Fundamentals

of Crop Science
Crop Science I
Lecture 02
World and Philippine
Agriculture
World Agriculture
 Evidences
Evidences of Origins of Agriculture
Living plants
Archeological finds
Pottery
Literature
History
Facts and Figures

World’s population, 2008 – 6.5B

People in poverty – 1B
World’s population, 2050 – 9.1B
increase in world population
put pressure on agricultural
lands.
Challenge
to increase current levels of food
production
to provide an adequate supply of food to
increasing population in a strained
environment
Status
Loss of habitat, species and genetic resources
Degradation of soils and water
Global warming

Damaged ecosystems
Limiting agricultural productivity
Climate change
Comparison of the developed (North) and
developing (South)
 Solutions
Better environmental decisions
Improved technologies
Soil and water conservation measures
Improved varieties
Crop protection
Postharvest handling
Biotechnology
Sustainable Production Systems
Millennium Development
Goals (MDGs)

blueprint agreed to by all the world’s

countries and all the world’s leading
development institutions to meet the
needs of the world’s poorest.
The MDG's
1 2 3 4
Achieve
Eradicate Promote gender Reduce child
universal
extreme poverty equality and mortality
primary
and hunger empower women
education

5 6 Combat HIV/ 7 8
Improve Ensure Develop global
AIDS, malaria
maternal health environmental partnership for
and other
sustainability development
diseases
DEVELOPMENT OF
AGRICULTURE
 Historical
Background
 Historical
Background
 Historical
Background
World and Philippine
Agriculture
Philippine Agriculture
STAGES OF PHILIPPINE
AGRICULTURE

PRE-
COLONIAL POST-WAR
COLONIAL
PRE-COLONIAL
Indo-Malayan migrants brought wet rice agriculture/carabao ---
near bodies of water
Slash and burn type --- shifting agriculture
Main Crops (Rice, corn, banana, coconuts) (Gabi, citrus ginger, clove)
No agricultural specialization --- subsistence agriculture
Private land ownership --- not existed
Absence of surpluses
Limited foreign trade
Food scarcity in some settlements
COLONIAL
Increased in agricultural production
-surpluses produced
Plant introduction
-Mulberry, cacao, wheat
-Cucumber, cantaloupe, coffee
-New varieties of cereals and peas
Hacienda system --- introduced
Technological innovations in production
and processing --- introduced
POST-WAR
Introduction of technological improvements
Establishment of IRRI in the 1960’s
Development and expansion of international
agriculture
Exports: coco/by products, mango, banana,
sugar and pineapple
Historical Background of Phil. Agriculture
 SITUATIONS

AGRICULTURE
PHILIPPINE
Characteristics of Philippine Agriculture
Agricultural land area = 9.671 M ha
Cropping intensity (cropping index) = 1.26
Land-man ratio of about 0.20 ha lower than world average of 0.28
ha
> 80% of agricultural area --- planted to three crops: rice, corn, and
coconut
Generally small-scale and dependent on manual labor
Farmers are heterogeneous: commercial, semi- commercial,
subsistence, and landless farm workers
SITUATIONS

AGRICULTURE
PHILIPPINE
Contributions of Agricultural Sector to the Economy
Agricultural sector contributes about 18 % to country's
GDP
About 35% of total labor force is involved in agricultural
activities
About 33% of total income derived comes from agriculture
SITUATIONS

AGRICULTURE
PHILIPPINE
Country’s Small-scale Commodity Production
Dominated by farmers cultivating an average area of 1.5 ha
About 67% of the landowning population --- landholdings
account for 20% of the total farm area
Poor rice farmers toiling on large landholdings
At least 75% of the total farm area controlled by 20% of the
landholding population
FACTS AND FIGURES ON THE PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL
ECONOMY (2008)
DEMOGRAPHY
Population

Population Density: 296 persons km-2

FACTS AND FIGURES ON THE PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL
ECONOMY (2008)

Population Annual Growth Rate (DEMOGRAPHY)

Population increase was lowest for the census years 2000 to 2007 at 2.04%.
FACTS AND FIGURES ON THE PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL
ECONOMY (2008)

GEOGRAPHY
Area
 GEOGRAPHY

FACTS AND FIGURES ON THE

Agricultural Land Area: 9.671 M ha (2002 CAF)

PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL
ECONOMY (2008)
About 32 percent of the country's total land area constitute the
agricultural land. Of this, 51% and 44% were arable and permanent
croplands, respectively.
 ECONOMY

FACTS AND FIGURES ON THE

PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL
ECONOMY (2008)
ECONOMY

FACTS AND FIGURES ON THE

PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL
ECONOMY (2008)
FACTS AND FIGURES ON THE PHILIPPINE
AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY (2008)

ECONOMY
At constant prices, the
agriculture and fishery
sector had 3.23 percent
gain in 2008. Average
annual rate of increase
was 3.98 percent over
the period 2006 to 2008.
FACTS AND FIGURES ON THE PHILIPPINE
AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY (2008)

AGRICULTURAL EMPLOYMENT

In 2008, there were 12.03 million persons

employed in the agriculture sector and
about three-fourths were male workers.
FACTS AND FIGURES ON THE PHILIPPINE
AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY (2008)

AGRICULTURAL SUPPORT SERVICES

 FACTS AND FIGURES ON
THE PHILIPPINE
AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY
(2008)

PRODUCTION
PERFORMANCE
FACTS AND FIGURES ON THE PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL
ECONOMY (2008)

EXTERNAL
TRADE
FACTS AND FIGURES ON THE PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL
ECONOMY (2008)

EXTERNAL
TRADE
EXTERNAL TRADE

FACTS AND FIGURES ON THE

PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL
Agricultural Trade Deficit: P169 billion

ECONOMY (2008)
During the three year period, the annual increases in the
expenditures for agricultural imports were higher than
the earnings from agricultural exports.
 PRICES

FACTS AND FIGURES ON THE

PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL
ECONOMY (2008)
PRICES

FACTS AND FIGURES ON THE

PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL
ECONOMY (2008)
From 2006, the annual inflation rates slowed down in 2007 but moved
up in 2008. In this year, the price change for all items averaged 9.3
percent. For food alone, this was 13.6 percent
Agricultural Crops: Volume of Production, 2005-2007 (‘000 mt)
Agricultural Crops: Value of Production, 2005-2007 (million
PHP, at current prices)
Major Agricultural Crops 1: Percentage Distribution of
Production by Region, 2007
Major Agricultural Crops 1: Percentage Distribution of
Production by Region, 2007
Major Agricultural Crops 1: Percentage Distribution
of Production by Region, 2007
Major Agricultural Crops 1: Percentage Distribution
of Production by Region, 2007
 REFERENCE

Bureau of Agricultural Statistics

PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURE

Robust and vibrant agricultural and

natural resources production
systems and ecosystems services
that improve and sustain human
well-being in the Philippines
A message of hope and confidence

What agriculture can do, and how to get there?

 Characteristics
Characteristics of Philippine Agriculture
Low adoption rates of component
technologies
Heavy dependence on imported inputs
Essentially monoculture
Middleman-mediated marketing
State of Philippine Agriculture

poor agriculture performance due to failed

policies
Inadequate infrastructure
Declining competitiveness
Deteriorating environment
Continuing food imports
Strenghts
Availability of expertise
Basic institutions in place
Rich natural resources
Technologies are at hand or forthcoming
Weaknesses
PHYSICAL SOCIOECONOMIC
Climatic stresses Low family income
Soil erosion inadequate support
BIOLOGICAL services
Insects Inadequate incentives
Diseases from the government
Middlemen-mediated
Weeds
marketing
 OPPORTUNITIES

Diverse agroenvironment diverse

cropping system
Wide range of soils and climate
growing different crops
Whole year round growing period
-sunlight -11-13 hrs
-temperature- 24-32
-rainfall-2400-4000mm/yr
Threats/Challenges

Population growth
Globalization
Weak governance
Deteriorating natural resource
endowments
Brain drain
Land conversion
National Development Goals
Poverty alleviation
Food security
Global Competitiveness
Sustainability
 STRATEGIES
Technology development
Innovations to shift production functions upward
“green” technologies
Investments
To enhance productivity and efficiency of the supply
chains
Governance reforms
The binding force, providing the facilitating
environment, strengthening institutions, and broad-
based participation
 RA 8435 (AFMA)- AGRICULTURE AND FISHERIES
MODERNIZATION ACT

An act prescribing urgent related measure to modernize the

agriculture and fisheries sectors of the country in order to
enhance their profitability, and prepare the sectors for the
challenges of globalization through an adequate, focused
and rational of necessary support services, appropriating
funds therefore and for other purposes.
thank you
AGRI 31 Lecture 01