Exercise 5: Cardiovascular Dynamics: Activity 1: Studying the Effect of Blood Vessel Radius on Blood Flow Rate Lab Report

Pre-lab Quiz Results

You scored 100% by answering 5 out of 5 questions correctly.

1. Blood flow is measured in

You correctly answered: b. ml/min.

2. Which of the following has the greatest effect on blood flow?

You correctly answered: a. blood vessel radius

3. Which of the following would not result in a decrease in the blood vessel radius?
You correctly answered: c. vasodilation

4. The diameter of the blood vessel is the same as

You correctly answered: b. two times the radius of the blood vessel.

5. The opening of the blood vessel where the blood flows is called the
You correctly answered: b. lumen.

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Experiment Results
Predict Question:
Predict Question 1: What do you think will happen to the flow rate if the radius is increased by 0.5 mm?
Your answer : b. The flow rate will increase.

Predict Question 2: Do you think a graph plotted with radius on the X-axis and flow rate on the Y-axis will be linear (a
straight line)?
Your answer : b. no

Stop & Think Questions:

What is the driving force for blood flow?
You correctly answered: b. pressure gradient

How does the body increase the blood vessel radius?

You correctly answered: c. smooth muscle relaxation

Experiment Data:

Flow (ml/min) Radius (mm) Viscosity Length (mm) Pressure (mm Hg)
4.0 1.5 1.0 50 100
12.6 2.0 1.0 50 100
30.7 2.5 1.0 50 100
63.6 3.0 1.0 50 100
117.8 3.5 1.0 50 100
201.0 4.0 1.0 50 100
321.9 4.5 1.0 50 100
490.6 5.0 1.0 50 100

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Post-lab Quiz Results
You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly.

1. The variable that you altered in this activity was

You correctly answered: c. vessel radius.

2. Vessel radius and fluid flow

You correctly answered: b. are directly proportional.

3. After a heavy meal, when we are relatively inactive, we might expect blood vessels in the skeletal muscles to be
somewhat and the blood vessels in the digestive organs to be somewhat .
You correctly answered: d. constricted, dilated

4. When you increased the flow tube radius, the fluid flow rate
You correctly answered: a. increased.

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Review Sheet Results
1. Explain how the body establishes a pressure gradient for fluid flow.
Your answer:
Por la diferencia de presion en las arterias y la presion de las venas, que se produce cuando la sangre es bombeada al
interior de las arterias.

2. Explain the effect that the flow tube radius change had on flow rate. How well did the results compare with your
prediction?
Your answer:
Al incrementar el tamaño del radio del tubo, la resistencia baja por lo que el flujo sanguíneo aumentam ta que la resistencia
el inversamente proporcional al flujo.

3. Describe the effect that radius changes have on the laminar flow of a fluid.
Your answer:
Al incrementar el radio se aumenta la cantidad de flujo laminar, puesto que menos sangre roza con la pared del vaso.

4. Why do you think the plot was not linear? (Hint: look at the relationship of the variables in the equation). How well did the
results compare with your prediction?
Your answer:
Porque al aumentar el radio es de 0.5 mm, el flujo se incrementó significativamente y no pudo ser una gráfica lineal.

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Exercise 5: Cardiovascular Dynamics: Activity 2: Studying the Effect of Blood Viscosity on Blood Flow Rate Lab Report

Pre-lab Quiz Results

You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly.

1. Which of the following is not a formed element?

You correctly answered: c. plasma protein

2. Thrombocytopenia is a reduction in platelets. What effect do you think this could have on blood viscosity?
You correctly answered: b. decrease blood viscosity

3. Which of the following does not contribute to the viscosity of the blood?
You correctly answered: d. oxygen level in the blood

4. Viscosity most directly affects

You correctly answered: b. peripheral resistance.

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Experiment Results
Predict Question:
Predict Question: What effect do you think increasing the viscosity will have on the fluid flow rate?
Your answer : c. The fluid flow rate will decrease.

Stop & Think Questions:

What is the relationship between fluid flow and viscosity?
You correctly answered: b. They are inversely proportional to each other.

What effect do you think aplastic anemia (reduced red blood cells) would have on blood flow?
You correctly answered: a. increased blood flow due to decreased viscosity

Experiment Data:

Flow (ml/min) Radius (mm) Viscosity Length (mm) Pressure (mm Hg)
490.6 5.0 1.0 50 100
245.3 5.0 2.0 50 100
163.5 5.0 3.0 50 100
122.7 5.0 4.0 50 100
98.1 5.0 5.0 50 100
81.8 5.0 6.0 50 100
70.1 5.0 7.0 50 100
61.3 5.0 8.0 50 100

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Post-lab Quiz Results
You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly.

1. The variable that you altered in this activity was

You correctly answered: a. viscosity.

2. Increasing viscosity resulted in

You correctly answered: b. decreased flow rate.

3. What effect would a decreased hematocrit have on blood flow?

You correctly answered: d. decreased viscosity, increased flow

4. What do you predict would be the overall affect on viscosity during dehydration?
You correctly answered: b. increased viscosity, decreased flow

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Review Sheet Results
1. Describe the components in the blood that affect viscosity.
Your answer:
Deshidratación y alterar el número de células sanguíneas.

2. Explain the effect that the viscosity change had on flow rate. How well did the results compare with your prediction?
Your answer:
Al aumentar la viscosidad el flujo sanguíneo disminuyó

3. Describe the graph of flow versus viscosity.

Your answer:
La gráfica muestra una relación cuadrática entre las dos variables.

4. Discuss the effect that polycythemia would have on viscosity and on blood flow.
Your answer:
Al aumentar los glóbulos rojos aumenta la viscosidad lo que ocasiona que el flujo disminuya.

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Exercise 5: Cardiovascular Dynamics: Activity 3: Studying the Effect of Blood Vessel Length on Blood Flow Rate Lab Report

Pre-lab Quiz Results

You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly.

1. When the length of the blood vessel increases, which of the following also increases?
You correctly answered: d. both friction and surface area

2. Blood vessel length decreases

You correctly answered: c. when we lose weight.

3. Blood flow is
You correctly answered: b. directly proportional to vessel radius to the fourth power.

4. Which of the following correctly describes resistance to flow?

You correctly answered: a. Resistance to flow increases with increased vessel length.

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Experiment Results
Predict Question:
Predict Question: What effect do you think increasing the flow tube length will have on the fluid flow rate?
Your answer : c. The fluid flow rate will decrease.

Stop & Think Questions:

What is the relationship between fluid flow and flow tube length?
You correctly answered: b. They are inversely proportional to each other.

Which is more likely to occur on a daily basis?

You correctly answered: b. changes in blood vessel diameter

Experiment Data:

Flow (ml/min) Radius (mm) Viscosity Length (mm) Pressure (mm Hg)
90.8 3.0 3.5 10 100
60.6 3.0 3.5 15 100
45.4 3.0 3.5 20 100
36.3 3.0 3.5 25 100
30.3 3.0 3.5 30 100
26.0 3.0 3.5 35 100
22.7 3.0 3.5 40 100

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Post-lab Quiz Results
You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly.

1. Increasing the flow tube length is analogous to increasing blood vessel length. How did this affect the flow rate?
You correctly answered: b. The flow rate decreased.

2. Which of the following correctly describes the relationships between blood vessel length, resistance, and blood flow?
You correctly answered: c. Blood vessel length is directly proportional to resistance and inversely proportional to blood flow.

3. Which of the following correctly describes the relationships between blood vessel radius, resistance, and blood flow?
You correctly answered: d. Blood vessel radius is inversely proportional to resistance and directly proportional to blood flow.

4. Which of the following describes why the body might require an increase in vessel radius?
You correctly answered: a. to provide more blood flow and, therefore, nutrients to a particular body part

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Review Sheet Results
1. Which is more likely to occur, a change in blood vessel radius or a change in blood vessel length? Explain why.
Your answer:
Un cambio en la radio del vaso porque se puede producir por la contracción del músculo liso, mientras que el cambio es la
longuitud sucede al crecer o aumentar o bajar de peso.

2. Explain the effect that the change in blood vessel length had on flow rate. How well did the results compare with your
prediction?
Your answer:
Al incrementar la longitud, disminuyó el flujo sanguíneo.

3. Explain why you think blood vessel radius can have a larger effect on the body than changes in blood vessel length (use
the blood flow equation).
Your answer:
Porque el cambio en la radio ocurre de manera frecuente. Basandose en la ecuación del flujo sanguíneo ocasiona un
mayor cambio en la cuarta parte

4. Describe the effect that obesity would have on blood flow and why.
Your answer:
La obesidad puede afectar la longitud del vaso sanguíneo haciendo que aumente, lo que incrementaría la resistencia al
flujo y lo haría más lento

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Exercise 5: Cardiovascular Dynamics: Activity 4: Studying the Effect of Blood Pressure on Blood Flow Rate Lab Report

Pre-lab Quiz Results

You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly.

1. Pressure changes in the cardiovascular system primarily result from

You correctly answered: b. changes in the force of contraction of the heart.

2. What is the driving force for blood flow?

You correctly answered: d. pressure gradient

3. Which of the following is directly proportional to blood flow?

You correctly answered: e. blood vessel radius and pressure gradient

4. Arteries close to the heart need to be able to compensate for

You correctly answered: c. pressure changes.

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Experiment Results
Predict Question:
Predict Question 1: What effect do you think increasing the pressure will have on the fluid flow rate?
Your answer : b. The fluid flow rate will increase.

Predict Question 2: Do you think a graph plotted with pressure on the X-axis and flow rate on the Y-axis will be linear (a
straight line)?
Your answer : a. yes

Stop & Think Questions:

This experiment uses pressure changes to model
You correctly answered: c. changes in the force of contraction of the heart.

Experiment Data:

Flow (ml/min) Radius (mm) Viscosity Length (mm) Pressure (mm Hg)
35.0 5.0 3.5 50 25
70.1 5.0 3.5 50 50
105.1 5.0 3.5 50 75
140.2 5.0 3.5 50 100
175.2 5.0 3.5 50 125
210.3 5.0 3.5 50 150
245.3 5.0 3.5 50 175
280.4 5.0 3.5 50 200

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Post-lab Quiz Results
You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly.

1. The effect of increasing pressure was to

You correctly answered: b. increase flow rate.

2. Blood pressure is measured in

You correctly answered: c. mm Hg.

3. Which of the following variables has the greatest effect on blood flow?
You correctly answered: d. vessel radius

4. Blood flow is measured in

You correctly answered: a. ml/min.

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Review Sheet Results
1. Explain the effect that pressure changes had on flow rate. How well did the results compare with your prediction?
Your answer:
Al incrementar la presión, incrementó el flujo

2. How does the plot differ from the plots for tube radius, viscosity, and tube length? How well did the results compare with
your prediction?
Your answer:
La relación entre la presión y el flujo es lineal a diferencia de las demás variables.

3. Explain why pressure changes are not the best way to control blood flow.
Your answer:
Los vasos sanguineos cercanos al corazon estan adaptados al cambio en la contraccion del corazon por lo que no
mostrarán respuestas significativas.

4. Use your data to calculate the increase in flow rate in ml/min/mm Hg.
Your answer:
[(200-25)x3.1416x625]/8x50x3,5= 245,4375 ml/min/mmhg

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Exercise 5: Cardiovascular Dynamics: Activity 5: Studying the Effect of Blood Vessel Radius on Pump Activity Lab Report

Pre-lab Quiz Results

You scored 100% by answering 5 out of 5 questions correctly.

1. The heart is resting during

You correctly answered: c. ventricular diastole.

2. The right side of the heart pumps blood

You correctly answered: d. to the lungs.

3. The layer of the blood vessel that is stimulated by the autonomic nervous system is
You correctly answered: b. smooth muscle.

4. In the experiment, the pump simulates

You correctly answered: b. the left ventricle of the heart.

5. If the right beaker simulates the flow of blood to the systemic circuit of the body, what do the right valve and flow tube
represent?
You correctly answered: d. aortic valve and aorta

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Experiment Results
Predict Question:
Predict Question: If you increase the flow tube radius, what will happen to the pump rate to maintain constant pressure?
Your answer : a. The pump rate will increase.

Stop & Think Questions:

When the piston of the pump reaches its lowest point, the volume remaining in the pump is the
You correctly answered: b. end systolic volume.

If you increase the right flow tube radius, what will happen to resistance and flow rate?
You correctly answered: b. Flow rate will increase and resistance will decrease.

If the left flow tube represents the pulmonary veins, what does the left source beaker represent?
You correctly answered: d. blood coming from the lungs

Experiment Data:

Flow (ml/min) Rad. L (mm) Rad. R (mm) Str. V (ml) Rate Press. L (mm Hg) Press. Dif. R (mm Hg)
(strokes/min)
6607.2 3.5 3.0 70 94.9 40 40
9423.9 3.5 3.5 70 134.6 40 40
11882.5 3.5 4.0 70 169.8 40 40
13798.3 3.5 4.5 70 197.1 40 40
15198.7 3.5 5.0 70 217.1 40 40

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Post-lab Quiz Results
You scored 100% by answering 5 out of 5 questions correctly.

1. The pump piston in the simulation is up during

You correctly answered: b. diastole.

2. The pump in the simulation represents the

You correctly answered: c. left ventricle.

3. The amount of blood flowing into the destination beaker (right beaker) with a single pump is called the
You correctly answered: d. stroke volume.

4. In this experiment, the increase in right flow tube radius resulted in

You correctly answered: b. an increase in flow rate, which increased the pump rate.

5. Which chamber should be present in the flow pattern of the experiment, given that the vessels and valves surrounding it
are present (the chamber was omitted from the experiment for simplicity)?
You correctly answered: d. left atrium

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Review Sheet Results
1. Explain the effect of increasing the right flow tube radius on the flow rate, resistance, and pump rate.
Your answer:
Incrementar el radio incrementará el flujo, disminuirá la resistencia e incrementará la velocidad de bombeo.

2. Describe what the left and right beakers in the experiment correspond to in the human heart.
Your answer:
Los pulmones (recipiente izquierdo) y el organismo (recipiente derecho).

3. Briefly describe how the human heart could compensate for flow rate changes to maintain blood pressure.
Your answer:
Dilataría el radio del vaso o lo contrairía.

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Exercise 5: Cardiovascular Dynamics: Activity 6: Studying the Effect of Stroke Volume on Pump Activity Lab Report

Pre-lab Quiz Results

You scored 100% by answering 5 out of 5 questions correctly.

1. Which of the following variables directly contributes to preload?

You correctly answered: b. venous return

2. Which of the following would not increase end diastolic volume?

You correctly answered: c. dehydration

3. Increased contractility of the heart results in all but which of the following?
You correctly answered: d. increased end systolic volume

4. Which of the following does not affect stroke volume?

You correctly answered: d. All of these affect stroke volume.

5. Which of the following is not equivalent to the others?

You correctly answered: c. end diastolic volume

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Experiment Results
Predict Question:
Predict Question: If the pump rate is analogous to the heart rate, what do you think will happen to the rate when you
increase the stroke volume?
Your answer : a. The pump rate will decrease to maintain cardiac output.

Stop & Think Questions:

Why did changing the ending pump volume (ESV) automatically change the stroke volume?
You correctly answered: d. The heart intrinsically alters stroke volume to accommodate changes in preload.

The flow has stayed constant with each trial because

You correctly answered: a. cardiac output is equivalent to blood flow.

How does the heart provide for an increase in stroke volume?

You correctly answered: b. by increasing contractility

Experiment Data:

Flow Rad. L Rad. R Str. V (ml) Rate Press. L Press. Dif. R

(ml/min) (mm) (mm) (strokes/min) (mm Hg) (mm Hg)
5086.8 3.0 3.0 10 508.7 40 40
5086.8 3.0 3.0 20 254.3 40 40
5086.8 3.0 3.0 30 169.6 40 40
5086.8 3.0 3.0 40 127.2 40 40
5086.8 3.0 3.0 50 101.7 40 40
5086.8 3.0 3.0 60 84.8 40 40
5086.8 3.0 3.0 80 63.6 40 40
5086.8 3.0 3.0 100 50.8 40 40

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Post-lab Quiz Results
You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly.

1. What do you think would happen when stroke volume is decreased?

You correctly answered: b. Pump rate would increase.

2. Why might an athlete's resting heart rate be lower than that of the average person?
You correctly answered: e. Stroke volume and contractility have increased.

3. In this activity, which of the following stayed constant?

You correctly answered: c. flow rate

4. Which of the following is true?

You correctly answered: d. ESV = EDV - SV

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Review Sheet Results
1. Describe the Frank-Starling law in the heart.
Your answer:
El sistema venoso devuelve más sangre de la normal al corazon lo que provoca que el musculo cardiaco se estire y luego
se produzca una contraccion más fuerte, el corazón explusa más sangre de la normal y aumenta el volumen diastolico.

2. Explain what happened to the pump rate when you increased the stroke volume? Why do you think this occurred? How
well did the results compare with your prediction?
Your answer:
La velocidad de bombeo disminuyó al incrementar el volumen sistólico.

3. Describe how the heart alters stroke volume.

Your answer:
A medida que el corazón es llenado con mayor volumen de sangre la fuerza de contracción aumentara, lo cual es
consecuencia directa del efecto que tiene el incremento de carga sobre la fibra muscular.

4. Describe the intrinsic factors that control stroke volume.

Your answer:
Precarga: grado hasta donde los ventriculos son estirados por el volumen diastolico.
Contractilidad: fuerza de contraccion del musculo cardiaco y la capacidad para generar fuerza.
Poscarga: presion en contra generada por la sangre.

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Exercise 5: Cardiovascular Dynamics: Activity 7: Compensation in Pathological Cardiovascular Conditions Lab Report

Pre-lab Quiz Results

You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly.

1. Which of the following could cause an increase in peripheral resistance in the blood vessel?
You correctly answered: b. atherosclerosis

2. Which structures in the heart ensure that one-way flow occurs?

You correctly answered: d. valves

3. Which of the following might be seen in both the diseased heart and the athlete's heart?
You correctly answered: c. thicker myocardium

4. The type of resistance increased in aortic valve stenosis is

You correctly answered: d. increased left-ventricular afterload.

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Experiment Results
Predict Question:
Predict Question 1: You will now test three mechanisms to compensate for the decrease in flow rate caused by the
decreased flow tube radius. Which mechanism do you think will have the greatest compensatory effect?
Your answer : c. decreasing the pressure in the right (destination) beaker

Predict Question 2: What do you think will happen if the pump pressure and the beaker pressure are the same?
Your answer : c. Flow will stop.

Stop & Think Questions:

Narrowing of the right flow tube radius simulates
You correctly answered: c. aortic valve stenosis.

What does increasing the pump pressure correspond to in the human heart?
You correctly answered: d. increasing the force of contraction

What does decreasing the right (destination) beaker correspond to in the human heart?
You correctly answered: b. decreasing afterload

Experiment Data:

Condition Flow Rad. L Rad. R Str. V Rate Press. L Press. Dif. R

Normal 5086.8 3.0 3.0 70 72.7 40 40
Aortic stenosis 3310.0 3.0 2.5 70 47.3 40 40
Increased preload 3892.9 3.5 2.5 70 155.6 40 40
Increased preload 4256.7 4.0 2.5 70 60.8 40 40
Increased contractility 4479.5 4.5 2.5 70 64.0 40 40
Increased contractility 3826.3 3.0 2.5 70 54.7 40 50
Increased contractility 4270.3 3.0 2.5 70 61.0 40 60
Decreased afterload 4656.3 3.0 2.5 70 66.5 40 70
Decreased afterload 3826.3 3.0 2.5 70 54.7 40 80
Decreased afterload 4270.3 3.0 2.5 70 61.0 40 60
Decreased afterload 4656.3 3.0 2.5 70 66.5 40 70

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Post-lab Quiz Results
You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly.

1. Which of the following compensatory mechanisms was not tested?

You correctly answered: c. decreasing the pressure in the left (source) beaker

2. In an actual heart, what is the most logical way to compensate for a decrease in flow tube radius?
You correctly answered: b. adjust the force of contraction of the heart

3. Without a difference in pressure between the pump and the destination beaker
You correctly answered: a. the valve will not open.

4. Athletes experience an overall in peripheral resistance, so the heart generates pressure to

deliver the same amount of blood. An athlete's arterial pressure would likely be than that in a non-athlete.
You correctly answered: d. decrease, less, lower

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Review Sheet Results
1. Explain how the heart could compensate for changes in peripheral resistance.
Your answer:
Aumentaría la precarga, aumentaría la contractilidad o disminuiría la poscarga.

2. Which mechanism had the greatest compensatory effect? How well did the results compare with your prediction?
Your answer:
Disminyendo su poscarga.

3. Explain what happened when the pump pressure and the beaker pressure were the same. How well did the results
compare with your prediction?
Your answer:
No habría flujo pues las valvulas no se abrirían.

4. Explain whether it would be better to adjust heart rate or blood vessel diameter to achieve blood flow changes at a local
level (for example, in just the digestive system).
Your answer:
La frecuencia cardiáca sería mas facil de controlar.

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Exercise 6: Cardiovascular Physiology: Activity 1: Investigating the Refractory Period of Cardiac Muscle Lab Report

Pre-lab Quiz Results

You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly.

1. The cardiac muscle is capable of which of the following?

You correctly answered: c. autorhythmicity

2. Phase 2 of the cardiac action potential, when the calcium channels remain open and potassium channels are closed, is
called the
You correctly answered: a. plateau phase.

3. Which of the following is true of the cardiac action potential?

You correctly answered: b. The cardiac action potential is longer than the skeletal muscle action potential.

4. The main anatomical difference between the frog heart and the human heart is that the frog heart has
You correctly answered: c. a single, fused ventricle.

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Experiment Results
Predict Question:
Predict Question 1: When you increase the frequency of the stimulation, what do you think will happen to the amplitude
(height) of the ventricular systole wave?
Your answer : a. The amplitude will increase.

Predict Question 2: If you deliver multiple stimuli (20 stimuli per second) to the heart, what do you think will happen?
Your answer : d. neither wave summation nor tetanus

Stop & Think Questions:

1. Watch the contractile activity from the frog heart on the oscilloscope.

Enter the number of ventricular contractions per minute (from the heart rate display) in the field below and then click
Submit to record your answer in the lab report.
You answered: 60 beats/min

Which of the following statements about the contractile activity is true?

You correctly answered: a. The smaller waves represent the contraction of the atria.

During which portion of the cardiac muscle contraction is it possible to induce an extrasystole?
You correctly answered: d. during relaxation

Experiment Data:

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Post-lab Quiz Results
You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly.

1. The amplitude of the ventricular systole did not change with the more frequent stimulation because
You correctly answered: a. a new contraction could not begin until the relaxation phase

2. Which of the following do you think contribute to the inability of cardiac muscle to be tetanized?
You correctly answered: a. the long refractory period of the cardiac action potential

3. Given the function of the heart, why is it important that cardiac muscle cannot reach tetanus?
You correctly answered: b. The ventricles must contract and relax fully with each beat to pump blood.

4. An extrasystole corresponds to
You correctly answered: c. an extra ventricular contraction.

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Review Sheet Results
1. Explain why the larger waves seen on the oscilloscope represent the ventricular contraction.
Your answer:
El ventrículo tiene contraccionciones de mayor duración.

2. Explain why the amplitude of the wave did not change when you increased the frequency of the stimulation. (Hint: relate
your response to the refractory period of the cardiac action potential.) How well did the results compare with your
prediction?
Your answer:
Tiene periodos de refracción muy largos.

3. Why is it only possible to induce an extrasystole during relaxation?

Your answer:
Porque es ahí donde el corazón está disponible para despolarizarse nuevamente solo después de la repolarización.

4. Explain why wave summation and tetanus are not possible in cardiac muscle tissue. How well did the results compare
with your prediction?
Your answer:
Porque el músculo cardiáco tiene periodos de refacción muy largos y no se produce sumación así se aumente mucho el
estímulo.

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Exercise 6: Cardiovascular Physiology: Activity 2: Examining the Effect of Vagus Nerve Stimulation Lab Report

Pre-lab Quiz Results

You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly.

1. The effect of the parasympathetic nervous system on the heart is to

You correctly answered: a. decrease the heart rate.

2. The branch of the autonomic nervous system that dominates during exercise is
You correctly answered: b. the sympathetic branch.

3. Parasympathetic stimulation reaches the heart through

You correctly answered: d. vagus nerves, which are cranial nerves.

4. The usual pacemaker of the heart

You correctly answered: c. is the sinoatrial node.

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Experiment Results
Predict Question:
Predict Question: What do you think will happen if you apply multiple stimuli to the heart by indirectly stimulating the vagus
nerve?
Your answer : c. The heart rate will decrease and the heart will stop.

Stop & Think Questions:

1. Watch the contractile activity from the frog heart on the oscilloscope.

Enter the number of ventricular contractions per minute (from the heart rate display) in the field below and then click
Submit to record your answer in the lab report.
You answered: 60 beats/min

The vagus nerve carries

You correctly answered: a. signals that decrease the heart rate.

3. Enter the number of ventricular contractions per minute (from the heart rate display) in the field below and then click
Submit to record your answer in the lab report.
You answered: 60 beats/min

The response that resumed the heartbeat after the vagus nerve stimulation is called
You correctly answered: b. vagal escape.

Experiment Data:

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Post-lab Quiz Results
You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly.

1. Extreme vagus nerve stimulation affects the heart by

You correctly answered: a. stopping the heart completely.

2. Vagal escape probably involves

You correctly answered: c. sympathetic reflexes.

3. Research shows that, in the absence of neural and hormonal influences, the SA node generates action potentials at a
frequency of approximately 100 times per minute. However, the resting heart rate is approximately 70 beats per minute,
which suggests that
You correctly answered: b. the parasympathetic nervous system has more control over heart rate.

4. The SA (sinoatrial) node in the human heart is located

You correctly answered: c. in the right atrium

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Review Sheet Results
1. Explain the effect that extreme vagus nerve stimulation had on the heart. How well did the results compare with your
prediction?
Your answer:
La frecuencia cardiáca disminuyó y el cprazón dejó de latir con la estimulación del nervio vago. Mi predicción fue correcta.

2. Explain two ways that the heart can overcome excessive vagal stimulation.
Your answer:
Con el escape vagal.

3. Describe how the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems work together to regulate heart rate.
Your answer:
El sistema simpatico aumenta la frecuencia cardiaca y la fuerza de contraccion, mientras que el sistema parasimpatico
disminuye la frecuencia cardiaca sin alterar las contracciones.

4. What do you think would happen to the heart rate if the vagus nerve was cut?
Your answer:
La frecuencia cardiáca aumentaría y se generaría un paro cardiáco por no dejar que el corazón se relaje.

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Exercise 6: Cardiovascular Physiology: Activity 3: Examining the Effect of Temperature on Heart Rate Lab Report

Pre-lab Quiz Results

You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly.

1. Organisms that usually maintain the same internal body temperature in spite of environmental temperature changes are
You correctly answered: c. homeothermic.

2. The general name for the process that maintains the internal body temperature in humans is
You correctly answered: a. homeostasis.

3. The electrolytes in a Ringer's solution are required to

You correctly answered: b. provide for autorhythmicity.

4. An internal body temperature that is above the normal range is

You correctly answered: b. hyperthermic.

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Experiment Results
Predict Question:
Predict Question 1: What effect will decreasing the temperature of the Ringer's solution have on the heart rate of the frog?
Your answer : b. decrease in heart rate

Predict Question 2: What effect will increasing the temperature of the Ringer's solution have on the heart rate of the frog?
Your answer : c. increase in heart rate

Stop & Think Questions:

What effect do you think a fever of 104°F would have on heart rate?
You correctly answered: c. increase in heart rate

Experiment Data:

Solution Heart Rate

23°C Ringer's 59
5°C Ringer's 49
32°C Ringer's 69

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Post-lab Quiz Results
You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly.

1. In the 5°C Ringer’s solution, the frog heart

You correctly answered: c. beat slower than baseline.

2. In the 32°C Ringer’s solution, the frog heart

You correctly answered: b. beat faster than baseline.

3. If the human heart were experiencing hypothermia, what do you think would be the effect on heart rate?
You correctly answered: c. a decrease in heart rate

4. Without the Ringer's solution

You correctly answered: d. spontaneous cardiac action potentials would not occur.

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Review Sheet Results
1. Explain the effect that decreasing the temperature had on the frog heart. How do you think the human heart would
respond? How well did the results compare with your prediction?
Your answer:
Al bajar la temperatura, disminuye el ritmo cardiáco. En el humano tambien disminuiría pues los latídos serían más
lentos. Mi predicción fue correcta.

2. Describe why Ringer's solution is required to maintain heart contractions.

Your answer:
Porque los animales como la rana no mantienen un calor corporal independiente del ambiente.

3. Explain the effect that increasing the temperature had on the frog heart. How do you think the human heart would
respond? How well did the results compare with your prediction?
Your answer:
Al incrementar la T° se incrementó el ritmo cardiáco. Mi predicción fue correcta.

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Exercise 6: Cardiovascular Physiology: Activity 4: Examining the Effects of Chemical Modifiers on Heart Rate Lab Report

Pre-lab Quiz Results

You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly.

1. The parasympathetic nervous system releases to affect heart rate.

You correctly answered: d. acetylcholine

2. A cholinergic drug that worked the same as acetylcholine would

You correctly answered: c. be an agonist and decrease heart rate.

3. Norepinephrine affects the heart rate by

You correctly answered: a. increasing the rate of depolarization and increasing the frequency of action potentials.

4. The receptor binds norepinephrine and epinephrine.

You correctly answered: b. ß-1 adrenergic

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Experiment Results
Predict Question:
Predict Question 1: Pilocarpine is a cholinergic drug, an acetylcholine agonist. Predict the effect that pilocarpine will have
on heart rate.
Your answer : a. Pilocarpine will increase heart rate.

Predict Question 2: Atropine is another cholinergic drug, an acetylcholine antagonist. Predict the effect that atropine will
have on heart rate.
Your answer : b. Atropine will decrease heart rate.

Stop & Think Questions:

Which of the following is true of epinephrine?
You correctly answered: c. It increases the heart rate and mimics the sympathetic nervous system.

The final chemical modifier we will look at is digitalis (also known as digoxin and digitoxin and derived from the foxglove
plant). Individuals with weakened hearts need to allow maximum time for venous return and increased stroke volume and
would therefore most likely benefit from
You correctly answered: c. increased force of contraction and decreased heart rate

Experiment Data:

Solution Heart Rate

---- 59
Epinephrine 78
Pilocarpine 45
Atropine 69
Digitalis 42

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Post-lab Quiz Results
You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly.

1. Pilocarpine decreased the heart rate. Typical of cholinergic agonists, it

You correctly answered: b. decreased the frequency of action potentials.

2. The effect of atropine was to

You correctly answered: c. mimic the sympathetic nervous system.

3. The modifiers tested that decrease the heart rate were

You correctly answered: c. digitalis and pilocarpine.

4. To increase the heart rate, the best choices would be

You correctly answered: b. epinephrine and atropine.

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Review Sheet Results
1. Describe the effect that pilocarpine had on the heart and why it had this effect. How well did the results compare with
your prediction?
Your answer:
Pilocarpina disminuyó el ritmo cardiáco. Es un modificador colinérgico.

2. Atropine is an acetylcholine antagonist. Does atropine inhibit or enhance the effects of acetylcholine? Describe your
results and how they correlate with how the drug works. How well did the results compare with your prediction?
Your answer:
La atropina aumenta el ritmo cardiáco por lo que inhibe a la acetilcolina puesto que esta disminuye la frecuencia.

3. Describe the benefits of administering digitalis.

Your answer:
Incrementa la fuerza de contracción y disminuye el ritmo cardiáco.

4. Distinguish between cholinergic and adrenergic chemical modifiers. Include examples of each in your discussion.
Your answer:
Los modificadores colinérgicos inhiben, imitan o aumentan la acción de la acetilcolina mientras que los modificadores
adrenérgicos inhiben, imitan o potencian la acción de la adrenalina.

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Exercise 6: Cardiovascular Physiology: Activity 5: Examining the Effects of Various Ions on Heart Rate Lab Report

Pre-lab Quiz Results

You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly.

1. Which organelle in the cardiac muscle cell stores calcium?

You correctly answered: b. sarcoplasmic reticulum

2. Verapamil is a calcium-channel blocker. Its effects could be described as

You correctly answered: d. negative chronotropic and negative inotropic.

3. When the cardiac muscle cell is at rest, where is most of the potassium found?
You correctly answered: c. in the cytosol

4. Resting cardiac muscle cells are most permeable to

You correctly answered: b. potassium.

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Experiment Results
Predict Question:
Predict Question 1: Because calcium-channel blockers are negative chronotropic and negative inotropic, what effect do you
think increasing the concentration of calcium will have on heart rate?
Your answer : a. positive chronotropic, positive inotropic

Predict Question 2: Excess potassium outside of the cardiac cell decreases the resting potential of the plasma membrane,
thus decreasing the force of contraction. What effect (if any) do you think it will initially have on heart rate?
Your answer : b. decrease heart rate

Stop & Think Questions:

Where in the cardiac muscle cell is most of the sodium normally found?
You correctly answered: a. outside of the cell

Experiment Data:

Solution Heart Rate

---- 62
Calcium 72
Sodium 34 then erratic
Potassium 28 then erratic

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Post-lab Quiz Results
You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly.

1. The addition of most of the ions resulted in

You correctly answered: c. an erratic heart rate.

2. The effect of potassium on the heart is

You correctly answered: b. negative chronotropic, negative inotropic.

3. The ion that had the most pronounced effect on heart rate was
You correctly answered: c. potassium.

4. Ectopic pacemakers can be caused by excessive leakage of potassium into cardiac cells, resulting in pacemakers
appearing in abnormal locations in the heart muscle. This hyperkalemia (excess potassium) decreases the resting potential
of the cardiac muscle cell. What effect do you think this would have on the force of contraction?
You correctly answered: d. decrease, negative inotropic

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Review Sheet Results
1. Describe the effect that increasing the calcium ions had on the heart in this activity. How well did the results compare
with your prediction?
Your answer:
Aumentó el ritmo cardiáco y la fuerza de contracción.

2. Describe the effect that increasing the potassium ions initially had on the heart in this activity. Relate this to the resting
membrane potential of the cardiac muscle cell. How well did the results compare with your prediction?
Your answer:
El potasio disminuyó el ritmo cardiáco. Mi predicción fue acertada.

3. Describe how calcium channel blockers are used to treat patients and why?
Your answer:
Bloquean los canales de potasio lo que ocasiona menor velocidad de despolarización y menor fuerza de contracción.

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