II.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Review of literature related to the research topic is a necessary step in the
conduct of any specific research. This chapter is devoted to the review of relevant
research work carried out by other investigators. It helps in formulating the frame work
of the study, deciding the objectives and methods of approach to the problem and
analyzing the data collected it also helps to compare the results of such other studies and
the reasons for variation, if any. The knowledge of similar research work previously
carried out relating to the problem under study is useful and provides guidance to the
researcher in approaching the research problem and carrying out the research problem in
proper direction. The published literature related to the present problem is reviewed in
this chapter in to the following subsections.

1. Socio economic conditions of farmers

2.2 Input use pattern

2.3 Cost of cultivation

2.4 Invest income and expenditure pattern

2.5 Marketing management

2.6 SWOC /SWOT analysis

2.1Socio economic conditions of farmers

Adesopeet.al (2014) studied in Rivers State in Niger Delta, Nigeria. The
sampling frame consisted of a list of farmers obtained from the Rivers State Agricultural
Development Programme, the sole agency of Agricultural Extension activities in the
State. A structured questionnaire was administered to 90 randomly selected farmers from
the study area. The study concludes that adoption of organic farming practices was low as
farmers adopted only 5 of the 14 practices identified. These include crop rotation, mixed
cropping, hoeing and hand weeding, slash and burn and intercropping. It was found that
respondents perceived that organic farming practices increased soil organic matter
content, reduce input cost of farming, involved low risk in crop failure. Also, it was
found that organic farming practices have high social vageneralacceptability, are
compatible with their own cultural systems, are inexpensive, are natural form of farming,
and are environmentally friendly.

Viswanathet.al (2017) studied the socio-economic conditions of livestock

farmers is a precondition for the appropriate design and successful implementation of
Governments’ developmental programmes. The study was conducted in North Goa
district of Goa during 2015-16 to investigate the socioeconomic profiles of livestock
farmers. For this, primary data was collected through structured questionnaire using a
sample size of fifty respondents from Pernem block of North Goa district. The socio-
economic characteristics of the farmers are important for better policymaking decisions.
Livestock farming is the major source of income for the Ibrahmpur villagers and also
provided a good source of the dietary needs of the family. We can clearly observe that
more than half of the population are cattle in total livestock population and which is
followed by buffalos. Most of the farmers involved in livestock farming belonged to
middle age group. The reason might be due to the ancestral forwarded rituals of farming
which were related to ethnics of the society. Majority of the farmers have secondary and
intermediate school level of education, but highly educated people are also not interested
in agriculture because low profitability in respect to off-farm wage and they are unaware
of the various government schemes. Regarding consumption pattern, food items were the
major share of expenditures which accounts for nearly 50% of the total family
expenditure per annum. Role of farm women in farm and homestead economy is
negligible in south west coast region.

Chandranet.al (2019) studied in Farming systems and socio-economic status of

farmers rearing Diara buffaloes were studied by visiting 183 farmers’ herds belonging to
Diara breeding tract in Patna district of Bihar, India. Results indicated that the estimated
population of Diara buffaloes in the breeding tract was 0.60 million out of 3.91 million in
Bihar state. Reduction in forest area, cultivable waste land, permanent pastures and
grazing land, and fallow land to the tune of 36.00%, 60.60%, 55.10% and 44.40% poses a
major challenge to the simple existence of Diara population. A total of 63.40% of the
farmers in the breeding tract provided their buffaloes housing in terms of temporary
sheds The study could not reveal any authentic origin of Diara buffaloes. However, it
 disclosed that these buffaloes were mostly concentrated in the marshy areas of Gangetic
riverine basin. The distribution pattern of these buffaloes suggest that these population
might be evolved due to continuous inter-se breeding within population over a long
period of time. Alternatively, the established breed like Murrah might also have been
used to breed local germplasm since long, and inter-breed mating followed by inter-se
mating might have resulted in the new germplasm. This hypothesis is supported by the
observation on milk yielding capability of Diara buffaloes, which is promising if not
despairing. Earlier reports on habitat and the socio-economics of farmers rearing Diara
buffaloes are scanty.

2.2 Input Use Pattern :

Islam et.al (2012) studied in three mungbean growing districts namely Barisal,
Patuakhali and Noakhali of Bangladesh during the period of 2010-11 to assess the extent
of technology adoption, profitability, farmers’ attitude, and constraints to mungbean. The
study focuses the level of technology adoption for both input use and agronomic practices
follow by most of the farmers were close to the recommendation which was very
encouraging. All the farmers adopted improved mungben varieties and they were mostly
influenced by DAE personnel and neighboring farmers. The yield of improved mungbean
was found 824 kg/ha, which was more or less same with the national average of 820
kg/ha. The cultivation of improved mungbean was profitable since the net profit and BCR
were Tk.38850 and 1.62 respectively. And concluded that the input use pattern and
profitability of improved mungbean varieties at farm level. The adopters are mostly
influenced by family member, neighboring farmers, sub-assistant agriculture officer, and
BARI scientist to adopt improved mungbean. The average yield of mungbean is much
lower than its potential yields. The improved mungbean cultivation at farm level is
profitable.

Jawad (2012) investigated the effect of this type of business on input patterns.
Olive production farming was selected to accomplish the objective of this paper as
this agricultural activity is highly practiced through agricultural families business in
different areas in Jordan. A questionnaire was designed for this purpose. The
questionnaire included four parts. The first part was asking about the socio-economical
 characteristics of olive farmers, while the second part was devoted for the assets of olive
production. the objective of this paper as this agricultural activity is highly practiced
through agricultural families business in different areas in Jordan. A questionnaire was
designed for this purpose. The questionnaire included four parts. The first part was asking
about the socio-economical characteristics of olive farmers, while the second part was
devoted for the assets of olive production.

Subashet.al (2020) studied the policies in three major input sectors; seeds, pesticides and
fertilisers. There are many new policies (regulations and acts) which are recently
implemented, few recommended and few others yet to be implemented. The new policies
and regulations are tailored for the changing dynamics in the input sector and are
intended to have greater implications on restructuring the sector. The input sectors are
governed by different actors and roles. The current challenges in the agri-input markets
are lack of quality seeds and emerging technology policy conundrums in seed sector,
lower innovation and research and development in pesticide sector, and subsidy
governance in fertilizer sector. onclusion The study shows that each input (seeds,
pesticides and fertilizers) are characterized by unique market structure. In case of seed
and fertilizers, the industry is characterized by both public and private firms handling
different niche portfolios. While, pesticide sector is completely owned by private sector
the existing policies are protective in seed sector, subsidy based in fertilizer and
regulatory in case of pesticides. Quality and availability of the inputs is a core issue in all
the three sector. The recent policy reforms had considered these issues to some extent.
The sector is facing severe delay in coming up with newer policies. Considering the
dynamic nature of the sector the policies need to be realigned and reformed in a faster
pace. There is a need to strengthen policies to build partnership; public-private
partnership for R and D in case of seed.

2.3 Cost of Cultivation :

Vinayet.al (2015) conducted a study on 108 farmers of Talod and Himatnagartalukas of

Sabarkantha district of Gujarat state for estimating the cost of groundnut production.
Multistage stratified random sampling technique was adopted to select the farmers. The
requisite data were collected through personal interviews with the farmers with the help
of pre-tested comprehensive schedules related toKharif groundnut crop for the year 2012-
13. Net income over cost-C2 was the highest for large farmers followed by medium
farmers and small farmers. The total cost and gross return over cost-A, cost-B, cost-C1
and cost-C2 of small farmers was highest and decreased with increase in the size of
holding. It was observed that small, medium and large farmers earned net income Rs.
25699, Rs. 25952 and Rs. 25998 per hectare, respectively over cost-C2. Thus, it was clear
that large size of holdings got more profit, than small and medium size of holdings.

Richard and Radha (2017) studied the determinants of rice production in the district of
Madurai in Tamil Nadu used primary data. The present study aims to analyse the paddy
cultivation in different size-level farms and the constraint analysis applied. The constraint
anlaysis is applied to find out the problems of the farmers in paddy cultivation. analysis
has been classified in two parts that is production fuction and constraint faced by the
farmers in Madurai District. The present analysis reveals the inappropriateness of the
production functions for the analysis of input variables use behavior of cultivators. The
irrationality of inputs use behavior of cultivators may be influenced by the factors such as
complementarily of input use, risk-preferences of cultivators, expectations regarding
profits, asset position of cultivators, availability of information, availability of finance
etc. Hence, by providing financial assistance and establishing agricultural information
centres for proper utilization of input variables by farmers may increase the paddy
production.

Rajuet.al (2017) studied that total cost of cultivation of Aloe vera at farmers’
field was estimated at Rs. 39753.71 per hectare. The establishment cost and
maintenance cost accounted for Rs. 29671.16 andRs. 10082.55 per hectare,
respectively. Planting material cost accounted the major share in total costs on the
farmer’s field. Harvesting, interest on working capital, weeding and hoeing,
planting cost, interest on fixed capital, transportation, farm yard manure and
irrigation charges were the other major components of cost of cultivation of Aloe
vera crop. The total cost of cultivation of Aloe vera was found Rs. 54038.84 per
hectare at college farm excluding salary permanent employees. Of this, Rs. 42918.32
per hectare was establishment cost and Rs. 11120.52 per hectare as maintenance cost.
 In total cost without salary, planting material, interest on working capital, planting
cost, weeding and hoeing, harvesting, transportation, interest on fixed capital and
depreciation were the major components of cost at college farm. The total cost of
cultivation of Aloe vera at college farm was found Rs. 1, 24,378.88 per hectare,
while the salary of permanent employees was taken into account. Out of this, Rs.
96123.15 per hectare was establishment cost and Rs. 28255.73 per hectare as
maintenance cost. In total cost with salary, the salary of the permanent employees
was the single largest cost item at college farm. The net present worth was found
Rs. 33761.1 per hectare and Rs. 30043.12 per hectare at farmer’s field and college
farm (excluding salary), respectively.

2.4 Investment, Income and Expenditure pattern :

Kidanemariam (2013) Both propensity score matching techniques and efficiency

calculations show that the extension program in Tigray has had a positive contribution to
household income and investment. Effects on income diversification were small. Program
participants experienced an average of 10 per cent higher income and 20 to 30 per cent
more livestock investment than non-participants. The efficiency calculations show an
overall technical efficiency level of 49 per cent. This implies that output level could have
been maintained while reducing over all input use by an average of 51 per cent for the
average farmer in the sample and 100 per cent for the most technically inefficient farmer.
Based on the stochastic frontier estimates the difference in efficiency was explained by
variables such as gender, the number of crops grown and the number of dependents.

Osonduet.al (2015) conducted study in Umuahia Capital Territory of Abia

state, Nigeria. A multi-stage random sampling technique was used to select 120
small holder arable crop farmers. Primary data was collected with the use of semi
structured questionnaire. Data was analyzed with the aid of descriptive statistics and
multiple regression model. Findings showed that farmers who participated in crop
production and self-employed activities received the largest total farm (N41157.26)
and total off farm (N5487.39) monthly income respectively. And concluded that
farmers participating in crop production and self-employed activities receive the largest
 total farm and total off farm monthly income. The most preferred savings outlets of small
holder farmers in the study area were the informal savings outlets mainly the mutual help
groups with an annual average savings of about N85660.89. Meanwhile, a good
proportion of the farmers had a disposable income level of between N40, 000 and N 59,
000 and had savings volume of less than N20, 000. It was evident from the research that
respondents invested more fund in arable crop production and invested an average
amount of N654, 345.09. There is the propensity to save and invest among farmers in
Umuahia capital territory of Abia State, Nigeria, in spite of low income.

Murlidhar (2015) Capital formation process involves earning, saving and investment.
During 2005-11 the percentage of total household savings in India was 33.70% of GDP
(RBI, Working Group ReportTrends in Gross Domestic Savings, 2011). Bank deposits
continued to account a dominant share (49.90%) followed by Life Insurance Policies
(19.90%), Provident and Pension funds (10.30%) and share and debentures just 3.50%.
This indicates the trend of individual savings in India. Investments generate income and
assets. People invest their money in hope of getting good returns, enough liquidity and
safety. Indians have habits of savings but majority of them are averse to invest their funds
and hold hard cash with them. In view of some earners, holding cash is a status symbol.
Consumer behavior is a dynamic process which includes acquiring products and services
as per requirements with proper selection and their consumption in hope of getting
maximum satisfaction and value for money. It involves decision making by a consumer
or a group of consumers regarding purchasing, using and disposing off the products and
spending money for getting maximum value for it.

2.5 Marketing Management :

Abdul et.al (2017) effective and efficient marketing system is required in order to
ensure fair returns to stakeholders but unfortunately little attention was paid to this sector
in Pakistan. This resulted in welfare risk to stakeholders as price variation and value are
common phenomena in the country. Public and private sectors jointly run agricultural
marketing system in the country, as public sector is responsible for framing and
implementing rules and regulation whereas private sector operates the system.
Agricultural markets are governed under the Agricultural Produce Markets Ordinance
1978 which needs to be updated. Due to poor post-harvest management practices, almost
25-40% produce is wasted which caused considerable value losses. In this chapter, an
effort has been made to describe theoretical foundation of agricultural marketing along
with highlighting the marketing system of major and minor agricultural commodities in
Pakistan and the role of various institutions and regulations. Marketing efficiency is often
understood in terms of marketing margins, physical losses and state of market
competition. These indicators are also discussed in this chapter. Further, a section is
devoted to identify major agricultural marketing problems with their possible solutions.

Haimanotet.al (2018) examined empirical findings on the arena of consumers’

behavior and attitude towards intake of street-foods (SFs) and fast foods (FFs)
status as well as associated risks of consumption in China. Presently, consuming
SFs and FFs have become a popular trend and is counted as the manifestation of
modernity in most fast growing countries, for instance, China. The SFs and FFs
are believed to be a panacea to the major socio-economic problems for countries
having a large population. Over one-quarter of the century FFs and SFs become
rapidly expanded in China through the quick service provision of already prepared
foods with reasonable prices and source of employment for swarming open country
and city inhabitants end to end to its supply. FFs and SFs are the most preferred
by consumers because of safety issue, reasonable price, ready-made nature, easily
accessible, portability, and so on. Concurrently, the nutritional and health concerns
in China revealed that the government is very committed to quarantine and
certifies FFs and SFs of food safety and public health, particularly after melamine
was detected in milk in the year 2008. This later stimulated the Chinese regime to
put into practice food safety law (FSL) in 2009 next to food hygiene law (FHL).
FFs and SFs consumers in China are very conscious of food quality and give
credit for safety than purchasing prices. Broadly speaking, most examined the
papers indulged that FF and SF choice rely on ‘safety first’ by consumers in
China. To sustain vendors stock and satisfy consumers’ demand for SF and FF,
avoiding health risks, change in the existing perception and trust building is a
priority issue.
 Jaiprakash and Ranjit (2018) reviewed developments in Indian agricultural
marketing and emphasizes on addressing the challenges in implementation of e-NAM to
achieve the goal of doubling farmer’s income; hence the challenge of poverty reduction
as envisaged in SDGs. The study captures various challenges in the implementation of e-
NAM in terms of 3 I’s (Infrastructure, Institution and Information) and advocates for
strengthening the back-end of the supply chain with public-private interventions;
amendment in state APMC Acts to accommodate for e-tendering operations and wide
publicity of benefits of e-NAM among farmers.

2.6 SWOC /SWOT Analysis :

Sajeeb (2012) studied in aims to analyze the SWOT analysis of leather shoes
markets in Nepal. Itis used a convenient sample of 12 including proprietors, chairman,
directors and otherofficers of different Nepalese leather shoes companies who have
participated on
workshop program organized by MOI (Ministry of Industry) and LFGMN (Leather Foot
wear andGoods Manufacturer' Association of Nepal) on Nagarkot, Kavre. Reliability
analysis,descriptive statistics and ranking were used to check the reliability, summarize
and rank thedata. It is found that leather shoes markets are affecting from threats,
weakness, strength,opportunities and are ranked first, second, third, and last respectively.
It means there aremore threats in the leather shoes markets but there are also strengths
and
opportunitiesto pursue the opportunities. Internal environmental factors are dominantly af
fects on performance of leather shoes companies than external environmental factors. It is 
clearlyadvised that competitive strategy should be formulated to capture the
opportunities, increasethe strengths, and to reduce the weakness and lessen the threats .

Seemaprakalpa (2012) conducted a study to identify strengths; weaknesses;

opportunities and threats (SWOT) of an enterprise set-up by 100 women
entrepreneurs in Agra Rural. Agra rural consists 15 blocks. Out of 15 blocks,
Bichpuri block was selected randomly. Out of villages of Bichpuri block, village
Baipur and Laramda were selected randomly. Fifty women entrepreneurs running
dairy enterprise were selected from each village. Thus, 100 women entrepreneurs
were selected randomly for the present study. Primary data were collected through
interview schedule during year 2005. Percentage was used as statistical measure.
The study showed entrepreneur had been advised by their husband to start this
particular enterprise. The opportunities of the potential idea evaluated by
entrepreneurs were family business, less mobility required, socially accepted, large
market and once the brand is established, selling is easy. Threats regarding
potential idea evaluated by entrepreneurs are high demand. Factors assessed are
infrastructure needed, investment needed, availability of agricultural product, market
for proposed product and availability of skilled labour. Entrepreneurs identified the
product demand through discussion with consumers, and started their enterprise
with investment of Rs. 20,001 and above reinvested an amount of Rs. 10,001
toRs. 20,000 at later stage. Entrepreneurs obtained funds from their husband. On
the basis above findings, the obstacles should be identified through which these
kind of entrepreneurs are working at small level, they should work at least at
medium level, so that India can be renamed/ identified as agriculture based
country and migration could be stopped and population density per employment
opportunity could be minimized and entrepreneurship could be maximized.
Therefore, every individual could lead a happy life.

Prasad and Yun-Hae (2014) promoted agricultural modernization. However,

agricultural industry cluster in China has no real use of modern information technology.
It does not form a rational application system and perfect frame structure, and also it has
not reached in the true sense of "industrial clusters", further it influences the
competitiveness of agricultural regional economy and the individual as a whole. We
mainly study the model of agricultural industrial cluster information, combined with the
realistic version of the "happy farm", by reference to the network of food pattern, to
establish urban modern agriculture Demonstration Park. By SWOT analysis of the
construction of the information platform model, we find out that information of
agriculture ecological park to solve the main problems, the overall framework of
information technology services of public building agricultural cluster model, focus on
building the application function module of the realistic version of the "happy farm".