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University of The East: College of Engineering Computer Engineering Department Caloocan

The document describes Sandler's A-test, an alternative to the paired t-test developed by Joseph Sandler. It provides steps for conducting a hypothesis test using the Sandler's A-test: 1) formulate null and alternative hypotheses, 2) specify significance level, 3) compute the A-statistic using a formula, 4) compare the A-statistic to a critical value to determine if the null hypothesis can be rejected. An example problem applies these steps to test if subjects exhibit different emotional responses to explicit vs. neutral words. The null hypothesis is rejected, indicating a difference.

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192 views10 pages

University of The East: College of Engineering Computer Engineering Department Caloocan

The document describes Sandler's A-test, an alternative to the paired t-test developed by Joseph Sandler. It provides steps for conducting a hypothesis test using the Sandler's A-test: 1) formulate null and alternative hypotheses, 2) specify significance level, 3) compute the A-statistic using a formula, 4) compare the A-statistic to a critical value to determine if the null hypothesis can be rejected. An example problem applies these steps to test if subjects exhibit different emotional responses to explicit vs. neutral words. The null hypothesis is rejected, indicating a difference.

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Tawki Baki
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UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Computer Engineering Department
Caloocan

SANDLER’S A-TEST

A paper presented to NCP 2105 – Engineering Data Analysis course

Submitted To:

Dr. Joan P. Lazaro


Professor

Submitted By:

Jayson B. Abrigo
Hans Cedric B. Bugarin
Ralph Adrian C. Cuevas
Jairo A. Tropia

1 – CpE

December 6, 2020
INTRODUCTION AND INFORMATION
Sandler's A test is a hypothesis testing method formulated by Joseph Sandler, an
influential British psychoanalyst during the latter part of the twentieth century, as an
alternate and simplified approach of the t-test. Joseph J. Sandler was a British
psychoanalyst who was born and educated in South Africa. He relocated to London in
order to get his PHD in Psychology at the University of London and made major
contributions in the field of psychoanalysis, including the statistical technique he
created. This specific method of hypothesis testing is the mathematically equivalent of
the paired sample t-test, which is also known as the two dependent samples t-test and
Student’s t-test. A paired sample t-test statistical technique is used to compare two
population means in the case of two samples that are correlated, while the Student’s t-
test or t-test for independent samples is used to test the significance between two
independent samples. Sandler’s statistical technique is commonly used by
psychologists when two groups are matched in terms of some extraneous variables.
Moreover, this type of statistical technique can be used in ‘before-and-after’ studies, or
when samples are matched and paired, or the case is a control study.

Steps in Hypothesis Testing Using the Sandler’s A-Test:

1. Formulate the null and the alternative hypothesis.


Similar with the t-test, we use the following null and alternative hypotheses
depending whether the problem on hand is one-tailed or two-tailed in nature:
One-tailed test of hypothesis:
a. H o : μ1=μ2 vs . H a : μ1 > μ2
b. H o : μ1=μ2 vs . H a : μ1 < μ2
Two-tailed test of hypothesis:
a. H o : μ1=μ2 vs . H a : μ1 ≠ μ2

2. Specify the level of significance.


Example: 5% or 0.05, 1% or 0.01

3. Decide the test statistics to be used. Find the degree of freedom (df) and
the tabular value or critical value on the Table of Sandler’s A Statistic.

To find the degree of freedom for the Sandler’s A-Test, we use the
formula:

df =n−1

Where n, is equal to the number of pairs.

4. Compute for the value of the A-statistic.


The A-statistic can be obtained by using the formula:

A=
∑ D2i
2
( ∑ Di )

Where ∑ Di , is equal to the summation of the of the differences of each


pair.

5. Decide whether to accept or reject the null hypothesis.


a. If the non-directional alternative hypothesis H a : μ1 ≠ μ2 is employed, the
null hypothesis can be rejected if the obtained value of A is equal to or
less than the tabled critical two-tailed value at the pre-specified level of
significance.
b. If the directional alternative hypothesis H a : μ1 > μ2 is employed, the null
hypothesis can be rejected if the sign of ∑D is positive (+) and that
the obtained value of A is equal to or less than the tabled critical one-
tailed value at the pre-specified level of significance.
c. If the directional alternative hypothesis H a : μ1 < μ2 is employed, the null
hypothesis can be rejected if the sign of ∑D is negative (-) and that
the obtained value of A is equal to or less than the tabled critical one-
tailed value at the pre-specified level of significance.

Or simply, when the obtained value of A is equal to or less than the tabled
critical value at the pre-specified level of significance, in that case A-statistic
is considered significant–where upon we reject the null hypothesis and accept
the alternative hypothesis. But, if the obtained value of A is greater than the
tabled critical value at the pre-specified level of significance, then the A-
statistic is taken as insignificant and accordingly we accept the null
hypothesis.

6. State the conclusion.

APPLICATIONS/ SAMPLE PROBLEMS


Problem 1:
A psychologist conducts a study to determine whether or not people
exhibit more emotionality when they are exposed to sexually explicit words
than when they are exposed to neutral words. Each of the ten subjects is
shown a list of 16 randomly arranged words, which are projected onto a
screen one at a time for a period of five seconds. Eight of the words on the list
are sexually explicit and the remaining eight are neutral. As each word is
projected on the screen, a subject is instructed to say the word softly to
himself or herself. As a subject does this, sensors attached to the palms of
the subjects’ hands record galvanic skin response (GSR), which is used by
the psychologist as a measure of emotionality. The psychologist computes
two scores for each subject, one for each of the experimental conditions:
Condition 1: GSR/Explicit–The average GSR score for the eight sexually
explicit words: Condition 2: GSR/Neutral–The average GSR score for the
eight neutral words. The GSR/Explicit and the GSR/Neutral scores of the ten
subjects follow. (The higher the level of emotionality.) Subject 1 (9,8); Subject
2 (2,2); Subject 3 (1,3); Subject 4 (4,2); Subject 5 (6,3); Subject 6 (4,0);
Subject 7 (7,4); Subject 8 (8,5); Subject 9 (5,4); Subject 10 (1,0). Do the
subjects exhibit differences in emotionality with respect to the two categories
of word?

Note: Use 5% level of significance (two-tailed test)

Step 1: Formulate the null and the alternative hypothesis.


H o : μ1=μ2
H a : μ1 ≠ μ2

Step 2: Specify the level of significance.


α =5 %∨0.05

Step 3: Decide the test statistics to be used. Find the degree of freedom (df) and
the tabular value or critical value on the Table of Sandler’s A Statistic.

df =n−1=10−1=9

ACritical =0.276 (See Table A in the Appendix.)

Step 4: Compute for the value of the A-statistic.

Table for Data of Problem 1


Subject X1 X2 D D2
1 9 8 1 1
2 2 2 0 0
3 1 3 -2 4
4 4 2 2 4
5 6 3 3 9
6 4 0 4 16
7 7 4 3 9
8 8 5 3 9
9 5 4 1 1
10 1 0 1 1
∑ X 1=47 ∑ X 2=31 ∑ D=16 ∑ D 2=54

A=
∑ D2i = 54 =0.211
2 2
( ∑ Di ) (16 )

Step 5: Decide whether to accept or reject the null hypothesis.


| A computed|≤| ACritical|; |0.211|≤|0.276|
Thus, reject the null hypothesis ( H o ) and accept the alternative
hypothesis ( H a ).

Step 6: State the conclusion.

∴ the subjects exhibit differences∈emotionality withrespect ¿ the


two categories of wor d , where A=0.211 at 5 % level of significance .

Problem 2:
Problem 3:
REFERENCES:

Kothari, C. R. (2004). Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques. New Age

Internationals (P) Limited.

https://www.cusb.ac.in/images/cusb-files/2020/el/cbs/MCCOM2003C04%20(Busi

ness%20Research%20Methods)Research_Methodology_C_R_Kothari.pdf

Pasion, A. J. (2014, August 20). Sandler’s A-Test [Slides]. Prezi.Com.

https://prezi.com/59vpqbtjrotn/sandlers-a-test/

Sheskin, D. (2020). Handbook of Parametric and Nonparametric Statistical Procedures.

CRCPress.https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=2DfrDwAAQBAJ&dq=sandler

%27s+a+test

Sirug, W. S. (2015). Basic Probability and Statistics: A Step by Step Approach Revised

Edition. MINDSHAPERS CO.

Statistics Solutions. (2021, August 2). Paired Sample T-Test.

https://www.statisticssolutions.com/free-resources/directory-of-statistical-

analyses/paired-sample-t-test/
Wisdom Jobs. (2019, December 4). SANDLER’S A-TEST - Research Methodology.

Retrieved November 28, 2021, from

https://www.wisdomjobs.com/e-university/research-methodology-tutorial-355/

sandler-s-a-test-11515.html

APPENDIX:

Table A: Critical values for Sandler’s A Test (A)

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