TOEFL READING AND STRUCTURE PRACTICE 2

FOR MID SEMESTER TEST

JURUSAN : ALL PROGRAMS TYPE : MULTIPLE CHOICE

I. Reading Comprehension

Choose the right answer by choosing A, B, C, and D

Passage 1
Robert Moog was an American inventor who developed the Moog Synthesizer. It was one of the
first synthesizers to gain widespread use as a musical instrument. Moog’s synthesizers were an
important pa Line of musical innovation in rock and jazz music in the 1960s and 1970s. Robert
Arthur Moog was born in Queens, a borough of New York City 75 years ago. He became
fascinated with electronics as a teenager, particularly an early electronic music instrument called
the theremin. Moog studied physic and electrical engineering at Queens College and Columbia
University, both in New York City and later received a Ph.D. in engineering physic Cornel
University in Ithaca, New York. In 1954, while still an undergraduate student, Moog formed his
own company to sell theremins and theremin kits.

Soon after, Moog began working on a keyboard instrument that could replicate the sound of any
musical instrument electronically. Working with American composer Herbert Deutsch, Moog
introduced the prototype Moog Synthesizer at a convention in 1964. The device represented a
significant advance over previous electronic synthesizer because of its use of new semiconductor
technology, which made it smaller and considerably cheaper than earlier machines. The Moog,
as it was known, was soon in demand by musician all over the world.

In 1964, Moog began a collaboration with American composer and organist Walter Carlos (now
Wendy Carlos), who released the bestselling electronic music album Switched-On Bach in 1968.
Rock groups such as the Beatles and Yes and jazz musicians such as Herbie Hancock and Chick
Corea began incorporating Moog Synthesizer into their recordings, a trend that increased when
the company introduced the compact and portable Minimoog in 1970. A Moog Synthesizer was
also prominently featured on the soundtrack to the movie A Clockwork Orange in 1971.
Encyclopedia of World Biography, 2008

1. The word “prominently” in paragraph 3 can easily be replaced by …

(A)significantly
(B)perfectly
(C)accurately
(D) excellently

2. The passage describes theremin as a/an …

(A) prototype of Moog Synthesizer

(B) initial electronic music instrument
(C) musical instrument to replicate the sound
(D) instrument of electronic tool

3. The pronoun “it” paragraph 2 refers to…

(A) electronic synthesizer

(B) a keyboard instrument
(C) prototype of Moog Synthesizer
(D) new semiconductor technology

4. According to the passage, all of the following are true about The Moog, EXCEPT…

(A) it was invented by Robert Moog

(B) it was first introduced in 1964
(C) it initiated new technology which was smaller and cheaper than previous
(D) it was the first synthesizer in the world

5. The paragraph following the passage most likely discusses…

(A) collaboration between The Moog and other musicians

(B) the description of compact and portable Mini Moog
(C) the improvement of Moog Synthesizer
(D) trend in the music industry about synthesizer

6. The main idea of paragraph three is …

(A) the Moog’s collaboration in music field

(B) the Moog in the movie soundtrack
(C) the introduction of Minimoog
(D) the collaboration of The Moog with music groups

Passage 2
Throughout history, people have been the victim of pickpockets. Today, pick pocketing is the
one of the most rapidly increasing crimes. Pickpockets are increasing in number and developing
better methods to Line practice their skill. Approximately one million Americans lose money to
pickpockets every year, and none is really safe from a skilled pickpockets. His victims, or
‘marks’ as they are called, can be rich or poor, young or old.

During the eighteenth century, pickpockets were hanged in England, large crowds of people
would gather watch the hanging, which was supposed to be a warning to other pickpockets.
However, in time the practice was discontinued. The reason: while people were attentively
watching the hanging of a pickpockets, other pickpockets skillfully stole the money of
spectators.

Police official say that the most efficient pickpockets come from South America. Many of these
expert pickpockets are trained in special school called ‘Jingle Bell Schools’. A pickpocket’s
graduate from J. B. S when he is able to steal a wallet from a dresses dummy (mannequin) that
has bells inside its pockets.
Even the most well dressed, respectable person may be a pickpocket. Some of the favorite places
of pickpockets are banks, airports, racetrack, supermarkets, elevators, and train and bus stations.

Oftentimes a pickpocket will work with another pickpockets as his partner. Another kind of
pickpockets works outside or inside bars and specialize in stealing from women is called a ‘purse
snatcher’.

To avoid being the victim of a pickpocket, it’s important to be very cautious and alert when in
the midst of large gathering of the people.

7. The best title for the passage would be…

(A) Pickpockets are well dressed

(B) Jingle Bell Schools
(C) Pickpockets
(D) The hanging of pickpockets

8. The hanging of pickpockets were not continued because …

(A) they were large crowd of people

(B) it was against humanity
(C) the police were not at the hanging
(D) it was not effective to stop pickpocketing

9. Pick pocketing is … crime.

(A) an old
(B) a modern
(C) a temporary
(D) a contemporary

10. The passage mentions that pickpockets steal in/from the following, except

(A) crowded places

(B) the shops
(C) drunkards
(D) women

11. South Americans pickpockets are the most efficient ones because …

(A) they are well-trained

(B) they are handsome
(C) they are well-dressed
(D) they are respectable

Passage 3
The cause of tooth decay is acid, which is produced by bacteria in the mouth. The acid removes
minerals from tooth enamel, allowing tooth decay to begin; the saliva in your mouth encourages
remineralization and Line neutralizes the acid. The rate at which bacteria in the mouth
produce acid depends on the amount of plaque on the teeth, the composition of the microbial
flora, and whether the bacteria of the plaque have been “primed” by frequent exposure to sugar.
To keep your teeth healthy, a regular dental hygiene program should be followed.

Removing plaque with a toothbrush and dental floss temporarily reduces the numbers of bacteria
in the mouth and thus reduces tooth decay. It also makes the surfaces of the teeth more
accessible, enabling saliva to neutralize acid and demineralize lesions. If fluoride is present in
drinking water when teeth are forming, some fluoride is incorporated into the enamel of the
teeth, making them more resistant to attack by acid. Fluoride toothpaste seems to act in another
way, by promoting the demineralization of early carious lesions.

In addition to a regular dental hygiene program, a good way to keep your teeth healthy is to
reduce your intake of sweet food. The least cavity- causing way to eat sweets is to have them
with meals and not between. The number of times you eat sweets rather than the total amount
determines how much harmful acid the bacteria in your saliva produce. But the amount of sweets
influences the quality of your saliva. Avoid, if you can, sticky sweets that stay in your mouth a
long time. Also try to brush and floss your teeth after eating sugary foods. Even rinsing your
mouth with water is effective. Whenever possible, eat foods with fiber, such as raw carrot sticks,
apples, celery sticks, etc., that scrape off plaque, acting as a toothbrush. Cavities can be greatly
reduced if these rules are followed when eating sweets.

12. What does this passage mainly discuss?

(A) Good nutrition

(B) Food with fiber
(C) Ways to keep your teeth healthy
(D) Fluoridization and cavities

13. According to the passage, all of the following statements about plaque are true EXCEPT…

(A) it consists of acid producing bacteria

(B) it is not affected by eating sweets
(C) it can be removed from teeth by brushing and flossing
(D) it reduces the positive effect of saliva

14. We can infer from the passage that one benefit of fluoride to healthy teeth is…

(A) It strengthens tooth enamel

(B) it stimulates saliva production
(C) it makes teeth whiter
(D) It Is a replacement for brushing and flossing in dental care

15. The word “it” in paragraph 2 refers to …

(A) dental floss
(B) bacteria
(C) removal of plaque
(D) plaque

16. What can be concluded from the passage about sweets?

(A) All sweets should be avoided.

(B) Sweets should be eaten with care.
(C) It is better to eat sweets a little at a time throughout the day.
(D) Sticky sweets are less harmful than other sweets.

17. The word “scrape off” in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to…

(A) repel
(B) rub together with
(C) remove
(D) dissolve

18. According to the passage, the value of eating foods with fiber is that …

(A) they contain Vitamin A

(B) they are less expensive than a toothbrush
(C) they are able to remove the plaque from your teeth
(D) they contain no sugar

19. The author of the passage states that the amount of acid produced by the bacteria in your
saliva increases …

(A) with the amount of sweets you eat

(B) with the number of times you eat sweets
(C) if you eat sweets with your meals
(D) if you eat sticky sweets

Passage 4
Until recently, most American entrepreneurs women. Discrimination against women in business,
the demands of caring for families, and lack of business training had kept the number of women
entrepreneurs Line small. Now, however, businesses owned by women account for more than
$40 billion in annual revenues, and this figure is likely to continue rising throughout the 1990s.
As Carolyn Doppelt Gray, an official of the Small Business Administration, has noted, “The
1970s was the decade of women entering management, and the 1980s turned out to be the decade
of the woman entrepreneur”.

What are some of the factors behind this trend? For one thing, as more women earn advanced
degrees in business and enter the corporate world, they are finding obstacles. Women are
still excluded from most executive suites. Charlotte Taylor, a management consultant, had noted,
“In the 1970s women believed if they got an MBA and worked hard they could become
chairman of the board. Now they’ve found out that isn’t going to happen, so they go out on their
own”.

In the past, most women entrepreneurs worked in “women’s” fields: cosmetics and clothing, for
example. But this is changing. Consider ASK Computer Systems, a $22-million-a-year computer
software business. It was founded in 1973 by Sandra Kurtzig, who was then a housewife with
degrees in math and engineering. When Kurtzig founded the business, her first product was
software that let weekly newspapers keep tabs on their newspaper carriers and her office was a
bedroom at home, with a shoebox under the bed to hold the company’s cash. After she succeeded
with the newspaper software system, she hired several bright computer-science graduates to
develop additional programs. When these were marketed and sold, ASK began to grow. It now
has 200 employees, and Sandra Kurtzig owns $66.9 million of stock.

Of course, many women who start their own businesses fail, just as men often do. They still
face hurdles in the business world, especially problems in raising money; the banking and
finance world is still dominated by men, and old attitudes die hard. Most businesses owned by
women are still quite small. But the situation is changing; there are likely to be many more
Sandra Kurtzigs in the years ahead.

20. What is the main idea of this passage?

(A) Women today are better educated than in the past, making them more attractive to the
business world.
(B) The computer is especially lucrative for women today.
(C) Women are better at small businesses than men are.
(D) Women today are opening more businesses of their own.

21. The word “excluded” in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to…

(A) not permitted in

(B) often invited to
(C) decorators of
(D) charged admission to

22. All of the following were mentioned in the passage as detriments to women in the business
world EXCEPT…

(A) women were required to stay at home with their families

(B) women lacked ability to work in business
(C) women faced discrimination in business
(D) women were not trained in business

23. In paragraph 2, “that” refers to …

(A) a woman becomes chairman of the board

(B) women working hard
(C) women achieving advanced degrees
(D) women believing that business is a place for them
24. According to the passage, Charlotte Taylor believes that women in the 1970s…

(A) were unrealistic about their opportunities in business management

(B) were still more interested in education than business opportunities
(C) had fewer obstacles in business than they do today
(D) were unable to work hard enough to succeed in business

25. The author mentions the “shoebox under the bed” in the third paragraph in order to…

(A) show the frugality of women in business

(B) show the resourcefulness of Sandra Kurtzig
(C) point out that initially the financial resources of Sandra Kurtzig’s business were limited
(D) suggest that the company needed to expand

26. In the third paragraph, the word “this” refers to…

(A) women becoming entrepreneurs

(B) women buying cosmetics and clothing
(C) women working in “women’s fields”
(D) women staying at home

27. The expression “keep tabs on” in the third paragraph is closest in meaning to …

(A) recognize the appearance of

(B) keep records of
(C) provide transportation for
(D) pay the salaries of

28. The word “hurdles” in the last paragraph can be best replaced by…

(A) fences
(B) obstacles
(C) questions
(D) small groups

29. It can be inferred from the passage that the author believes that businesses operated by
women are small because …

(A) women prefer a small intimate setting

(B) women can’t deal with money
(C) women are not able to borrow money easily
(D) many women fail at large businesses

30. The author’s attitude about the future of women in business is …

(A) skeptical
(B) optimistic
(C) frustrated
(D) negative
 II. Structure and Written Expression

Choose the right answer by choosing A, B, C, and D

1. _ team sports require cooperation.

(A) Of all
(B) They are all
(C) All
(D) Why are all

2. Anyone who has ever pulled weeds from a garden _ roots firmly anchor plants to the soil.
(A) is well aware of
(B) is well aware that
(C) well aware
(D) well aware that

3. Centuries of erosion have exposed __ rock surfaces in the Painted Desert of northern

Arizona.
(A) in colors of the rainbow
(B) colored like a rainbow
(C) rainbow-colored
(D) a rainbow’s coloring

4. The higher the temperature of a molecule, _

(A) the more energy it has
(B) than it has more energy
(C) more energy has it
(D) it has more energy

5. Frontier surgeon Ephraim MacDonald had to perform operations _ anesthesia.

(A) no
(B) not having
(C) without
(D) there wasn’t

6. __ young, chimpanzees are easily trained.

(A) When are
(B) When
(C) They are
(D) When they

7. A person of __ age may suffer from defects of vision.

(A) every
(B) some
 (C) certain
(D) any

8. __ have settled, one of their first concerns has been to locate an adequate water supply.
(A) Wherever people
(B) There are people who
(C) Whether people
(D) People

9. If a bar magnet is _, the two pieces form two complete magnets, each with a north and south
pole.
(A) broken
(B) broke
(C) breaking
(D) break

10. The type of plant and animal life living in and around a pond depends on the soil of the
pond, _ , and the pond’s location.
(A) what the quality of the water is
(B) how is the water quality
(C) the quality of the water
(D) what is the water quality