Economic Value Analysis: Cost Based Pricing vs. Value Based Pricing
Economic Value Analysis: Cost Based Pricing vs. Value Based Pricing
Value Analysis
Pricing Strategy & Analysis
Federico Rossi
Purdue University
Krannert School of Management
Spring 2022
© Copyright Federico Rossi, 2022
Cost‐Based Pricing vs. Value‐Based Pricing
Cost‐Based Pricing
Value‐Based Pricing
We next define what we mean by value…
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Maximum Willingness to Pay (B)
• A consumer’s maximum willingness‐to‐pay is the maximum
amount of money the consumer is willing to give up to get a good.
• Maximum willingness‐to‐pay is determined by asking the question:
at what price is the customer just indifferent between buying the
product or going without it?
B = $10 PRICE = $7
Consumer Net Value
also known as Consumer Surplus, i.e. CS
• It is the difference between the consumer’s maximum
willingness‐to‐pay and the price the consumer must pay
for the product.
– If B ‐ P < 0 the consumer does not buy
– Given competing goods, the consumer buys the one with the
highest consumer surplus.
B = $10 PRICE = $7
CS = $3
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Economics of Buying Behavior
• Consumers consider the net value of each
product in the market
Our Product Competitor’s Product
Our Benefits – Our Price Their Benefits – Their Price
= BUs - PUs = BThem - PThem
• Consumers select our product if:
[BUs-PUs] [BThem-PThem]
(BUs-BThem) + PThem PUs
B + R PUs
Economic Value Analysis
Theoretical Components
Differentiation
Value
Economic Value
to the Customer
Reference
Value
• Reference value. The price (adjusted for differences in units)
of the competing product that the customer views as the best
alternative.
• Differentiation value. Value to the customer (both + and ‐) of
any differentiating attributes between your offering and the
reference product.
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Example: Use EVA to set price
An Apple Juice Manufacturer (AJM) needs to dispose
of spoilt apple juice.
• Apple juice is a perishable good. If it sits too long, it
begins to spoil. Also, not all juice meets quality
control standards
– supply and demand fluctuations
– lower quality apples may be used inadvertently
• What should AJM do with its spoilt apple juice?
AJM has a problem with current
disposal solution…
• Currently AJM is selling the juice to a “Salvage
House” juice reseller for 60 cents a gallon.
• AJM has a reason to believe that the Salvage House
is selling the juice in the U.S. under a generic label, or
worse, under the AJM brand name.
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Five alternative solutions have been
identified…
1. Re‐label the spoilt juice and sell it themselves
2. Rework the spoilt juice back into production (diluted
with good juice)
3. Dispose of the spoilt juice (pay for disposal)
4. Sell it to a third‐party vinegar supplier for 35 cents a
gallon.
5. Sell it directly to vinegar manufacturers, but at what
price?
Our Goal:
Use Economic Value Analysis (EVA) to set price to
vinegar manufacturers (Option #5)
Currently, vinegar manufacturers are indifferent between
the raw apples or foreign concentrate as inputs:
– Raw apples at 47 cents a gallon
– Foreign concentrate at $1.00 a gallon
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Cost to vinegar manufacturer for three
alternative raw goods.
Computing the EVA for Spoilt Apple
Juice
1. Start with the price of status quo Price of raw apples $0.47
2. Compute the differentiation value
B + R PAJM
AJM can charge $1.16
$0.69 + $0.47
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EVA to Vinegar Company
Economic
Value
Processing Processing
Processing Holdings & Holdings &
Handlings Handlings
Dilution
Holdings &
Handlings
Waste Price of
Price of Apple Juice $1.16
Concentrate ???
Price of
Raw Apples
Options Available
AJM: Taking Action
• Conclusion: EVA Analysis suggests that:
– The vinegar manufacturers should be willing to pay
up to $1.15 for the juice
• Should the firm go ahead and sell directly?
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Calculating Economic Value
STEP 1 Identify the cost of the competitive product or best
available substitute process (i.e., the benchmark or
reference value)
Measuring the Economic Value to the
Customer
Startup Cost Savings
Differentiation
Value Additional Value/Cost
Economic
Value to the
Post‐Purchase Cost Consumer
Savings
Reference
Price of Closest
Value
Substitute
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Application of EVA
• The approach does not give a price but it bounds the
pricing problem
– Customer value provides a ceiling
– Variable costs provide a floor
• Usually price < EVC for new product (a substantial
“inducement” to try is usually required)
CASE STUDY 1: DuPont Alathon 25
• In 1995, Du Pont introduced Alathron 25, a revolutionary new
polyethylene resin. Alathron 25 is designed to manufacture
flexible irrigation pipes. These are under‐ground pipe installed
in large farms for automated irrigation (similar to household
sprinkler systems). An example of an installed pipe is shown in
figure below.
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CASE STUDY 1: DuPont Alathon 25
• The current industry standard for irrigation pipes are
traditional “off‐grade” resin. The leading manufacturer of
these pipes is Ridgeline, they charge $10 per pipe. A common
complaint about these pipes is that they have a high failure
rate (normally a leak). Once a failure is detected, the farmer
must replace the pipe. The estimated labor cost to replace a
failed pipe is $60 (in addition to the cost of replacing the
pipe). However, since these pipes are installed underground a
failure may not be immediately detected. This can lead to
damaged crops. Interviews with farmers suggest that about
one in five failures result in damaged crops, on average these
cost the farmers an additional loss of $70.
CASE STUDY 1: DuPont Alathon 25
• The main technical advantages of polyethylene resin are a low
melt index and intermediate crystallinity. As a result, the pipes
have improved flexibility and more resistant to environmental
stress cracks. To understand the scale of these advantages, Du
Pont commissioned a study to test the performance relative to
Rigeline pipes. The results are shown the table below:
• Resin used Failure Rate (% of installed pipes that fail in lifetime)
• Alathon 25: 5%
• Off‐grade Resin: 10%
Estimate the farmer’s willingness to pay
for the new Alathron 25 pipes
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Solution:
Category of Value Off‐Grade Resin Alathon 25 Diff. Value
Replacing pipe 0.10*$10 0.05*price $1 ‐ 0.05*price
Labor cost 0.10*$60 0.05*$60 0.05*$60 = $3
Crop damage 0.10*0.20*$70 0.05*0.20*$70 0.05*0.20*$70 = $0.7
Assumption 1: If the new pipe goes bad, the farmer will buy Off‐Grade Resin
price = $10 EVC = $10 + $4.7 – 0.05 * $10 EVC = $14.20
Assumption 2: If the new pipe goes bad, the farmer will buy again Alathon 25
price = EVC EVC = $10 + $4.7 – 0.05 * EVC EVC = $14
What is incomplete about this analysis?
• Heterogeneity of farmers!
– They might differ based on Replacement cost, labor cost, crop damage
– They might differ based on their beliefs on rate of failure new product
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CASE STUDY 2: Plavix
• You are the pricing manager for Plavix (clipidogrel) that is used as an
alternative for Asprin as a oral blood thinner for patients who are at
risk for clinical thrombotic events. These include vascular death,
myocardial infection, stoke and hospitalization.
• Based on the American Heart Association
(https://healthmetrics.heart.org/wp‐content/uploads/2017/06/Heart‐
Disease‐and‐Stroke‐Statistics‐2017‐ucm_491265.pdf), cardiovascular
disease, listed as the underlying cause of death, accounts for nearly
801,000 deaths in the US. That is about 1 of every 3 deaths in the US.
About 100 million American adults are living with some form of
cardiovascular disease or the after‐effects of stroke. About 5% of the
possible patients have had been treated with cardiac surgery.
CASE STUDY 2: Plavix
• To access the efficacy of these drugs you R&D team has provided you two
large‐scale clinical studies that compare these two drugs. The first (see
clinical study #1) considers all 100 million patients and the second (see
clinical study #2) considers patients who had a previous cardiac surgery.
In each study, the groups were given 1 does of either Aspirin or Plavix
daily for 3 years or about 1,000 pills.
• Your R&D group summarizes the studies as: Negative outcomes
Population with Plavix with Aspirin
All patients 5.3% 5.8%
Patients with prior surgery 15.9% 22.3%
Patients without prior surgery 4.7% 4.9%
• The average cost to a hospital of a negative outcome is estimated to be
$100,000. The current price of Asprin is 1c per pill (or with 1,000 pills per
treatment is $10).
What retail price would you set for a pill of Plavix?
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Solution:
Category of Value Aspirin Plavix Diff. Value
Patient w/ surgery 0.223*$100,000 0.159*$100,000 $6,400
REFERENCE DIFFERENTIATION
VALUE VALUE
WHICH PRICE WE CHOOSE FOR 1,000 PILLS? Check revenue!
Price = $210 Quantity = 100M Revenue = 210M
Price = $6410 Quantity = 5M Revenue = 320.5M
What really happened?
• Pricing of Plavix:
– About $200 for 30 pills, or $6,667 for 1,000 pills.
• Ad:
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Implications
• Pricing can have real‐life implications
• Need to consider how price impacts those who use the product
– High price only patient with prior surgery
Final remarks on EVA
• In general, it can be applied well to B2B businesses,
where benefits are tangible
– Industrial Machinery: product characteristics and service can
improve efficiency and raise profitability
– Pharmaceuticals: new drugs save hospitals money by
reducing costly medical complications
• However, what if benefits are intangible or simply hard
to measure? (typical in B2C)
– Consumer Electronics: what is the value of adding feature X?
• Applying EVA requires some creativity: Think Broadly
about sources of Value
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