REASONING AND PROOF

Chapter 2 Postulates

Postulate 2.1 Through any two points, there is exactly one line.

Postulates 2.2 Through any three points not on the same line, there is exactly one plane.

Postulate 2.3 A line contains at least two points

Postulates 2.4 A plane contain at least three points not on the same line.

Postulate 2.5 If two points lie in a plane, then the entire line containing those point lies in that
plane

Postulates 2.6 If two lines intersect, then their intersection is exactly one point

Postulates 2.7  If two planes intersect, then their intersection is a line.
Theorem 2.1 Midpoint theorem If M is the midpoint of A B, then AM MB.
Postulates 2.8 Ruler Postulates.The points on any line, or line segment can be paired with real
number so that, given any two points A and B on a line , A correspond to zero, and B
corresponds to a positive real number.

Postulates 2.9 Segment addition postulates. If B is between A and C, then AB BC AC. If AV BC

Theorem 2.2 Congruence of segments is reflexive, symmetric, and transitive.

Postulates 2.10 Protractor Postulates. Given A B and a number r between 0 and 180, there is
exactly one ray with endpoint A extending on either side of AB, such that the measure of the
angle formed is r.

Postulates 2.11 Angle addition postulates. If R is in the interior of PQS, then m PQR m ROS m
PQS. If m PQR m ROS m PQS, then R is in the interior of PQS.

Theorem 2.3 Supplement Theorem. If two angles form a linear pair, then they are supplementary
angles.

Theorems 2.4 Complementary Theorem. If the non common sides of two adjacent angle form a
right angle, then the angles are complementary angles.
Theorem 2.5 congruence of angle is reflexive, symmetric and transitive.

Theorem 2.6 angles supplementary to the same angle or to congruent angles are congruent.

Theorem 2.7 angles complementary to the same angle or to congruent angle are congruent.

Theorem 2.8 Vertical angle theorem. If two angles are vertical angles then they are congruent.

Theorem 2.9 Perpendicular lines intersect to form four right angles.

Theorem 2.10 all right angles are congruent.

Theorem 2.11 Perpendicular lines form congruent adjacent angles.

Theorem 2.12 if two angles are congruent and supplementary, then each angle is right angle.

Theorem 2.13 If two congruent angles form a linear pair, then they are right angles.
Chapter 3 Perpendicular and Parallel Lines

Postulates 3.1 Corresponding angle postulates. If two parallel lines are cut by transversal, then
each pair of corresponding angle is congruent.

Theorem 3.1 Alternative interior angles theorem If two parallel lines are cut by transversal, then
each pair of alternative interior angle is congruent.

Theorem 3.2 Consecutive interior angles theorem If two parallel lines are cut by transversal,
then each pair of consecutive interior angle is supplementary.

Theorem 3.3 Alternative exterior angles theorem. If two parallel lines are cut by transversal, then
each pair of alternative exterior angle is congruent.

Theorem 3.4 Perpendicular Transversal Theorem. In a plane , if a line is perpendicular to one of

Postulates 3.2 Two non vertical lines have the same slope if and only if they are parallel.

Postulates 3.3 Two non vertical lines are perpendicular id and only if the product of their slopes
1. Vertical and horizontal lines are peerpendicular.
Postulates 3.4 If two lines in a plane are cut by a transversal so that corresponding angles are
congruent, then the lines are parallel.

Postulates 3.5 Parallel Postulates. If there is a line and a point not on the line, then there exist
exactly one line through the point that is parallel to the given line.

Theorem 3.5 If two line in a plane are cut by a transversal so that a pair of alternate exterior
angles is congruent, then the two lines are parallel.

Theorem 3.6 If two line in a plane are cut by a transversal so that a pair of consecutive interior
angles is congruent, then the lines are parallel.

Theorem 3.7 If two line in a plane are cut by a transversal so that a pair of alternate interior
angles is congruent, then the lines are parallel.

Theorem 3.8 In a plane, if two lines are perpendicular to the same line, then they are parallel.

Theorem 3.9 In a plane, if two lines are equidistant from a third line, then the two lines are
parallel to each other.
Chapter 4 Congruent Triangles

Theorem 4.1 Angle Sum Theorem. The sum of the measure of the angles of triangle is 180

Theorem 4.2 Third Angle Theorem. If two angles of one triangle are congruent of two angles a
second of triangle, then the third angles of the triangles are congruent.

Theorem 4.3 Exterior angle theorem. The measure of an exterior angle of a triangle is equal to
the sum angles of the measure of the two remote interior angles.

Corollary 4.1 the acute angle of a right triangle are complementary.

Corollary 4.2 There can be at most one right or obtuse angle in a triangle.

Theorem 4.4 congruence of triangles is reflexive symmetric and transitive.

Postulates 4.1 Side-side-side Congruence (SSS) If the sides of one triangle are congruent to the
sides of a second triangle, then the triangle are congruent.
Postulates 4.2 Side-Angle-Side Congruence (SAS) if two sides and the included angle of one
triangle are congruent to two sides and the included angle of another triangle, then the triangle
are congruent.

Postulates 4.3 Angle-Side-Angle Congruence(ASA) If two angles and the included side of one
triangle are congruent to two angles and the included side of another triangle, the triangle are
congruent.

Theorem 4.5 Angle-Angle-Side Congruence (AAS) if two angles and non included side of one
triangle are congruent to the corresponding two angles and side of a second triangle, then the two
triangles are congruent.

Theorem 4.6 Leg-Leg Congruence(LL) If the legs of one right triangle are congruent to the
corresponding legs of another right triangle, then the triangles are congruent.

Theorem 4.7 Hypotenuse- Angle Congruence (HA) If the hypotenuse and acute angle of one
night triangle are congruent to the hypotenuse and corresponding acute angle of another right
triangle, then the two triangles are congruent.

Theorem 4.8 Leg- Angle Congruence (LA) If one leg and an acute angle of one right triangle are
congruent to the corresponding leg and acute angle of another right triangle, then the triangles
are congruent.
Postulates 4.4 Hypotenuse- Leg Congruence (HL) If the hypotenuse and a leg of one right
triangle are congruent to the hypotenuse and the corresponding leg of another right triangle, then
the triangles are congruent.

Theorem 4.9 Isosceles Triangle Theorem if two side of triangle are congruent, then the angle
opposite those sides are congruent.

Theorem 4.10 If two angles of a triangle are congruent, then the sides opposite those angles are
congruent.

Corollary 4.3 a triangle is equilateral if and only if it is equiangular.

Corollary 4.4 each angle an equilateral triangle measure 60°.

Chapter 5 Relationship in Triangles

Theorem 5.1 any point of perpendicular bisector of a segment is equidistant from the end points
if the segment.

Theorem 5.2 any point of equidistant from the end points of a segment lies on the perpendicular
bisector of the segment.
Theorem 5.3 Circumcenter Theorem. The circumcenter of a triangle is equidistant from the
vertices of the triangle.

Theorem 5.6 Incenter Theorem. The incenter of triangle is equidistant from each side of the
triangle.

Theorem 5.7 Centroid Theorem. The centroid of triangle is located two third of the distance from
vertex to the midpoint of the side opposite the vertex on a median.

Theorem 5.8 Exterior angle inequality theorem. If an angle is the exterior angle of a triangle, the
its measure is greater than the measure of either of its corresponding remote interior angles.

Theorem 5.9 If one side of a triangle is longer than another side, then the angle opposite the
longer side has a greater measure than the angle opposite the shorter side.

Theorem 5.10 If one angle of triangle has a grater measure than another angle , tgen the side of
opposite the greater angle is longer than the side opposite the lesser angle.

Theorem 5.11 Triangle Inequality Theorem. The sum of the length of any two sides of a triangle
is greater than the length of the third side.
Theorem 5.12 The perpendicular segment from a point to a line is the shortest segment from the
point to the line.

Corollary 5.1 The perpendicular segment from a point to a line is the shortest segment from the
point to the line.

Theorem 5.13 SAS Inequality/hinge Theorem. If two side of triangles are congruent to two side
of another triangle and the included abgle in one triangle has a greater measure than the included
angle in the other, then the third side of the first triangle is longer than the third side of the
second triangle.

Theorem 5.14 SSS Inequality. If two sides of a triangle are congruent to two sides of another
triangle and be the third side in one triangle id longer than the third side in the other, then the
angle between the pair of congruent sides in the first triangle is greater than the corresponding
angle in the second triangle.

Chapter 6 Proportion and Similarity

Postulates 6.1 Angle-Angle (AA) Similarity. If two angles of one triangle are congruent to two
angles of another triangle, then the triangles are similar.

Theorem 6.1 Side-Side-Side (SSS) Similarity. If the measure of the corresponding sides of two
triangles are proportional , then the triangles are similar.
Theorem 6.2 Side-Angle- Side (SAS) Similarity. If the measure of two sides of a triangle are
proportional to the measures of two corresponding sides of another triangle and the included
angles are congruent, then the triangles are similar.

Theorem 6.3 similarity of triangles is reflexive, symmetric, and transitive.

Theorem 6.4 Triangle Proportionality Theorem. If a line is parallel to one side of a triangle and
intersects to other two sides in two distinct points, then it separates these sides into segments of
proportional lengths.

Theorem 6.5 Converse of triangle proportionality theorem. If a line intersects two sides of a
triangle and separate the sides into corresponding segments of proportional lengths, then the line
is parallel to the third side.

Theorem 6.6 Triangle Midsegment Theorem. A midsegemnt of a triangle is parallel to one side
of the triangle, and its length is one half the length of that side.

Corollary 6.1 if three or more parallel lines intersect two transversal, then they cut off the
transversals proportionality.

Corollary 6.2 if three or more parallel lines cut off congruent segments on one transversal then
they cut off congruent segments on every transversal.
Theorem 6.7 Proportional perimeters theorem. If two triangles are similar, then the perimeters
proportional to the measure of corresponding sides.

Theorem 6.8 if two triangles are similar , then the measures of corresponding altitudes are
proportional to the measures of the corresponding sides.

Theorem 6.9 if two triangles are similar , then the measures of corresponding angle bisector of
triangle are proportional to the measures of the corresponding sides.

Theorem 6.10 8 if two triangles are similar , then the measures of corresponding medians are
proportional to the measures of the corresponding sides.

Theorem 6.11 Angle Bisector Theorem. An angle bisector in a triangle separates the opposite
side into segment that have the same ratio as the other two sides.

Chapter 7 Right Triangle and Geometry

Theorem 7.1 if the altitude drawn from the vertex of the right angle of the right triangle to its
hypotenuse, then the two triangles formed are similar to the given triangle and to each other.

Theorem 7.2 if the altitude drawn from the vertex of the right angle of the right triangle to its
hypotenuse is the geometric mean between the measure of the two segments of the hypotenuse.
Theorem 7.3if the altitude drawn from the vertex of the right angle of the right triangle to its
hypotenuse, then the measure of a leg of the triangle is the geometric mean between the measure
of the hypotenuse and the segment of hypotenuse adjacent to that leg.

Theorem 7.4 Pythagorean Theorem. In a right triangle, the sum of the squares of the measure of
the legs equal the square of the measure of the hypotenuse.

Theorem 7.5 Converse of Pythagorean Theorem. If the sum of the squares of the measure of two
sides of a triangle equals the square of the measure of the longest side, then the triangle is a right
triangle.

Theorem 7.6 in a 45°-45°-90° triangle , the length of the hypotenuse is 2 times the length of a
leg.

Theorem 7.7 in a 30°-60°-90° triangle, the length of the hypotenuse is twice the length of the
shorter leg, and the length of the longer leg is 3 times the length of the shorter leg.

Chapter 8 Quadrilateral

Theorem 8.1 Interior Angle Sum Theorem. If a convex polygon has n side and s is the sum of the
measures of its interior angles, the S 180 (n 2)
Theorem 8.2 Exterior Angle Sum Theorem. If a polygon is convex, then the sum of the measures
of the exterior angles, one at each vertex, is 360.

Theorem 8.3 opposite side of a parallelogram are congruent.

Theorem 8.4 Opposite angles in a parallelogram are congruent.

Theorem 8.5 Consecutive angles in a parallelogram are supplementary.

Theorem 8.6 If a parallelogram has one right angle, it has four right angles.

Theorem 8.7 The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.

Theorem 8.8 the diagonal of parallelogram separates the parallelogram in two congruent
triangles.

Theorem 8.9 if both pairs of opposite side of quadrilateral are congruent, then the quadrilateral
is a parallelogram
Theorem 8.10 if both pairs of opposite side of quadrilateral are congruent, then the quadrilateral
is a parallelogram

Theorem 8.11if the diagonals of a quadrilateral bisect each other, then the quadrilateral is a
parallelogram.

Theorem 8.12 if one pair of opposite sides of a quadrilateral is both parallel and congruent, then
the quadrilateral is a parallelogram.

Theorem 8.13 if a parallelogram is a rectangle, then the diagonals are congruent.

Theorem 8.14 if the diagonals of a parallelogram are congruent, then the parallelogram is a
rectangle.

Theorem 8.15 the diagonals of a rhombus are perpendicular.

Theorem 8.16 if the diagonals of a parallelogram are perpendicular, then the parallelogram is a
rhombus.

Theorem 8.17 each diagonal of a rhombus bisects a pair of opposite angles.

Theorem 8.19 the diagonals of an isosceles trapezoid are congruent.

Theorem 8.20 the median of trapezoid is parallel to the bases, and its measure is one half the sum
of the measure of the bases.

Chapter 9 Circles

Theorem 10.1 two arcs are congruent if and only if their corresponding central angles are
congruent.

Postulates 10.1 ARC addition postulates. The measure o an arc formed by two adjacent arcs in
the sum of the measure of the two arc.

Theorem 10.2 in a circle or in congruent circles two minors are congruent if and only if their
corresponding chords are congruent.

Theorem 10. 3 in a circle, if a diameter (or radius) is perpendicualar to a chord tghen it bisects
the chord and its are.
Theorem 10.4 in a circle or in congruent circles two chors are congruent if and only if they are
equidistant from the center.

Theorem 10.5 if an angle is inscribed in a circle, then the measure of the angle equals one half
the measure of its intercepted arc( or the measure of the intercepted arc is twice the measure of
the inscribed angle)

Theorem 10.6 if two inscribed angles of a circle ( or congruent circles) intercept congruent arcs
or the same arc, then the angles are congruent.

Theorem 10.7 if an inscribed angles intercepts a semicircle, the angle is a right angle.

Theorem 10.8 if a quadrilateral is inscribed in a circle, then its opposite angles are
supplementary.

Theorem 10.9 if a line is tangent to a circle, then it is perpendicular to the radius drawn to the
point of tangency.

Theorem 10.10 if a line is perpendicular to a radius of a circle at its endpoint on the circle, then
the line is tangent to the circle.
Theorem 10.11 if two segments from the same exterior point are tangent to a circle , then they
are congruent.

Theorem 10.12 if two secants intersect in the interior of a circle, then the measure of an angle
formed is one-half the sum of the measure of the arcs intercepted by the angle and its vertical
angle.

Theorem 10.13 if a secant and tangent intersect at the point of tangency, then the measure of
each angle formed is one half the measure of its intercepted arc.

Theorem 10.14 if two secants, a secant and a tangent, or two tangents intersect in the exterior of
a circles, then the measure of the angle formed is one half the positive difference of the measures
of the intercepted arcs.

Theorem 10.15 if two chords intersect in a circle, then the products of the measure of the
segments of the chords are equal.

Theorem 10.16 if two secants segments are drawn to a circle from an interior point, then the
product of the measures of one secants segment and its external secant segment is equal to the
product of the measures of the other secant segment and its external secant segment.
Theorem 10.17 if a tangent segment and a secant segment are drawn to a circle from an exterior
point, then the square of the measure of the tangent segment is equal to the product of the
measures of the secant segment and its external secant segment.