A

TECHNICAL SEMINAR
On
CATALYTIC CONVERTER

Bachelor of Technology
In
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Submitted by
THADURI KIRAN KUMAR 19N85A0302

Department of Mechanical Engineering

SPHOORTHY ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(Permanently affiliated to JNTUH, Approved by AICTE, Hyderabad
NAAC Accredited/An ISO 9001:2008 certified college)
Nadergul Village, Near Vanasthalipuram, Sagar Road, Saroornagar
Mandal-501510 Hyderabad, Telangana
2019-2022 “Transforming Live, Inventing Future”
 DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGNEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Technical Seminar entitled "CATALYTIC

CONVERTER" is being submitted by THADURI KIRAN KUMAR
(19N85A0302) in the partial fulfilment of the requirements of BACHELOR OF
TECHNOLOGY IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING to SPHOORTHY
ENGINEERING COLLEGE during 2019-2022, is carried out by him under my
guidance and supervision.

Incharge Head of Department

K.Anil Kumar Mr. K. Seshacharyulu

Assistant Professor Assistant Professor

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I owe a great many thanks to a great many people who

helped and supported me during the writing of this report.

My deepest thanks to Lecturer,K.Anil Kumar Sir, the Guide

of the project for guiding and correcting various documents of
mine with attention and care. He has taken pain to go through
the project and make necessary correction as and when
needed.

I express my thanks to the Head of the Department Mr.K.

Seshacharyulu for extending his support.

My deep sense of gratitude to Mr.K. Seshacharyulu for the

support and guidance. Thanks and appreciation to the helpful
Friends in My Classroom and their support.

I would also thank my Institution and my faculty members

without whom this project would have been a distant reality. I
also extend my heartfelt thanks to my family and well wishers.

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Content:
Page no.:

1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION 6
1.2 CATALYTIC CONVERTER AS A POLLUTION
CONTROL DEVICE 6
1.3 HISTORY 7
1.4 POSITION OF CATALYTIC CONVERTER 8

2: CONSTRUCTION 9
2.1 BASIC COMPONENT 9
2.2 COATING PROCESS 9
2.3 DETAILED COATING PROCESS 10
2.4 CATALYST MATERIAL 12
2.5 TYPES OF CATALYTIC CONVERTER 13
i. The Reduction Catalyst 14
ii. The oxidation catalyst 15

3: WORKING
3.1 CONVERSION PROCESS 18
3.2 WAYS OF CONVERSION 20
3.3 FUEL AFFECTED IN PERFOMANCE OF CATALYTIC
CONVERTER 20
3.4 PRECAUTIONS 21
3.5 IMPROVEMENT 23

4: NEW DEVELOPMENT
4.1 THIN WALL CERAMIC SUBSTRATES 25
4.2 ELECTRICALLY HEATED CONVERTER 25
4.3 PRE CONVERTER 25
4.4 CATALYTIC CONVERTER LAWS. 26

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 List of figures

figures Page no.:

a) Position of catalytic converter 8

b) Detailed coated catalytic converter 10

c) Damage of catalytic converter 11

d) Catalyst materiel 12

e) Three way catalytic converter 13

f) Reduction catalytic converter 14

g) Oxidation catalytic converter 15

h) Pellet type catalytic converter 17

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 1.INTRODUTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION

As we know, air pollution is big challenge for the world. Air pollution is not
national problem. An under developed country like India control of air pollution is very
necessary. Air pollution due to industrial west, automobile & by nature. But among that
air pollution due to automobile 70% of total air pollution. So now a day control of
automobile pollution & it’s bad effect is very necessary. We have several ways for
controlling automobile pollution, but most effective way is by using catalytic converter in
the automobile.

1.2 CATALYTIC CONVERTER AS A POLLUTION CONTROLLER

DEVICE:

The catalytic converter does a great job at reducing the pollution, but it can still
be improved substantially. One of its biggest shortcomings is that it only works at a fairly
high temperature. When you start your car cold, the catalytic converter does almost
nothing to reduce the pollution in your exhaust.

♦ What is catalytic converter?

As the name suggests, it basically converts harmful gases into harmless gases, which
are environment friendly, with the help of a catalyst.

Engine exhausts having harmful gases like CO, NOx & HC which are converted into
harmless gases like CO2, N2 & H2O respectively with the use of catalytic converter.

1.3 HISTORY:
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 In 1973, General Motors faced new air pollution regulations and needed a way to
make its cars conform to the stricter standards. Robert C. Stempel, who at the time was
a special assistant to the GM president, was assigned to oversee development of a
technology capable of addressing the problem. Under Stempel's guidance, GM built on
existing research to produce the first catalytic converter for use in an automobile.

Catalytic converters were first installed in vehicles made in 1975 in response to

EPA regulations passed two years earlier tightening auto emissions and requiring a
gradual decrease in the lead content of all gasoline.

In a study released on Nov. 28, 1973, the EPA determined "that lead from
automobile exhaust was posing a direct threat to public health."
Although catalytic converters were developed in the 1950s, the device couldn't be used
in vehicles because the lead in gasoline would render them useless.

Since the introduction of stringent emission regulations in the US in the 1970s,

car manufacturers have modified their exhaust systems to incorporate catalytic
converters for the removal of NOx, CO and hydro carbons. All new cars registered
throughout the European Union from 1 st January 1993 have to be fitted with catalytic
converters. Platinum, palladium and rhodium are the main active components.

A potential problem appears with the release of platinum group metals (PGMs)
from the converters into the environment. There is now convincing evidence for the
release of platinum group metals (PGMs) into the environment, possibly by abrasion of
the autocatalyst. As a result, PGMs are found to have increased in the environment. In
recent study, we found that PGMs have increased in road dust since 1984 and
particularly 1991.

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1.4 POSITION OF CATALYTIC CONVERTER:

( a).position of catalytic converter

First of all catalytic converter was installed in under floor. This design needed
further improvement. so additional starter catalyst is installed in closed coupled position.

The catalytic converter usually looks like a muffler and is located underneath the
vehicle in the proximity of the passenger seat in most cars although some cars have
multiple converters. The purpose of a catalytic converter is to convert harmful
hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides into harmless compounds. The
catalysts inside the catalytic converter convert carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons into
carbon dioxide and water, and nitrogen oxides back into nitrogen and oxygen.

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 2.CONSTRUCTION

2.1 BASIC COMPONENTS:

(1) Substrate: is ceramic honeycomb like structure with thousands of parallel

channels that provide a large surface area for the engine exhaust.

(2) Wash Coat: A coating that increases the effective surface area of the
substrates & facilitates the application of precious metal catalyst onto the surface of the
ceramic surface of the ceramic substrate.

(3) Catalyst: Precious metal catalyst-the heart of catalytic converter, applied to

wash coated ceramic substrate.

(4) Mat: It provides thermal insulation & protects against mechanical shock &
chassis vibration.

(5) Can: A metal package that encases all the above components.

(6) Heat Shields: They are used to protect various parts surrounding the catalytic
converter, form thermal shocks.

2.2 COATING PROCESS:

Catalytic converters are used in automobile and industries for pollution

abatement. They usually consist of cordierite ceramic extruded to form a structure of
honeycomb-like cells that extend as channels along the catalytic converter length. A
paint-like liquid containing the precious metal catalyst is coated on the channel walls.
During operation, exhaust gases are conveyed with low pressure drop through the
catalytic converter. The pollutant gases are removed by catalytic activity in the catalyst
coating. Monolithic catalytic converter substrates are shown in the picture above.

Coating processes for catalytic converters present several challenges that have
been tackled in the visual analysis lab. Catalytic converter manufacturers complained
that quality control of catalyst coat thicknesses is difficult. In addition the coating liquid
often clogs several of the catalytic converter channels.

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2.3 Detailed Coating Process:

(b).detailed coating process

A. MagnaFlow engineers its converters with maximum airflow in mind. The large
surface area of the honeycomb ceramic catalyst combines with a detailed coating
process to allow the most exhaust to flow through the converter. Innovative technology
allows each catalyst to both oxidize and reduce harmful emissions.

B. A ribbed body encases the ceramic to reduce expansion and distortion when the
converter reaches its high operating temperature. The ribs form channels that hold the
ceramic in proper alignment and protect the cushioning mat from direct exposure to
exhaust gases.

C. MagnaFlow converters have a smooth-flowing, 1/2" lap joint where the neck and
body connect. This joint prevents the neck from extending into the body, where it could
impede exhaust flow.

D. MagnaFlow maintains separate dies for several converter body sizes and
corresponding neck sizes. This process eliminates the need to adapt neck sizes to
make them fit on a single converter body size, which would increase back pressure and
decrease airflow and horsepower.

E. The ceramic catalysts are seam welded to a heavy-gauge, stainless steel converter
body. Furthermore, a stainless steel heat shield is seam welded to the inner converter

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body. This style of welding forms a strong bond between the converter's components
and prevents the ceramics from shifting.

F. Ribbing on the shield offers a final layer of protection against heat damage while
reinforcing the structural stability of the entire converter.

(c).damage of catalytic converter

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2.4 CATALYST MATERIALS:

(d).catalyst meterial

A catalytic is a substance that causes chemical reaction without being changed

by the reaction. Noble metals are used as catalysts.

▪ Oxidation converters: - 70% platinum & 30% palladium is not as efficient as platinum
but it is used to reduce overall cost of the unit.

▪ Reduction converters: - it consists of platinum & rhodium.

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2.5 TYPES OF CATALYTIC CONVERTER:

There are main types of structures used in catalytic converters. Honeycomb and
Ceramic beads. Most cars today use a honeycomb structure.

♦ A three-way catalytic converter:

(e).3-way catalytic convereter

In a three-way catalytic converter, the converter is positioned in front of the

oxidation catalyst. A three-way catalytic converter reduces NOx emissions as well as
CO and HC. The three-way catalyst reduces NOx into nitrogen and oxygen

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♦ The Reduction Catalyst

(f).the reduction catalyst

The section of a three-way catalytic converter that breaks NOx down into
harmless nitrogen and oxygen through a reduction reaction.

The reduction catalyst is the first stage of the catalytic converter. It uses platinum
and rhodium to help reduce the NOx emissions. When an No or NO2 molecule contacts
the catalyst, the catalyst rips the nitrogen atom out of the molecule and hold on to it,
freeing the oxygen in the form of O2. The nitrogen atoms bond with other nitrogen
atoms that are stuck to the catalyst, forming N2. For example:

2NO => N2 + O2 or 2NO2 => N2 + 2O2

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♦ The Oxidation Catalyst

(g).oxidation catalyst

An oxidation catalyst is a flow through exhaust device that contains a honeycomb

structure covered with a layer of chemical catalyst. This layer contains small amounts of
precious metal-usually platinum or palladium-that interact with and oxidize pollutants in
the exhaust stream (CO and unburned HCs), thereby reducing poisonous emissions.
Sometimes called an OxyCat when used on a diesel engine, it works together with the
DPF and EGR valve to remove the bulk of unburned hydrocarbons, soot and NOx from
diesel exhaust.

The oxidation catalyst is the second stage of the catalytic converter. It reduces
the unburned hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide by burning (oxidizing) them over a
platinum and palladium catalyst. This catalyst aids the reaction of the CO and
hydrocarbons with the remaining oxygen in the exhaust gas.
For example:
2CO + O2 => 2CO2

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(1) Monolith:

# Shell: Manufactures make converter housing of sell of two stamed metal pieces
welded to gather to form a round or oval assembly.

# Monolith: It is made from ceramic matter. Honeycomb design has hundred of cellular
passages for the exhaust gases to floe through.

# Flow diffuser: It is situated between converter inlet & catalytic element. It is used to
obtain uniform flow of exhaust gases over the entire area. If it is not present them pellet
type gases will pass through the center of the element only.

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(2) Pellet Type:

(h).pellet type catalytic converter

# Pellet: It consists of a small aluminum oxide pellet of 1/8 to 1/10 of an inch in

diameter. They are coated with thin layers of platinum or palladium.

# Baffles: They direct the flow. First of all gases pass through the upper baffles. They
have to pass through the pellets & get out through lower baffles. Baffles support &
contains the bed.

# Insulation: Situated between inner 7 outer shells. It retarded the transfer of heat so no
heat shield is required here.

# Drain plug: It permits removal of catalysts pellets with special requirement.

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 3.WORKING

3.1 CONVERSION PROCESS:

Most modern cars are equipped with three-way catalytic converters. “Three-way”
refers to the three regulated emission it helps to reduce carbon monoxide, VOCs and
NOx molecules. The converter uses two different types of catalyst, a reduction catalyst
and an oxidization catalyst. Both types consist of a ceramic structure coated with a
metal catalyst, usually platinum, rhodium and palladium. The idea is to create a
structure that exposes the maximum surface area of catalyst to the exhaust stream,
while also minimizing the amount of catalyst required (they are very expensive).

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♦ Pollutants Produced by a Car Engine:
In order to reduce emissions, modern car engines carefully control the amount of
fuel they burn. They try to keep the air-to-fuel ratio very close to the stoichiometric point,
which is the calculated ideal ratio of fuel. Theoretically, ratio the fuel will be burned
using all of the oxygen in the air. For gasoline, the stoichiometric ratio is about 14:7:1,
meaning that for each pound of gasoline, 14.7 pounds of air will be burned. Sometimes
the mixture can be lean (an air-to-fuel ratio higher than 14.7), and other times the
mixture can be rich (an air-to-fuel ratio lower than 14.7).

» The main emissions of a car engine are:

► Nitrogen gas (N2) - Air is 78%, nitrogen gas and most of this passes right
through the car engine.

► Carbon dioxide (CO2) - This is one product of combustion. The carbon in the fuel
bonds with the oxygen in the air.

► Water vapor (H2O) - This is another product of combustion. The hydrogen in the
fuel bonds with the oxygen in the air.

These emissions are mostly benign (although carbon dioxide emissions are believed to
contribute to global warming). But because the combustion process is never perfect,
some smaller amounts of more harmful emissions are also produced in car engines.

► Carbon monoxide (CO) - a poisonous gas that is colorless and odorless

► Hydrocarbons or volatile organic compounds (VOCs) – produced mostly from

unburned fuel that evaporates.

► Sunlight breaks these down to form oxidants, which react with oxides of
nitrogen to cause ground level ozone (O3), a major component of smog.

► Nitrogen oxides (NO and NO2, together called NOx) – contributes to smog and
acid rain, and causes irritation to human mucus membranes.

These are the main regulated emissions, and also the ones that catalytic
Converters are designed to reduce.

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 3.2 WAYS OF CONVERSION:

# 2-way pellets (bead) type-

This type of converter either oxides or reduces but not both at one time, so
Most often not used now a days.

# 3-ways / dual / hybrid type –

First of all exhaust gases passes through TWC where it reduces

NOx & partly oxidizes HC/CO. then pump provides sufficient air form oxidation
Purpose. Then it passes through COC, where final oxidation of HC/CO. then
Pump provides sufficient air from oxidation purpose. Then it passes through
COC, where final oxidation of HC/Co takes place.

3.3 FUEL AFFECTED IN PERFORMANCE OF CATALYT

CONVERTER:

♦ Compression Ignition Direct Injection (CIDI) –

CIDI engines have highest thermal efficiency of any proven automobile power
plant. Which increases fuel economy up to 35% . They are expected to deliver a fuel
economy of up to 80mpg in vehicles being developed under “ partnership for a new
generation of vehicles (PNGV) “ the joint venture of automobile giants like Chrysler
corp., ford motor co., Lawrence Livermore national lab, loss Alamos national lab, dark
ridge national, and sandia national lab.

The primary technical barrier is emissions, learn burning CIDI engines have high
concentrations of O2, and so reduction of NOx, is not possible with a high standard
catalyst. So they have prepared a full size (110 cubic inch) converter & tested with a
CIDI engine on a dynamometer. Test results have demonstrated a NOx reduction of
40% more than double the reduction realized with commercially available catalysts.

♦ Unleaded Petrol:
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 Lead has been recognized as a health hazard. To reduce knocking (detonation)
and as an octane improve 1 part of Tetraethyl Lead (TEL) – [(C2H5) 4PB] is added in
1300 parts of gasoline. About 85% of lead entering the atmosphere comes from TEL.

Vehicles with catalytic converter must utilize and unleaded fuel. The lead itself
plates the catalyst to form a coating that prevents the exhaust gas pollution reacting and
therefore reacting with the catalyst.

Lead gradually gets accumulated in the body, after certain level it causes a
variety of heart, lungs, liver brain, etc.

As an alternative to TEL as octane improver, either of the following can be added –

1 part of Ethyl iodide (EI) – [(C2H5) 1] in 25 parts of gasoline.

1 part of Ethyl alcohol [C2H5OH] in parts of gasoline.

It causes diseases like gastro intestinal damage, liver kidney damage, and
abnormality in fertility and pregnancy, mental development of children affected various
skin disease, etc.

♦ Leaded V/S Unleaded:

Lead is there to enable higher octane petrol for better efficiency. Lead when
burnt in engine is subjected to 2000-3000 degrees and is actually baked like a house
brick which when emitted from exhaust fall to the ground within 10-12 feet ( heavier
than air ). These particles when tested various acids (like stomach acids) have no
baked lead

Other sources of lead are Peuter (lead based alloy), lead solder in our cans of
precede food, lead pipes containing drinking water. Lead is removed otherwise catalytic
converter became clogged very quickly and stopped working. But unleaded petrol is
much more dangerous.

3.4 PRECAUTIONS:

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 If gases are too hot, by pass valve sends exhaust gases around the
Catalytic converter directly to the muffler.

(1) Failure to correct any of the conditions above will cause your new catalytic
converter to fail. The warranty of your new converter does not cover damage
described above. Tampering with or removing a catalytic converter from your
vehicle is illegal and can result in expensive fines.

(2) Use unleaded petrol only even one time leaded petrol will damage the catalytic
converter permanently.

(3) Consult an authorized service outlet at the earliest when, engine miss firing or
runs irregularly, following cold start, A significant loss of power is noticed.

» Advantages:

» It gives more power

» It gives better performance
» It gives reduced fuel consumption

» Reducing amount of CO, HC and NOx, particulate

emission, it leads to pollution free environment. It
is having long life.

» It has to be replaced after 50,000 miles. Here no lead is

used so no TEL is formed, Which is very harmful to
health.

» Disadvantages:
» Cost is high.
» Volume required is high.
» Some amount of weight is added.
» There is over temperature problem.
» Heat shields required otherwise areas around it will be
severely due to thermal stresses.
» Catalytic material is lost.
» Unleaded fuel is required otherwise lead will be replace
the catalyst and so no reactions will be carried out

♦ Difference between muffler and catalytic converter:

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 Muffler is less durable and corrosion occurs on outer skin. While in case of
catalytic converter outer skin is made of stainless steel, so it is more durable and
corrosion resistant.

In case of catalytic converter, heat shields and interior insulation pads are
required due to high operating temperature. In case of muffler, no such requirement is
needed.

♦ Mini converter installation:

ON some 1977 and later vehicles Chrysler installed a small oxidation type
converter welded into the engine exhaust pipe about 6 to 12 inches from the exhaust
manifold. The device sometimes known as under hood converter begins the oxidation of
HC and Co compounds before they reach the main under floor unit. this result in a more
complete oxidation of harmful emission in the exhaust gas.

As shown in figure the oxidation reaction begins in the mini converter. As shown
her, oxygen along with HC and Co compounds pass into the mini converter where the
oxidized compounds pass into the main converter along with additional oxygen. The
main converter completes the oxidation HC and Co compounds and converts them into
harmless carbon dioxide and water.

3.5 IMPROVEMENT:

# Chrysler’s Catalytic Air supply system:

First of all Chrysler used its air injection system to supply the additional air
to catalytic converter. Afterwards it modifies it by addition of air switching valve and
coolant control engine vacuum switch. These units are control the air from the injection
pump during and after engine warm up. This assists in oxidation of HC and Co.

# Ford secondary air supply:

A ford catalytic converter does require secondary air supply. This
additional air contains the oxygen that will further oxidize the HC and Co compound
within the catalytic converter. The secondary air supply for the converter from Ford’s
Thermactor Air Injection System.

# General Motors secondary Air supply system:

General motors also use an air injection system to supply the necessary
oxygen to the catalytic converter in order for it to perform its function. In catalytic
system, pumped air enters to the exhaust pipe downstream from the exhaust manifold.

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Exp. On 2 – Wheeler (Max. Limit of CO 4.5% without cat. Con. Approx.)
(Max. Limit of CO 0.9% with cat. Conv. Approx.)

NAME OF CO% WITHOUT CO%WITH C.C. OF

VEHICALE CAT.CONV. CAT.CONV. VEHICLE(appr)
M-80 2.5 -- 74.0
Super 2.6 0.85 150
LML-Vespa 2.6 0.88 150
Chetak 2.6 0.87 150
Hero Honda 2.1 0.81 100
Suzuki Fiero -- 0.79 150
Hero Honda CBZ -- 0.8 150
HeroHonda Splendor 2.6 0.8 97.2
TVS Scooty 2.5 0.82 70
Bajaj Spirit 2.55 0.83 70
TVS XL Super 2.7 0.83 69.8

Exp. On 3 – Wheeler (Max. limit of CO 4.5% without cat. Conv. Approx.)

NAME OF CO% WITHOUT CO% WTTH C.C.OF

VEHICALE CAT.CONV. CAT. CONV. VEHICLE(appr.)
Bajaj Auto Rickshaw 2.6 YET NOT 150
FITTED
Atul Auto Rickshaw 2.75 150

Exp. On 4 – Wheeler (Max. Limit of CO 3.0% without Cat. Conv. Approx.)

(Max. Limit of Co 1.5% with Cat. Conv.)
NAME OF CO% WITHOUT CO% WITH C.C.OF
VEHICLE CAT. CONV. CAT.CONV. VEHICLE(appr.)
Maruti - 800 2.5 1.2 796
Esteem 2.6 1.15 1298
Fiat Uno 2.5 1.25 996
Maruti Zen 2.6 0.9 993
Maruti Van 2.7 1.17 796

NOTE: READING TAKEN ON NEPTUNE GAS ANALYZER

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 4. NEW DEVELOPMENT

4.1 Thin wall ceramic structures-

They are extruded from dense, high strength ceramic substrate without
sacrificing mechanical strength, total surface area remains same, back pressure
reduces, conversion efficiency increases and thermal expansion reduces.

4.2 Electrically heated catalyst (EHC)-

To reduce ‘cold start’ emission in first 2 minute of operation, when most of

automobile’s pollutants are emitted unconverted. Here metal monolith heats the cold
exhaust gases, pre converter accelerates exhaust gas conversion and then ceramic
main substrate begins conversion in less than 10 second engine ignitions.

4.3 Preconverter:

Another option for cold start control is a small converter placed very close to the
engine to accelerate exhaust gas converter.

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4.4 Catalytic Converter Laws:

In 1986, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency issued new guidelines for the
construction, efficiency and installation of aftermarket catalytic converters. All CleanAir
converters listed in this catalog have been designed, tested and manufactured to meet
this policy.

In addition, CleanAir converter listed in this catalog is appropriate for use under
the current requirements of the California Air Resources Board (C.A.R.B.).

# E.P.A. guidelines state that replacement converters may be installed only in

the following situations:

1. The vehicle is missing a converter

2. A state or local inspection program has determined that the existing converter
need replacement.

3. Vehicles manufactured prior to 1996 must have more than 50,000 miles, and a
legitimate need for replacement must be established and documented.

4. In cases of OBD Il-equipped vehicles (1996 and later), the O.E. manufacturer's
8-year/80,000-mile warranty must have expired and a legitimate need for
replacement must have expired and a legitimate need for replacement must be
established and documented.

NOTE: Federal law prohibits removal or replacement of a properly functioning O.E.

converter.

# When replacement of the converter is appropriate (as outlined above),

the E.P.A. further requires that:

1. It be installed in the same location as the original.

2. It be the same type as the original (i.e., two-way, three-way, three-way plus air/three-
way plus oxidation).

3. It be the proper model for the vehicle application as determined and specified by the
manufacturer.

4. It be properly connected to any existing air injection components on the vehicle.

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 REFERENCES

SERVICE MENUAL

● TATA ENGINEERING (GANESH), RAJKOT

● MARUTI ENGINEERING (PERFECT), RAJKOT
● VIKAS AUTO, RAJKOT

BOOKS

● AUTOMOTIVE MECHANICS
● INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE. BY GANESHAN

WEB SITES

● WWW.HOWSTUFFWORKS.COM
● WWW.TATAENGINEERING.COM

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