF ● 300 500 µA
fOSC Oscillator Frequency ● 45 72 100 kHz
DC Duty Cycle: Step-Up Mode Full Load ● 40 50 62 %
Step-Down Mode ● 20 55 %
tON Switch ON Time: Step-Up Mode ILIM Tied to VIN ● 5 7 11 µs
Step-Down Mode VOUT = 5V, VIN = 12V ● 3 9 µs
Reference Line Regulation 2V ≤ VIN ≤ 5V, 25°C ≤ TA ≤ 125°C 0.2 0.4 %/V
2.4V ≤ VIN ≤ 5V, TA = – 55°C 0.8 %/V
VSAT SW Saturation Voltage, Step-Up Mode 0°C ≤ TA ≤ 125°C, ISW = 500mA, 0.5 0.65 V
TA = – 55°C, ISW = 400mA
SW Saturation Voltage, Step-Down Mode VIN = 12V, 0°C ≤ TA ≤ 125°C 1.5 V
ISW = 500mA TA = – 55°C 2.0 V

VIN = 3V, 0°C ≤ TA ≤ 70°C unless otherwise noted.

LT1111C
SYMBOL PARAMETER CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNITS
IQ Quiescent Current Switch OFF ● 300 450 µA
fOSC Oscillator Frequency ● 54 72 95 kH
DC Duty Cycle: Step-Up Mode Full Load ● 43 50 59 %
Step-Down Mode ● 24 34 50 %
tON Switch ON Time: Step-Up Mode ILIM Tied to VIN ● 5.0 7 9.0 µs
Step-Down Mode VOUT = 5V, VIN = 12V ● 3.3 5 7.8 µs
Reference Line Regulation 2V ≤ VIN ≤ 5V ● 0.2 0.7 %/V
VSAT SW Saturation Voltage, Step-Up Mode VIN = 3V, ISW = 650mA ● 0.5 0.65 V
SW Saturation Voltage, Step-Down Mode VIN = 12V, ISW = 650mA ● 1.1 1.50 V

The ● denotes specifications which apply over the full operating Note 2: The output voltage waveform will exhibit a sawtooth shape due to
temperature range. the comparator hysteresis. The output voltage on the fixed output versions
Note 1: This specification guarantees that both the high and low trip points will always be within the specified range.
of the comparator fall within the 1.20V to 1.30V range. Note 3: 100k resistor connected between a 5V source and the A0 pin.

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LT1111
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TYPICAL PERFOR A CE CHARACTERISTICS
Oscillator Frequency Oscillator Frequency Switch ON Time
100 75 10

74 9.5
90
OSCILLATOR FREQUENCY (KHz)

9.0
73
8.5

FREQUENCY (KHz)
80
72

ON TIME (µs)
8.0
70 71 7.5
7.0
70
60
6.5
69
6.0
50
68 5.5
40 67 5.0
–50 –25 0 25 50 75 100 125 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 –50 –25 0 25 50 75 100 125
TEMPERATURE (°C) INPUT VOLTAGE (V) TEMPERATURE (°C)
LT1111 • TPC01 LT1111 • TPC02 LT111 • TPC03

Saturation Voltage Saturation Voltage

Duty Cycle Step-Up Mode Step-Up Mode
60 1.0 1.4
VIN = 3V VIN = 3V
58 0.9
ISW = 650mA 1.2
56 0.8 VIN = 2V
SATURATION VOLTAGE (V)

SATURATION VOLTAGE (V)

54 0.7 1.0
DUTY CYCLE (%)

52 0.6
0.8
50 0.5 VIN = 5V

48 0.4 0.6

46 0.3 0.4
44 0.2
0.2
42 0.1
40 0 0
–50 –25 0 25 50 75 100 125 –50 – 25 0 25 50 75 100 125 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6
TEMPERATURE (°C) TEMPERATURE (°C) SWITCH CURRENT (A)
LT1111 • TPC04 LT1111 • TPC05 LT1111 • TPC06

Switch ON Voltage Switch ON Voltage Minimum/Maximum Frequency

Step-Down Mode Step-Down Mode vs ON Time
2.00 1.4 100
VIN = 12V VIN = 12V
ISW = 650mA
1.75 1.2 90
OSCILLATOR FREQUENCY (KHz)

0°C ≤ TA ≤ 70°C
1.0
1.50 80
ON VOLTAGE (V)

ON VOLTAGE (V)

0.8
1.25 70
0.6
1.00 60
0.4

0.75 0.2 50
–55°C ≤ TA ≤ 125°C
0.50 0 40
–50 –25 0 25 50 75 100 125 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
TEMPERATURE (°C) SWITCH CURRENT (A) SWITCH ON TIME (µs)
LT1111 • TPC07 LT1111 • TPC08 LT1111 • TPC09

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 LT1111
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TYPICAL PERFOR A CE CHARACTERISTICS
Maximum Switch Current
Quiescent Current Quiescent Current vs RLIM
400 500 1.5
1.4
380
450 1.3
360 1.2
QUIESCENT CURRENT (µA)

QUIESCENT CURRENT (µA)

400

SWITCH CURRENT (A)

340 1.1
1.0 STEP-UP
350
320
0.9 2V ≤ VIN ≤ 5V
300 300 0.8
280 0.7
250 0.6
260 STEP-DOWN
0.5 VIN = 12V
200
240 0.4
150 0.3
220
0.2
200 100 0.1
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 –50 –25 0 25 50 75 100 125 10 100 1000
INPUT VOLTAGE (V) TEMPERATURE (°C) RLIM (Ω)
LT1111 • TPC10
LT1111 • TPC11 LT1111 • TPC12

Set Pin Bias Current Feedback Bias Current

100 100
90 90
80 80
70 70
BIAS CURRENT (nA)

BIAS CURRENT (nA)

60 60
50 50
40 40
30 30
20 20
10 10
0 0
–50 –25 0 25 50 75 100 125 –50 –25 0 25 50 75 100 125
TEMPERATURE (°C) TEMPERATURE (°C)
LT1111 • TPC13 LT1111 • TPC14

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PI FU CTI S
ILIM (Pin 1): Connect this pin to VIN for normal use. Where GND (Pin 5): Ground.
lower current limit is desired, connect a resistor between
ILIM and VIN. A 220Ω resistor will limit the switch current A0 (Pin 6): Auxiliary Gain Block (GB) Output. Open collector,
to approximately 400mA. can sink 300µA.
VIN (Pin 2): Input Supply Voltage. SET (Pin 7): GB Input. GB is an op amp with positive input
connected to SET pin and negative input connected to
SW1 (Pin 3): Collector of Power Transistor. For step-up 1.25V reference.
mode connect to inductor/diode. For step-down mode
connect to VIN. FB/SENSE (Pin 8): On the LT1111 (adjustable) this pin
goes to the comparator input. On the LT1111-5 and
SW2 (Pin 4): Emitter of Power Transistor. For step-up LT1111-12, this pin goes to the internal application resistor
mode connect to ground. For step-down mode connect to that sets output voltage.
inductor/diode. This pin must never be allowed to go more
than a Schottky diode drop below ground.

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LT1111
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BLOCK DIAGRA S
LT1111 LT1111-5/LT1111-12

SET + SET +
A2 A0 A2 A0

– V IN
–
V IN
GAIN BLOCK/ GAIN BLOCK/
ERROR AMP ERROR AMP
I LIM I LIM SW1
SW1

1.25V + 1.25V +
REFERENCE REFERENCE
OSCILLATOR A1 OSCILLATOR
A1
– – DRIVER
DRIVER COMPARATOR
COMPARATOR SW2
SW2 R2
R1 220k LT1111-5: R1 = 73.5k
GND FB LT1111 • BD01
SENSE LT1111-12: R1 = 25.5k

GND LT1111 • BD02

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LT1111 OPERATI
The LT1111 is a gated oscillator switcher. This type Gain block A2 can serve as a low-battery detector. The
architecture has very low supply current because the negative input of A2 is the 1.25V reference. A resistor
switch is cycled when the feedback pin voltage drops divider from VIN to GND, with the mid-point connected to
below the reference voltage. Circuit operation can best be the SET pin provides the trip voltage in a low-battery
understood by referring to the LT1111 block diagram. detector application. AO can sink 300µA (use a 22k
Comparator A1 compares the feedback (FB) pin voltage resistor pull-up to 5V).
with the 1.25V reference signal. When FB drops below A resistor connected between the ILIM pin and VIN sets
1.25V, A1 switches on the 72kHz oscillator. The driver maximum switch current. When the switch current ex-
amplifier boosts the signal level to drive the output NPN ceeds the set value, the switch cycle is prematurely
power switch. The switch cycling action raises the output terminated. If current limit is not used, ILIM should be tied
voltage and FB pin voltage. When the FB voltage is suffi- directly to VIN. Propagation delay through the current limit
cient to trip A1, the oscillator is gated off. A small amount circuitry is approximately 1µs.
of hysteresis built into A1 ensures loop stability without
In step-up mode the switch emitter (SW2) is connected to
external frequency compensation. When the comparator
output is low, the oscillator and all high current circuitry is ground and the switch collector (SW1) drives the induc-
turned off, lowering device quiescent current to just 300µA. tor; in step-down mode the collector is connected to VIN
and the emitter drives the inductor.
The oscillator is set internally for 7µs ON time and 7µs OFF
The LT1111-5 and LT1111-12 are functionally identical to
time, optimizing the device for circuits where VOUT and VIN
differ by roughly a factor of 2. Examples include a 3V to 5V the LT1111. The -5 and -12 versions have on-chip voltage
setting resistors for fixed 5V or 12V outputs. Pin 8 on the
step-up converter or a 9V to 5V step-down converter.
fixed versions should be connected to the output. No
external resistors are needed.

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 LT1111
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APPLICATI S I FOR ATIO
Inductor Selection — General PL / f OSC (02)
A DC/DC converter operates by storing energy as mag- in order for the converter to regulate the output.
netic flux in an inductor core, and then switching this
When the switch is closed, current in the inductor builds
energy into the load. Since it is flux, not charge, that is
according to:
stored, the output voltage can be higher, lower, or oppo-
site in polarity to the input voltage by choosing an
V  –R ′t 
appropriate switching topology. To operate as an efficient IL ( t) = IN  1– e L  (03)
energy transfer element, the inductor must fulfill three R′  
requirements. First, the inductance must be low enough
for the inductor to store adequate energy under the worst where R′ is the sum of the switch equivalent resistance
case condition of minimum input voltage and switch-on (0.8Ω typical at 25°C) and the inductor DC resistance.
time. The inductance must also be high enough so maxi- When the drop across the switch is small compared to VIN,
mum current ratings of the LT1111 and inductor are not the simple lossless equation:
exceeded at the other worst case condition of maximum
input voltage and ON time. Additionally, the inductor core
must be able to store the required flux; i.e., it must not
() V
I L t = IN t
L
(04)

saturate. At power levels generally encountered with can be used. These equations assume that at t = 0,
LT1111 based designs, small surface mount ferrite core inductor current is zero. This situation is called “discon-
units with saturation current ratings in the 300mA to 1A tinuous mode operation” in switching regulator parlance.
range and DCR less than 0.4Ω (depending on application) Setting “t” to the switch-on time from the LT1111 speci-
are adequate. Lastly, the inductor must have sufficiently fication table (typically 7µs) will yield IPEAK for a specific
low DC resistance so excessive power is not lost as heat “L” and VIN. Once IPEAK is known, energy in the inductor
in the windings. An additional consideration is Electro- at the end of the switch-on time can be calculated as:
Magnetic Interference (EMI). Toroid and pot core type
inductors are recommended in applications where EMI 1 2
must be kept to a minimum; for example, where there are EL = LI (05)
2 PEAK
sensitive analog circuitry or transducers nearby. Rod core
types are a less expensive choice where EMI is not a EL must be greater than PL/fOSC for the converter to deliver
problem. Minimum and maximum input voltage, output the required power. For best efficiency IPEAK should be
voltage and output current must be established before an kept to 1A or less. Higher switch currents will cause
inductor can be selected. excessive drop across the switch resulting in reduced
efficiency. In general, switch current should be held to as
Inductor Selection — Step-Up Converter low a value as possible in order to keep switch, diode and
inductor losses at a minimum.
In a step-up, or boost converter (Figure 4), power gener-
ated by the inductor makes up the difference between As an example, suppose 12V at 60mA is to be generated
input and output. Power required from the inductor is from a 4.5V to 8V input. Recalling equation (01),
determined by:
( )(
PL = 12 V + 0.5 V – 4.5 V 60mA = 480mW) (06)
(
PL = VOUT + V D – VIN MIN IOUT)( ) (01)
Energy required from the inductor is
where VD is the diode drop (0.5V for a 1N5818 Schottky).
Energy required by the inductor per cycle must be equal or PL 480mW
= = 6.7µJ (07)
greater than: f OSC 72kHz

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LT1111
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APPLICATI S I FOR ATIO
Picking an inductor value of 47µH with 0.2Ω DCR results IOUT = output current
in a peak switch current of: VOUT = output voltage
VIN = minimum input voltage
4.5 V  –1.0Ω × 7µs 
I PEAK =  1 – e 47µH  = 623mA . (08) VSW is actually a function of switch current which is in turn
1.0Ω   a function of VIN, L, time, and VOUT. To simplify, 1.5V can
be used for VSW as a very conservative value.
Substituting IPEAK into Equation 04 results in:
Once IPEAK is known, inductor value can be derived from:
1
( )( )
E L = 47µH 0.623 A 2 = 9.1µJ
2
(09)
VIN MIN − V SW − V OUT
L= × t ON (11)
Since 9.1µJ > 6.7µJ, the 47µH inductor will work. This I PEAK
trial-and-error approach can be used to select the opti-
where tON = switch-on time (7µs).
mum inductor. Keep in mind the switch current maximum
rating of 1.5A. If the calculated peak current exceeds this, Next, the current limit resistor RLIM is selected to give
consider using the LT1110. The 70% duty cycle of the IPEAK from the RLIM Step-Down Mode curve. The addition
LT1110 allows more energy per cycle to be stored in the of this resistor keeps maximum switch current constant as
inductor, resulting in more output power. the input voltage is increased.
A resistor can be added in series with the ILIM pin to invoke As an example, suppose 5V at 300mA is to be generated
switch current limit. The resistor should be picked so the from a 12V to 24V input. Recalling Equation (10),
calculated IPEAK at minimum VIN is equal to the Maximum
Switch Current (from Typical Performance Characteristic
IPEAK =
( )
2 300mA  5 + 0.5 
curves). Then, as VIN increases, switch current is held  12 – 1.5 + 0.5  = 600mA (12)
0.50  
constant, resulting in increasing efficiency.
Next, inductor value is calculated using Equation (11):
Inductor Selection — Step-Down Converter
12 – 1.5 – 5
The step-down case (Figure 5) differs from the step-up in L= 7µs = 64µH. (13)
that the inductor current flows through the load during 600mA
both the charge and discharge periods of the inductor. Use the next lowest standard value (56µH).
Current through the switch should be limited to ~650mA
in this mode. Higher current can be obtained by using an Then pick RLIM from the curve. For IPEAK = 600mA, RLIM
external switch (see Figure 6). The ILIM pin is the key to = 56Ω.
successful operation over varying inputs.
Inductor Selection — Positive-to-Negative Converter
After establishing output voltage, output current and input
voltage range, peak switch current can be calculated by the Figure 7 shows hookup for positive-to-negative conver-
formula: sion. All of the output power must come from the inductor.
In this case,
2 I OUT  V OUT + V D  PL = (VOUT+ VD)(IOUT)
IPEAK = V – V  (10) (14)
DC  IN SW + V D 
In this mode the switch is arranged in common collector
where DC = duty cycle (0.50) or step-down mode. The switch drop can be modeled as
VSW = switch drop in step-down mode a 0.75V source in series with a 0.65Ω resistor. When the
VD = diode drop (0.5V for a 1N5818)

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 LT1111
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APPLICATI S I FOR ATIO
switch closes, current in the inductor builds according to capacitors provide still better performance at more ex-
pense. We recommend OS-CON capacitors from Sanyo
 –R ′t  Corporation (San Diego, CA). These units are physically
()
IL t =
VL
R′  1 – e L  (15) quite small and have extremely low ESR. To illustrate,
  Figures 1, 2, and 3 show the output voltage of an LT1111
where R′ = 0.65Ω + DCRL based converter with three 100µF capacitors. The peak
VL = VIN – 0.75V switch current is 500mA in all cases. Figure 1 shows a
Sprague 501D, 25V aluminum capacitor. VOUT jumps by
As an example, suppose –5V at 50mA is to be generated over 120mV when the switch turns off, followed by a drop
from a 4.5V to 5.5V input. Recalling Equation (14), in voltage as the inductor dumps into the capacitor. This
works out to be an ESR of over 0.24Ω. Figure 2 shows the
PL = (-5V+0.5V)(50mA) = 275mW (16) same circuit, but with a Sprague 150D, 20V tantalum
Energy required from the inductor is: capacitor replacing the aluminum unit. Output jump is
now about 35mV, corresponding to an ESR of 0.07Ω.
PL 275mW Figure 3 shows the circuit with a 16V OS-CON unit. ESR
= = 3.8µJ. (17) is now only 0.02Ω.
fOSC 72kHz

Picking an inductor value of 56µH with 0.2Ω DCR results

in a peak switch current of:
50mV/DIV

IPEAK =
(4.5V – 0.75V) 1 – e–0.85Ω × 7µs  = 445mA . (18)
(0.65Ω + 0.2Ω)  
56µH


Substituting IPEAK into Equation (04) results in: 5µs/DIV

LT1111 • F01

Figure 1. Aluminum
1
( )(
E L = 56µH 0.445 A 2 = 5.54µJ.
2
) (19)

Since 5.54µJ > 3.82µJ, the 56µH inductor will work.

50mV/DIV

With this relatively small input range, RLIM is not usually

necessary and the ILIM pin can be tied directly to VIN. As in
the step-down case, peak switch current should be limited
to ~650mA. LT1111 • F02
5µs/DIV
Capacitor Selection Figure 2. Tantalum

Selecting the right output capacitor is almost as important

as selecting the right inductor. A poor choice for a filter
capacitor can result in poor efficiency and/or high output
50mV/DIV

ripple. Ordinary aluminum electrolytics, while inexpensive

and readily available, may have unacceptably poor Equiva-
lent Series Resistance (ESR) and ESL (inductance). There
are low ESR aluminum capacitors on the market specifi-
cally designed for switch mode DC/DC converters which 5µs/DIV
LT1111 • F01

work much better than general-purpose units. Tantalum Figure 3. OS-CON

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LT1111
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APPLICATI S I FOR ATIO
Diode Selection At the end of the switch ON time the current in L1 is1:
Speed, forward drop, and leakage current are the three
VIN
main considerations in selecting a catch diode for LT1111 IPEAK = t ON (20)
converters. General purpose rectifiers such as the 1N4001 L
are unsuitable for use in any switching regulator applica-
Immediately after switch turn-off, the SW1 voltage pin
tion. Although they are rated at 1A, the switching time of
starts to rise because current cannot instantaneously stop
a 1N4001 is in the 10µs to 50µs range. At best, efficiency
flowing in L1. When the voltage reaches VOUT + VD, the
will be severely compromised when these diodes are
inductor current flows through D1 into C1, increasing
used; at worst, the circuit may not work at all. Most
VOUT. This action is repeated as needed by the LT1111 to
LT1111 circuits will be well served by a 1N5818 Schottky
keep VFB at the internal reference voltage of 1.25V. R1 and
diode, or its surface mount equivalent, the MBRS130T3.
R2 set the output voltage according to the formula
The combination of 500mV forward drop at 1A current,
fast turn ON and turn OFF time, and 4µA to 10µA leakage
 R2 
current fit nicely with LT1111 requirements. At peak VOUT =  1 +  1.25 V
 R1
( ) (21)
switch currents of 100mA or less, a 1N4148 signal diode
may be used. This diode has leakage current in the 1nA to
5nA range at 25°C and lower cost than a 1N5818. (You can Step-Down (Buck Mode) Operation
also use them to get your circuit up and running, but
A step-down DC/DC converter converts a higher voltage
beware of destroying the diode at 1A switch currents.)
to a lower voltage. The usual hookup for an LT1111 based
Step-Up (Boost Mode) Operation step-down converter is shown in Figure 5.
A step-up DC/DC converter delivers an output voltage VIN

higher than the input voltage. Step-up converters are not R3

100 Ω
short-circuit protected since there is a DC path from input
+ I LIM V IN SW1
to output. C2
FB
The usual step-up configuration for the LT1111 is shown LT1111
L1
in Figure 4. The LT1111 first pulls SW1 low causing VIN – SW2 VOUT
VCESAT to appear across L1. A current then builds up in L1. GND R2
D1 +
1N5818 C1
L1 D1 R1
V IN V OUT

R3*
LT1111 • F05

R2
I LIM V IN Figure 5. Step-Down Mode Hookup
SW1
+
LT1111 FB C1 When the switch turns on, SW2 pulls up to VIN – VSW. This
puts a voltage across L1 equal to VIN – VSW – VOUT,
GND SW2 R1
causing a current to build up in L1. At the end of the switch
ON time, the current in L1 is equal to:
*OPTIONAL LT1111 • F04
VIN − VSW − VOUT
IPEAK = t ON (22)
Figure 4. Step-Up Mode Hookup. L
Refer to Table 1 for Component Values.
Note 1: This simple expression neglects the effect of switch and coil
resistance. This is taken into account in the “Inductor Selection” section.

10
 LT1111
UO U W U
APPLICATI S I FOR ATIO
Q1
When the switch turns off, the SW2 pin falls rapidly and R1 MJE210 OR
actually goes below ground. D1 turns on when SW2 VIN 0.3Ω ZETEX ZTX749 L1
VOUT
30V
reaches 0.4V below ground. D1 MUST BE A SCHOTTKY MAX R2
DIODE. The voltage at SW2 must never be allowed to go 220

below –0.5V. A silicon diode such as the 1N4933 will allow D1

R3
SW2 to go to –0.8V, causing potentially destructive power + VIN IL
330 1N5821
+
SW1
dissipation inside the LT1111. Output voltage is deter- C2 C1
LT1111
mined by: R4
FB

 R2  GND SW2

(
VOUT =  1 +  1.25 V
 R1
) (23)
R5
(
VOUT = 1.25V 1 + R5
R4
)
LT1111 • TA08

R3 programs switch current limit. This is especially impor- Figure 6. Q1 Permits Higher Current Switching.
tant in applications where the input varies over a wide LT1111 Functions as Controller.
range. Without R3, the switch stays on for a fixed time each
cycle. Under certain conditions the current in L1 can build Inverting Configurations
up to excessive levels, exceeding the switch rating and/or
The LT1111 can be configured as a positive-to-negative
saturating the inductor. The 100Ω resistor programs the
converter (Figure 7), or a negative-to-positive converter
switch to turn off when the current reaches approximately
(Figure 8). In Figure 7, the arrangement is very similar to
700mA. When using the LT1111 in step-down mode,
a step-down, except that the high side of the feedback is
output voltage should be limited to 6.2V or less. Higher
referred to ground. This level shifts the output negative. As
output voltages can be accommodated by inserting a
in the step-down mode, D1 must be a Schottky diode,
1N5818 diode in series with the SW2 pin (anode con-
and VOUTshould be less than 6.2V. More negative out-
nected to SW2).
put voltages can be accommodated as in the prior section.
Higher Current Step-Down Operation VIN

R3
Output current can be increased by using a discrete PNP
pass transistor as shown in Figure 6. R1 serves as a I LIM V IN SW1
current limit sense. When the voltage drop across R1 + FB
equals a VBE, the switch turns off. For temperature com- C2 LT1111
L1
pensation a Schottky diode can be inserted in series with SW2
the ILIM pin. This also lowers the maximum drop across R1 GND R1
D1 +
to VBE – VD, increasing efficiency. As shown, switch 1N5818 C1
R2
current is limited to 2A. Inductor value can be calculated
–VOUT
based on formulas in the “Inductor Selection — Step- LT1111 • F07

Down Converter” section with the following conservative

Figure 7. Positive-to-Negative Converter
expression for VSW:

VSW = V R1 + V Q1SAT ≈ 1.0 V (24) In Figure 8, the input is negative while the output is
positive. In this configuration, the magnitude of the input
R2 provides a current path to turn off Q1. R3 provides base voltage can be higher or lower than the output voltage. A
drive to Q1. R4 and R5 set output voltage. A PMOS FET can level shift, provided by the PNP transistor, supplies proper
be used in place of Q1 when VIN is between 10V and 20V. polarity feedback information to the regulator.

11
LT1111
UO U W U
APPLICATI S I FOR ATIO
L1 D1
VOUT
+ R1
C1 IL
I LIM VIN 2N3906
SW1
+
C2 LT1111
ON
A0 FB SWITCH
LT1111 • F08
GND SW2 OFF
LT1111 • F09
R2
–VIN
( )
VOUT = R1 1.25V + 0.6V
R2 Figure 9. No Current Limit Causes Large Inductor
Current Build-Up
Figure 8. Negative-to-Positive Converter
PROGRAMMED CURRENT LIMIT
Using the ILIM Pin
IL
The LT1111 switch can be programmed to turn off at a set
switch current, a feature not found on competing devices.
This enables the input to vary over a wide range without SWITCH
ON

exceeding the maximum switch rating or saturating the OFF

LT1111 • F10

inductor. Consider the case wh ere analysis shows the

LT1111 must operate at an 800mA peak switch current Figure 10. Current Limit Keeps Inductor Current Under Control
with a 2V input. If VIN rises to 4V, the peak switch current
Figure 11 details current limit circuitry. Sense transistor
will rise to 1.6A, exceeding the maximum switch current
Q1, whose base and emitter are paralleled with power
rating. With the proper resistor selected (see the “Maxi-
switch Q2, is ratioed such that approximately 0.5% of
mum Switch Current vs ILIM” characteristic), the switch
Q2’s collector current flows in Q1’s collector. This current
current will be limited to 800mA, even if the input voltage
is passed through internal 80Ω resistor R1 and out
increases.
through the ILIM pin. The value of the external resistor
Another situation where the ILIM feature is useful occurs connected between ILIM and VIN sets the current limit.
when the device goes into continuous mode operation. When sufficient switch current flows to develop a VBE
This occurs in step-up mode when: across R1 + RLIM, Q3 turns on and injects current into the
oscillator, turning off the switch. Delay through this cir-
VOUT + VDIODE 1 cuitry is approximately 1µs. The current trip point be-
< (25)
VIN − VSW 1 − DC comes less accurate for switch ON times less than 3µs.
Resistor values programming switch ON time for 1µs or
When the input and output voltages satisfy this relation- less will cause spurious response in the switch circuitry
ship, inductor current does not go to zero during the although the device will still maintain output regulation.
switch OFF time. When the switch turns on again, the
RLIM
current ramp starts from the non-zero current level in the (EXTERNAL)
ILIM
VIN
inductor just prior to switch turn-on. As shown in Figure R1
80Ω
9, the inductor current increases to a high level before the (INTERNAL)
Q3
comparator turns off the oscillator. This high current can SW1
DRIVER
cause excessive output ripple and requires oversizing the
Q1
output capacitor and inductor. With the ILIM feature, OSCILLATOR Q2

however, the switch current turns off at a programmed SW2

level as shown in Figure 10, keeping output ripple to a LT1111 • F11

minimum. Figure 11. LT1111 Current Limit Circuitry

12
 LT1111
UO U W U
APPLICATI S I FOR ATIO
Using the Gain Block when the trip point is reached. Values in the 1M to 10M
range are optimal. However, the addition of R3 will
The gain block (GB) on the LT1111 can be used as an error
change the trip point.
amplifier, low-battery detector or linear post regulator.
5V
The gain block itself is a very simple PNP input op amp with
an open collector NPN output. The negative input of the LT1111 V IN 47k
gain block is tied internally to the 1.25V reference. The R1 1.25V
–
REF
positive input comes out on the SET pin. A0 TO
PROCESSOR
VBAT SET
Arrangement of the gain block as a low-battery detector +
VLB – 1.25V
is straightforward. Figure 12 shows hookup. R1 and R2 GND
R1 =
35.1µA
R2
need only be low enough in value so that the bias current R3
VLB = BATTERY TRIP POINT
R2 = 33k
of the SET input does not cause large errors. 33k for R2 R3 = 1.6M
is adequate. R3 can be added to introduce a small amount LT1111 • F12

of hysteresis. This will cause the gain block to “snap”

Figure 12. Setting Low-Battery Detector Trip Point

Table 1. Component Selection for Common Converters

INPUT OUTPUT OUTPUT CIRCUIT INDUCTOR INDUCTOR CAPACITOR
VOLTAGE VOLTAGE CURRENT (MIN) FIGURE VALUE PART NUMBER VALUE NOTES
2 to 3.1 5 90mA 4 15µH S CD75-750K 33µF *
2 to 3.1 5 10mA 4 47µH S CD54-470K, C CTX50-1 10µF
2 to 3.1 12 30mA 4 15µH S CD75-150K 22µF
2 to 3.1 12 10mA 4 47µH S CD54-470K, C CTX50-1 10µF
5 12 90mA 4 33µH S CD75-330K 22µF
5 12 30mA 4 47µH S CD75-470K, C CTX50-1 15µF
6.5 to 11 5 50mA 5 15µH S CD54-150K 47µF **
12 to 20 5 300mA 5 56µH S CD105-560K, C CTX50-4 47µF **
20 to 30 5 300mA 5 120µH S CD105-121K, C CTX100-4 47µF **
5 –5 75mA 6 56µH S CD75-560K, C CTX50-4 47µF
12 –5 250mA 6 120µH S CD105-121K, C CTX100-4 100µF **
S = Sumida * Add 47Ω from ILIM to VIN
C = Coiltronics ** Add 220Ω from ILIM to VIN

Table 2. Inductor Manufacturers Table 3. Capacitor Manufacturers

MANUFACTURER PART NUMBERS MANUFACTURER PART NUMBERS
Coiltronics Incorporated CTX100-4 Series Sanyo Video Components OS-CON Series
6000 Park of Commerce Blvd. Surface Mount 1201 Sanyo Avenue
Boca Raton, FL 33487 San Diego, CA 92073
407-241-7876 619-661-6322
Toko America Incorporated Type 8RBS Nichicon America Corporation PL Series
1250 Feehanville Drive 927 East State Parkway
Mount Prospect, IL 60056 Schaumberg, IL 60173
312-297-0070 708-843-7500
Sumida Electric Co. USA CD54 Sprague Electric Company 150D Solid Tantalums
708-956-0666 CDR74 Lower Main Street 550D Tantalex
CDR105 Sanford, ME 04073
Surface Mount 207-324-4140
Matsuo 267 Series
714-969-2491 Surface Mount

13
LT1111
UO
TYPICAL APPLICATI S
3V to – 22V LCD Bias Generator
L1*
27µH 1N4148

R1
100Ω
732k
I LIM V IN
1%
SW1
2 × 1.5V
3V LT1111
CELLS
0.1µF
FB
GND SW2
+
4.7µF
39.2k
1%
MBRS130T3 MBRS130T3

+
22µF 220k
* L1 = SUMIDA CD54-270K
FOR 5V INPUT CHANGE R1 TO 47Ω. –22V OUTPUT
CONVERTER WILL DELIVER –22V AT 40mA. 7mA AT 2V INPUT
LT1111 • TA03

9V to 5V Step-Down Converter 20V to 5V Step-Down Converter

VIN
12V TO 28V
100 Ω 100 Ω

ILIM V IN
ILIM V IN
SW1
SW1
9V
LT1111-5
BATTERY LT1111-5
SENSE
SENSE
GND SW2 L1*
GND SW2 L1*
15µH 5V OUTPUT
150mA AT 9V INPUT 68µH
5V OUTPUT
+ 50mA AT 6.5V INPUT 300mA
MBRS130T3 22µF +
MBRS130T3 47µF

* L1 = SUMIDA CD54-150K
LT1111 • TA04
* L1 = SUMIDA CD74-680M LT1111 • TA06

14
 LT1111
UO
TYPICAL APPLICATI S
5V to –5V Converter
VIN
5V INPUT
100 Ω

I LIM V IN
SW1
+
22µF LT1111-5

SENSE
GND SW2 L1*
33µH

MBRS130T3
+
33µF
–5V OUTPUT
75mA
* L1 = SUMIDA CD54-330K
LT1111 • TA05

Voltage Controlled Positive-to-Negative Converter

ZETEX† L1*
0.22Ω ZTX788A 20µH, 3A
VIN
5V TO 12V
+
BAT54 MBRD320 47µF
220Ω
–VOUT = –5.13 × VC
V IN ILIM 2W MAXIMUM OUTPUT
220Ω
SW1 V IN 200k
– 39k
LT1111 VC (0V TO 5V)
FB LT1006
GND SW2 +

* L1 = COILTRONICS CTX20-4 LT1111 • TA07

†
ZETEX INC. 516-543-7100

High Power, Low Quiescent Current Step-Down Converter

L1*
0.22Ω 10µH, 3A
VIN MTM20P08 5V
8V TO 18V 500mA

BAT54
+
2k 51Ω MBRD320 220µF

2N3904
V IN ILIM
SW1
1N4148
LT1111
121k
FB
GND SW2
40.2k
* L1 = SUMIDA CDR105-100M

OPERATE STANDBY LT1111 • TA20

15
Information furnished by Linear Technology Corporation is believed to be accurate and reliable.
However, no responsibility is assumed for its use. Linear Technology Corporation makes no represen-
tation that the interconnection of its circuits as described herein will not infringe on existing patent rights.
LT1111
U
PACKAGE DESCRIPTIO Dimensions in inches (millimeters) unless otherwise noted.

J8 Package
8-Lead Ceramic DIP

0.405
CORNER LEADS OPTION
(4 PLCS) (10.287)
0.200 0.005 MAX
0.290 – 0.320
(5.080) (0.127)
(7.366 – 8.128) MAX MIN
0.023 – 0.045 8 7 6 5
(0.584 – 1.143)
HALF LEAD 0.015 – 0.060
OPTION (0.381 – 1.524)
0.025 0.220 – 0.310
0.045 – 0.068 (0.635) (5.588 – 7.874)
(1.143 – 1.727) RAD TYP
0.008 – 0.018
0° – 15° FULL LEAD
(0.203 – 0.457) OPTION
1 2 3 4
0.385 ± 0.025 0.045 – 0.068
0.125
(9.779 ± 0.635) (1.143 – 1.727)
3.175
0.014 – 0.026 0.100 ± 0.010 MIN
(0.360 – 0.660) (2.540 ± 0.254)

NOTE: LEAD DIMENSIONS APPLY TO SOLDER DIP OR TIN PLATE LEADS.

N8 Package
8-Lead Plastic DIP
0.400
(10.160)
0.300 – 0.320 0.045 – 0.065 0.130 ± 0.005 MAX
(7.620 – 8.128) (1.143 – 1.651) (3.302 ± 0.127)
8 7 6 5

0.065
(1.651) 0.250 ± 0.010
0.009 – 0.015 TYP (6.350 ± 0.254)
(0.229 – 0.381) 0.125
(3.175) 0.020
+0.025 0.045 ± 0.015 MIN (0.508)
0.325 –0.015 1 2 3 4

( )
(1.143 ± 0.381) MIN
+0.635
8.255
–0.381 0.100 ± 0.010 0.018 ± 0.003
(2.540 ± 0.254) (0.457 ± 0.076)

S8 Package
8-Lead Plastic SOIC
0.189 – 0.197
(4.801 – 5.004)
0.010 – 0.020
× 45° 0.053 – 0.069 0.004 – 0.010 8 7 6 5
(0.254 – 0.508)
(1.346 – 1.752) (0.101 – 0.254)
0.008 – 0.010
(0.203 – 0.254) 0°– 8° TYP

0.228 – 0.244 0.150 – 0.157

0.016 – 0.050 (5.791 – 6.197) (3.810 – 3.988)
0.014 – 0.019 0.050
0.406 – 1.270
(0.355 – 0.483) (1.270)
BSC

*THESE DIMENSIONS DO NOT INCLUDE MOLD FLASH OR PROTRUSIONS.

MOLD FLASH OR PROTRUSIONS SHALL NOT EXCEED 0.006 INCH (0.15mm). 1 2 3 4 SO8 0294

Linear Technology Corporation LT/GP 0594 5K REV C • PRINTED IN USA

16 1630 McCarthy Blvd., Milpitas, CA 95035-7487

(408) 432-1900 ● FAX: (408) 434-0507 ● TELEX: 499-3977  LINEAR TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION 1994