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Investigatory Project Chemistry

The document discusses experiments to compare the foaming capacities of different commercial soaps and study the effect of adding sodium carbonate to soap solutions. It includes procedures, observations and conclusions. The author expresses gratitude to those who supported the project.

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Aarti Sharma
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150 views17 pages

Investigatory Project Chemistry

The document discusses experiments to compare the foaming capacities of different commercial soaps and study the effect of adding sodium carbonate to soap solutions. It includes procedures, observations and conclusions. The author expresses gratitude to those who supported the project.

Uploaded by

Aarti Sharma
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 17

I’d like to express my greatest gratitude to the

people who have helped and supported me


throughout my project. I’m grateful to Sir. Mr.
Mangesh Bamnote for his continuous support for
the project, from initial advice and encouragement
to this day.
Special thanks of mine goes to my colleague who
helped me in completing the project by giving
interesting ideas, thoughts and made this project
easy and accurate.
I wish to thanks my parents for their undivided
support and interest who inspired me and
encouraged me to go my own way, without which I
would be unable to complete my project. At last but
not the least I want to thanks my friends who
appreciated me for my work and motivated me and
finally to God who made all the things possible…..
Foaming Capacity of Soap

Lab I/C under the Guidance of


_Ravi_ _Mangesh Bamnote_
 Certificate
 Acknowledgement
 Aim of the Experiment 1 and 2-
 Apparatus and Materials Required
 Theory
 Procedures
 Observations
 Calculations
 Conclusion
 Bibliography
 Thank you Page
This is to certify that Abhishek Sharma of
Class XI Science has satisfactorily completed
the project on “FOAMING CAPACITY OF
SOAP” under the guidance of Mr. Mangesh
Bamnote during the session 2018-2019.

Student’s Sign Teacher’s Sign


Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of higher fatty acids like
stearic, palmitic and oleic acids can be either saturated or
unsaturated. They contain a long hydrocarbon chain of about
10-20 carbon with one carboxylic acid group as the functional
group.
A soap molecule a tadpole shaped structure, whose ends have
different polarities. At one end is the long hydrocarbon chain
that is non-polar and hydrophobic, i.e., insoluble in water but
oil soluble. At the other end is the short polar carboxylate ion
which is hydrophilic i.e., water soluble but insoluble in oil and
grease.

Long Hydrocarbon Chain Hydrophilic end


Hydrophobic end

When soap is shaken with water it becomes a soap solution


that is colloidal in nature. Agitating it tends to concentrate the
solution on the surface and causes foaming. This helps the
soap molecules make a unimolecular film on the surface of
water and to penetrate the fabric. The long non-polar end of a
soap molecule that are hydrophobic, gravitate towards and
surround the dirt (fat or oil with dust absorbed in it). The
short polar end containing the carboxylate ion, face the water
away from the dirt. A number of soap molecules surround or
encircle dirt and grease in a clustered structure called
'micelles', which encircles such particles and emulsify them.
Cleansing action of soaps decreases in hard water. Hard water
contains Calcium and magnesium ions which react with
sodium carbonate to produce insoluble carbonates of higher
fatty acids.

2C17H35COONa + Ca2+ (C17H35COO) 2 Ca + 2Na+


(Water soluble) (ppt.)

2C17H35COONa + Mg2+ (C17H35COO) 2 Mg + 2Na+

This hardness can be removed by addition of Sodium


Carbonate.

Ca2++ Na2CO3 CaCO3 + 2Na+

Mg2++ Na2CO3 MgCO3 + 2Na+


Aim: To compare the
foaming capacities of five
different commercial
soaps.

Apparatus:
5 test tubes, 5 conical flasks (100 ml), test tube
stand, Bunsen burner and stop watch.

Materials Required:
5 different samples of soap and distilled water.

Theory:
The foaming capacity of a soap sample depends
upon the nature of soap and its concentration. This
can be compared for various samples of soaps by
taking the same concentration of solution and
shaking them.
The foam is formed and the time taken for
disappearances of foam in all cases is compared.
The lesser the time taken by a solution for the
disappearance of foam, the lower is its foaming
capacity.

Procedure:

Five conical flasks (100 ml each) are taken and


numbered 1 to 5.
In each of these flasks equal amounts (say 5 gm)
of the given samples of soap shavings or granules
are taken and 50 ml of distilled
Water is added.
Each conical flask is heated few minutes to
dissolve all the soap completely.
In a test-tube stand, five big clean and dry test
tubes are taken and numbered 1 to 5.
One ml of the five soap solution is then poured in
the test tubes of corresponding number.
10 ml. of distilled water is then added to each test
tube.
Test tube no 1 is then shaken vigorously 5 times.
The foam would be formed in the empty space
above the container. Stop watch is started
immediately and the time taken for the
disappearance of foam is noted.
Similarly the other test tubes are shaken
vigorously for equal number of times (i.e., 5 times)
with approximately with the same force and the
time taken for the disappearance of foam in each
case are recorded.
The lesser the time taken for the disappearance
of foam, the lower is the foaming capacity.

Observation:

Amount of each soap sample taken= 5 gm.


Amount of distilled water taken= 50 ml.
Volume of each soap solution taken= 1 ml.
Volume of distilled water added= 10 ml.

S. No. Soap Sample Time taken (seconds)


1. Cinthol 15’ 32”
2. Dove 5’ 10”
3. Lux 9’ 40”
4. Godrej No 1 11’ 42”
5. Dettol 3’ 28”

Conclusions:

The soap for which the time taken for the


disappearance of foam is highest has maximum
foaming capacity and is the best quality soap
among the soaps tested.
Aim:

Study the effect of the addition


of Sodium Carbonate (Washing
Soda) on the foaming capacity of
different soap solutions.
Apparatus:
3 test tubes, test tube stand, Bunsen burner
and stop watch.

Materials Required:
0.5 g sample of soap, water (distilled & tap
both) and M/10 Na2CO3 solution.

Theory:
When sodium or potassium soaps are put into water
containing calcium and magnesium ions (Hard water),
results in formation of scum which applies grey
appearance on the cloth. To achieve the same washing
or cleaning action, more soap must be added.

2C17H35COONa + Ca2+ (C17H35COO) 2 Ca + 2Na+


(Water soluble) (scum)

Hard water is water that has high mineral content


(mainly calcium and magnesium ions) (in contrast with
soft water). Hard water minerals primarily consist of
calcium (Ca2+), and magnesium (Mg2+) metal cations, and
sometimes other dissolved compounds such as
bicarbonates and sulphates. Calcium usually enters the
water as either calcium carbonate (CaCO3), in the form
of limestone and chalk, or calcium sulphate (CaSO 4), in
the form of other mineral deposits.
When Na2CO3 is added to tap water the calcium (Ca2+),
and magnesium (Mg2+) ions precipitate as their
carbonates i.e. foaming capacity of soap increases.

Ca2++ Na2CO3 CaCO3 + 2Na+

Mg2++ Na2CO3 MgCO3 + 2Na+

Procedure:
Dissolve 0.5g of soap and dissolve it in 50 ml of
distilled water.
Take three tests tubes and add distilled water in first,
tap water in second and third test tube.
Add 5 ml of M/10 sodium carbonate to third test tube.
To above test tubes add soap solutions separately.
Now shake first test tubes for formation of foam.
Now start the stop watch to calculate time taken for
disappearance of foam.
Similarly, perform the experiment with other soap
solutions. Record the observations in a tabular form.

Observation:
Amount of each soap sample taken= 5 gm.
Amount of distilled water taken= 50 ml.
Volume of each soap solution taken= 1 ml.
Volume of distilled water added= 10 ml.

S. No. Soap Sample Time taken (seconds)


1. 10 ml distilled water 15’ 30”
2. 10 ml tap water 11’ 20”
3. 5 ml tap water+ 5 ml 16’20”
M/10 Na2CO3 solution

Conclusions:

Foaming capacity of soap in maximum in distilled


water. The foaming capacity of soap increases on
the addition of Sodium Carbonate.
Internet:

o www.wikipedia.co.in
o www.google.co.in
o www.icbse.com

Books:

Comprehensive Practical Chemistry


Name: Abhishek. Sharma
Class: 11 Science
th

Roll number: 1
Subject: Chemistry Investigatory
Project
Topic: Foaming Capacity of Soaps
School: Jindal Vidya Mandir, Salav
TEACHER’S REMARK:
__________________

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