CIE 094

Professional Integration 2
(Surveying)

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 SYLLABUS

PEN Code: CIE 094 Credit: 1 unit

PEN Subject Title: Professional Integration 2 (Surveying) Prerequisite: 4th Year Standing

I. Subject Description:

This course is concerned with the theory and practice of surveying techniques and instruments
including tape, compass, transit theodolite, and level concepts, theories and their application to solving
engineering problems in Fluid Mechanics, Hydraulics and Geotechnical Engineering to prepare the
students for the Civil Engineering Licensure Exam.

II. Course Objectives:

At the end of this course, the students should be able to:

1. Recall the basic survey measurements using conventional survey instruments.

2. Compute horizontal and vertical distances.
3. Compute angles, bearings, and azimuths.
4. Be familiar with the items involved in highway design using the standard specifications.
5. Define concepts of transportation system analysis and planning.
6. List the basic terms used in ports and harbors

III. Subject Outline and Time Allotment:

Lesson No. Topics Week No.

1 Horizontal Distance Measurement

● Scale Mapping, Measuring Wheel, Tachometer,

EDM
● Pacing
● Taping 1

2 Stadia Surveying

● Horizontal Sights
● Vertical Sights

3 Earth’s Curvature and Refraction

● Effect of Earth’s Curvature and Refraction 2

● Intervisibility of Stations

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PEN Code: CIE 094 Credit: 1 unit

PEN Subject Title: Professional Integration 2 (Surveying) Prerequisite: 4th Year Standing

4 Leveling

● Trigonometric Leveling
● Differential Leveling
● Reciprocal Leveling
● Three-Wire Leveling
● Profile Leveling

QUIZ

5 Angles, Bearings, and Azimuths

3
● Azimuth
● Bearings
● Interior Angles and Deflection Angles

6 Traverse Computation

● Balancing Angles
● Departure and Latitudes 4
● Compass Rule
● Transit Rule

1st PERIODICAL EXAMINATION 5

7 Area Measurement and Missing Data

● Methods of Measuring Area

6
8 Simple Curves and Compound Curves

● Elements of Simple Curve

● Compound Curve

QUIZ 7

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PEN Code: CIE 094 Credit: 1 unit

PEN Subject Title: Professional Integration 2 (Surveying) Prerequisite: 4th Year Standing

9 Reverse Curves

● Four Cases of Reversed Curve

10 Spiral Curves

● Elements of Spiral Curves

● Derived formulas for Spiral Curves

8
11 Symmetrical and Unsymmetrical Parabolic Curves

● Symmetrical Parabolic Curve

● Unsymmetrical Parabolic Curve

2ND PERIODICAL EXAMINATION 9

12 Earthworks Operation

● Prismoidal Formula
● Average End Formula
● Prismoidal Correction 10

13 Distribution Analysis of Earthwork

● Mass Diagram

QUIZ

14 Pavement and Asphalt Mixtures

11
● Rigid Pavement
● Flexible Pavement
● Asphalt Mixture

15 Design Speed
12
● Stopping Sight Distance

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PEN Code: CIE 094 Credit: 1 unit

PEN Subject Title: Professional Integration 2 (Surveying) Prerequisite: 4th Year Standing

● Passing Sight Distance

● Sight Distance for Vertical Curves
● Super-elevation

16 Highway Safety and Accident Analysis

● Accident Rates
● Traffic Flow
● Ports and Harbors

3RD PERIODICAL EXAMINATION 13

FINAL EXAMINATION 14

IV. Grading System

The Final Grade is computed as follows:

Final Grade = 0.17P1 + 0.17P2 + 0.16P3 + 0.5FE

1st Periodical Grade = 50%CS + 50%Exam

Class Standing = 60% Quiz + 40% Class Participation
Class Participation = Seatwork, Assignment, Recitation, Problem set

2nd Periodical Grade = 50%CS + 50%Exam

Class Standing = 60% quiz + 40% class participation
Class Participation = Seatwork, Assignment, Recitation, Problem set

3rd Periodical Grade = 50%CS + 50%Exam

Class Standing = 60% quiz + 40% class participation
Class Participation = Seatwork, Assignment, Recitation, Problem set

V. Textbooks/ References

1. Roy, S.K. (1999). Fundamentals of Surveying. New Delhi: Prentice Hall of India Private Limited
2. Minchin, M. (2003). Introduction to Surveying (2nd ed.). Western Australia: Department of Training
and Workforce Development
3. Singh, R., Artman, D., Taylor, D.W. & Brinton, D. (2000). Basic Surveying- Theory and Practice.
Oregon, US.
4. Schofield, W. & Breach, M. (2007). Engineering Surveying. Burlington, Canada: Elvesier Ltd

This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION

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PEN Code: CIE 094 Credit: 1 unit

PEN Subject Title: Professional Integration 2 (Surveying) Prerequisite: 4th Year Standing

5. Rayner, W.H. (1937). Elementary Surveying. New York, USA: D. Van Nostrand Company, INC.
6. Mannering, F.L. Principles of Highway Engineering and Traffic Analysis. USA: John Wiley & Sons,
Inc.
7. O’Flaherty, C.A. (1997). Transport Planning and Traffic Engineering. Burlington, Canada: Elsevier
Ltd
8. North Carolina Department of Transportation. (2015). Asphalt QMS Manual. Retrieved from North
Carolina Department of Transportation website:
https://connect.ncdot.gov/resources/Materials/Lists/AsphaltQMSManual/AllItems
9. dash1991. (2015). Highway Safety and Accident Analysis. Retrieved from Scribd website:
https://www.scribd.com/document/267977455/Highway-Safety-and-Accident-Analysis

VI. Contact Information

Name:
Contact number:
Email:
FB Group:

_______________________________ ________________
Dean’s Signature Over Printed Name Date

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 CIE 094: Professional Integration 2 for CE (Surveying)
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Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________

Lesson title: Horizontal Distance Measurement Materials:

Lesson Objectives: Calculator, Pen, Paper
At the end of this module, you will be able to: References:
1. Identify the different horizontal distance measuring Roy, S.K. (1999). Fundamentals of
instruments. Surveying. New Delhi: Prentice Hall
2. Associate errors committed during measurements. of India Private Limited
Schofield, W. & Breach, M. (2007).
Engineering Surveying. Burlington,
Canada: Elvesier Ltd
Singh, R., Artman, D., Taylor, D.W.
& Brinton, D. (2000). Basic
Surveying- Theory and Practice.
Oregon, US.

A. LESSON PREVIEW/REVIEW
Introduction
In surveying, the distance between two points is understood to mean the horizontal distance,
regardless of the relative elevation of the two points. Frequently, the lay of the land between the two
points is not uniform or the elevation of the two points is not on the same level. Special equipment and
techniques may be needed to obtain an accurate measurement of the distance. Various methods of
determining distance are available along with special and different types of equipment. The degree of
precision required is another factor which must be considered before measuring a distance to identify the
most suitable equipment and method of measurement to be used.
Distance is required in many instances such as:
▪ To give scale to a network of control points
▪ To fix the position of topographic detail by offset or polar coordinates
▪ To set out the position of a point in construction work, etc.

B. MAIN LESSON
Content and Skill-Building
Surveying is process of determining spatial location of points on or near the surface of the earth. It is
the art of measuring horizontal and vertical distance between objects, measuring angles between lines,
determining the direction of lines, and establishing points by predetermined angular and linear
measurements.

Types of Surveys:
Geodetic Surveying: The type of surveying that takes into account the true shape of the earth. These
surveys are of high precision and extend over large areas.

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Plane Surveying: The type of surveying in which the mean surface of the earth is considered as
a plane, or in which its spheroidal shape is neglected, with regard to horizontal
distances and directions.

Horizontal Distance Measurement

The common method in measuring distance includes, scaling from a map, pacing, measuring wheel,
tacheometry, electronic distance measurement and taping.

Scale Mapping
The scale mapping is the ratio of a distance on the map to the corresponding distance on the
ground.

Pacing
Pacing consists of counting the number of steps, or paces, in a required distance. The length of an
individual’s pace must be determined first.

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1 Stride
(2 Paces or a Double Step)

1 Pace
(Heel to Heel)

1 Pace
(Toe to Toe)
1 Stride
(2 Paces or a Double Step)

Pace Distance = Pace Factor × No. of Paces

Known Length of Distance AB
Pace Factor =
Mean Number of Paces of AB
Measuring Wheel
As you walk, you push or pull the device alongside. The wheel rotates and using basic rotational
kinematics, you can determine the distance between two points. The flatter the surface being traveled
along, the more accurate your measurement will be.

Tacheometry
Tacheometry is a branch of angular surveying in which the horizontal and vertical distances are
obtained by optical means as opposed to the ordinary process of chain and tape. This is done with the
help of two special type of instruments, the transit theodolite and stadia rod.

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Electronic Distance Measurement

Recent scientific advances have led to the development of electro-optical and electromagnetic
instruments which are of great value to the surveyor for accurate measurements of distances.
Measurement of distance with electronic distance measuring (EDM) equipment is based on the invariant
speed of light or electromagnetic waves in a vacuum. EDM equipment which can be used for traverse,
triangulation, and trilateration as well as for construction layout is rapidly supplanting taping for modern
surveying operations except for short distances and certain types of construction layout.

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Taping
Taping involves direct measurement of the distance with steel tapes varying in length.
The precision of distance measured with tapes depends upon the degree of refinement
with which measurements are taken. Correction is then applied for measured distance
to determine the true length distance.

Errors in Measurement of Distance using Tape

1. Tape not standard length
2. Imperfect alignment of tape
3. Tape not horizontal
4. Tape not stretch straight
5. Imperfection of observation
6. Variations in temperature
7. Variations in tension

Mistakes in Measurement of Distances

1. Adding or dropping a full tape length.
2. Adding a cm usually in measuring the fractional part of tape length at the end of the line.
3. Recording numbers incorrectly, e.g 78 is read as 87.
4. Reading wrong meter mark.

Correction applied for measurement of distances

1. Temperature Correction: (𝑇𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝐴𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑟 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑)

𝐶𝑡 = 𝐾(𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )𝐿1

𝐾 = 0.0000116 /℃
𝑇1 = temperature when the length of tape is 𝐿1
𝑇2 = temperature during measurement

2. Pull Correction Correction: (𝑇𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝐴𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑟 𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑)

(𝑃2 − 𝑃1 )𝐿1
𝐶𝑝 =
𝐴𝐸

𝑃2 = actual pull during measurement

𝑃1 = applied pull when the length of tape is 𝐿1
𝐴 = cross-sectional area of tape
𝐸 = modulus of elasticity of tape

3. Sag Correction: (𝑇𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦)

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𝑤 2 𝐿3
𝐶𝑠 =
24𝑃2 2

𝑤 = weight of tape in 𝑘𝑔/𝑚 or 𝑁/𝑚

𝐿 = unsupported length of tape
𝑃2 = actual pull or tension applied

4. Slope Correction: (𝑇𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦)

ℎ2
𝐶𝑠 =
2𝑆
𝐻 = 𝑆 − 𝐶𝑠

𝐻 = horizontal distance or corrected distance

𝑆 = inclined distance
ℎ = difference in elevation at the end of the tape

Activity 1: Skill-building Activities

Here are some examples with solution. Try to practice what you’ve learned by answering it first before
looking at the solution. You can do this!
Problem 1.
A line 100 m. long was paced by a surveyor for four times with the following data: 142, 145, 145.5
and 146. Then another line was paced for four times again with the following results: 893, 893.5, 891 and
895.5.
a) Determine the pace factor.

100
Pace Factor =
142 + 145 + 145.5 + 146
4
m
Pace Factor = 0.691 ⁄pace

b) Determine the number of paces for the new line.

893 + 893.5 + 891 + 895.5

No. of Paces for the new line =
4
No. of Paces for the new line = 893.25 paces

c) Determine the distance of the new line.

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Distance of the new line = 0.691 × 893.25

Distance of the new line = 617.236 m

Problem 2.
A line was determined to be 2395.25 m when measured with a 30 m steel tape supported throughout
its length under a pull of 4 kg at a mean temperature of 35°C. Tape used is of standard length at 20°C
under a pull of 5 kg. Cross-sectional area of tape is 0.03 sq. cm. Coefficient of thermal expansion is
0.0000116/°C, modulus of elasticity of tape is 2x106 kg/cm2.

a) Determine the error of the tape due to change in temperature.

2395.25
Total 𝐶𝑡 = 0.0000116(35 − 20)(30) ( )
30
Total 𝐶𝑡 = 0.41677 m

b) Determine the error due to tension.

(4 − 5)(30) 2395.25
Total 𝐶𝑝 = 6
×( )
0.03(2 × 10 ) 30
Total 𝐶𝑝 = −0.03992 m

c) Determine the corrected length of the line.

Corrected length = 2395.25 + 0.41677 − 0.03992

Corrected length = 2395.627 m

Problem 3
A 100 m. steel tape is known to be 99.99 m. long at 20°C when supported throughout. The tape is
streched on the groundd between points at 4.5°C. Determine the required pull to eliminate the error, if
the standard pull is 2 kg. and the tape has a cross sectional area of 0.04 cm2 and modulus of elasticity
of. 2.1 x 106. Coefficient of thermal expansion is 0.0000116 m/m℃.

Solution:
The tape is 0.01 m too short at 20°C. At 4.5°C, the additional correction is,

𝐶 = 0.0000116(20 − 4.5)(100) = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟕𝟗𝟖𝒎

Therefore, the tape is 0.01 + 0.01798 = 0.02798 m too short in total at 4.5°C. The error should be
compensated by the pull correction. To eliminate, we equate the total correction to the correction due to

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pull.

(𝑝 −2)(100)
2
0.02798 = 0.04(2.1×10 6)

𝑷𝟐 = 𝟐𝟓. 𝟓 𝒌𝒈

Problem 4
A 30 m tape was standardized and was found to be 0.0025 m too long than the standard length at an
observed temperature of 38℃ and a pull of 15 kilos. The same tape was used to measure a certain
distance and was recorded to be 354.12 m long at an observed temp. of 28℃ and a pull of 15 kilos.
Determine the true length of the line. Coefficient of thermal expansion = 0.0000116 m/m℃.

Solution: At 28℃

𝐶𝑇 = 𝐾(𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )𝐿1
0.0025 = 0.0000116(28 − 𝑇1 )(30)
𝑻𝟏 = 𝟐𝟎. 𝟖𝟏𝟔 ℃

At 38℃

𝐶𝑇 = 0.0000116(38 − 20.816)(30) = 0.00598 𝑚(𝑡𝑜𝑜 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔)

354.12(0.00598)
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = = 0.0706
30
𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 354.12 + 0.0706
𝑪𝒐𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒉𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒛𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 = 𝟑𝟓𝟒. 𝟏𝟗𝟎𝟔 𝒎

Activity 2: Check for Understanding

Here’s a quiz and a problem set for you to check how well you understand the lesson. Remember solve
first before looking at the key answer.
Short Quiz!
Problem 1.
A surveyor wanted to know his pace factor so he walked along a line 50 m long with the following
recorded number of paces: 71.50, 69, 70 and 70. He then took 465, 459, 463.5 and 468 paces in
walking an unknown distance. Determine the length of the second line.

Problem 2.
Using a 50 m tape that is 0.02 m too long, the measured distance from A to B is 160.42. What is the
correct distance from A to B?

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Problem Set #1
Solve the following problems then box your final answer.
Problem 1.
A line is recorded as 472.90 m long. It is measured with a 0.65 kg tape which is 30.005 m long at 20°C under
a 50 N pull supported at both ends. During measurement the temperature is 5°C and the tape is suspended
under a 75 N pull. The line is measured on 3% grade, E=200 GPa, cross-sectional area of tape is 3 mm2 and
the coefficient of expansion of 0.0000116 /°C.
a) Compute the actual length of tape during measurement.
b) Compute the total error to be corrected for inclined distance.
c) What is the true horizontal distance?

Problem 2.
A 50 m tape was standardized and supported throughout its whole length and found to be 0.00205 m longer
at an observed temperature of 31.8°C and a pull of 10 kilos. This tape was used to measure a line which was
found to be 662.702 m at an average temperature of 24.6°C using the same pull. Use the coefficient of expansion
of 0.0000116 /°C
a) Determine the standard temperature.
b) Determine the total temp. correction.
c) Determine the true length of the line.

Problem 3.
A civil engineer used a 30 m tape in measuring an inclined distance. The measured length on the slope was
recorded to be 459.20 m long. The difference in elevation between the initial point and the end point was found
to be 1.25 m. The 30 m tape is of standard length at a temperature of 10°C and a pull of 50 N. During
measurement the temperature reading was 15°C and the tapes was supported at both ends with an applied pull
of 75 N. The cross-sectional area of the tape is 6.50 mm2 and the modulus of elasticity is 200 GPa. The tape
has a mass of 0.075 kg/m. K=0.0000116/°C
a) Determine the total correction per tape length.
b) Determine the correction for slope.
c) Determine the horizontal distance.

Problem 4.
A steel tape is 100 m long at a temperature of 20°C and a pull of 10 kg. It was used to measure a distance
of 624.95 m at a temperature of 32°C with an applied pull of 15 kg during measurement with the tape supported
at both ends. Coefficient of thermal expansion is 0.0000116/°C and a modulus of elasticity of 2x106 kg/cm2.
Weight of tape is 0.04 kg/m and a cross sectional area of 0.06 cm2.
a) Compute the sag correction.
b) Compute the total correction for tension, sag and temperature.
c) Compute the corrected length of the line by applying the combined corrections for tension, sag and
temperature.

Problem 5.
A 50 m tape of standard length has a weight of 0.05 kg/m, with a cross sectional area of 0.04 sq. cm. It has

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a modulus of elasticity of 2.10x106 kg/cm2. The tape is of standard length under a pull of 5.5 kg when supported
throughout its length and a temp of 20°C. This tape was used to measure a distance between A and B and was
recorded to be 458.65 m long. At the time of measurement, the pull applied was 8 kg with the tape supported
only at its end points and the temperature observed was 18°C. Assuming coefficient of linear expansion of the
tape is 0.0000116/°C
a) Compute the correction due to the applied pull of 8 kg.
b) Compute the correction due to weight of tape.
c) Compute the true length of the measured line AB due to the combined effects of tension, sag and
temperature.

Problem 6.
A steel tape with a coefficient of linear expansion of 0.0000116 per degree centigrade is known to be 50 m
long at 20°C. The tape was used to measure a line which was found to be 532.28 m long when the temperature
was 35°C. Determine the following:
a) Temperature correction per tape length.
b) Temperature correction for the measured line.
c) Corrected length of the line.

Problem 7.
A baseline was measured using a 100 m tape which is standardized at 15°C with a standard pull of 10 kg.
The recorded distance was found to be 430.60 meters. At the time of measurement, the temperature was 20°C
and the pull exerted was 16 kg. The weight of one cubic cm of steels is 7.86 gr. weight of tape is 2.67 kg. E=2x106
kg/cm2, K=7x10-7/°C.
a) Determine the cross-sectional area of the tape.
b) Compute the total correction.
c) Compute the true length of the baseline.

C. LESSON WRAP-UP
Activity 3: Thinking about Learning

Three things you learned:

1.
2.
3.
Two things that you would like to learn more about:
1.
2.
One question you still have:
1.

You are done with the session! Let’s track your progress

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Period 1 Period 2 Period 3

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

FAQs:
1. In the rules for applying tape corrections, what will be the operation to be used when the tape is too
long or too short?
Ans. In measuring distance, add the computed correction when the tape is too long and subtract
the correction if the tape is too short. On the other hand, in terms of laying out distance, subtract
the computed correction when the tape is too long and add the correction if the tape is too short.
2. In taping correction due to sag, how will you solve the problem if the weight of the tape per unit length
(w) is not given?
Ans. Weight per tape length over 1 tape length

KEY TO CORRECTIONS
Activity 2:

1. 330. 748 m

2. 160.484

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Lesson title: Stadia Surveying Materials:

Lesson Objectives: Calculator, Pen, Paper
At the end of this module, you will be able to: References:
1. Apply the principle of stadia surveying. Rayner, W.H. (1937). Elementary
2. Establish the inclined observations into horizontal distance Surveying. New York, USA: D. Van
and difference in elevation. Nostrand Company, INC

A. LESSON PREVIEW/REVIEW
Introduction
Conducting a survey in broken boundaries, hilly and mountain terrain and on areas covered with stretches
of water such as river, the method of taping and chaining are no longer convenient to use. It is time consuming
and tiresome. To obtain a rapid result, tacheometry is the best to adapt. Tacheometry is the procedure by which
horizontal distances and difference in elevations are determined indirectly using subtended intervals and angles
observed with the use of a transit or theodolite on a graduated rod or scale.
Tacheometric survey is also applied in railways, roadways and reservoir, though not very accurate but
then it saves a lot time. Also, a reasonable contour map can be prepared for investigation works within a
short period of time on the basis of such survey.
The method of measurement to be used depends on the type of terrain to be measured. Similarly, before
making decisions in life we need to consider a lot of factors. We must be wise and knowledgeable to save
time and effort.

B.MAIN LESSON
Content and Skill-building
Stadia survey is a tacheometric form of distance measurement that relies on a fixed-angle intercept.
The equipment for stadia measurement consists of
a. A telescope with two horizontal cross hairs, caked upper and lower cross hairs
b. A graduated rod called a stadia rod or stadia board.
Horizontal Sights
The principle of stadia method is based in the Figure 2.1, wherein the line of sight of the telescope
is horizontal and the rod is vertical.

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Stadia Rod

Telescope
𝑖 𝑆

𝑐 𝑓 𝑑

Figure 2.1 Horizontal Sight

𝐷 = 𝐾𝑆 + 𝐶

𝑖 = spacing between hairs

𝑐 = distance from the instrument center to objective lens center
𝑓 = focal length (objective lens to focal point)
𝑑 = distance from the focal point to the face of the rod
𝐶 = 𝑓 + 𝑐 = stadia constant
▪ For internal focusing telescope, 𝐶 = 0
▪ For external focusing telescope, 𝐶 = 0.3 m
𝐷 = 𝐶 + 𝑑 = distance from the instrument center to the face of the rod
𝑆 = stadia intercept or interval
𝐾 = is the stadia interval factor (usually equal to 100 for most instruments)

Vertical Sight

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Stadia Rod

𝑆
𝑆𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

Figure 2.2 Vertical Sight

𝐷 = 𝐾𝑆𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝐶
𝐻 = 𝐷𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑉 = 𝐷𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

Activity 1: Skill-building Activities

Here are some examples with solution. Try to practice what you’ve learned by answering it first before
looking at the solution.

Problem 1.
A transit with a stadia constant equal to 0.30 m is used to determine the horizontal distance between
points B and C with stadia intercept reading of 1.85 m. The distance BC is equal to 182.87 m. Compute
the stadia interval factor of the instrument.

Solution:
182.87 − 0.30
𝐾=
1.85
𝐾 = 98.686

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Problem 2.
Using the same instrument in problem 1, it was used to determine the difference in elevation between
B and D having stadia intercept reading of 2.42 m at D at a vertical angle of +6°30’.
a) Compute the difference in elevation of B and D
b) Compute the horizontal distance between B and D

𝑆 = 2.42

ℎ𝑖

D
𝑆 𝑉

6°30′ ∆𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣

ℎ𝑖 𝐻

Solution:
a) Compute the difference in elevation of B and D
𝑉𝐵𝐷 = [98.686(2.42)(cos 6°30′) + 0.30](sin 6°30′)
𝑉𝐵𝐷 = 26.895 m
∆𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝐵𝐷 = ℎ𝑖 + 26.895 − ℎ𝑖
∆𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝐵𝐷 = 26.895 m

b) Compute the horizontal distance between B and D

𝐻𝐵𝐷 = [98.686(2.42)(cos 6°30′) + 0.30](cos 6°30′)
𝑉𝐵𝐷 = 236.058 m

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Activity 2: Check for Understanding

Solve the following problems then box your final answer. If the space provided is not sufficient, you may
provide a clean sheet of bond paper. Check your answers against the Key to Corrections found at the
end of this SAS. Write your score on your paper.
Short Quiz!
Problem 1.
A transit with an external focusing telescope has a stadia interval factor of 100.8 was set at C on
the line between points A and B, with the height of the instrument position to be 1.2 m above point C.
The following stadia reading were observed.

Position of Vertical Upper Middle Lower

Rod Angle Reading Reading Reading
Rod @ A +15°35’ 1.330 1.175 1.020
Rod @ B -8°30’ 1.972 1.854 1.736
Determine the following;
a) Find the horizontal distance from the transit to the rod held at B.
b) Find the horizontal distance from the transit to the rod held at A.
c) Difference in elevation between points A and B.

Problem Set #2
Solve the following problems then box your final answer.
Problem 1.
The upper and lower stadia hair readings on a stadia rod held at station B were observed as 3.50 m and 1.00
m, respectively, with the use if a transit with an interval focusing telescope and having a stadia interval factor of
99.5. The height of the instrument above station A is 1.45 m, and the rod reading is taken at 2.25 m. If the vertical
angle observed is -23°34’, determine the following:
a) Inclined stadia distance.
b) Difference in elevation between the two stations.
c) The elevation of station B, if the elevation of station A is 155.54 m above mean sea level.

Problem 2.
A Civil Engineer proceeded to do the stadia survey work to determine the topography of a certain area. The
transit was set up at a point A, with the line of sight horizontal, took rod readings from the rods placed at B and
C which is 200 m and 60 m from A respectively.
Rod B Rod C
Stadia Interval 2.001 m 0.600 m
a) Compute the stadia interval factor.
b) Using the same instrument this was used for determining the elevation of point D with a stadia intercept of
2.12 m and a vertical angle of +4°22’. If the elevation of the point where the instrument was set up is 100 m,
compute the elevation of point D. Stadia constant is 0.30 m.
c) Compute the horizontal distance from the point where the instrument was set up to point D.

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Problem 3.
A survey party proceeded to do their stadia survey work as follows: the transit was set up at a point A and
with the line of sight horizontal, took rod readings with the rod at points B and C, which were then measured to
have taped distances from A to 200 m and 60 m respectively.
Rod B Rod C
Stadia Interval 2.001 m 0.600 m
The distance from the center of the instrument to the principal focus was recorded as 0.30 m. Then they went
on to survey other points, with some of the data recorded as follows: with the transit at point D, two points E and
F were sighted.
Rod E Rod F
Stadia Interval 2.120 m 3.560 m
Vertical Angle +4°22’ -3°17’
a) Compute the stadia interval factor.
b) Compute the horizontal distances DE.
c) Compute the horizontal distances DF.
d) Compute the differences in elevation between points D and E.
e) Compute the differences in elevation between points D and F.

Problem 4.
A survey party proceeded to do their stadia survey work as follows. The transit was set up at A and with the
line of sight horizontal, too rod readings at point B and C which is 300 m and 80 m respectively.
With rod at B the stadia interval was recorded to be 3.001 m and with the rod at C the stadia interval was
recorded to be 0.800 m. The distance from the instrument to the principal focus was recorded to be 0.30 m. Then
they went to survey other points with some of the data recorded as follows with the transit at point D, the two
points E and F were sighted.

Rod at E Stadia interval = 2.25 m

Vertical angle = +4°30’
Rod at F Stadia interval = 3.56 m
Vertical angle = -3°30’
a) Compute the stadia interval factor.
b) Compute the horizontal distance DE.
c) Compute the difference in elevation between E and F assuming elevation of D=350.42 m above sea level.

C. LESSON WRAP-UP
Activity 3: Thinking about Learning

Three things you learned:

1.
2.
3.
Two things that you would like to learn more about:
1.

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2.
One question you still have:
1.

You are done with the session! Let’s track your progress
Period 1 Period 2 Period 3
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0 1 2 3 4 5 6

FAQs:
1. What equation can be used to solve for the stadia interval factor K if it is unknown?
Ans. We will use the equation “f/i” to compute for K (stadia interval factor).
2. How will you increase the intercept while conducting stadia surveying?
Ans. Tilt the staff away from the telescope pointing up-hill.
KEY TO CORRECTIONS
Activity 2:
1. a) 23.566 m
b) 29.282 m
c) 12.367 m

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Lesson title: Earth’s Curvature and Refraction Materials:

Lesson Objectives: Calculator, Pen, Paper
At the end of this module, you will be able to: References:
1. Apply the earth’s curvature and refraction correction. Roy, S.K. (1999). Fundamentals of
2. Determine whether it is an obstruction or a clearance at a Surveying. New Delhi: Prentice Hall
certain point according to the line of sight. of India Private Limited
Schofield, W. & Breach, M. (2007).
3.
Engineering Surveying. Burlington,
Canada: Elvesier Ltd}

A. LESSON PREVIEW/REVIEW
Introduction
Have you ever tried mountain climbing or experienced to be on the top of a tall building? If you already
did, you could say that as you go higher your line of sight will extend to the horizon. It is due to the earth’s
curvature that conceals the view but already seen as you go to a higher altitude. On the other hand,
refraction of light is the bending of light downwards as it passes through different layers of air with varying
densities. When measuring short distances, these effects can be neglected but working with surveys in
long sights requires these two to be considered. Because errors yielded from these phenomena
increases with distance. For precise work these errors need to be calculated and corrections will be
applied for accurate data.
Due to the curvature of the earth, the points of measurement appear to be lower than they actually
are. In refraction of light, the points appear to be higher than the actually are. The effect of curvature is
always greater than that of refraction. Thus, the combined effect of these two causes the points of
measurement to be lower than its true quantity.

B.MAIN LESSON
Content and Skill-Building

Vertical Line – is a line that follows the local direction of gravity as indicated by a plumb line.
Level Surface – a curved surface that at every point is perpendicular to the local plumb line (the direction
in which gravity acts). Level surfaces are approximately spheroidal in shape. A body of still water is
closest example of a level surface. Level surfaces are also known as equipotential surface since, for
particular surface, the potential gravity is equal at every point on the surface.
Level Line – a line in a level surface – therefore, a curve line.
Horizontal Plane – a plane perpendicular to the local direction of gravity. In plane surveying, it is a line
perpendicular to the local vertical.

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Vertical Datum – Any level surface to which elevations are referenced. This is the surface that is arbitrarily
assigned an elevation zero. This level surface is also known as a reference datum since points using this
datum have heights relative to this surface.

A Vertical Angle

Vertical Datum
Geoid

Elevation – The distance measured along a vertical line from a vertical datum to a point or object. If the
elevation of point A is 102.46 meters, A is 102.46 meters above the datum.
Geoid – A particular level surface that serves as a datum for all elevations and astronomical observations.
Mean Sea Level – The average height for the surface of the seas for all stages of tide over a 19-year
period as defined by the National Geodetic Vertical Datum. It was derived from readings, usually taken
at hourly intervals, at 26 gauging stations of the along the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans and the Gulf of
Mexico.
Benchmark (BM) – A relatively permanent object, natural or artificial, having a marked point whose
elevation above or below a reference datum is known or assumed.
Vertical Control – A series of benchmarks or other points of known elevation established throughout an
area, also termed as basic control or level control.

Earth’s Curvature and Refraction

From the figure shown below, an object actually at C would appear to be at B, due to atmospheric
refraction wherein the rays of light transmitted along the surface of the earth is bent downward slightly.

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Horizontal Line Line of Sight

A 𝐾 B
𝐾 C ℎ𝑟

Level Line ℎ𝑐𝑟

ℎ𝑐
𝑅
𝑅

ℎ𝑐𝑟 = 0.067𝐾 2

ℎ𝑟 = refraction correction
ℎ𝑐 = curvature correction
ℎ𝑐𝑟 = the effect of both the curvature and refraction
𝐾 = the horizontal distance/level surface distance
𝑅 = mean radius of the Earth, approx.. 6,400 km

Note: ℎ𝑐𝑟 is in meters

𝐾 is in thousands of meters

Determination of Intervisibility of Stations

C B

ℎ1

ℎ
ℎ2
𝑠𝑒𝑎 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙
𝐷1 𝐷2
2
0.067𝐷1 0.067𝐷2 2
𝐷1 𝐷2

𝐷2
ℎ = ℎ2 + (ℎ − ℎ2 ) − 0.067𝐷1 𝐷2
𝐷1 + 𝐷2 1

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where,
ℎ = height in meters of the line of sight, at the intervening hill C, above sea level
ℎ1 = height in meters of the station occupied at A, above sea level
ℎ2 = height in meters of the station observed at B, above sea level
𝐷1 = distance in kilometers of the intervening hill C from A
𝐷2 = distance in kilometers of the intervening hill from B

Activity 1: Skill-building Activities

Here are some examples with solution. Try to practice what you’ve learned by answering it first before
looking at the solution.

Problem 1.
A man’s eyes 1.75 m above sea level can barely see the top of the lighthouse which is at a certain
distance away from a man.
a) What is the elevation of the top of the lighthouse above sea level if the lighthouse is 20 km away from
the man?
b) How far is the lighthouse from the man in meters if the top of the lighthouse is 14.86 m above sea
level?
c) What is the height of the tower at a distance 20 km away from the man in meters that will just be
visible without the line of sight approaching nearer than 1.75m to the water?

Solution:
a) What is the elevation of the top of the lighthouse above sea level if the lighthouse is 20 km away
from the man?

1.75
𝐾1 = √
0.067
𝐾1 = 5.111 km
ℎ = 0.067(20 − 5.111)2
𝐾1 = 14.853 m

b) How far is the lighthouse from the man in meters if the top of the lighthouse is 14.86 m above
sea level?

1.75
𝐾1 = √
0.067
𝐾1 = 5.111 km

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14.86
𝐾2 = √
0.067
𝐾1 = 14.893 km
𝐷 = 5.111 + 14.893 = 20.004 km
c) What is the height of the tower at a distance 20 km away from the man in meters that will just
be visible without the line of sight approaching nearer than 1.75m to the water?
ℎ1 = 0.067(20)2
ℎ1 = 26.8 m
Height of tower = 26.8 + 1.75
Height of tower = 28.55 m

Problem 2.
Two hills A and C have elevations of 600 m and 800 m respectively. In between A and C is another
hill B which has an elevation of 705 m and is located at 12 km from A and 10 km from C.
a) Determine the clearance or obstruction of the line of sight at hill B if the observer is at A so that C will
be visible from A.
b) If C is not visible from A, what height of tower must be constructed so that it could be visible from A
with the line of sight having a clearance of 2 m above hill B?
c) What height of equal towers at A and C must be constructed in order that A, B and C will be
intervisible?

Solution:
a) Determine the clearance or obstruction of the line of sight at hill B if the observer is at A so that
C will be visible from A.
10
ℎ = 800 + (600 − 800) − 0.067(12)(10)
12 + 10
ℎ = 701.051 m
Obstruction = 705 − 701.051
Obstruction = 3.949 m

b) If C is not visible from A, what height of tower must be constructed so that it could be visible
from A with the line of sight having a clearance of 2 m above hill B?
10
705 + 2 = ℎ2 + (600 − ℎ2 ) − 0.067(12)(10)
12 + 10

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ℎ2 = 810.907 m
𝑥 = 810.907 − 800
𝑥 = 10.907 m

c) What height of equal towers at A and C must be constructed in order that A, B and C will be
intervisible?

10
705 = (800 + 𝑥) + ((600 + 𝑥) − (800 + 𝑥)) − 0.067(12)(10)
12 + 10
𝑥 = 3.949 m

Activity 2: Check for Understanding

Here’s a quiz and a problem set for you to check how well you understand the lesson. Remember
solvefirst before looking at the key answer.

Short Quiz!
Problem 1.
The elevation of station Alpha is 680 m while that of Charlie is 620 m. In between stations Alpha and
Charlie is station Bravo with an elevation of 645 m. The distance from Alpha to Bravo is 12 km and from
Bravo to Charlie is 15 km.
a) Find the elevation of the line of sight at station Bravo with the instrument placed at station Alpha such
that station Charlie would be visible from station Alpha considering the effect of earth’s curvature and
refraction.
b) Assume that station Bravo will obstruct the line of sight from station Alpha while observing station
Charlie and a 4 m tower is constructed on top of station Bravo. Find the height of equal towers at
stations Alpha and Charlie in order that the three stations as observed from station Alpha will still be
intervisible.

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c) Without constructing any tower at station Bravo, what height of tower must be constructed at station
Charlie so that both stations Bravo and Charlie would be visible from station Alpha?

Problem Set #3
Solve the following problems then box your final answer.
Problem 1.
Mirador hill with an elevation of 626 m is on a line between Aurora hill whose elevation is 660 m and Cathedral
hill having an elevation of 600 m. Distance of Mirador hill from Aurora hill is 10 km and distance of Mirador hill
from Cathedral hill is 12 km. Considering curvature and refraction correction.

a) Compute the obstruction of the line of sight at Mirador hill when observing Cathedral hill from Aurora hill.
b) What would be the height of equal towers to be erected at Aurora hill and Cathedral hill so that Cathedral
hill, Aurora hill and Mirador hill will be intervisible with a 4 m tower erected at the top of Mirador hill?
c) If no tower will be erected at Aurora hill and Mirador hill, what would be the height of tower to be erected at
Cathedral hill so that Mirador hill and Cathedral hill will be intervisible from Aurora hill?

Problem 2.
Four hills A, B, C and D are in straight line. The elevations are A = 247 m, B = 236 m, C = 314 m and D =
396 m. The distances of B, C and D from A are 12 km, 45 km and 60 km, respectively. Considering the effect of
curvature and refraction of the earth.
a) Compute the height of equal towers on A and D to sight over B and C with a 3 m clearance.
b) Compute the elevation of the line of sight at B with the installation of the equal heights of tower at A and D.
c) Compute the height of tower at A with a clearance of 3 m at C so that D will be visible from A, if the height of
tower at D is 2 m.

Problem 3.
Considering curvature and refraction correction of the earth surface.
a) The FS reading on the rod at point B is 1.86 m. The correction for curvature only is 0.048 m. If HI=238.17 m,
and the corrected elevation of B is 236.35 m, what is the correction for refraction only?
b) At point B, the FS reading is 2.23 m. The corrected elevation of B is 144.86 m, considering refraction and
curvature. If the HI=147.063 m and the correction for refraction is 0.005, what is the correction for curvature?
c) Considering curvature and refraction, the corrected elevation of point C is 311.85 m. The FS reading on the
rod at C is 2.16 m. The correction for curvature is 0.046 while that for refraction is 0.004. Determine HI.

Problem 4.
Three hills A, B and C has elevations of 660 m, 625 m and 600 m, respectively. B is in between A and C and
is 10 km from A and 12 km from C.
a) Considering the effect of curvature and refraction correction, what is the clearance or obstruction of the line
of sight at B considering that C is visible from A.
b) If a 5 m tower is erected on top of B, what would be the height of equal towers to be erected at A and C in
order that A, B and C will be intervisible.
c) What should be the height of tower to be erected at C so that B and C will be intervisible from A.

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C. LESSON WRAP-UP
Activity 3: Thinking about Learning

Three things you learned:

1.
2.
3.
Two things that you would like to learn more about:
1.
2.
One question you still have:
1.

You are done with the session! Let’s track your progress
Period 1 Period 2 Period 3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

FAQs:
1. Would you always consider the effect of earth’s curvature and refraction?
Ans. It depends if it was stated in the problem that you will consider these effects. Also, if the
distance from point to point is too far.

2. Is the constant “0.067” present in the formula for finding the effect of curvature and refraction is always
applicable?
Ans. It will only be used if the considered radius of the earth is approximately 6400 km.

KEY TO CORRECTIONS
Activity 2:
1. a) 641.273 m
b) 7.727 m
c) 8.385 m

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Name: _________________________________________________________________ Class number: _______

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Lesson title: Leveling Materials:

Lesson Objectives: Calculator, Pen, Paper
At the end of this module, you will be able to: References:
1. Classify the different types of leveling. Roy, S.K. (1999). Fundamentals of
2. Determine the elevation and difference of elevation of Surveying. New Delhi: Prentice Hall
different points of interest. of India Private Limited
Schofield, W. & Breach, M. (2007).
3.
Engineering Surveying. Burlington,
Canada: Elvesier Ltd

A. LESSON PREVIEW/REVIEW
Introduction
Have you ever thought on how can engineers manage to level the ground where the structure will be
built? Or how can they provide a perfect slope in canals for the water to flow freely? These things are made
possible through leveling. Leveling specializes in measurement of vertical distances to determine the
elevation of points as well as their difference in elevation. It is used in surveying to establish the elevation of
a point relative to a datum or a fixed point.
Leveling operations are undertaken to provide necessary data for engineering design and construction.
The accumulated data from leveling is used to successfully plan and design every engineering project from
the beginning until its completion. Leveling is not only applied in the construction of infrastructures such as
railways, bridges, roads, etc. but also in the production of contour and topographic maps. Contour maps
determines the best possible route and amount of earthwork required. While topographical map shows hills,
rivers, forests, etc.

B.MAIN LESSON
Content and Skill-building
Uses of Leveling:
a. Design highways, railroads, canals, sewers, water supply systems, and other facilities having
grade lines that best conform to existing topography.
b. Layout construction projects according to planned elevations.
c. Calculate volumes of earthworks and other materials.
d. Investigate drainage characteristics of an area.
e. Develop maps showing general ground configurations.
f. Study earth subsidence and crustal motion.
Trigonometric Leveling
Trigonometric leveling is used where difficult terrain, such as mountainous areas, precludes the use
of conventional differential leveling.
In this method the difference in elevation between two points can be determined by
a) The inclined or horizontal distance between them

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b) The zenith angle or the altitude angle to one point from the other.
▪ Trigonometric Leveling for Short Lines D

Rod 𝑟

𝑆 𝑉

𝛼 ∆𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣

C Horizontal E

ℎ𝑖 𝐻

A
Figure 4.1 Trigonometric Leveling for Short Lines

In the Figure 4.1, if the slope distance 𝑆 and the zenith or altitude angle between C and D are
observed,
𝑉 𝑉
cos 𝑧 = or sin 𝛼 =
𝑆 𝑆
Alternatively, if horizontal distance 𝐻 between C and S is measured,

𝑉 𝐻
tan 𝛼 = or tan 𝑧 =
𝐻 𝑉

The difference in elevation ∆𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣 between points A and B in the figure shown is given by

∆𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣 = ℎ𝑖 + 𝑉 − 𝑟

where,
ℎ𝑖 = height of the instrument
𝑟 = reading on the rod held at B when zenith angle 𝑧 or atitude angle 𝛼 is read.

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▪ Trigonometric Leveling for Long Lines

E
Refraction
D

Rod 𝑟
𝑉

𝛼𝑚 F
𝑧
𝛼 Earth
G Curvature
𝑧𝑚 ∆𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣

C
H
S
ℎ𝑖
A

Figure 4.2 Trigonometric Leveling for Long Lines

For a longer line, earth’s curvature and refraction must be considered. Figure 4.2 illustrates the
situation. Here an instrument is set up at C over point A. Sight D is made on a rod held at point B, and
zenith angle 𝑧𝑚 , or altitude angle 𝛼𝑚 , is observed.

∆𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣 = ℎ𝑖 + 𝑉 + ℎ𝑐𝑟 − 𝑟

Differential Leveling
Differential leveling is the most common method of determining difference in elevation, in this
method a telescope with suitable magnification is used to read graduated rods held on fixed points. A
horizontal line of sight within the telescope is established by means of a level vial or automatic
compensator.

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BS FS
Horizontal Line of Sight
0.38 m
TP
2.58 m Elev. 102.2 m

BM Rock
Elev. 100 m
𝐻𝐼 = 102.58 m
Mean Sea Level (𝐷𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑚)

Figure 4.3 Differential Leveling

Differential leveling theory and applications can be expressed by two equations, which are repeated
over and over,

𝐻𝐼 = 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝐵𝑀 + 𝐵𝑆
and
𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑇𝑃 = 𝐻𝐼 − 𝐹𝑆

where,
𝐻𝐼 = vertical distance from the datum to the instrument line of sight.
𝐵𝑆 = backsight
𝐹𝑆 = foresight
𝐵𝑀 = benchmark
𝑇𝑃 = turning points, the immediate points upon which the rod is held running a differential leveling
circuit.

Precision in leveling is increased by repeating observations. Making frequent ties to established

benchmarks, using high quality equipment, keeping it in good adjustment, and performing the
measurement process carefully. However, no matter how carefully the work is executed, errors will exist
and will be evident in the form of misclosures.
The Federal Geodetic Control Subcommittee (FGCS) recommends the following formula to compute
allowable misclosures:
𝐶 = 𝑚√𝐾
where,
𝐶 = allowable loop or section misclosure, in millimeters.
𝑚 = constant, it can be 4,5,6,8, and 12 mm depending on the classes of level or on the use of a

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level
𝐾 = the total length leveled, in kilometers, for loops, it is the total perimeter distance (circuit that
begin and end on the same benchmark)

Reciprocal Leveling
Sometimes in leveling across topographic features such as rivers, it is difficult or impossible to keep
back sights and foresights short and equal. Reciprocal leveling may be utilized at such locations.

Figure 4.4 Reciprocal

Leveling
As shown in the Figure 4.4, a level is set up on one side of a river at X, near A, and rod readings are
taken on points A and B. Since XB is very long, several readings are taken for averaging. Reading, turning
the leveling screws to throw the instrument out of level, releveling, and reading again, does this. The
process is repeated two, three, four or more times. Then the instrument is moved close to Y and the
same procedure is followed.

Three-Wire Leveling
As implied by its name, three-wire leveling consists in making rod readings on the upper, middle and
lower crosshairs. Formerly it was used mainly for precise work, but it can be used on project requiring
only ordinary precision. This method has the following advantages:
1. Providing checks against rod readings are available.
2. Producing accuracy because averages of three readings are available.
3. Furnishing stadia measurement of sight lengths to assist in balancing backsight and foresight
distances.
Profile Leveling
Before engineers can properly design linear facilities such as highways, railroad, transmission lines,
canals, sewers, and water mains, they need accurate information about the topography along the
proposed routes. Profile leveling, which yields elevations at definite points along a reference line,
provides the data.

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Plotted profiles are used for many purposes, such as:

1. Determining the depth of cut of fill on proposed highways, railroads and airports.
2. Studying grade-crossing problems.
3. Investigating and selecting the most economical grade, location, and depth for sewers, pipelines,
tunnels, irrigation ditches, and other projects.

Activity 1: Skill-building Activities

Here are some examples with solution. Try to practice what you’ve learned by answering it first before
looking at the solution. You can do this!

Problem 1.
Based from the Figure 4.2, a vertical angle of +13°45’ is read to a target 1.23 m above point B. The
measured inclined distance S is 823.29 m and the elevation of point A is 123.65 m above the datum. The
height of the instrument at A is 1.35 m. Consider the effect of earth’s curvature and refraction.
a) Determine the difference in elevation between A and B
b) Determine the elevation of B

Solution:
a) Determine the difference in elevation between A and B
E
𝑉 = 823.29 sin 13°45 ′ Refraction
𝑉 = 195.684 m D

𝐾 = 823.29 cos 13°45′

1.23 m
𝐾 = 799.696 m 𝑉
2
799.696 B
ℎ𝑐𝑟 = 0.067 ( )
1000
13°45′ F
ℎ𝑐𝑟 = 0.042847 m
Earth
∆𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝐴𝐵 = 1.35 + 195.684 − 1.23 + 0.042847 G Curvature ∆𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣

∆𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝐴𝐵 = 195.847 m
C
H
b) Determine the elevation of B
1.35 m
𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝐵 = 123.65 + 195.847
A 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝐴 = 123.65 m
𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝐵 = 319.497 m

Problem 2.
From the given data of a differential leveling as shown in the tabulation:

Backsight Foresight Elevation

Station
(m) (m) (m)

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1 5.87 392.25
2 7.03 6.29
3 3.48 6.25
4 7.25 7.08
5 10.19 5.57
6 9.29 4.45
7 4.94

a) Find the difference in elevation of station 7 and station 5.

b) Find the difference in elevation of station 7 and station 4.
c) Find the elevation of station 3.

Solutions:
Backsight Foresight Elevation
Station
(m) (m) (m)
1 5.87 392.25
2 7.03 6.29 391.83
3 3.48 6.25 392.61
4 7.25 7.08 389.01
5 10.19 5.57 390.69
6 9.29 4.45 396.43
7 4.94 400.78

a) Find the difference in elevation of station 7 and station 5.

∆𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣7−5 = 10.09 m
b) Find the difference in elevation of station 7 and station 4.
∆𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣7−5 = 11.77 m
c) Find the elevation of station 3.
𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑠𝑡𝑎.3 = 392.61 m

Activity 2: Check for Understanding

Solve the following problems then box your final answer. If the space provided is not sufficient, you may
provide a clean sheet of bond paper. Check your answers against the Key to Corrections found at the
end of this SAS. Write your score on your paper.
Short Quiz!
Problem 1.
A reciprocal leveling is observed across a wide river and the reciprocal level readings were taken

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between points A and B as follows. With instrument set up near A, the rod readings on A are 2.283
m and 2.285 m. The reciprocal level readings on the opposite side of the river at point B are 3.618, 3.619,
3.621 and 3.622 m. With the instrument set up near B the rod readings on B are 4.478 m and 4.476
m, and the rod readings on the on the opposite side of the river at point A, the rod readings are 3.143,
3.140, 3.146 and 3.144.
a) Compute the difference in elevation between A and B with the instrument set up near A.
b) What is the true difference in elevation between A and B?
c) If the elevation A is 300 m, what is the elevation of B?

Problem Set #4
Solve the following problems then box your final answer.
Problem 1.
From the given profile leveling notes.
Station BS (m) FS (m) IFS (m) Elevation (m)
BM1 0.95 225.50
1 3
2 2.3
TP1 3.13 0.64
3 2.7
4 2.8
5 3.1
6 0.5
7 0.8
TP2 2.16 1.28
8 0.9
9 1.2
10 1.7
11 2.8
TP3 0.82 2.37
TP4 1.35 3.50
12 3.0
BM2 1.24
a) What is the difference in elevation between station 5 and 2.
b) Compute the elevation of TP2.
c) Compute the elevation of BM2.

Problem 2.
The top of a tower signal at B 2000 m away from A was sighted through a transit with recorded vertical angle
of 2°30’. The height of the mast is 12 m and the H.I. of the transit above the point where it is set is 1.10 m. The
elevation of the point under the transit A is 133.30 m. Compute the elevation of the base of the signal B.

Problem 3.

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In the two peg test method of a dumpy level the following observations were taken.
Instrument set up near A Instrument set up near B
Rod reading on A 1.505 m 0.938 m
Rod reading on B 2.054 m 1.449 m
a) What is the difference in elevation between A and B?
b) If the line of sight is not in adjustment, determine the correct rod reading on A with the instrument still set up
at B.
c) Determine the error in the line of sight.

Problem 4.
In the plan below shows a differential leveling from benchmark to another benchmark, along each line
represents a sight in the actual rod reading. The direction of the field works is indicated by the number of
turning points.
Use K=16 km and m=8 mm.
a. Compute the corrected elevation of TP2.
b. Compute the corrected elevation of BM2.
c. Compute the corrected elevation of TP3.

Problem 5.
A trigonometric leveling conducted by Jereza Surveying Company, the two points A and B of a certain rough
terrain are each distance 2000 m from a third point C, from which measured vertical angles to A is +3°30’ and to
B is +1°30’. Elevation at C is known to be 342.60 m above sea level. Point C is in between A and B.
a) Compute the difference in elevation between A and B considering the effect of the earth’s curvature and
refraction.
b) Compute the difference in elevation between B and C.
c) Compute the elevation of A.

Problem 6.
A is a point having an elevation of 130.48 m above datum, and b and C are points of unknown elevation, B
is in between A and C. By means of an instrument set 1.22 m above B, vertical angles are observed, that to A
being -14°45’ and that to C being +8°32’. The horizontal distance AB is 547.20 and the horizontal distance BC
is 923.25 m. Making due allowance for earth’s curvature and atmospheric refraction.
a) Compute the difference in elevation between A and B.
b) Determine the difference in elevation between B and C.
c) Determine the elevation of C.

C. LESSON WRAP-UP
Activity 3: Thinking about Learning (5 mins)

Three things you learned:

1.

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2.
3.
Two things that you would like to learn more about:
1.
2.
One question you still have:
1.

You are done with the session! Let’s track your progress
Period 1 Period 2 Period 3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

FAQs:
1. What is the main difference between backsight and foresight?
Ans. Backsights are also called plus sights because you must always add them to a known
elevation to find the height of the instrument (HI). Meanwhile, foresights are always subtracted
from HI to obtain the elevation of a point.

2. What is a benchmark?
A benchmark is a relatively permanent point of reference whose elevation with respect to an
assumed datum is known.

KEY TO CORRECTIONS
Activity 2:
1. a) 1.336 m
b) 1.335 m
c) 298.665 m

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Lesson title: Angles, Bearings and Azimuths Materials:

Lesson Objectives: Calculator, Pen, Paper
At the end of this module, you will be able to: References:
1. Identify directions for horizontal angle measurements. Roy, S.K. (1999). Fundamentals of
2. Compute angles, bearings and azimuths. Surveying. New Delhi: Prentice Hall
of India Private Limited
Singh, R., Artman, D., Taylor, D.W.
1. & Brinton, D. (2000). Basic
Surveying- Theory and Practice.
Oregon, USA

A. LESSON PREVIEW/REVIEW
Introduction
In our previous lesson, you can see that horizontal and vertical angles are fundamental
measurements in surveying. Vertical angle is used in obtaining the elevation of points and in the reduction
of slant distance into horizontal. While horizontal angle is used primarily to obtain direction to a survey
control point, or to topographic detail points, or to points to be set out.

B.MAIN LESSON
Content and Skill-building
Angle is defined as the difference in direction between two convergent lines.
Interior angles are measured clockwise or counter-clockwise between two adjacent lines on the inside of
a closed polygon figure.
Exterior angles are located outside the polygon and are explements of interior angles.
Deflection angles are observed from extension of the back line to the forward station.
Angles to the right are measured clockwise from the rear to the forward station.
Azimuths are horizontal angles observed clockwise from:
▪ In plane surveying – north as the reference direction
▪ Astronomers and military – south as the reference direction
Bearing is defined as the acute horizontal angle between a reference meridian and the line. The bearing
states whether the angle is measured from the north or the south and also whether the angle is
measured toward the east or west.

Azimuth

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N
Reference
D Meridian

B
S

Azimuths

Azimuths can be read directly on the graduated circle of a station instrument after the instrument has
been oriented properly.
A line’s forward direction can be given by it as forward azimuth and its reverse direction by it is
called back azimuth.
The back azimuth can be obtained by:
a. Adding 180° if the azimuth is less than 180°, or
b. Subtracting 180° if the azimuth is greater than 180°

Computing Azimuths
Most types of surveys, especially those that employ traversing, requires computation of azimuths (or
bearings). A traverse is a series of connected lines whose lengths and angles at the junction points have
been observed.

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D C

E N

F
115°10’

Figure 5.1 Closed Polygon

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41°35’ = AB 31°51’ = ED
+ 180°00’ + 135°42’
221°35’ = BA 167°33’ = EF
+ 129°11’ + 180°00’
350°46’ = BC 347°33’ = FE
− 180°00’ + 118°52’
170°46’ = CB 466°25’
+ 88°35’ − 360°00’ *

259°21’ = CD 106°25’ = FA
− 180°00’ + 180°00’
79°21’ = DC 286°25’ = AF
+ 132°30’ + 115°10’
211°51’ = DE 401°35’
− 180°00’ − 360°00’ *

31°51’ = ED 41°35’ = AB
* When a computed azimuth exceeds 360°, the correct azimuth is obtained by merely subtracting 360°.
Bearing
A properly expressed bearing includes quadrant letters and an angular value.

N
D

A
O
W E

B
S

Bearing
s

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Computing Bearing
One method in determining the bearing of lines is by drawing sketches. Alternate method of
computing bearings is to determine the azimuths, and then convert the computed azimuths to bearings.

Table 5.1 Bearing of Lines in Figure 5.1

Activity 1: Skill-building Activities

Here are some examples with solution. Try to practice what you’ve learned by answering it first before
looking at the solution. You can do this!
Problem 1.
Find the back azimuth of a line having a forward azimuth of 52°.

Solution:
Back Azimuth = 180° + 52°
Back Azimuth = 232°

Problem 2.
The lot ABCDEF is a closed traverse (clockwise) in the form of a regular hexagon. If the bearing of
line AB is N 25° E, find the following:
a) Bearing of line FA.
b) Bearing of line CD.

Solution:
a) Bearing of line FA.

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Bearing FA = 180° − 25° − 120°

Bearing FA = N 35° W

b) Bearing of line CD. 120°

Bearing CD = S 35° E

Problem 3.
From the traverse shown below. Compute the following:
a) Azimuth of side BC.
B
b) Bearing of side BC.

85°14’

C
A

D
North
Solution:
30°35’
a) Azimuth of side BC.
Azimuth BC = 30°35′ + 94°46′ B Deflection angle
Azimuth BC = 125°21′ = 180° − 85°14’ = 94°46’

b) Bearing of side BC. 85°14’

Bearing BC = 180° − 125°21′
Bearing BC = S 54°39′ E
C
A

Activity 2: Check for Understanding

Here’s a quiz and a problem set for you to check how well you understand the lesson. Remember solve
first before looking at the key answer.

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Short Quiz!
Problem 1.
The interior angles of a five-side traverse are as follows:
A = 117°30’ C = 142°54’
B = 96°32’ D = 132°18’
The angle E is not measured, assumed AB is due north. Compute the following:
a) Deflection angle at C.
b) Azimuth of the line CD.
c) Back azimuth of the line CD.
d) Azimuth of the line ED.
e) Back azimuth of the line EA.
f) Bearing of the line DE.
g) Bearing of the line AE.

Problem Set #5
Solve the following problems then box your final answer.
Problem 1.
The following bearings taken on a closed compass. Assuming the observed bearing of line AB to be correct.

Line Forward Bearing Backward Bearing

AB S 37°30’ E N 37°30’ W
BC S 43°15’ W N 44°15’ E
CD N 73°00’ W S 72°15’ E
DE N 12° 45’ E S 13°15’ W
EA N 60°00’ E S 59°00’ W
a) Compute the bearing of line BC.
b) Compute the bearing of line CD.
c) Compute the bearing of line DE.

Problem 2.
Given the following deflection angles of a closed traverse. Assume bearing of line AB is S 40° E

Station Deflection Angles

A 85°20’ L
B 10°11’ R
C 83°32’ L
D 63°27’ L
E 34°18’ L
F 72°56’ L
G 30°45’ L
a) Compute the total error of the deflection angle.
b) Compute the bearing of line DE.

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c) Compute the bearing of line GA.

Problem 3.
The observed magnetic bearings (forward and back) of a closed compass traverse are as follows:

AB N 55°30’ E
BA S 55°45’ W
BC S 58°40’ E
CB N 58°30’ W
CD S 14°30’ E
DC N 14°00’ W
DE S 77°10’ W
ED N 77°10’ E
EA N 40°20’ W
AE S 40°15’ E
a) Compute the misclosure of the given traverse in degrees.
b) Compute the adjusted interior angle at station C.
c) Compute the adjusted forward bearing of line CD.

Problem 4.
The observed compass bearing of a line in 1981 was S 37°30’ E, and the magnetic declination of the place
then was known to be 3°10’ W. It has also discovered that during the observation local attraction of the place at
that moment of 5’ E existed.
a) Find the true bearing of the line.
b) Find the true azimuth of the line.

Problem 5.
The bearing of a line from A to B was measured as S 16°30’ W. It was found that there was local attraction
at both A and B and therefore a forward and a backward bearing were taken between A and a point C at which
there was no local attraction. If the bearing AC was S 30°10’ E and that of CA was N 28°20’ W.
a) What is the corrected bearing of AB?
b) What is the corrected azimuth of AB?

Problem 6.
In a particular year, the magnetic declination was 1°10’ W and the magnetic bearing of line DE was N 16°30’
W. IF the secular variation per year is 3’ E, determine the magnetic bearing of line DE 5 years later?

C. LESSON WRAP-UP
Activity 3: Thinking about Learning

Three things you learned:

1.
2.

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3.
Two things that you would like to learn more about:
1.
2.
One question you still have:
1.

1) You are done with the session! Let’s track your progress
Period 1 Period 2 Period 3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

FAQs:
1. In terms of interpreting bearings, does N60°E same as through with “60 degrees north of east”?
Ans. No. N60°E means 60 degrees east of north or 30° north of east.

2. What is the first step in determining the azimuth or bearing of a closed traverse?
Ans. The direction of at least one line within the traverse must be known or assumed.

KEY TO CORRECTIONS
Activity 2:
1. a) 37°06’
b) 120°34’
c) 300°34’
d) 348°16’
e) 117°30’
f) S 11°44’ E
g) S 62°30’ E

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Lesson title: Traverse Computation Materials:

Lesson Objectives: Calculator, Pen, Paper
At the end of this module, you will be able to: References:
1. Adjust angles and directions to fixed geometric conditions. Roy, S.K. (1999). Fundamentals of
2. Apply several methods of traverse adjustments. Surveying. New Delhi: Prentice Hall
of India Private Limited
3.
Singh, R., Artman, D., Taylor, D.W.
& Brinton, D. (2000). Basic
Surveying- Theory and Practice.
Oregon, USA

A. LESSON PREVIEW/REVIEW
Introduction

A traverse is a series of consecutive lines whose ends have been marked in the field whose lengths
and direction have been determine from observations.
Traverses are used to find accurate positions of a marked stations. Thus, traverses usually serve as
control surveys. When drawing construction plans, the stations can be used as beginning points from
which to lay out work.
Traverse surveys are made for many purposes to include:
▪ To determine the positions of exiting boundary markers.
▪ To establish the positions of boundary lines.
▪ To determine the area encompassed within a boundary.
▪ To determine the positions of arbitrary points from which data may be obtained for preparing
various types of maps.
▪ To establish ground control for photographic mapping.
▪ To establish control for gathering data regarding earthwork quantities in railroad highway, utility
and other construction work.
▪ To establish control for locating railroads, highways and other construction work.

B.MAIN LESSON
Content and Skill-building
Two Kinds of Traverses:

1. Closed Traverse
a) Closed Traverse – the lines return to the starting point, forming a closed figure that is both
geometrically and mathematically closed. Closed traverses provide checks on the observed
angles and distances, which is extremely important consideration.

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N
𝐴𝑧 𝑀𝑘
C B

Legend:
Control Station
D Traverse Station
A
Measured Angle
Measured Distance

Figure 6.1 Closed Traverse

b) Link Traverse – the lines on a link traverse finish upon another station that should have a
positional accuracy equal to or greater than that of the starting point. The link type
(geometrically open and mathematically closed), as illustrated in the Figure 6.2, it must have
a closing reference direction, line 𝐸 − 𝐴𝑧𝑀𝑘2 .
𝐴𝑧 𝑀𝑘2
E

Legend:
B Control Station
D
A Traverse Station
Measured Angle
N C
Measured Distance

𝐴𝑧 𝑀𝑘1
Figure 6.2 Link Traverse

2. Open Traverse
An open traverse (geometrically and mathematically open) shown in the Figure 6.3 are consists
of a series of lines that are connected but do not return to the starting point or close upon a point of
equal or greater order accuracy.
Open traverses should be avoided because they offer no means of checking for observational

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error and mistakes. If they must be used, observations should be repeated carefully to guard against
mistakes.

G
C D

N Legend:
E Control Station
B F
Traverse Station
Measured Angle
Measured Distance
A

Figure 6.3 Open Traverse

Sources of Error in Traversing

1. Poor selection of stations, resulting in bad sighting conditions caused by
a) Alternate sun and shadow
b) Visibility of only the rod’s top
c) Line of sight passing too close to the ground
d) Lines that are too short
e) Sighting into the sun
2. Errors in observations of angles and distances.
3. Failure to observe angles an equal number of times direct and reversed.

Mistakes in Traversing
1. Occupying or sighting on the wrong station.
2. Incorrect orientation.
3. Confusing angles to the right and left.
4. Mistakes in note taking.
5. Misidentification of the sighted station.

Traverse Computations
Procedure for Computing and Adjusting Traverses:
A. Adjusting angles or directions to fixed geometric conditions
B. Determining preliminary azimuths or bearings of the traverse lines
C. Calculating departures and latitudes and adjusting them for misclosures

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D. Calculating lengths and azimuths or bearings of the traverse lines after adjustments.
N
E

D
A

Legen B
d: Control
Station
Traverse
Station C
Figure 6.4
Traverse
Based from Figure 6.4, apply the procedure for computing and adjusting traverses.

A. Balancing Angles
Angles of a closed traverse can be adjusted to the correct geometric total by applying one of the two
following methods:
1. Applying an average correction to each angle where observing conditions were approximately the
same at all stations. The correction for each angle is found by dividing the total angular misclosure
by the number of angles.
2. Making larger corrections to angles where poor observing conditions were present.
Sum of Interior Angles of a Closed Polygon

∑ = (𝑛 − 2) 180°

Sum of Exterior Angles of a Closed Polygon

∑ = (𝑛 + 2) 180°

where, 𝑛 is the number of sides or angles in the polygon

Using Method 1:

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∑ = 540°00’11” ∑ = 11” ∑ = 540°00’00”

Table 6.1 Adjusted Angles

B. Computation of Preliminary Azimuths and Bearings

After balancing angles, calculate either preliminary azimuths or preliminary bearings.
Based on the Figure 6.4, fixed azimuth of 234°17’18” for line AW, a measured angle to the right of
151°52’24” for WAE, and the angle adjustment by method 1, Table 6.1.
Compute the azimuth of course AB

𝐴𝑧𝐴𝐵 = 234°17’18” + 151°52’24” + 100°45’35” − 360° = 126°55’17”

126°55’17” = AB 358°18’58” = CB 284°35’20” = DE

+ 180°00’00” + 17°12’56” − 180°00’00”
306°55’17” = BA 375°31’54” 104°35’20” = ED
+ 231°23’41” − 360°00’00” + 101°34’22”
538°18’58” 15°31’54” = CD 206°09’42” = EA
− 360°00’00” + 180°00’00” − 180°00’00”

178°18’58” = BC 195°31’54” = DC 26°09’42” = AE

+ 180°00’00” + 89°03’26” + 100°45’35”

358°18’58” = CB 284°35’20” = DE 126°55’17” = AB

Table 6.2 Preliminary Azimuth

C. Departure and Latitudes

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After balancing the angles and calculating preliminary azimuths or bearings, traverse closure is
checked by computing the departure and latitude of each line. Departure are sometimes called easting
or westing, while latitude is called northing or southing.
N (Y)

B
Latitude
∆𝑌

𝛼
𝐿

E (X)
∆𝑋
Departure
Figure 6.5 Departure and Latitude

Departure = 𝐿 sin 𝛼
Latitude = 𝐿 cos 𝛼
Based on the preliminary azimuth from Table 6.2 and the lengths shown in Figure 6.4,

∑ = 751.83 ∑ = 0.006 ∑ = 0.026

Table 6.3 Computation of Departure and Latitude

Linear Misclosure = √(𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒)2 + (𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒)2

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Linear Misclosure
Relative Precision =
Traverse Length

For a closed polygon traverse, it can be reasoned that if all angles and distances were measured
perfectly, the algebraic sum of departures of all courses in the traverse should equal to zero, likewise,
the algebraic sum of all latitudes.
Because the observations are not perfect and error exists in the angles and distance, the conditions
just stated rarely occur. The amounts by which they fail to be met are termed
𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 (𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑝 ) and 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 (𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡 ).
Based from the tabulated data in Table 6.3,
Linear Misclosure = √(0.006)2 + (0.026)2
Linear Misclosure = 0.026683 m
0.026683
Relative Precision =
751.83
1
Relative Precision =
28176

Traverse Adjustment
For any closed traverse, the linear misclosure must be adjusted (or distributed) throughout the
traverse to 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒 or 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 the figure.
Compass Rule
Length
Adjusted Departure = Departure − 𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑝
Perimeter
Length
Adjusted Latitude = Latitude − 𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡
Perimeter
Transit Rule
|Departure|
Adjusted Departure = Departure − 𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑝
∑|Departure|
|Latitude|
Adjusted Latitude = Latitude − 𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡
∑|Latitude|

Note: Carry the sign of Departure, Latitude, 𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑝 and 𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡 .

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∑ = 751.83 ∑ = 0.006 ∑ = 0.026 ∑ = 0.000 ∑ = 0.000

Table 6.4 Balancing Departure and Latitudes using Compass Rule

D. Adjusted Traverse Lengths and Directions

Computation of final values for lengths and directions of traverse lines based on their adjusted
departure and latitudes listed in Table 6.4.

Table 6.5 Final Adjusted Lengths and Directions

Activity 1: Skill-building Activities

Here are some examples with solution. Try to practice what you’ve learned by answering it first before
looking at the solution. You can do this!
Problem 1.

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From the field notes of a closed traverse shown below, adjust the traverse.
Lines Bearing Distances (m)
AB Due North 400.00
BC N 45° E 800.00
CD S 60° E 700.00
DE S 20° W 600.00
EA S 86°59’ W 966.34

a) Compute the correction of latitude on line CD using transit rule.

b) Compute the linear error of closure.
c) Compute the relative error or precision.
d) Compute the adjusted distance of line EA using transit rule.
e) Compute the adjusted bearing of line CD using compass rule.

Solution:

∑ = 3466.34 𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑝 = 1.69 𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡 = 1.014

∑|𝑑𝑒𝑝| = 2342.116 m
∑|𝑙𝑎𝑡| = 1930.356 m

a) Compute the correction of latitude on line CD using transit rule.

|−350|
Correction of Lat CD = 1.014 [ ]
1930.356
Correction of Lat CD = 0.184 m

b) Compute the linear error of closure.

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Linear Misclosure = √(1.69)2 + (1.014)2

Linear Misclosure = 1.971 m

c) Compute the relative error or precision.

1.971
Relative Precision =
3466.34
1
Relative Precision =
1758

d) Compute the adjusted distance of line EA using transit rule.

|−965.001|
Adj. DepEA = −965.001 − 1.69 [ ]
2342.116
Adj. DepEA = −965.697 m
|−50.855|
Adj. Lat EA = −50.855 − 1.014 [ ]
1930.356
Adj. Lat EA = −50.910 m
Adj. Dist EA = √(965.697)2 + (50.910)2
Adj. Dist EA = 967.038 m

e) Compute the adjusted bearing of line CD using compass rule.

700
Adj. DepCD = 606.218 − 1.69 ( )
3466.34
Adj. DepCD = 605.877 m
700
Adj. Lat CD = −350 − 1.014 ( )
3466.34
Adj. Lat CD = −350.205 m
605.877
Corrected Bearing CD = tan−1 ( )
350.877
Corrected Bearing CD = S 59°58′ 17.45" E

Problem 2.
From the given technical description of a lot.
Lines Bearing Distances (m)

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AB N 48°20’ E 529.60
BC N 87° 00’ E 592.00
CD S 7°59’ E 563.60
DE S 80°00’ W 753.40
EA N 48°12’ W 428.20

a) Find the corrected bearing of line BC using transit rule.

b) Find the corrected bearing of line DE using transit rule.
c) Find the corrected distance of line EA using transit rule.

Solution:

𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑝 = 3.922 𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡 = -20.497

∑|𝑑𝑒𝑝| = 2126.256 m
∑|𝑙𝑎𝑡| = 1357.433 m

a) Find the corrected bearing of line BC using transit rule.

|591.189|
Adj. DepBC = 591.189 − 3.922 [ ]
2126.256
Adj. DepBC = 590.099 m
|30.983|
Adj. Lat BC = 30.983 − (−20.497) [ ]
1357.433
Adj. Lat BC = 31.451 m

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590.099
Corrected Bearing BC = tan−1 ( )
31.451
Corrected Bearing BC = N 86°56′ 56.92" E

b) Find the corrected bearing of line DE using transit rule.

|−741.954|
Adj. DepDE = −741.954 − 3.922 [ ]
2126.256
Adj. DepDE = −743.323 m
|−130.827|
Adj. Lat DE = −130.827 − (−20.497) [ ]
1357.433
Adj. Lat DE = −128.852 m
743.323
Corrected Bearing DE = tan−1 ( )
128.852
Corrected Bearing DE = S 80°9′ 56.65" W

c) Find the corrected distance of line EA using transit rule.

|−319.213|
Adj. DepEA = −319.213 − 3.922 [ ]
2126.256
Adj. DepEA = −319.802 m
|285.409|
Adj. Lat EA = 285.409 − (−20.497) [ ]
1357.433
Adj. Lat EA = 289.719 m
Adj. Dist EA = √(319.802)2 + (289.719)2
Adj. Dist EA = 431.521 m

Activity 2: Check for Understanding

Here’s a quiz and a problem set for you to check how well you understand the lesson. Remember
solve first before looking at the key answer.

Short Quiz!
Problem 1.
From the given data of a closed traverse.
Lines Distances (m) Bearing

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AB 368.76 N 15°18’ E
BC 645.38 S 85°46’ E
CD 467.86 S 18°30’ W
DA 593.00 N 77°35’ W
Using compass rule of balancing a traverse.
a) Determine the corrected bearing of BC.
b) Determine the corrected bearing of CD.
c) Determine the adjusted distance of DA.

Problem Set #6
Solve the following problems then box your final answer.
Problem 1.
A closed traversed has the following data:
∑Lat = -0.56
∑Dep = +0.34
Total Latitude = 1726.8
Total Departure = 1876.3
Perimeter = 2628.5
For line DE:
Distance = 518.4 m
Latitude = 259.2
Departure = 448.9
a) Determine the corrected latitude of DE by compass rule.
b) Determine the corrected latitude of DE by transit rule.
c) Determine the corrected departure of DE by compass rule.

Problem 2.
Using the given data in the traverse shown:
Points Northings Eastings
A 75 m 250 m
B 425 m 150 m
C 675 m 450 m
D 675 m 675 m
E 425 m 700 m
F 175 m 550 m
a) Compute the bearing of line BC.
b) Compute the distance of line FA.
c) Compute the bearing line EF.
d) Compute the distance of line AB.

Problem 3.
A closed traverse has the following data:

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Lines Distance (m) Bearing

AB 895 S 70°29’ E
BC 315 S 26°28’ E
CD 875 S 65°33’ W
DE 410 N 45°31’ W
EA 650 N 10°00’ E
a) Find the corrected bearing of line BC by using transit rule.
b) Find the corrected bearing of line CD by using transit rule.
c) Find the corrected bearing of line EA by using transit rule.

Problem 4.
For a given closed traversed:
∑Lat = -0.44
∑Dep = -0.37
Perimeter = 2915.80 m
Total Latitude = 1897.40
Total Departure = 1945.73
For line AB = 483.52 m, its latitude is 236.87 N and departure is 356.30 E.
a) Determine the corrected latitude of AB by compass rule.
b) Determine the corrected departure of AB by compass rule.

Problem 5.
A given traversed has the following results:
Perimeter = 3615.40 m
Total Departures = 1842.64
Total Latitudes = 1868.94
∑Lat = +0.68
∑Dep = +0.42
For line BC distance equals 394.60 m and its latitude is 249.40 N and departure is 364.20 E.
a) Determine the corrected latitude of BC by transit rule.
b) Determine the corrected departure of BC by transit rule.
Problem 6.
A closed traverse has the following data:

Lines Distance (m) Bearing

AB 83.07 N 37°23’ E
BC 160.33 S 26°08’ W
CD 58.15 S 59°29’ W
DA 125.32 N 30°11’ E
a) Determine the corrected length of the line BC.
b) Determine the corrected bearing of the line BC.
c) Determine the corrected bearing of the line CD.

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C. LESSON WRAP-UP
Activity 3: Thinking about Learning (5 mins)

Three things you learned:

1.
2.
3.
Two things that you would like to learn more about:
1.
2.
One question you still have:
1.

1) You are done with the session! Let’s track your progress
Period 1 Period 2 Period 3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

FAQs:
1. What is main difference between latitude and departure?
Ans. Latitude is equal to the length of the line times the cosine of its BEARING. While departure
is equal to the length of the line times the sine of its BEARING.

2. If the angular measurements of a traverse are more precise than its linear measurements, balancing
the traverse is done by what method?
Ans. Transit Rule

KEY TO CORRECTIONS
Activity 2:
1. a) S 85°57’52.61” E
b) S 18°55’16.28” W
c) 597.226 m

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