A Technical Literature Review and Seminar (TLRS) report

On

FLYING WINDMILL

Submitted

In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the Degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

In

Electrical and Electronic Engineering

By

SOLLETI EEKSHITHA
20311A0285

UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF

Dr. P. Sharath kumar

Associate Professor, E.E.E Department

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING

SREENIDHI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

(AUTONOMOUS)
Yamnampet,Ghatkesar,R.RDistrict,Hyderabad– 501301
(Affiliated to JNT University Hyderabad and Approved by AICTE - New Delhi)

1
 CERTIFICATE

Date:27/01/2022

This is to certify that the Technical Literature Review and Seminar (TLRS) report entitled
"FLYING WINDMILL" being submitted by JIDIGAM SUMANTH-17311A02F9 in
partial fulfillment for the award of Bachelor of Technology degree in Electrical and
electronic engineering to Sreenidhi Institute of Science and Technology, Yamnampet,
Ghatkesar, Telangana, is a report of review work carried out by him during academic year
2019-2020 under our guidance and supervision.

Dr. P. Sharath kumar

Coordinator (TLRS)

Associate Professor

EEE Department

Dr. C. Bhargava
HOD,EEE Department

2
 CONTENTS

Page No.
Acknowledgement
List of Figures
Abstract 6

1. INTRODUCTION 7-8
2. WORKING PRINCIPLE OF WINDMILL 8-9
2.1 Magnus Effect 9
3. CALCULATION OF MAGNUS EFFECT 10-11
3.1 Table for 100Kw power generation
11
4.COMPONETS FOR FLYING WINDMILL
12-13
4.1 Rotating Baloon
12
4.2 Flexible cable & winch
13
CONCLUSION
14
REFERENCES
15

3
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I hereby declare that the work described in the Technical literature seminar, entitled
Flying Windmill which is being submitted by us in partial fulfillment for the award of
Bachelor of Technology in the Dept. of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Sreenidhi
Institute Of Science & Technology affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University
Hyderabad, Kukatpally, Hyderabad, Telangana, is the work on our own effort and has not
been submitted elsewhere.
We are very thankful to Dr. P. Sharath kumar, Associate Professor, EEE Dept.,
Sreenidhi Institute of Science and Technology, for providing an initiative to this technical
seminar and giving valuable timely suggestions over the work.

We convey our sincere thanks to Dr. C. Bharagava, Head of the Department (EEE),
Sreenidhi Institute of Science and Technology, for his kind cooperation in the completion of
this work.
We even convey our sincere thanks to Dr. P. Narsimha Reddy, Executive Director
and Principal, Sreenidhi Institute of Science and Technology, for their kind cooperation in the
completion of the technical seminar.
Finally we extend our sense of gratitude to all our friends, teaching and non-teaching
faculty, who directly or indirectly helped us in this endeavor.

JIDIGAM SUMANTH
Roll No: 17311A02F9

4
 List of Figures

Figure Page No.

Figure 1.1 structure of flying windmill 7

Figure 2.1 Ball producing magnus effect due to rotating in air 9
Figure 4.1 Air stabliser and spark arrester 12
Figure 4.2 Air rotor system 13

5
 Abstract
- The Magenn Air Rotor System (MARS) is the next generation of wind turbines with cost and
performance advantages over existing systems. MARS is a lighter-than-air tethered wind
turbine that rotates about a horizontal axis in response to wind, generating electrical energy.
This electrical energy is transferred down the tether for consumption, or to a set of batteries or
the power grid. Helium sustains the Magenn Air Rotor System, which ascends to an altitude as
selected by the operator for the best winds. Its rotation also generates the “Magnus” effect. This
aerodynamic phenomenon provides additional lift, keeps the MARS device stabilized, positions
MARS within a very controlled and restricted location, and finally, causes MARS to pull up
overhead to maximize altitude rather than drift downwind on its tether. It’s become mandatory
rather than option to go for the renewable source of energy today in the whole world. For the
same requirements we need advance options for future, hence MARS proves its excellence to
use for better future.

CHAPTER- 1
INTRODUCTION

FLYING WINDMILL is a lighter-than-air tethered wind turbine that rotates about a horizontal
axis in response to wind, generating electrical energy. This electrical energy is transferred down
the 1000-foot tether for immediate use, or to a set of batteries for later use, or to the power grid.
Helium sustains MARS and allows it to ascend to a higher altitude than traditional wind
turbines. MARS captures the energy available in the 600 to 1000-foot low level and nocturnal
jet streams that exist almost everywhere. MARS rotation also generates the "Magnus effect"
which provides additional lift, keeps the MARS stabilized, and positions it within a very
controlled and restricted location and causes it to pull up overhead rather than drift downwind
on its tether.

6
 Fig.1.1 FLYING WINDMILL

All competing conventional wind generators use bladed two-dimensional disk-like structures
and rigid towers. The Magenn Power Air Rotor system is a closed threedimensional structure
(cylinder). It offers high torque, low starting speeds, and superior overall efficiency thanks to
its ability to deploy higher. The closed structure allows Magenn Power to produce wind rotors
from very small to very large sizes at a fraction of the cost of current wind generators.

The system Magenn air rotor system (M.A.R.S.) is one of the types of Offshore Wind
Turbine. This kind of turbine is lighter than the air. It uses the wind power to produce electric
energy. The reason why it is possible to stay in higher level of atmosphere is the Helium that
is used to fulfill the turbine. This helps the turbine to be in areas where wind has higher speed,
than on the lower levels of atmosphere. The M.A.R.S. spins around the horizontal axis
following the wind direction. This way is produced more energy from the wind power, which
is transferred to the surface transformer station using the cables. It has a lot of advantages
comparing to the conventional OWT (Offshore wind energy) e.g. low cost of produced
electric energy, lower

noise, turbine is placed in higher location, lower constrains where it can be placed, high
mobility level, and it is not required to use a heavy duty machines, lover risk to harm a birds
or bats. The OWT M.A.R.S. can be taken out higher over the surface, than the conventional
systems, so it can catch more power full wind. The conventional systems are placed in areas
where the wind is higher over the surface e.g. coastlines or mountain terrenes. The most
7
suitable areas are in national parks, areas far away from the consumers of the electric energy,
which raise up the energy losses during the longdistance power transmission. This mentioned
problems are able to be solved using the FLYING WINDMILL.

2. Working Principle of Flying windmill

The Magnus effect or Magnus force is the phenomenon whereby a spinning object flying in a
fluid creates a whirlpool of fluid around itself, and experiences a force perpendicular to the line
of motion. The overall behavior is similar to that around an airfoil (see lift force) with a
circulation which is generated by the mechanical rotation, rather than by aero foil action. In
many ball sports, the Magnus effect is responsible for the curved motion of a spinning ball. The
effect also affects spinning missiles, and is used in rotor and Flattener aero planes.

2.1 Magnus Effect

When a body (such as a sphere or circular cylinder) is spinning in a viscous fluid, it creates a
boundary layer around itself, and the boundary layer induces a more widespread circular motion
of the fluid. If the body is moving through the fluid with a velocity V, the velocity of the thin
layer of fluid close to the body is a little less than V on the forward-moving side and a little
greater than V on the backward-moving side. This is because the induced velocity due to the
boundary layer surrounding the spinning body is subtracted from V on the forwardmoving side,
and added to V on the backward-moving side. If the spinning body is regarded as an inefficient
air pump, air will build up on the forward-moving side causing higher pressure there than on the
opposite side. Another explanation of the Magnus effect is since there is less (forward)
acceleration of air on the forward-moving side than the backward-moving side, there is more
pressure on the forward-moving side, resulting in a perpendicular component of force from the
air towards the backward-moving side. This layer of spinning air, however, is very thin, and it
is more likely that most of the Magnus effect is due to the earlier detachment of the air flow on
the forward-moving side, which results in a diversion of the flow (acceleration of air) with a
perpendicular component towards the forward-moving side, coexisting with an opposing
aerodynamic force with a perpendicular component towards the backward-moving side.

8
 Fig. 2 .1Ball Producing Magnus Effect due to Rotating In Air

3. Calculation of Magnus Force

Given the angular velocity vector and velocity of the object, the resulting force can be
calculated using the following formula:

(1)
Where, S is dependent on the average of the air resistance coefficient across the surface of the
object. The × denotes the vector cross product.

3.1 An Example of Spin Ball in the Air

The following equation demonstrates the lift force induced on a ball that is spinning along an
axis of rotation perpendicular to the direction of its translational motion:

(2)
F = lift force
= density of the fluid v = velocity of the ball
A = cross-sectional area of ball
9
 CL = lift coefficient

The lift coefficient CL may be determined from graphs of experimental data using Reynolds
numbers and spin ratios For a smooth ball with spin ratio of 0.5 to 4.5, typical lift coefficients
range from 0.2 to 0.6.

3.1 Given Tables of 100 Kw generation

Flying windmill 100kW Performance
Specifications
Magenn Power Product Model 100Kw

Rated Power 101,000 Watts

Size (Diameter x 45 ft x 100 ft (plus blade
Length) height of 22 ft each)

Shipping Weight Under 13,000 lbs

Volume of Helium 200,000 cubic feet

750 ft standard - up to
Tether Height 1,500 ft optional tether
length
Start-up Wind Speed 2.5 m/sec - 5.6 mph

Cut-in Wind Speed 3.0 m/sec - 6.7 mph

Rated Wind Speed 12.0 m/sec - 26.8 mph

Cut-out Wind Speed 24.0 m/sec - 53.7 mph

Maximum Wind Speed 30.0 m/sec - 67.1 mph

-40¼C/-40¼F to
Temperature Range
+45¼C/+113¼F
Generators 100 kW Total

10
 380 V 3 Phase 50 Hz, 480
Output Form & 600 V 3 Phase 60 Hz or
Regulated DC
Warranty One Year

Life Cycle 10 to 15 Years

Price (USD) $500,000 USD
(Estimated)

4.Components Requires of flying windmill

The various components of magenn air rotor system are listed bellow
• Air rotor
• Flexible cable
• Winch
• Air stabilizer, spark arrestor
• Generator
• Transformer

4.1 Rotating Balloon

Flying Windmill will be constructed with composite fabrics used in airships today. The fabric
will be either woven Dacron or Veteran with an inner laminated coating of Mylar to reduce
porosity and an exterior coating of Tedlar which will provide ultra-violet protection, scuff
resistance and color. Dacron is used for boat sails, Mylar in silver toy helium balloons, and
Tedlar is the plastic coating found in all-weather house siding.
Pictures below show older conceptual drawings of the Magenn Air Rotor System’s balloon
getting helium filling.

4.2Flexible Cable & Winch

Helium-filled aerostats that are 400-ft in length and are tethered at up to 15,000-ft in altitude by
means of flexible cable and cable is supported by the winch which will also help to change
altitude of rotor.

11
 Fig.4.1 Air stabliser and spark arrester

Fig.4.2 Air rotor system

Due to the inherent elegance of the design, the Magenn Air Rotors will always weather-vane
properly. Regardless of wind direction, the deflection disk will ensure MARS units will
automatically rotate toward the wind, with the Magnus aerodynamic effect creating additional
lift. It is done by wind vane stabilizer.

12
5. Conclusions

 Flying windmill is most effective, cost effective, eco friendly, mobile, low maintenance
way of generating electrical energy out of wind energy.

 It would be an ideal for the country like India which is having vast varieties in
geographical landmark to implement such power stations as it could be installed
where it could be.

 It is the best solution for the power-crises faced by the world

13
 References

 MAGENN AIR ROTOR SYSTEM http://www.magennainrotorsystem.com

 Magenn Power Inc. www.magenn.com info@magenn.com
 “Basics of Wind power generation”- by Amelia Earhart, Oxford University Press,
Athens
 “Aerodynamic principles and designs”-by Sir Ranulph Fiennes, PHI Publication.
 Airborne Wind Energy Generation Systems.
 “Textbook of Environmental Engineering”- by Russel Shapherd, Penguin Books,
Singapore.
 http://www.energykitesystems.net/methods/index.html
 Alter,Lloyd."Magenn Air Rotor System Finally
 Floats."Treehugger.com.May5,2008.(July7,2008).http://
www.treehugger.com/files/2008/05/magenn-air-rotorfloats.php
 American Wind Energy Association. "awea.org." 2008. (July 7,
2008).http://www.awea.org/
 Layton, Julia."How Wind Power Works."HowStuffWorks.2008.
(July3,2008).http://sciencehowstuffworks.com/wind-power.htm

14
 CHAPTER- 2

HISTORY
2.1Cogeneration in Europe

Fig 2.1 A cogeneration thermal power plant in Ferrera Erbognone (PV), Italy

The EU has actively incorporated cogeneration into its energy policy via the CHP Directive. In
September 2008 at a hearing of the European Parliament's Urban Lodgment Intergroup, Energy
Commissioner Andris Piebalgs is quoted as saying, “security of supply really starts with energy
efficiency.” Energy efficiency and cogeneration are recognized in the opening paragraphs of the
European Union's Cogeneration Directive 2004/08/EC. This directive intends to support
cogeneration and establish a method for calculating cogeneration abilities per country. The
development of cogeneration has been very uneven over the years and has been dominated
throughout the last decades by national circumstances.

The European Union generates 11% of its electricity using cogeneration. However, there is large
difference between Member States with variations of the energy savings between 2% and 60%.
Europe has the three countries with the world's most intensive cogeneration economies:
Denmark, the Netherlands and Finland. Of the 28.46 TWh of electrical power generated by
conventional thermal power plants in Finland in 2012, 81.80% was cogeneration.

15
Other European countries are also making great efforts to increase efficiency. Germany reported
that at present, over 50% of the country's total electricity demand could be provided through
cogeneration. So far, Germany has set the target to double its electricity cogeneration from
12.5% of the country's electricity to 25% of the country's electricity by 2020 and has passed
supporting legislation accordingly. The UK is also actively supporting combined heat and
power. In light of UK's goal to achieve a 60% reduction in carbon dioxide emissions by 2050,
the government has set the target to source at least 15% of its government electricity use from
CHP by 2010. Other UK measures to encourage CHP growth are financial incentives, grant
support, a greater regulatory framework, and government leadership and partnership.

According to the IEA 2008 modelling of cogeneration expansion for the G8 countries, the
expansion of cogeneration in France, Germany, Italy and the UK alone would effectively double
the existing primary fuel savings by 2030. This would increase Europe's savings from today's
155.69 Twh to 465 Twh in 2030. It would also result in a 16% to 29% increase in each country's
total cogenerated electricity by 2030.

Governments are being assisted in their CHP endeavours by organizations like COGEN

Europe who serve as an information hub for the most recent updates within Europe's energy
policy. COGEN is Europe's umbrella organization representing the interests of the cogeneration
industry.

The European public–private partnership Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking Seventh

Framework Programme project energy field deploys in 2017 up 1,000 residential fuel cell
Combined Heat and Power (micro-CHP) installations in 12 states. Per 2012 the first 2
installations have taken place.

2.2 Cogeneration in the United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, the Combined Heat and Power Quality Assurance scheme regulates the
combined production of heat and power. It was introduced in 1996. It defines, through
calculation of inputs and outputs, "Good Quality CHP" in terms of the achievement of primary
energy savings against conventional separate generation of heat and electricity. Compliance
with Combined Heat and Power Quality Assurance is required for cogeneration installations to
be eligible for government subsidies and tax incentives.

16
2.3 Cogeneration in the United States

Fig 2.2 The 250 MW Kendall Cogeneration Station plant in Cambridge, Massachusetts

Perhaps the first modern use of energy recycling was done by Thomas Edison. His 1882 Pearl
Street Station, the world's first commercial power plant, was a combined heat and power plant,
producing both electricity and thermal energy while using waste heat to warm neighbouring
buildings. Recycling allowed Edison's plant to achieve approximately 50 percent efficiency.

By the early 1900s, regulations emerged to promote rural electrification through the
construction of centralized plants managed by regional utilities. These regulations not only
promoted electrification throughout the countryside, but they also discouraged decentralized
power generation, such as cogeneration.

By 1978, Congress recognized that efficiency at central power plants had stagnated and sought
to encourage improved efficiency with the Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act (PURPA),
which encouraged utilities to buy power from other energy producers.

Cogeneration plants proliferated, soon producing about 8% of all energy in the United
States. However, the bill left implementation and enforcement up to individual states, resulting
in little or nothing being done in many parts of the country

The United States Department of Energy has an aggressive goal of having CHP constitute 20%
of generation capacity by the year 2030. Eight Clean Energy Application Centres have been
established across the nation whose mission is to develop the required technology application
knowledge and educational infrastructure necessary to lead "clean energy" (combined heat and
power, waste heat recovery and district energy) technologies as viable energy options and
reduce any perceived risks associated with their implementation.

CHAPTER- 3
COGENERATION USING BIOMASS
17
3.1 Biomass

Biomass is emerging as one of the most important sources of renewable energy. Biomass refers
to any plant or animal matter in which it is possible to be reused as a source of heat or
electricity, such as sugarcane, vegetable oils, wood, organic waste and residues from the food or
agricultural industries. Brazil is now considered a world reference in terms of energy generation
from biomass.

A growing sector in the use of biomass for power generation is the sugar and alcohol sector,
which mainly uses sugarcane bagasse as fuel for thermal and electric power generation 

3.2 Power cogeneration in the sugar and alcohol sector

In the sugarcane industry, cogeneration is fuelled by the bagasse residue of sugar refining,

which is burned to produce steam. Some steam can be sent through a turbine that turns a
generator, producing electric power.

Energy cogeneration in sugarcane industries located in Brazil is a practice that has been growing
in last years. With the adoption of energy cogeneration in the sugar and alcohol sector, the
sugarcane industries are able to supply the electric energy demand needed to operate, and
generate a surplus that can be commercialized.

3.3 Advantages of the cogeneration using sugarcane bagasse

In comparison with the electric power generation by means of fossil fuel-

based thermoelectric plants, such as natural gas, the energy generation using sugarcane bagasse
has environmental advantages due to the reduction of CO2 emissions.

In addition to the environmental advantages, cogeneration using sugarcane bagasse presents

advantages in terms of efficiency comparing to thermoelectric generation, through the final
destination of the energy produced. While in thermoelectric generation, part of the heat
produced is lost, in cogeneration this heat has the possibility of being used in the production
processes, increasing the overall efficiency of the process.

3.4 Disadvantages of the cogeneration using sugarcane bagasse

In sugarcane cultivation, is usually used potassium source's containing high concentration

of chlorine, such as potassium chloride (KCl). Considering that KCl is applied in huge
quantities, sugarcane ends up absorbing high concentrations of chlorine.

18
Due to this absorption, when the sugarcane bagasse is burned in the power cogeneration,
dioxins  and methyl chloride  ends up being emitted. In the case of dioxins, these substances are
considered very toxic and cancerous.

In the case of methyl chloride, when this substance is emitted and reaches the stratosphere, it
ends up being very harmful for the ozone layer, since chlorine when combined with the ozone
molecule generates a catalytic reaction leading to the breakdown of ozone links. After each
reaction, chlorine starts a destructive cycle with another ozone molecule. In this way, a single
chlorine atom can destroy thousands of ozone molecules. As these molecules are being broken,
they are unable to absorb the ultraviolet rays. As a result, the UV radiation is more intense on
Earth and there is a worsening of global warming.

CHAPTER- 4

THERMAL EFFICIENCY

4.1 Efficiency

Every heat engine is subject to the theoretical efficiency limits of the Carnot cycle or
subset Rankine cycle in the case of steam turbine power plants or Brayton cycle in gas turbine
19
with steam turbine plants. Most of the efficiency loss with steam power generation is associated
with the latent heat of vaporization of steam that is not recovered when a turbine exhausts its
low temperature and pressure steam to a condenser. (Typical steam to condenser would be at a
few millimetres absolute pressure and on the order of 5 °C/11 °F hotter than the cooling water
temperature, depending on the condenser capacity.) In cogeneration this steam exits the turbine
at a higher temperature where it may be used for process heat, building heat or cooling with
an absorption chiller. The majority of this heat is from the latent heat of vaporization when the

Typical cogeneration models have losses as in any system. The energy distribution below is
represented as a percent of total input energy:

Electricity = 45%
Heat + Cooling = 40%
Heat losses = 13%
Electrical line losses = 2%

Conventional central coal- or nuclear-powered power stations convert about 33-45% of their
input heat to electricity. Brayton cycle power plants operate at up to 60% efficiency. In the case
of conventional power plants approximately 10-15% of this heat is lost up the stack of the
boiler, most of the remaining heat emerges from the turbines as low-grade waste heat with no
significant local uses so it is usually rejected to the environment, typically to cooling water
passing through a condenser. Because turbine exhaust is normally just above ambient
temperature, some potential power generation is sacrificed in rejecting higher temperature steam
from the turbine for cogeneration purposes.

For cogeneration to be practical power generation and end use of heat must be in relatively close
proximity (<2 km typically). Even though the efficiency of a small distributed electrical
generator may be lower than a large central power plant, the use of its waste heat for local
heating and cooling can result in an overall use of the primary fuel supply as great as 80%.This
Electrical Efficiency

provides substantial financial and environmental benefits.

Thermal Efficiency

Overall Efficiency

4.2 Results

Gas consumption ( meter cube)

20
2400

2200

2000

1800

Electrical efficiency (%)

100

90

80

70

60

APPLICATIONS
Non-renewable

Any of the following conventional power plants may be converted to a combined cooling, heat
and power system:

 Coal
 Micro turbine
 Natural gas
 Nuclear power

21
 Oil
 Small gas turbine

Renewable
 Solar thermal
 Biomass
 Hydrogen fuel cell
 Any type of compressor or turbo expander, such as in compressed air energy storage
 Geothermal

CONCLUSION
Cogeneration is a key element in the energy conservation. It significantly improves the
efficiency of energy generation which results in lower energy costs.Cogeneration have many
types thus various plants can be constructed depending on the thermal and electrical demands. It
is also a great source of distributed generation which enhances the reliability of the power
system and lowers the transmission losses because there is no need to transport power on large
distances. However cogeneration does not fit in everywhere. There have to be precise surveys
done to check if there is a proper demand for both electricity and heat. Otherwise such a
operation would be uneconomic.

22
 FUTURE SCOPE

According to the International Energy Agency, power generation from non-hydro renewable
sources including solar, wind and bio energy will exceed gas and nuclear by 2016 and
renewable power is expected to increase by 40% in the next five years. “Combined heat and
power (CHP), also known as cogeneration, is the simultaneous production of electricity and heat
from a single fuel source, such as: natural gas, biomass, biogas, coal, waste heat, or oil,” reports
the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Cogeneration was likely first
introduced by Thomas Edison in 1882 at his Pearl Street Station which combined heat and
power, producing electricity and thermal energy.

While sources such as solar and wind are well known alternative energy sources, it is estimated
that around 8% of world electric generation capacity comes from cogeneration power systems.
In countries such as Finland (almost 40%) and Denmark (over 50%) cogeneration provides a
substantial portion of the national power production.

23
Cogeneration is more a principle than a single technology, with the main advantage of CHP
plants being optimal efficiency. Conventional power generation discards up to 65% of energy
potential as waste heat, while cogeneration plants have a conversion efficiency of 75-90%, and
are particularly useful in colder climates where the heat can be used for heating buildings and
industrial processes. Another benefit lies in the proximity of the average cogeneration facility,
compared to the 5-10% loss in transmission of electricity from typically remote traditional
power stations.

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