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EMS: Network Analysis Functions

The document discusses network analysis functions (NAF) used in energy management systems (EMS). NAF are used to determine system state, update it in real-time, and run programs to ensure power system security and stability. The key NAF include topological analysis, state estimation, network equivalent calculation, and security analysis. State estimation is particularly important as it identifies the present operating state and allows operators to take corrective actions if needed. The document also describes conventional and linear state estimation techniques.

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Ajit Kumar
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48 views10 pages

EMS: Network Analysis Functions

The document discusses network analysis functions (NAF) used in energy management systems (EMS). NAF are used to determine system state, update it in real-time, and run programs to ensure power system security and stability. The key NAF include topological analysis, state estimation, network equivalent calculation, and security analysis. State estimation is particularly important as it identifies the present operating state and allows operators to take corrective actions if needed. The document also describes conventional and linear state estimation techniques.

Uploaded by

Ajit Kumar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EMS: Network Analysis Functions

NAF are employed to determine, update the system state and


use it for running programs to determine the security and
stability of the power system.
The network analysis functions use Real Time Modelling of the system. These are used
in Network Configuration Analysis, observability Analysis, State Estimation and Network
Application Functions. The Network Applications in an EMS, categorized into real time
and extended real time functions are given below

Real-Time Functions Extended Real-Time Functions

Topological Analysis Short term Load Forecast

State Estimation Operator Load Flow

Network Equivalent Calculation Short Circuit Calculation

Security Analysis

Generation Dispatch

Voltage and Reactive


Optimization
The fundamental Functions in the EMS can
be classified as
• Primary Analysis (Perform decision making tasks)
Programs for Message Switching.
Control of Information Display Systems.
Recording of Status and events.
Information Processing for telecommand and control
• Secondary Analysis (Operational planning tasks)
State Estimation
Optimal Power flow
Network Security Analysis
Load Prediction
Figure 1, shows the important
applications programs in an
energy control centre (ECC) or
Energy Management Systems
(EMS). The following are the
important points to be observed.
The following are the loops which
describe the working

1. Loop / control that does not


involve the operator
2. Loop / control that involves
the operator for decision
making
Fig 1. Application Programs in an Energy Control Centre

On line closed loop control: (without operator)


-Automatic Generation Control
On line open loop control: (with operator)
-MWh one line monitoring
- MWh one line monitoring and Automatic Generation Control
-Other modules
Fig 2 Industrial Applications of Utilities.
Figure 2 shows the electrical utility industrial applications of EMS / SCADA. It
can be observed that EMS / SCADA form the first and the foremost stage in
the industrial setup. Automatic Meter Reading and Energy Trading are
important functions which are employed in an control centre.
State Estimation
State estimator is an important tool for online monitoring,
analysis and control of power systems. State estimation is
used in all Energy Management Systems (EMS) to identify the
present operating state of a system
• SE= State Estimator
• LP=Limit Checking Program
• ED=Economic Dispatch
• MD=Mimic Display
• CAP=Contingency Analysis
Programs
State Estimation (SE) is mainly used to filter redundant data, to eliminate incorrect
measurements and to produce reliable state estimates. It allows the determination
of the power flows in parts of the power system which are not directly metered.
The bus voltage magnitude, real power injections, reactive power injections, active
power flow, reactive power flow and line current flows are common measurements
available in SCADA systems. SE is a very useful tool for the economic and secure
operation of transmission networks.

Developments of SE are done as a notion of robust estimation, hierarchical


estimation, with and without the inclusion of current measurements, etc. The state
variables of State estimation are the voltages and phase angles. Once the
estimates of the state variables are known proper actions, if required (during
emergency, normal insecure states), can be taken to bring the system back to its
normal secure state. For proper monitoring of the system, the intervals at which the
telemetry data are collected and the estimates of the state variables made must be
very less. As the size of a power system increases, collecting data and solving the
state estimation problem in a very short time in one control centre, not only
becomes very difficult, but also requires extra investment in setting up long
telemetry and communication lines.
CONVENTIONAL STATE ESTIMATION
The conventional state estimator uses Weighted Least Square (WLS) to find the
best state vector to fit a scatter of data. The scatter of data is due to the
imperfect measurements of rapidly changing voltages and currents on the
network. The measurement equation is given below.
z  h  x  e (1)
where,
z Measurement vector formed by voltage magnitude, real and reactive power
flows and power injections
h  x  The non linear function relating the error - free measurements to the
system states.
x State Vector
e Noise in measurements
m Number of measurements
n Number of state variables

The objective of the Weighted Least Square state estimator is to minimize the
error in the measurements i.e, is the sum of the squares of weighted
residuals
https://in.mathworks.com/help/curvefit/least-squares-fitting.html
The objective of the Weighted Least Square state estimator is to minimize the error
in the measurements i.e, is the sum of the squares of weighted residuals
m
J ( x)    zi  hi (x)  / Rii
2
(2)
i 1

Where,
Rii Measurement error covariance matrix given by diag  12 ,  22 ,...,  m2 
i The standard deviation of the ith measurement

The state of the power system can be estimated by an iterative solution scheme
known as the Gauss Newton method which neglecting the higher order terms of the
Taylor series as expansion as follows:


x k 1  x k  G  x k  * H  x k  * R 1 *  z  h( x k ) 
1 T
 (3)
Where,
G  x k   H T  x k  * R 1 * H  x k  is the gain matrix,
h( x)
H  xk   is the Jacobian matrix which is the first derivative of h(x),
x k is an iterative number.
LINEAR STATE ESTIMATION
https://in.mathworks.com/help/curvefit/least-squares-fitting.html

• In CSE, the inclusion of power measurements makes the problem of state


estimation highly nonlinear, leading to iterative procedure. Thus, the CSE is
highly time consuming and infeasible for on-line implementation. The Linear
State Estimation (LSE) overcomes the drawbacks of CSE. In LSE, the current
and voltage phasors are used in the measurement set vector. This makes the
problem of SE linear and hence a non-iterative procedure can be used for
estimating the states. This also helps in ease of on-line implementation.

z  h  x  e (1)
Above model can be expressed in linear form:
z  Lx  e (4)
To estimate the optimal value of the state vector, the Weighted Least Squares (WLS) method
is proposed, in accordance with this approach the following objective function is defined:

J (x)   z  Lx  R 1  z  Lx 
T

1
x LS is the least square estimator.
x LS   L R L  H R z
T 1 T 1

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