O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School

Objectives:
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Quranic Passages (1-15)

Passage 1: Surah Al-Baqarah (Ayat-ul-Kursi)

Main Theme:

1. Ayat-ul-Kursi – Verse of Throne

2. Theme of Allah in Himself

3. Madni Surah

4. Focuses on Shahada (oneness of Allah)

5. The greatness of God is beyond human comprehension

6. Free from all human weaknesses

7. All-knowing and most powerful

8. “Then He established Himself on the Throne”

9. “Say He is Allah the one and only.”

10. “But God is the One free from all wants.”

Importance:

1. The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬called this verse one of ‘the treasure of paradise’

2. Shirk is labelled an unforgivable sin (Kabirah gunah)

3. Gives Muslims an understanding of their Lord

4. Nothing can be hidden from Allah

5. Muslims remain steadfast in worshipping Him only

6. Recited to seek Allah’s protection in daily lives

7. “Your Lord has decreed that you worship none but Him.”

8. “Allah forgives not that partners should be set up with him, but He forgives anything else to which
He pleases.”
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Passage 2: Surah Al An’am

Main Theme:

1. Name of Surah

2. Theme of Allah in Himself

3. Makki Surah

4. Tauhid

5. No association of partners with God

6. Erases misconceptions of physical relations

7. He is the ultimate authority

8. “He begets not, nor is He begotten”

9. One and only Creator and Ruler of the whole universe

Importance:

1. Protects us from shirk – purifies our souls

2. We are dependent on Allah only

3. Allah sees all and knows all which motivates Muslims to remain truthful

4. Muslims fulfill their obligations by fasting, praying etc.

5. No association of human characteristics with God as His existence is beyond our conception

6. “Your Lord has decreed that you worship none but Him.”
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Passage 3: Surah Al-Fussilat

Main Theme:

1. Name of Surah

2. Makki surah

3. Theme of Allah in Himself

4. The power of Allah and His oneness

5. The signs and phenomena of nature reflect His power

6. Challenges primitive beliefs and paganism

7. Emphasizes on His greatness as the Supreme Creator

8. “Behold! The creation of Heaven’s and Earth; in the alternation of day and night … are signs for
the people who are wise.”

9. “and (He) created the sun, the moon, and the stars, subjected by his command. Unquestionably,
His is the creation and the command; blessed is Allah, Lord of the worlds.”

Importance:

1. Appreciate aspects of nature that hold witness to God’s power

2. Instills sense of gratefulness for God’s blessings

3. Keeps Muslims devoted to Allah

4. We can identify our Lord through his creations – strengthens Tauhid

5. “Verily, in the alternation of the night and day, and all that God has created in the heaven and
the Earth, are signs for those who fear Him.”
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Passage 4: Surah Al-Shura

Main Theme:

1. Name of Surah

2. Makki Surah

3. Theme of God in Himself

4. Allah’s total, singular authority and ownership

5. He is the sole Creator and Owner of heavens and earth

6. The heavens tremble under His might

7. The angels fulfill their duties of praising God and asking for forgiveness for mankind

8. He is Most Merciful and Forgiving

9. “His are all things in heaven and on the Earth.”

10. “they (angels) celebrate His praises and bow down before Him.”

Importance:

1. All power and control over universe is in God’s hands

2. Humans are subject to God’s will – erases arrogance

3. The example of angels should be applied in daily lives – humility and praise for God

4. Mankind should fear God and seek His mercy the way angels do

5. Put trust in God’s plan and not lose hope

6. We should show our gratefulness to God’s mercy by fulfilling our duties and obligations

7. We should learn to be forgiving as we are very inferior in front of God

8. “Despair not of the mercy of your Allah; for Allah forgives all sins, for He is Oft-Forgiving, Most
Merciful.”
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Passage 5: Surah Al-Ikhlas

Main Theme:

1. Ikhlas – Purity of faith

2. Makki Surah

3. Theme of Allah in Himself

4. Answer to Quraysh's queries about Allah’s ancestry

5. Allah is independent, unique, perfect

6. Unrelated to anyone

7. Qul - one of the surahs of protection

8. “Take not for worship two Gods: for He is just one God.”

9. “He is the First and the Last.”

10. “How can He have a son when He has no consort?”

Importance:

1. Protection from shirk

2. There is no replacement for God

3. Recitation in daily prayers

4. Equivalent to 1/3 of the Quran

5. Gives us clarity of faith

6. Strengthens spiritual connection with God

7. Summary of the major theme of entirety of Quran

8. “Allah forgives not that partners be set up with him, but He forgives anything else to whom He
pleases.”

9. “And your God is One God.”

O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Passage 6: Surah Al-Fatihah

Main Theme:

1. Name of Surah

2. Opening chapter of Quran

3. First complete Makki surah

4. Theme of Allah and the created world

5. Tauhid – Allah is sole sustainer of the universe

6. Only he can show us mercy and justice

7. He is the Lord of the Day of Reckoning – fear and worship Him

8. He is the only one Who can guide us on to the right path

9. Failure to do so will lead you astray and to the devil

10. “and your Lord says: Call Me, I shall answer your supplication.”

11. “All praises and thanks are due to Allah who has removed from us all the grief.”

Importance:

1. Revealed twice in Makkah and Madinah

2. Told to worship Allah only and ask for His mercy

3. His attributes are matchless – prevention of shirk

4. Motivates us to be on the right path

5. Allah’s justice on Judgment Day

O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
6. Encouragement to do good deeds for afterlife

7. Compulsory for daily prayers – significance

8. “No prayer is accepted without Al-Fateha.”

9. “And only on the Day of Judgment shall you be paid your full recompense.”

10. “for He is Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful.”

O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Passage 7: Surah Al-Baqarah (2:21-22)

Main Theme:

1. Name of Surah

2. Madni surah

3. Theme of Allah and the created world

4. Piety is achieved by constant remembrance of Allah

5. He created mankind to obey his commands

6. He created sustenance for mankind as well

7. His bounties; namely the earth, sky and water should be appreciated by man

8. God should be praised and worshipped because He blessed us

9. No association of partners

10. “Praise to be Allah the Cherisher and Sustainer of the worlds.”

Importance:

1. Man’s relationship with God becomes clear – we are His slaves

2. Earth symbolizes physical life and sky symbolizes spiritual life

3. Emphasis on God’s control on both

4. Inspire gratitude in the hearts of believers for Allah’s blessings

5. Reminder to stay away from shirk as He is the only Creator worthy of praise

6. Acts of worship should be carried out to thank God for the various blessings He has bestowed
upon us

7. “Behold! The creation of Heavens and Earth; in the alter of the day and the night are signs for the
people who are wise.”
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Passage 8: Surah Al-Alaq

Main Theme:

1. Name of Surah

2. Makki Surah

3. Theme of Allah and the created world

4. First Revelation

5. God’s power in creation of mankind

6. Important message to acquire knowledge

7. Importance: of reading – revelation to an illiterate man

8. The ability to write is what makes humans superior

9. Allah is the greatest teacher

10. Iqra is command to read His signs to understand His power, wisdom and mercy

11. “and He taught Adam the names of all things”

12. “We have indeed created man in the best of molds.”

Importance:

1. Help Muslims to see God’s power

2. Sends them scriptures so they are not left on their own

3. Iqra establishes a link between man and God

4. Seeking knowledge is encouraged so humans should gain it, especially religious knowledge to
understand Allah

5. Each subject is important and gaining knowledge about them is rewarded by Allah

6. Helps in understanding Prophethood and the beginning of Islam

O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
7. Man should show gratefulness by spreading knowledge and erasing illiteracy and ignorance

8. “who has made Earth your couch (physical growth) and heavens your canopy (spiritual
growth).”

Passage 9: Surah Al-Zilzal

Main Theme:

1. Name of Surah

2. Madni Surah

3. Theme of God’s relationship with the created world

4. Depicts the end of time by an earthquake

5. Describes the scene on the day of resurrection

6. Good and bad will be sorted out by truth

7. Accountability for actions on Earth

8. Your deeds will take you to heaven or hell

9. “and when the graves are turned upside down (then) shall each soul know what it has sent
forward and (what it has) kept back.”

10. “when the earth is flattened out and throws out everything it contains and gets empty”
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Importance:

1. Warning to give up sin

2. Fear of accountability

3. Reminder to stay on straight path

4. Article of faith – resurrection

5. Motivates Muslims to do good deeds (examples) to go to heaven and refrain from bad deeds
(examples)

6. Shows Muslims the temporary nature of life on earth as the Day of Judgement will happen

7. “O mankind! Fear your Lord surely the quaking of the hour will be a terrible thing.”
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Passage 10: Surah Al-Nas

Main Theme:

1. Name of Surah

2. Makki Surah

3. Theme of God’s relationship with created world

4. Concludes the Quran

5. Released in Madinah as well to give protection to Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬from black magic

6. Three attributes; He gives sustenance, He is sovereign ruler and worthy of worship

7. Warns Muslims about Satan who tries to sneakily lead them astray

8. God is all powerful – only He can provide protection against all evils

9. He controls the mischief makers as well, so refuge should be sought from Him only

10. “When you read the Quran, seek Allah’s protection against the evil ones.”

11. “if suggestion from Satan assails your mind, seek refuge with Allah”

Importance:

1. Enlightens Muslims about the kinds of mischief they have to be wary of

2. Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬used surah Naas and surah Falaq to seek protection from evils and
Muslims should do the same

3. Muslims should seek refuge from Allah only as he is the King of mankind – stay away from shirk

4. If we stay in God’s protection, evil cannot bother us

5. Encourages to stay away from bad deeds

6. “And say: O my lord, I seek refuge with Thee from the suggestions of evil one.”
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Passage 11: Surah Al-Baqarah

Main Theme:

1. Name of Surah

2. Madni surah

3. Allah and the Prophets – Adam AS

4. Creation of man and his superiority to other creations

5. Satan was kicked out due to his rejection to bow in front of Adam

6. The forbidden fruit and expulsion from paradise

7. Repentance for sin and Allah’s forgiveness

O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
8. “then we made the angels bow down to Adam and they bowed down; not so Iblis, he refuses to
be of those who bow down.”

9. “But seek the forgiveness of Allah; for Allah is oft-forgiving most merciful.”

10. “O Adam, dwell you and your wife in the garden and enjoy (its good things) as you wish; but
approach not this tree…”

Importance:

1. Allah’s readiness to forgive at man’s repentance

2. He will forgive your sins if you ask for forgiveness

3. Arrogance, jealousy and disobedience are not acceptable

4. Should be wary of Iblis as his temptations got Adam and Eve kicked out of heaven

5. Man should be glad about the blessings of God – knowledge and superiority over other
creations

6. Words of repentance (dua sent to Hazrat Adam AS) should be used by Muslims to ask for
forgiveness

7. “If a suggestion from Satan assails thy (wind) seek refuge with Allah…”
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Passage 12: Surah Al-An’am

Main Theme:

1. Name of Surah

2. Makki surah

3. Theme of Allah and Prophets – Hazrat Ibrahim AS

4. Oneness of Allah

5. God uses His signs to guide His people

6. The creations were not eternal and they pointed to a greater power that created them

7. Hazrat Ibrahim AS never committed shirk

8. “Say, verily my Lord has guided me to a way that is straight a religion of right, the path (trod) by
Ibrahim, the true in faith and him (certainly) joined not gods with Allah.”

9. “Behold!” His Lord said to him: “Bow (thy will to Me)” He said, “I bow (my will) to the Lord and the
Cherisher of the universe.”

Importance:

1. Encourages non-believers to find true God themselves like Hazrat Ibrahim AS

2. Strengthens belief in Allah’s Oneness – He is the Creator of all the celestial beings

3. Protects them from committing shirk

4. Shows the illogical nature of polytheism and superstitious beliefs

5. Shows that Allah will grant you guidance if you look for it
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
6. “Ibrahim was indeed a model devoutly obedient to Allah (and) true in faith and he joined not
gods with Allah”

7. “Behold!” Ibrahim said to his father and his people: “I do indeed clear myself of what you
worship, I worship only Him. Who made me, and He will certainly guide me.”
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Passage 13: Surah Al-Maidah

Main Theme:

1. Name of Surah

2. Madni surah

3. Theme of Allah and the prophets – Hazrat Isa AS

4. God will ask Hazrat Isa AS of the bounties and blessings He gave him on the Day of Judgement

5. Miracle of Hazrat Isa AS

6. Humans can do great things but only with Allah’s permission

7. These signs were meant to show Allah’s power so non-believers would turn back to him

8. “I have come to you with a sign from your Lord, in that I make for you out of clay, as it were, the
figure of a bird, and breathe into it, and it becomes a bird by Allah’s leave…”

9. “But they killed him not, nor crucify him … Nay, Allah raised him up unto Himself…”

Importance:

1. God gave Hazrat Isa AS miraculous powers so he would be identified by men of wisdom

2. Messengers were always rejected by the ignorant people

3. These rejecters of truth will be held accountable by God

4. Muslims learn to not be ignorant and learn from the signs of God that surround them

5. “thus does God make clear to you His signs in order that you consider.”

6. “those who reject our signs are deaf and dumb and - in the midst of darkness profound.”
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Passage 14: Surah Al-Duha

Main Theme:

1. Name of Surah

2. Makki surah

3. Theme of God’s messengers – Prophet Muhammad ‫ﷺ‬

4. Pagans mocked the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬due to gap in revelations

5. Reassurance to the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬

6. He should live in gratitude for God’s blessings

7. He should help those in need who seek his assistance

8. “And thus We have sent to you a rich from Our command. You knew not what the Book is, nor
what is Faith. But We have made it a light wherewith We guide whosoever of our servants We
Will.”

Importance:

1. Message of hope and consolation

2. Muslims should retain their faith in difficult times

O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
3. Be grateful for blessings and gain motivation from them

4. Not be greedy for more than God has given them

5. Praise God to show gratefulness and spread his message to those who don’t know

6. Another message of being kind and helpful to those in need

7. Strengthens belief in Prophets as well – article of faith

8. “it is righteous to spend of your substance out of love for Him, for your kins, for orphans.”

9. “So, verily with every difficulty, there is a relief.”

O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Passage 15: Surah Al-Kauthar

Main Theme:

1. Name of Surah

2. Makki surah

3. Shortest surah of Quran

4. At the death of the Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s son Abdullah

5. Reassurance and good news of abundance of favors for Prophet ‫ﷺ‬

6. Kauthar means 3 things in this surah: fountain in heaven, spiritual progeny (Muslims), grandsons
(Hazrat Fatima RA’s sons)

7. Instruction to remain faithful by regular prayer and sacrifice

8. Hints at the downfall of the Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s enemies

9. “Say: Truly my prayer and my service of sacrifice, my life and, my death are (all) for Allah, the
Cherisher of the worlds.”

10. “rejected were the messengers before you, with patience and constancy they bore their
rejections”

Importance:

1. Hope for Muslims in times of need

2. Promise of Kauthar in Heaven gives motivation

3. God helps during difficulty so Muslims should turn to him for relief

4. Muslims should remain steadfast in the face of difficulty and mockeries as justice and real
rewards will be served in the afterlife

5. Taught to respect and love the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬and it will ensure entrance in Jannah

6. Regular praying will help relieve Muslims of difficulties

7. Allah is All-Knowing and All-Seeing so He knows when his believer is in difficulty

8. “and establish regular prayer in order to remember Me.”

O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Major Themes of Quranic Passages
Q. Using Quranic passages, you have studied, write the main teachings about God in the Quran.
[10]

Highlights

1. One of the themes in the Holy Quran is, ‘God in Himself’.

2. Passages talk about Tauhid that Allah is One, He is Supreme, the Creator, the Sustainer, Master
of the Universe and this concept is the first and main principle of Islam.
3. Ayat ul Kursi mentions six attributes of Allah in a single verse: The Divine Oneness (Wahdaniyyat)
of Allah Most High, His Life (Hayat), His Knowledge (‘Ilm), His Kingdom (Milk), His Divine Power
(Qudrat) and His Will (Iradah).
4. Verse of throne mentions, “Allah, there is no God but He, the Living, the Self-Subsisting, Eternal.”
5. He is beyond our limited understanding; we can try to decipher His signs.
6. “No slumber can seize Him nor sleep” – Ayat Al Kursi.
7. Allah has no humanistic characteristics and He is beyond our imaginations.
8. He is unlike anyone; the most Supreme and Exalted. He manages all the affairs of the universe,
the earth and the heavens.
9. Allah is the Creator of this universe, that means He has the ultimate authority and power over it
and regarding this the Quran says: “Then He established Himself on the throne.”
10. Surah Ikhlas restates the concept of Tauhid and enforces the faith in the existence of Only One
God.
11. “He begets not, nor is He begotten and “And there is none like Him”.
12. A believer’s faith revolves around this – Oneness of Allah; not associating any partners with Him.
He has no sons or family; He is not son of anyone.
13. In Surah Fussilat Allah says, “Adore not the sun and the moon but adore Allah, Who created
them.” – one must not worship celestial bodies.
14. Allah is the Creator of all things but only He alone should be worshipped, not His creations.
15. Moreover, by looking at His creation, we can identify our real Lord since we cannot see Him
physically. In such a way we are encouraged to develop a strong belief in Tauhid.
16. Surah Al An’am talks about the power and authority of God, “And He has the power to dispose
of all affairs.” and how everything is under His control.
17. Everything happens with His knowledge and permission, “He created all things and He has full
knowledge of all things.”
18. Allah knows the past, present and future; the Ever-Knowing.
19. Surah Shura discusses Allah being All-Powerful; He has authority over “the Heavens and the
Earth”.
20. Everything happens according to Allah’s Will and this Power is only unique to the Creator of the
universe.
21. The mountains or the earth can crumble to dust if He wishes. He alone is the Master of everything.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Q. From the passages you have studied from the Quran, write about God’s relationship with
humankind (Allah and His created world). [10]

Highlights:
1. The passages in Quran had ample information regarding the relationship between Allah and
mankind.
2. Quran guided them about their actions in their lives, behavior, and punishment for their
wrongdoing.
3. The first Surah of the Quran, Surah Al-Fatiha shows Allah’s relationship with the mankind; tells
about One God, the Most Merciful and Benevolent.
4. It is like a prayer; it tells us that He can show us the right path to live our lives. He is the Only One
who deserves all glory and worship.
5. As it is stated in the Quran, “Praise be to Allah, the Cherisher and Sustainer of the worlds.” (1:2)
6. Another Surah, Surah Al-Nas (114) clearly explains the reliance of humankind on Allah, Allah’s
protection.
7. Only Allah can protect His people from all kind of evils, both internal as well as external.
8. People must seek refuge with Him, instead of other creatures in the world. As the verse, in the
Surah says: “Say: I seek refuge with the Lord of Mankind.” (114:1)
9. Another Surah, Surah Zilzal, says that the whole world is dependent on Allah; He controls all
decisions; He is the Ruler of everything as well as the Day of Judgment.
10. The earth will explode and tremble upon Allah’s order; everyone must answer for their actions.
11. As the Surah says, “Then shall anyone who has done an atom’s weight of good, shall see it and
anyone who has done an atom’s weight of evil shall see it.” (99:7-8)
12. Surah Alaq, tells us about the Creator (One God) and His mankind; in this passage, God instructs
us to gain knowledge by writing, studying and scrutinizing things.
13. It says, “Read in the name of your Lord, Who created.” (96:1)
14. This passage also tells us about the way God has made mankind different from all other
creatures by giving them knowledge, as the Surah again says, “He who Taught by the pen.
Taught man which he knew not.”
15. Surah Baqarah (2:21-22) tells us that God is the One Who maintains and nourishes this universe.
16. He is the Only One Who provides everything to mankind, such as heavens and the earth, rain,
and growth of fruits.
17. “Who has made the earth your couch and the heavens your canopy; and sent down rain from
the heavens….” (2:22).
18. This Surah also guides us about the Oneness of Allah, and about Shirk, as it says, “then do not set
up rivals to Allah, when you know” and hence, asks the believers to not worship any deity or
idols or celestial bodies.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
A. From the Quranic passages, you have studied outline the relationship between God and His
messengers. [10]
Highlights:
1. The studied Quranic passages explained various events of the messengers of Allah that came
before Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
2. Surah Al-Baqarah explained about Hazrat Adam AS (2:30-37), Surah al-Maidah explained about
Hazrat Isa AS (5:110), Surah Al-An’am explained about Hazrat Ibrahim AS (6:75-79).
3. Messengers are significant in all the nations and religions, as Allah has sent messengers for all His
people to convey His message and guide them to lead a morally and spiritually acceptable life.
Hazrat Adam AS:
4. Hazrat Adam AS was the first human being on the earth.
5. He was given the information of God by learning about all the things God created, while he was
in heavens.
6. He was in close association of Allah, for which Allah asked all the angels to bow down in front of
him. Iblis refused to accept the order and did not bow.
7. The Quran narrates this incident: “then we made the angels bow down to Adam and they bowed
down; not so Iblis, he refuses to be of those who bow down.” (7:11).
8. Iblis became arrogant and jealous of the man.
9. Allah had given permission to Adam AS and Eve to dwell in heavens, except one tree was
forbidden for them.
10. Iblis convinced Adam AS and Eve to eat the forbidden fruit of that tree.
11. Allah made him leave heavens for his mistake.
12. This event is stated in the Quran: “O Adam, dwell you and your wife in the garden and enjoy (its
good things) as you wish; but approach not this tree…”
13. Hazrat Adam AS realized this that he made himself and all others after him dwell on earth by
disobeying Allah.
14. After this, Adam AS seeked forgiveness from Allah.
15. “Our Lord! We have wronged our own souls: If thou forgive us not and bestow not upon us Thy
Mercy, we shall certainly be lost.” [48]
16. Allah forgave Adam AS and made him repent for his mistakes.
17. “Then Adam learned from His Lord, words of inspiration, and His Lord turned towards Him; for He
is oft-returning, Most Merciful.”
18. In these verses of Surah Al-Baqarah it is mentioned about man’s creation – Hazrat Adam AS;
Moreover, how Allah gave him knowledge and desires.
19. Upon mistakes and repentance, Allah forgave his messenger.

Hazrat Ibrahim AS:

20. Hazrat Ibrahim AS belonged to Mesopotamia, currently known as southern Iraq.
21. He was born in a family that used to pray to idols and committed Shirk.
22. His father’s work was to produce the idols.
23. He used to live among people who prayed to the sun, moon and the stars.
24. Surah Al-An’am (6:75-79) highlights the intelligence of Hazrat Ibrahim AS and clearly shows how
he understood about the unity of Allah.
25. Surah Al-An’am also shows how he, despite living with the people who committed Shirk, rose up
and enlightened people to stop worshipping idols and linking partners with Allah.
26. There was an event in which he went to the mountains to find God.
27. It is stated in Al-An’am, “And never shall I give partners to Allah.” (6:79)
28. It is also stated in the Surah, “How should I fear (the beings) you associate with Allah when you
fear not to give partners to Allah.” (6:81)
29. All the messengers gave the same message of Oneness of Allah to their people, that is, Tauhid.
30. Allah always protects its messengers as showed in many events.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
31. In one event, Hazrat Ibrahim AS destroyed all the idols of the people who executed Shirk and
left the axe over the neck of the biggest one when all the people were on a fair.
32. The people decided to burn him alive, but miraculously the fire turned cold, and Hazrat Ibrahim
AS did not burn, as it was stated in a verse, “We said, O fire! Be a means of comfort and security
for Ibrahim.” (Al-Anbiyaa 21:69)
33. Allah instructed Hazrat Ibrahim AS to travel to Palestine and preach people about the Unity and
Oneness of Allah.
34. Allah has placed Hazrat Ibrahim AS in a lot of difficult situations to test him, and he was successful
in passing those tests.
35. Allah said about Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬, “And remember that Abraham was tried by his Lord with certain
commands which he fulfilled; He said: “I will make you an Imam to the nations.”
36. Also said, “And We gave (Abraham) Isaac and Jacob and ordained among his progeny
Prophethood and Revelation.” (Ankabut 29:27)
37. Later, he constructed Ka’aba along with Hazrat Ismail AS, when he travelled to Makkah.
38. They called on Allah and asked to send a messenger from their people.
39. He died when he was 175.
40. He was laid down twenty miles to the south side of Jerusalem, in Hebron.

Hazrat Isa AS:

41. He was born out of miracle to Hazrat Maryam AS by the order of Allah. (Al-Maryam 19:19-21)
42. Hazrat Maryam AS was the daughter of Hazrat Zakariyah.
43. She was always busy in worship.
44. It is stated in Al-Imran, “Behold! The angels said, “O Mary! Allah hath chosen thee and purified
thee; chosen thee above the women of all nations.” (Al-Imran 3:42).
45. Hazrat Isa AS was born without a father as a miracle, and he could speak and defend his mother.
46. When the news about the birth of Hazrat Isa AS broke out, King Herod got worried that he might
challenge his power.
47. Surah Maidah tells us about the miracles. It clearly explains the allowance of miracles to the
messengers in order to support the fact that they are not pretenders.
48. The Surah also briefs that messengers were given the authority to showcase their miracles in
areas of their expertise, for example, Hazrat Isa AS was a brilliant physician so he was given the
power to perform the miracle of raising people after they died and healing them, as it is stated,
“… and you heal those born blind, and the lepers by My leave and behold you bring forth the
dead by My leave…” (5:110)
49. The phrase ‘By My leave’ meant that every miracle is by the permission of Allah.
50. Hazrat Isa AS was full of knowledge and intelligence and has the authority of many miracles.
51. At the age of 30, he was made the messenger by Allah, and he spread the message of Allah
for about 3 years.
52. He had 12 students/disciples who aided him in spreading the message of Allah.
53. Later, he was about to be killed by the people by being pinned to a wooden cross, when Allah
saved him and raised him to the heavens.
54. As it is said, “And their boast, "Behold, we have slain the Christ Jesus, son of Mary, [who claimed
to be] an apostle of God!”; But they killed him not, nor crucified him but so Allah raised him up
unto Himself; and Allah is Exalted in Power, Wise.” (An-Nisa 4:157)
Hazrat Muhammad ‫ﷺ‬:
55. After mount Safa incident, Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬was facing many difficulties – people called him Abtar
after the death of his sons. Then Surah Kauthar (108) was revealed.
56. Allah consoled Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬in this Surah and gave him hope about abundance of blessings. “To
you have we granted abundance”.
57. Allah assures that he will be looked after, as well as his people, which satisfied Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
58. Hazrat Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬understood about God, by witnessing His Mercy, Humility, Guidance, and
His creations.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
59. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬was greatly blessed as he was provided by Allah with all the independence to
practice and preach Islam, shelter, guidance, his spiritual progeny (Muslims) and his daughter
Fatimah RA-who gave him grandsons.
60. The Surah also warned Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s enemies of Allah’s wrath; and stated that Prophet ‫ﷺ‬s enemies
will have no descendents (Abtar).
61. “He who hates you, he will be cut off” – this gave Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬renewed hope, strength and
devotion.
62. Surah Al-Duha tells us about God’s relationship with his messengers. It was revealed when there
was a dark period in the life of Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
63. He was anxious, distressed and the unbelievers began to say that His Lord had forsaken him.
64. Surah Al-Duha revives hope for the Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬. The word Duha means the daybreak or
morning light, which dispels the gloom and brought a message of hope for the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
65. In this Surah, Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬is given the good news that later periods would be better for him and
there would be a time when Allah will bless him so much that he would be pleased.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
History & Importance of Quran
A. Write an account on the ways in which the Quran was revealed to the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬between 610
and 632 AD. [10]
Highlights:
1. At age of 40, started to retire to Cave Hira for meditation and pondering over the conditions of
Makkah and its people.
2. 610 AD-describe event of first revelation.
3. “Read (Proclaim!) In the Name of your Lord Who created. Created man, out of a clot (of
congealed blood).”
4. Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬would become anxious at first during the revelation. This proves the unpreparedness
of the Last Messenger for his revelations.
5. Anel Jibrael was the connection between God and His messenger.
6. Revelations continued for 22 years, 5 months, 14 days.
7. Revelations before Hijrah to Madinah are known as Makki Surahs (610 AD to 622 AD) and the
ones after Hijrah are Madni Surahs (622 AD to 632 AD).
8. Makki Surahs have a stronger language, talk about Tauhid, Allah’s powers, opposition by
unbelievers. e.g. “We know indeed, the grief which their words do cause to thee” (33:6).
9. Surahs revealed after Hijri (Madni) are mainly about social duties and religious obligations. (e.g.
Zakat, Fasting, Hajj, inheritance, Hijab).
10. Fitrat-ul-wahi (pause in revelation).
11. Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬was worried about not getting more wahi.
12. Revelations were according to Allah's Will not Prophet ‫'ﷺ‬s will.
13. "Move not your tongue with it, (O Muhammad), to hasten with recitation of the Quran, Indeed
upon us is its collection and its recitation. So when we have recited it (through Jabriel), then
follow its recitation. Then upon us is its clarification (to you)"(75:16)
14. Surah Al-Mudathir; “O you who are wrapped in your mantle! Arise and warn! Glorify your Lord!”
(74:1-7)
15. 613 AD – open preaching “Therefore preach openly what you are commanded and turn away
from those who join false Gods with Allah” (15:94)
16. Revelation came according to situations (Al-Ikhlas, Al-Duha, Al-Kauthar).
17. Allah comforted the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬and his followers during the time in Makkah.
18. 622 AD – migration to Madinah “Remember how the unbelievers plotted against you, to keep
you in bonds, or slay you or get you out (of your homes). They plot and plan, and Allah too plans,
but the best of planners is Allah.” (8:30)
19. 624 AD–permission of Jihad “fight in the cause of Allah against those who fight you” (2:190).
20. 624 AD – Fasting and Zakat made obligatory.
21. 624 AD – Badr, 625 AD – Uhad, 627 AD – Trench; He was guided through revelations.
22. 628 AD – Treaty of Hudaibiya; “Verily We have granted you a manifest victory” (48:1).
23. 631 AD – Farewell Pilgrimage; last revelation in plain of Arafat; “This day I have perfected your
religion for you, completed My favor upon you, and have chosen for you Islam as your religion”
(5:3)
24. Methods, feelings and sensations: Hazrat Jibrael coming in form of an angel, in human form
(usually as Dihya-al-Kalbi), during conversation with Jibrael AS, Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬receiving it directly
(Miraj), through dreams, ringing of bells, perspired in cold, heaviness, face would turn red.
25. Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬said about revealtions: “It comes to me sometimes as the ringing of a
bell and that is hardest on me, then he leaves me and I remember from what he says and
sometimes the Angel comes in the shape of a man and he talks to me and I remember what he
says.”
26. “I saw revelations coming down upon him in the severest cold and when that condition was
over, perspiration ran down his forehead." (Ayesha RA)
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
B. What does Prophets’ first experience of receiving revelation tell us about the nature of
Prophethood in Islam? [4]
Highlights:
1. Allah chose Prophets according to His own decree, will and desire, therefore, it was predestined
and couldn’t have been acquired through personal effort.
2. Given through miraculous events.
3. Prophethood was given without warning and was unannounced, therefore caused the
Prophets’ confusion and fear.
4. For example, Hazrat Musa AS got confused when he heard Allah the first time.
5. Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬was shocked from the incident in the Cave of Hira.
6. The fear and confusion are proof that Prophets were humans.
7. Angel Jibrael AS was a link between Allah and His Prophets.

A. Describe how the Quran was written down and recorded during Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s lifetime. [10]

Highlights:
1. Revelations began in 610 AD-for a period of 22 years, 5 months and 14 days-in the month of
Ramadan.
2. According to situations and events, the revelations used to be sent to the Messenger of Allah ‫ﷺ‬.
3. Quran could never be in a complete book form during the lifetime of the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬, due to the
chance of him receiving a revelation, but the revelations were written down and were never
without arrangement.
4. The Quran has 114 chapters and all except Surah Taubah begin with: “In the name of Allah, the
Most Beneficent, and the Most Merciful.” Every chapter is composed of a number of verses.
5. Revelations received would be printed on to Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s mind so that he would never forget
them, “We will make you recite so you shall not forget…” (87:6)
6. As soon as any revelation would be sent, Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬would immediately ask one of
his scribes to write down the revelation and then he would ask them to repeat it back to him to
ensure the accuracy of the written text.
7. The scribes would write down the revelations on thin and flat tablets of stone, leather, wood,
branches of palm trees, and on bones of camels and goats.
8. Zaid bin Thabit said: "The Prophet used to go on dictating and I used to write it down. When I
finished writing, he would say, 'Read!' & I would read it back to him. If there was an omission or
error he used to correct it & then let it be brought before the people."
9. Sometimes the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬would specify the place of the revelation: “Write down this verse in
such and such chapter after such and such verse.” For example, the first five verses of Surah
Alaq that were revealed first are placed in the 96th chapter and the Quran begins with the
revelations that were revealed after Messenger of Allah ‫ ﷺ‬migrated to Madinah.
10. According to Hazrat Usman RA, the order of revelation was done under the guidance of Hazrat
Jibrael AS who gave instructions to Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬who then told the scribes.
11. Some scribes had their own copy of the revelations, such as Abdullah bin Masud RA and all the
companions would bring out their copies of the written down Holy text to compare the text and
order of accuracy during Ramadan when the Messenger of Allah ‫ ﷺ‬would recite.
12. The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬also recited some parts of the Quran on appropriate occasions, such as in
sermons, explaining Islamic laws and morals, and along with the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬the companions
would recite the Quran in their daily prayers, especially in the month of Ramadan.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
A. Give an account of how the Quran developed into a book form. [10]
Highlights:
1. During Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s life the Quran was recorded by scribes on stones, wood, camel bones, palm
leaves, leather and through memorization.
2. After death of the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬, the need arose to compile it into the book form.
3. Problems arose and wars were fought during Hazrat Abu Bakr RA’s caliphate.
4. People in Arabia arose and declared themselves Prophets.
5. One of the biggest was Musailma.
6. Battle of Yamama was fought against him and numerous Huffaz-e-Quran were martyred.
7. Other Huffaz were dying of old age.
8. Hazrat Umar RA took notice of this after battle of Yamama and suggested to Caliph Abu Bakr
RA to compile Quran in the form of a book.
9. Abu Bakr RA replied, “How shall I do something which the apostle of Allah did not do? Umar did
not seize to repeat it to me until Allah opened my breast for that” Umar RA then said,” … So,
search for the Quran and collect it.”
10. Zayd bin Thabit RA was appointed by Abu Bakr RA to collect and compile the Quran. He too
was hesitant initially. “By Allah if you had put the task of taking away a certain mountain, it would
not have been heavier to me than what you have ordered” Hazrat Zayd RA also asked Abu Bakr
RA how he could do this when the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬didn’t do it in his lifetime. Abu Bakr RA replied, “By
Allah this is good”. Hazrat Zayd RA said, “Abu Bakr RA did not seize to repeat it to me until Allah
opened my breast…”
11. A commission of around 25 companions was made and headed by Zayd bin Thabit RA.
12. Hazrat Zayd RA collected the Quran from Sahaba who had memorized it and from the ones who
had it in their possessions in written form, stones, wood, camel bones, palm leaves, leather etc.
13. Not only was this was collected, but also verified, and he was Hafiz himself.
14. Also used to verify it by running it through companions who had heard it from the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
15. Only accepted those parts which were in Quraishi dialect.
16. Not accepted till 2 witnesses were available.
17. Verified by other scribes.
18. If memory was defective, written record was checked.
19. Collected was named Mushaf by Abdullah bin Masud RA.
20. Kept with Abu Bakr RA till his death and then passed to Caliph Umar RA.
21. After his death passed to his daughter and wife of Prophet ‫ﷺ‬, Hazrat Hafsa RA (Mushaf-e-Hafsa).
22. During Hazrat Umar RA and Usman RA’s caliphate, Islam spread to non-Arab areas (Syria & Iraq)
and started to be recited in the wrong dialect.
23. Noticed by Hazrat Anas and conveyed to Huzaifa bin Yaman who brought it to Hazrat Usman
RA’s attention.
24. Threat of Quran and its meaning being changed just like the earlier scriptures of Christians and
Jews.
25. Hazrat Usman RA requested the copy of the Quran from Hafsa RA.
26. Hazrat Zayd bin Thabit RA was appointed again with 3 knowledgeable Muslims; Abdul Rehman
bin Harris, Abdullah bin Zubair & Saad bin Aas.
27. Copies of the Quran from the original text were made in Quraishi dialect.
28. This Quran was recited out loud in Masjid-e-Nabwi in public so that no doubt remained.
29. The copies were sent to all provinces, to their capitals.
30. All other copies which were different from the ones made were ordered to be burnt so that they
didn’t exist and only one unified copy remained.
31. This eliminated any differences to be present. Due to this Hazrat Usman RA is known as Jami-al-
Quran.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
B. Why did the caliphs think it was important to compile the Quran? [4]
1. If wars kept on happening and Huffaz kept getting martyred, then there was a threat of Quran
not existing in the form that it did.
2. If different versions existed, then original meaning might have not survived.
3. For guidance of future generations.
4. Threat of original message being lost.
5. Might break unity of Muslims.
6. Single source of guidance might not be present.

B. Explain significance of Quran being revealed over a period of time? [4]

Highlights:
1. The verses were so powerful that, time to time revelation reduced the burden for Holy Prophet
‫ﷺ‬.
2. It gave followers some time to implement the instructions in their life slowly.
3. It allowed the necessary time for Muslims to understand the information, absorb it and execute
it in their lives.
4. It gave the Muslims time to memorize it.
5. It provided encouragement to the Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬and provided a path for him to follow.
6. Would have been difficult for the scribes to write the complete Quran.

B. What is the significance today to Muslims of having the Quran in form of a Book. [4]
Highlights:
1. A book form ensures a standard copy that lessens chances of it being reproduced with mistakes.
2. Parts may have been lost.
3. Unites the Muslims.
4. Copies can be carried with ease.
5. Non-Arabs can be rewarded for reading as well.
6. Digital copies are even more convenient.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
A. How is Quran used as a source of guidance in the thoughts and actions of Muslims? [10]
Highlights:
1. The Holy Quran is a complete guidance for Muslims in their daily lives. It was revealed to the Holy
Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬over a span of 23 years.
2. Allah says, “And we sent down to you the book (the Quran) as an exposition of everything for all
those who have submitted themselves to Allah (as Muslims).” (16:89)
3. A Muslim’s religious thoughts all root from the 6 Articles of Faith and the Holy Qur’an is the primary
source of these Articles of Faith.

4. The Quran and Iman-e-Mufassil state: "I believe in Allah, in His Angels, His Scriptures, His Prophets,
the Day of Judgement, and in the fact that everything good or bad (in the world) is pre-destined
by Allah the Exalted, and in the resurrection after death."

5. The Holy Book of Islam, firstly enlightens us about the basic belief that underlies Islam in entirety,
i.e. Tauhid. Qur’an states: “He is the First and the Last, the Evident, and the Immanent.” (Hadid
57:3). This cultivates an unwavering faith in the Oneness of Allah, His Lordship, His worthiness for
all worship, and His attributes. This helps us refrain from Shirk.

6. “Those who are near to you Lord disdain not to do Him worship: They celebrate His praises and
bow down before Him.” (Al-A’raf 7:206) The Qur’an, hence, mentions that even angels, are
servants of Allah, strengthening our belief in Tauhid. The questions of how the Qur’an was
revealed to the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬, how Muslims won at Badr etc. are all part of our thoughts. We obtain
our answers by believing in angels, since Angel Jibrael AS brought revelations to Muhammad ‫ﷺ‬
and ranks of angels were sent by Allah to help the faithful warriors win at Badr.

7. Allah said: “We shall set up scales of justice for the Day of Judgement so that not a soul will be
dealt with unjustly in the least. And if there be (no more than) the weight of a mustard seed We
will bring it (to account).” (Al-Anbiyaa 21:42) This article fosters in a Momin, a healthy fear of
being liable for our deeds in the Hereafter, on the basis of which one would forever live in heaven
or hell.

8. Quran gives us guidance with regards to our thoughts, which go on to become our actions as
well.

9. Our duties towards Allah are also known as, the Five Pillars, i.e. Shahadah, Salah, Zakat, Sawm,
Hajj.

10. Allah says: “Lo! Prayer preserves (one) from lewdness and iniquity, but verily, remembrance of
Allah is more important.” (Al-Ankabut 29:45) In this verse, Qur’an makes one realize the
importance of Salah. It apprises how praying to Allah five times a day can help in preventing
ourselves from diverging from the straight path to Allah.

11. Quran also says: "O you who believe, fasting is prescribed for you as it was prescribed for those
before you, that you may develop God-consciousness." (2:183) This verse informs the believers
of their obligation to fast during Ramadan to come closer to Allah and the right way of life
prescribed by Him.

12. Another act of worship the Qur’an guides its followers about is, Zakat: “Alms are for the poor and
the needy and those employed to administer the (funds); for those whose hearts have been
recently reconciled (to truth); for those in bondage and in debt; in the cause of Allah; and for
the wayfarer.” (9:60) This verse makes the Muslims fathom out the purpose behind almsgiving i.e.
economic stability of a Muslim community, and who are eligible for receiving Zakat.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
13. The Holy Book also contains commandments of a Muslim’s duties towards his fellow-creations. It
tells Muslims to remain humble, honest, pious and gentle in their attitude towards others. Muslims
must not boast but should be modest, “And swell not your cheek with pride at men and walk
not with insolence through the earth for Allah loves not any arrogant boaster.”
14. The Quran also commands Muslims to be honest and upright. Muslims must not cheat with others
in their day to day dealings. “And give full measure when you measure and weigh with a
balance that is straight.” Furthermore, in the financial sphere of life, the Quran commands
Muslims to have at least two witnesses when signing any contract longer than two years.
15. The Holy Quran also contains teachings about behaviour towards parents, children, teachers,
neighbours, prisoners, servants and others around us. It orders Muslims in their political
responsibility. It says, “Obey Allah and obey the Apostle and those charged with authority
amongst you.” (4:59)
16. The Quran contains many laws to govern civil and criminal jurisprudence. The Quran sets out the
punishments for theft, adultery, gambling and drinking etc. “As for the thief male or female cut
off his or her hands”, and, “The women and men guilty of adultery punish them with 80 stripes of
the cane.”
17. Regarding the laws of inheritance, the Quran says, “Allah (thus) directs you as regards your
children’s (inheritance): to the male a portion equal to that of two females: if only daughters two
or more their share is two-thirds of the inheritance; if only one her share is half.”
18. In this manner, it also sets up a precedence for Muslims to be able to derive law, by forming the
foundations of Ijma and Qiyas.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
History and Importance of Quran
Islamic Legal Thinking
A. Discuss authority of Quran as a source of Islamic law. [10]
Highlights:
1. The path of Allah guides Muslims in their actions.
2. Quran is the primary source of law.
3. Quran is the most basic and authentic source of Islamic legal thinking, as it is mentioned in the
Quran, “Verily this Quran guides to that which is most right”. (17:9)
4. "Blessed is He Who sent down the Criterion to His servant, that it may be an admonition to all
creatures"
5. It gives Muslims laws and rules that cover minute details concerning their lives, all the injunctions
that are at the core of Islam.
6. “We have sent down to you the Book in truth so that you may judge between men according to
law as laid down by Allah” (4:105).
7. It is a source of knowledge and guidance in all aspects of life including other legal sources;
Sunnah, Ijma and Qiyas.
8. The Quran guides Muslims not only about their individual lives but also about their behavior
towards other members of the community.
9. Contains sufficient legal material to be used as basis of law-making, in all times to come.
10. “It is an exposition of that which is decreed for mankind” (10:37).
11. 3 types of laws:
a. Relating to Faith (Belief in Tauhid, Angels, Books, Prophets, Day of Judgement,
Predestination & Freewill)
b. Ethics (Quranic ethics)
c. Practical life (marriage, divorce, inheritance etc.)
i. Rights of worship (Pillars; give references as proof).
ii. Social matters (Justice, fairness in dealings, true evidence & giving measure and
weight).
12. The Quran enjoins upon its followers to act upon the pillars of Islam: "And establish regular prayer
and give the charity tax, and bow down your heads with those who bow down."
13. It covers numerous topics, including worship, beliefs, all kinds of monetary deals, intentionally
harming any human being physically, property and honour, adultery, murder, ruining public
peace, misdemeanor against the government.
14. The Quran also states regarding punishments, “We ordained therein for them. Life for life, eye for
eye, nose for nose, ear for ear, tooth for tooth and wounds equal for equal.” (5:45)
15. The Quran also guides about any kind of unethical and un-Islamic practice, including playing
games for money, charging Riba (Interests), drinking wine, as it says, “O you who believed!
Intoxicants and gambling, sacrificing of stones and arrows are all abomination of Satan’s
handiwork, show self-restrain against them so you can prosper.” (5:90)
16. Quran lays out all the punishments for all kind of wrongdoings including the bribes and fraudulent
weighing and measuring, as it says in the Quran, “Give full measure when you measure and
weigh with the balance that is straight” (17:35).
17. Quran also instructed people not to break any one’s trust and return deposits, and give the
orphans their rights, as it says, “Those who unjustly eat up the property of orphans, eat up a fire
into their own bodies.”
18. Quran also guides Muslims not to eat anything which is declared, ‘Haram’, by Allah and only
feed on Halal things, as the verse says, “Lawful unto you are all four-footed animals with the
exception named.” (5:1)
19. Quran also laid down rules regarding some other important topics, such as marriage, divorce,
economic dealings and behavior with children, orphans, women, old people as well as slaves.
20. In the book of Quran, every other detail is communicated, as it itself stated, “Nothing have We
omitted from the Book.” (6:38)
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
21. Sunnah is to be used for guidelines regarding any practical application.
22. Hadith, Ijma and Qiyas all follow Quran and do not go against it. They lay out guidelines on areas
which were not included by the Quran.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
A. Give examples to show how are Quran and Hadith used together to work out the Islamic law. [10]

Highlights:
1. Quran and hadith work with each other to help Muslims lead an acceptable life, morally and
spiritually.
2. Quran provides directions to do things and Ahadith provide the way of implementing the
directions by the acts of Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
3. The Quran says about the Hadith, “So take what the Messenger gives you, and refrain from what
He prohibits you.” (59:7)
4. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said, “Behold! I have been given the Book and a similar thing (Sunnah) along
with that.”
5. First source is the Quran, to have guidance, then Hadith, to support the message of Allah.
6. Generally, scholars believe that both the sources are closely related to each other as Hadith
provide more detailed information regarding the simple directions in the Quran.
7. One of the examples of the usage of Hadith and Quran together is Zakat.
8. Zakat is the charity money, and one of the Five Pillars of Islam.
9. Zakat is important, as it is the fourth pillar of Islam, and Quran states about Zakat, “And be
steadfast in prayer, give the charity tax, and bow down your heads with those who bow down.”
(2:43)
10. Qurans provides general instruction to pay Zakat to the Muslims, but it does not explain how to
pay Zakat, which is done by the Sunnah.
11. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said about Zakat, “Abu Sa’id al-Khudri narrated that the Messenger of Allah ‫ﷺ‬
said: No charity tax is due on property mounting to less than five Uqiya and no charity tax is due
on fewer than five camels, and there is no charity tax on fewer than five Wasq.” According to
al-Bukhari, Sahih, Book 24; The book of Zakat; the two words Uqiya and Wasq are measures of
weight.
12. The Sunnah gave the guidelines regarding Zakat and made it clear for the Muslims whether they
are entitled to pay the charity or not.
13. Second example of the use of Hadith and Quran is, financial dealings, especially Riba.
14. Riba is the interest received on the loans, which is prohibited in Islam.
15. The Quran says regarding Riba, “They say, trade is like interest, and Allah has allowed trade and
forbidden interest.”
16. Quran is generally forbidding Riba, but it is not clearly explaining the types of business
transactions that come under Riba, which is done by Sunnah.
17. The Hadith reported Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬saying, “From Jabir: The Prophet ‫ﷺ‬, may cursed the receiver
and the payer of interest, the one who records it and the two witnesses to the transaction and
said: "They are all alike [in guilt]." (Muslim; also, in Tirmidhi and Masnad Ahmad).”
18. This hadith used together with the Quran provide guidelines to the Muslims regarding Riba.
19. Further example, “As for the thief, male or female, cut off his or her hand, an exemplary
punishment from Allah for their crime. Allah is Mighty, Wise.” (5:38)
20. In this example, Allah has instructed to cut the hand of a person who steals or does theft.
However, it is not mentioned how many hands should be cut or for how much of stealing.
21. The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬explained it, “The hand should be cut off for (the theft of) a quarter of a dinar or
more.” (Bukhari)
22. In the case where Quran is completely silent, the Hadith takes over and forms the entire law
independently.
23. Example is law of inheritance – Quran states, “It’s the duty of a believer who owns property to
make a will when he (or she) is near death, and he should bequeath fairly to his parents and
next of kin. This is binding upon everyone who is mindful (of their duty to Allah).” (2:180)
24. The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬added to the law of inheritance by saying that, “A Muslim may not inherit from a
non-Muslim, nor a non-Muslim inherit from a Muslim.” (Bukhari)
25. The value the Sunnah in helping Muslims fulfil the requirements of their Imaan, cannot be
overstated.
26. Without Sunnah, Muslims will not even be able to carry out their obligatory prayers.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
27. Allah has asked Muslims to pray, “Verily I am Allah: there is no god but I: so, serve thou Me,
(only) and establish regular prayer for celebrating My praise.” (20:14)
28. The method of prayer can only be learnt from Sunnah and Hadith.
29. Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said, “Pray as you see me praying.” and “No prayer is complete without al-Fateha.”
30. Quran and Hadith both also help support the use of Ijma and Qiyas to derive law in case both
primary sources are silent on a matter.
31. Both Quran and Sunnah should be considered in taking a decision, since without either of them,
decisions would be incomplete.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
A. Define Ijma and discuss its role as a source of Islamic law. [10]

Highlights

1. Ijma, the word means ‘unanimous’ or ‘consensus’ and is related to the same as Jum’a (Friday)
and jami (mosque) and the word Jamat (congregation). Ijma is used when Quran and Sunnah
have not spoken about an issue.
2. Two Quranic verses that support the use of Ijma:
a. “Thus, have We made of you a community justly balanced, that you might be
witnesses over the nation, and the Messenger a witness over yourselves.”
b. “You are the best of people evolved for mankind, enjoining what is right and
forbidding what is wrong and believing in Allah”
3. Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬also supported Ijma “My community will never agree upon an error.”
4. Ijma can be divided into 2 types; first is the general agreement and the second is about the
legal matters.
5. General agreement is about the basic beliefs in Islam such as: Allah is One, the Holy Quran was
revealed to Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬and that Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬is the Last Messenger of Allah.
6. In the second type, Ijma is about the ‘consensus’ of all Muslims on legal affairs on which both
Quran and Sunnah have not spoken.
7. Examples of Ijma:
a. Father dies before his son, when the son himself also dies, the grandfather of the son along
with other relatives share together the son’s estate which was left by his father. Ijma on
this case was guided by the Quranic instruction “It is prescribed, when death approaches
any of you, if he leaves any goods, that he should make a bequest to parents and next
of kin.”
b. Ijma has been used in the ruling of forbidding marriages between a man and any of his
grandmothers or granddaughters, based on the Quranic injunction. “Prohibited to you
are: your mothers, daughters, sisters; father’s sisters, mother’s sisters, brother’s daughter,
sister’s daughter; foster mothers, foster sisters; your wives’ mothers, your stepdaughters
under your guardianship, born of your wives.”
c. Ijma was used to decide whether the Quran should be compiled in a book form during
caliphate of Hazrat Abu Bakr RA.
d. During the caliphate of Hazrat Umar RA, Tarawih started to be prayed after Isha prayers
in congregation after an Ijma amongst the companions.
e. Second Azan of Jumma prayer was made obligatory during the caliphate of Hazrat
Usman RA after Ijma of companions due to the first Azan not reaching the masses.
8. Ijma was also practiced during the Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s time:
a. One incident is of battle of Uhad; Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬was of the view that the battle be fought
inside the city of Madinah while the companions suggested it should be fought outside
Madinah. With the practice of Ijma of Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬along with companions, it was agreed
that the battle would be fought outside Madinah.
b. Another example from Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s life: idea of Hazrat Salman Farsi RA to dig up trench.
9. Disputes among the Muslims especially the legal experts over ‘group of Muslims’, who’s Ijma
should be accepted:
a. According to some, agreement of people of Madinah;
b. Some say according to the agreement of the four rightly guided Caliphs;
c. Some consider the agreement of the companions of the Prophet ‫( ﷺ‬Sahaba) as they
were most knowledgeable;
d. Agreement of jurists who are experts on legal matters;
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
e. According to Shias it is the consensus of the Shia Imams;
f. According to some it is the agreement of the entire Muslim community, but getting billions
of Muslims together to discuss a problem, is practically impossible in this time and age.
10. Eligibility of the person making Ijma decisions–some rules:
a. A person should be a practicing Muslim with thorough knowledge and understanding of
Quran and Sunnah;
b. They must be pious, righteous and have firm belief in Allah, therefore, they must have fear
of Allah;
c. There must be strong evidence for the decision, and it must not be an issue already
discussed in Quran or Sunnah;
d. Ijma decisions can be abrogated by an equal body.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Q. Define Qiyas as a source of Islamic thinking. [10]

Highlights:
1. Qiyas is the 4th source of Islamic law.
2. It means analogically deducing one thing by comparing a present situation with something
similar to it in the previous 3 sources i.e. Quran, Hadith, Ijma. It is executed when these sources
are
3. Quran supports the use of Qiyas by saying, “Take warning then, O you with eyes (to see)” (59:2),
and at another place, “There are signs in this for people who understand” (13:4).
4. The use of Qiyas was supported by the following Hadith: When the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬sent Mu’adh ibn
Jabal RA as judge to Yemen, he asked him, “How will you reach a judgement, when a question
arises?” Muadh replied, “according to the word of Allah.” Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬asked again, “And if you
find no solution in the word of Allah?” Then Muadh replied, “Then according to the Sunnah of the
Messenger ‫ ﷺ‬of Allah.” Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬asked again, “And if you find no solution in the Sunnah of the
Messenger ‫ ﷺ‬of Allah, nor in the word?” Then Muadh replied, “Then I shall take a decision
according to my own opinion.”
5. An event on the signing of Treaty of Hudaibiya also shows the support of Qiyas by the Holy
Prophet ‫ﷺ‬, when he asked Hazrat Ali RA to change his name from ‘Muhammad the Prophet of
Allah’ to ‘Muhammad Ibn Abdullah’. But Hazrat Ali RA, did not do so and Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬did not
raise an objection on his opinion.
6. One verse in Quran also supported Qiyas as cited by Al-Shafi, “Turn then your face in the
direction of Holy Mosque; and wheresoever you are, turn your faces in that direction.” (2:150)
7. Al-Shafi said, that when you see Ka’aba, you should look at it, and when you do not see it, again
look at its direction, by deducing it from the position of sun and stars.
8. The use of Qiyas was supported in many other Quranic verses as well, as scholars also witnessed
it used in many incidents such as decision to use sand for ablution in the absence of water, as
stated, “And [if] you find no water, then take for yourselves clean sand (or earth), and with it rub
your face and hands.” (al-Nisa 4:43). The reason why sand can be used in absence of water is
that it can remove any dirt or pollution from face like water, so it can be used in replacement of
water.
9. The method for Qiyas consist of four elements, including the basic instruction, known as ‘Asl, root’
from Quran and Hadith, the new area to decide, known as ‘Far’, branch’, the connection
between Asl and Far’, known as ‘Illa’, and then finally the new decision, known as ‘Hukm’.
10. One of the example is as follows, ‘As reported by Hazrat Aisha RA, if there is flour on anyone’s
hand, and nails remained dry after ablution, then wudu is not complete. In Qiyas, nail polish is
compared with flour, and believed that if there is nail polish on any person’s hand, their wudu is
not complete.
11. Another example is that in Quran any kind of trade deal is prohibited after the first Azan on
Friday, which is Asl: "O you who believel when the call is proclaimed to prayer on Friday (the
day of assembly) hasten earnestly to the remembrance of Allah, and leave off business (and
traffic) that is the best for you if ye but knew!" (62:9) So, by comparison, any kind of deal, which
is Far’ in this situation, is also prohibited, which is Hukm. The comparison between them is that all
kinds of deals take attention of Muslims away from Friday prayers.
12. Another example is when Hazrat Umar ibn al-Khattab RA asked Hazrat Ali RA about the
punishment for a person drinking wine, he said, “We think that you flog him for it with eighty
lashes. Because when he drinks, he becomes intoxicated, and when he becomes intoxicated,
he talks confusedly, and when he talks confusedly, he lies.” This punishment of 80 lashes was
taken from the punishment of slandering, as stated, “And those who launch a charge against
chaste woman and produce not four witnesses (to support their allegation), flog them with eighty
stripes.”
13. In another example of Qiyas, Asl is when Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said, “Every intoxicant is Khamr, so
every intoxicant is haram.” (Sunnan Abu Daud). Far’ is whether other drugs like opium and
cocaine is haram. The connection between them, which is Illa, is that both are intoxicants. So,
the decision was all of these drugs are haram, which is the Hukm in this example.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
14. The Quran, Sunnah or Ijma, must always be the source of Asl.
15. All these examples show why Qiyas is the fourth source of Islamic law.
16. It is only to be used when Quran, Sunnah or Ijma is silent about any issue.
17. Sunni Muslims accepted Qiyas, but Shi’i Muslims rejected it.
18. There are a few reasons why Shi’i Muslims reject Qiyas, it causes distress to some people as it is
performed by human reasoning which is not perfect, it differs from one individual to other, it is
entirely dependent on other people to make comparison with other principles and it does not
have the support of community entirely as compared to Quran, Hadith and Ijma.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
A. Quran is the main source of Islamic law. Write an account of how it is used with each of the other
three sources. [10]

Highlights:
1. Quran says: “It is an exposition of that which is decreed for mankind” (10:37). It contains
directives for all spheres of life, the Hereafter and more.
2. It aids man’s conscience as stated in the following verse: “We have sent down to you the Book
of Truth, so that you may judge between men according to law as laid down by God." (4:105).
3. The Holy Qur’an is the foremost source of Islamic legislation, out of which are derived, Ahadith,
Ijma and Qiyas.
4. Quran verifies the use of Ahadith as reliable sources of Sharia: "So take what the Messenger gives
you, and refrain from what he prohibits you from." (59:7)
5. The Quran mentions Zakat in the following verse, “And be steadfast in prayer, give the charity
tax, and bow down your heads with those who bow down.” The Quran only mentions that Muslims
must give Zakat, but it does not give specific instructions on how to give Zakat.
6. Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬in Ahadith provides instructions on how to give Zakat: “Abu Sa’id al-
Khudri narrated that the Messenger of Allah ‫ ﷺ‬said: No charity tax is due on property mounting
to less than five Uqiya and no charity tax is due on fewer than five camels, and there is no charity
tax on fewer than five Wasq.”
7. Quran also advocates for the use of Ijma in the following verse: “You are the best of people
evolved for mankind, enjoining what is right and forbidding what is wrong and believing in Allah”
(3:110).
8. Another scenario where Ijma has been used is in the ruling of forbidding marriages between a
man and any of his grandmothers or granddaughters, based on the Quranic injunction:
“Prohibited to you are: your mothers, daughters, sisters; father’s sisters, mother’s sisters, brother’s
daughter, sister’s daughter; foster mothers, foster sisters; your wives’ mothers, your stepdaughters
under your guardianship, born of your wives.”
9. Quran supports the use of Qiyas by saying, “Take warning then, O you with eyes (to see)” (59:2),
and at another place, “There are signs in this for people who understand” (13:4).
10. An example of Qiyas using Quranic reference as the Asl is, when the question (Far’) of every
type of transaction or business being forbidden during the time of Friday prayer, arose.
11. The Quran stated regarding this: "O you who believe when the call is proclaimed to prayer on
Friday (the day of assembly) hasten earnestly to the remembrance of Allah, and leave off
business (and traffic) that is the best for you if ye but knew!" (62:9).
12. After performing Qiyas over this matter. The injunction made was because all trade distracts one
from Friday prayer, all trade was forbidden during this time.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Life of Prophet ‫ﷺ‬
Life in Makkah
A. Write a descriptive account on the conditions of Arabia at the advent of Islam/during the first
revelation. [10]
Highlights:
1. Descendants of Hazrat Ismail AS.
2. Initially were followers of Deen-e-Ibrahim.
3. Began to worship idols after Amr bin Luhayy (Leader of Khuza’s tribe) brought the first idol (Hubul)
into the Ka’aba.
4. By the time of Prophet ‫( ﷺ‬610 AD), Ka’aba had 360 idols inside.
5. Pilgrimage was still a ritual since the time of Hazrat Ibrahim AS.
6. By the time of the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬people started doing naked tawaf around the Ka’aba and put
idols everywhere and offered sacrifices to them, thinking that the idols could intercede-on their
behalf-with God.
7. “We only serve them in order that they would intercede on our behalf” (39:3).
8. Politics: Makkah was divided into tribes which were the main uniting force of people.
9. They supported their tribe’s decisions whether right or wrong.
10. Leader of the tribe was the king; his order was final and obeyed religiously.
11. Most famous tribe was Quraish which consisted of clans. They were guardians of Ka’aba.
12. Romans ruled Syria, Palestine, to the northwest.
13. Yemen bordered with Arabia, to the south.
14. Arabia was isolated and was poor due to it being a desert and Romans and Persians weren’t
interested in acquiring it.
15. Ashraf, the nobles, enjoyed power and money. E.g. Abu Sufyan, Abu Jahl, Abu Talib.
16. Al-Abeed, the servants and slaves, were poor and oppressed. E.g. Hazrat Bilal RA.
17. Allies, the ones under protection of Nobles. E.g. Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
18. Makkah was the center of Arabia as everyone respected its sanctity. Pilgrims paid respect to
Ka’aba and visited it often.
19. Safe trade routes to Yemen and Syria.
20. Men were considered superior, and women inferior. Women were given no rights and were
traded like commodities.
21. Daughters if born in certain clans were buried alive. No limit on number of wives. No share in
inheritance given to women. Stepmothers could be made legal wives
22. Fighting was common on trivial issues.
23. Drinking, gambling, adultery, fornication etc. were common practices.
24. They were class-conscious people, oppressing the poor and slaves
25. There economy thrived due to the money and gifts brought by pilgrims and trade.
26. Many were shepherds and depended on cattle for survival.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
A. Life of Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬up till the first revelation. [10]
Highlights:
1. Birth: 570 AD - 1st Year of Elephant.
2. Parents: Abdullah RA and Aminah RA.
3. Names: Muhammad and Ahmed (named by mother).
4. Custom & tradition of Arab to send infants for wet nursing away from cities.
5. Upbringing of the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬was entrusted to Halima Sa’adia RA of Banu Sa’ad tribe.
6. Her family got great blessings and good fortune due to Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s stay with them; never short
of food, flock yielded a lot of milk.
7. Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬remained with them for 5 years.
8. Learnt pure Arabic from there, “Verily I am the most perfect Arab amongst you; my descent is
from Quraish and my tongue is the tongue of the Banu Sa’ad”.
9. After 2 years Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬was brought back to Aminah RA but due to an epidemic in Makkah he
was taken back.
10. When about 5 years old, the first Shaq-e-Sadr (opening of the chest) happened. Hazrat Jibrael
AS came and opened Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s chest, a clot of blood was taken out and heart washed with
Zam-Zam.
11. When 6 years old, returned to his mother.
12. She took him to Madinah to visit father’s grave. On the way back she fell ill and died at Abwa
and was buried there (576 AD).
13. Umm Aiman, a slave girl took Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬to his grandfather, Abdul Muttalib who raised him
with love & affection but when Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬was 8 years old, he died at the age of 82.
14. Before he died, he entrusted Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬to the care of Abu Talib, Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s uncle.
15. He too loved Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬a lot, gave his bed to Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬to sleep on, would eat with him.
16. “Did he not find you an orphan and give you shelter (and care).” (93:6)
17. Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬as a child looked after the flock of Abu Talib.
18. At age of 12, Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬accompanied Abu Talib on a trade journey to Syria (582 AD).
19. Met Bahira, a Christian monk in Basra. This monk had read about the arrival of the last Prophet
in the Torah and Injeel and had built an apartment for himself on the trade routes from Arabia
to Syria, in order to look out for this Prophet.
20. Noticed the cloud-cover on Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s caravan and tree shade on him.
21. He invited them for food and asked Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬questions which proved all the signs of
Prophethood. Told Abu Talib not to take the child to Syria as the Jews would harm him if they
see the signs of Prophethood in him. Also told him that he is special and to take special care of
him and protect him.
22. Since childhood Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬was aware and pondered over the sufferings of the poor and
oppressed.
23. 580 to 590 AD at fair of Ukaz in which all tribes of Arabia used to participate, a war (Harb-ul-Fijr)
broke out between the Quraish and the Banu Kinanah on one side and the Qais 'Aylan on the
other. This war continued for a number of years with a considerable loss of life.
24. Quraish were ultimately victorious, a league was formed, on the suggestion of Zubair RA, an
uncle of the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬, in the house of Abdullah bin Jadan, to prevent disturbances of peace,
to help victims of oppression, and to protect travelers.
25. Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬took a very active interest in the functioning of this League which came into
being as a result of a settlement known as Hilf-ul-Fudhul between Banu Hashim, Banu Taym,
Banu Asad, Banu Zuhrah and Banu Muttalib. The League continued to function for half a century
following the inception of Islam.
26. “I was present in the house of Abdullah bin Jadan at so excellent a pact that I would not
exchange my part in it for a herd of red camels; and if now in Islam, I were summoned unto it, I
would gladly respond.”
27. Prophet Muhammad ‫’ﷺ‬s youth was virtuous, kind, patient, considerate and forbearing. He was
honest and trustworthy and known as ‘Sadiq’ and ‘Amin’.
28. During Hajj he would supply water to pilgrims.
29. Fair and honest in dealings. Hardworking and full of integrity and honesty.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
30. His business partner, Sa’ad said, “I was a partner of Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬in business. I always found
him honest in dealings, he never picked quarrels, nor made any false statement”.
31. Due to his repute, Hazrat Khadijah RA hired him as her agent to do trade on her behalf and sent
her slave Maisara with him. Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬earned high profits and Maisara also praised him due to
his honest and fair dealings.
32. Khadijah bint Khuwalid RA was very impressed and proposed marriage to the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬through,
Nafeesa.
33. After consulting with his uncles, Abu Talib and Hamza RA, he accepted, and Abu Talib and
Hamza RA went to ask Khadijah RA’s hand for marriage with Muhammad ‫ﷺ‬, from her father
Khuwalid.
34. Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬was 25 years, and Khadijah RA 40, at the time of marriage.
35. They had 4 daughters (Ruqayya RA, Zainab RA, Umm Kulthoom RA & Fatimah RA) and 2 sons
(who died in infancy).
36. Makkah was flooded and Ka’aba damaged. Quraish decided to repair it, Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s age was
35 during this time.
37. During the last stage of fixing of the Black Stone a dispute arose between the chiefs regarding
who would fix it in its place. Increased to the extent of civil war.
38. The eldest man in Makkah advised the chiefs that the first person to enter the mosque the next
day would decide the matter, all agreed. Prophet ‫( ﷺ‬35-years-old) was the first one to enter and
accepted to arbitrate.
39. Placed the Black Stone on a sheet and asked all chiefs to lift it to a height and then placed the
Black Stone with his hands in its place and no one disputed. With his wisdom and diplomacy, he
managed to solve the crisis
40. Nearing age of 40 the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬started retiring to cave of Hira for meditation and to ponder
over the conditions of Arabs.
41. In Ramadan of 610 AD Hazrat Jibrael AS brought the first revelation (first 5 verses of Surah Al-
Alaq) to him and he was chosen as the last Messenger of Allah.

B. Why was Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s relationship with his wife, Hazrat Khadijah RA, important for him? [4]

Highlights:
1. reasons & causes.
2. Khadijah RA's support allowed him to meditate in seclusion and receive revelations, because
he no longer had to worry about his financial stability.
3. "He found you in need made you independent." (93:8)
4. Her maturity made her good at consoling.
5. Never complained about the hardships she faced after embracing Islam-root of strength for
Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
6. The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬was married to her only in her lifetime.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
A. Give an account of Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s first experience of receiving revelation. [10]

Highlights:

1. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬used to retire to the cave of Hira to ponder over the ignorance of Makkans and
the religion that Ibrahim AS used to preach.
2. In 610 AD at the age of 40, Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬was meditating in the cave of Hira.
3. Hazrat Jibrael AS appeared to him on 27th Ramadan and came close to him in mid-air, this being
was unknown to him.
4. This being hugged him so tightly that he could barely breathe and gave him the order to recite
(Iqra).
5. The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said he could not read, so Jibrael AS hugged him again with a lot of pressure and
again ordered him to recite. This happened three times in total.
6. Then Hazrat Jibrael AS himself recited, “Read in the name of thy Lord, who created, created man
from a clot of congealed blood. Read and your Lord is the most generous. Who taught by the
pen. Taught man that which he knew not.”
7. After the third time, the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬was able to recite the verses which put him into a great shock
as he could not read and write but now after this unpredictable and unusual incident he could
read.
8. Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬left the cave and hurried towards his home but wherever he would see, he’d see
Hazrat Jibrael AS. Jibrael AS appeared like a giant figure with wings that reached beyond the
horizon.
9. “O Muhammad, you are the Messenger of Allah ‫ﷺ‬and I am Jibrael”. Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬reached home
and described the whole incident to Hazrat Khadijah RA and asked her to cover him.
10. Hazrat Khadijah RA consoled and comforted him saying, “There is no reason for you to feel any
fear or worry’ do not feel sad God will not embarrass a servant like you, you always speak the
truth, performed duties that have been given to you and safeguard that has been entrusted to
you’. You interact closely with your relatives, you help the poor, you open your doors to strangers
and entertain them as guests, you help the community during disasters and tribulations. By God
I hope that you are this communities Prophet ‫”ﷺ‬.
11. She took the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬to her cousin Waraqa Bin Nawfal, who was a Christian and had
knowledge about the Gospel (Bible). After listening to the story, he remarked, “This is the same
one who keeps the secrets (Angel Jibrael AS) whom Allah has sent to Moses. I wish I was young
and could live up to the time when your people would draw you out”. Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said, “Will they
drive me out?”. Waraqa replied in the affirmative and said, “Anyone (any man) who came with
something similar to what you have brought was treated with hostility; and if I should remain alive
till the day when you will be turned out then I would support you strongly”. But after a few days
Waraqa bin Nawfal died.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
B. What is the significance of Angel Jibrael AS and Waraqa bin Naufil in this event? [4]
Highlights:
1. Hazrat Jibrael AS revealed the verses to Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
2. Hazrat Jibrael AS introduced Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬of his task as Last Messenger.
3. Hazrat Jibrael AS did same for other messengers.
4. The verses were authentic and directly coming from God.
5. Waraqa bin Naufil was Hazrat Khadijah RA cousin and he interpreted this event for Holy Prophet
‫ﷺ‬.
6. Waraqa bin Naufil told Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬that he is the special and chosen one.
7. He told him about the duty entrusted by Allah upon him.

B. Was it significant that the Quran was revealed to someone who could not read or write? Give
reasons for your answer. [4]
Highlights:
1. Yes, it was significant.
2. Illiteracy meant Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬couldn't have written the Quran and he couldn't be accused of it.
3. Not being able to compose Quran proved it was a gift from God only.
4. Arabs had strong oral tradition so the Quran was preserved through memory.
5. Scribes were needed to write it down and they became witnesses to the Divinity of Quran.
6. It was a miracle of God. Nobody else could be the Prophet ‫'ﷺ‬s teacher.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
A. Describe the main stages of the preaching of Islam in Makkah during the early years of
Prophethood. [10]
Highlights:
1. After the first revelation Hazrat Khadijah RA took the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬to her cousin, Waraqa bin Naufil,
who confirmed his Prophethood.
2. For some time, no revelations were coming upon Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
3. The Messenger was anxious and uneasy during the time of no revelation.
4. One day, he saw Hazrat Jibrael AS sitting on a chair in the sky. He was terrified and went back
home to Hazrat Khadijah RA and asked her to cover him.
5. At that time, another revelation was sent upon him. The revelation was, “O you wrapped up (in
a mantle)! Arise and warn! Glorify your Lord!” (74:1-3)
6. After the reveal of verses from Surah Al-Mudathir, the verses were frequent.
7. After this, he gave the message of Allah to his close friends and family discreetly, who he
believed would respond positively. He warned them about the results for following the wrong
path and told them about the Unity of Allah.
8. Hazrat Khadijah RA, his wife was the first one to accept Islam.
9. After her, ten-year-old, son of Abu Talib, Hazrat Ali RA accepted Islam.
10. Among his closest friends, Hazrat Abu Bakr RA was the first one to accept his message.
11. Zayd bin Harris, the freed slave also accepted Islam.
12. He conveyed the message for 3 years, and about 40 people converted to Islam, which included
Abdur Rehman bin Auf RA, Zubair RA, Talha RA, Saad Bin Abi Waqas RA, Usman RA as well as
Abdullah bin Masud RA. All of them believed the Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬and trusted that he would never
lead them towards a dishonest path.
13. “And warn your relatives.” (26:214), was another revelation he received.
14. Then he called his relatives to his house and said, “Allah ordered me to call you to Him, so who
amongst you will help me in this affair and be my friend, my adviser, and my deputy?”
15. Hazrat Ali RA was the only one who accepted his message and said, “O Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬of Allah! I
shall be your helper. I will fight him who fights you.”
16. Everyone went away joking about Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
17. Then he received another revelation, which said, “Expound openly what you are commanded,
and turn away from those who join false gods with Allah.”
18. The Messenger called everyone in Makkah at the hill of Safa.
19. He said, “O Quraish, if I were to tell you that a large army has collected on the other side of this
mountain and is ready to attack you, would you believe me?”. They replied that they would
believe him, since he never misled them.
20. But then, he asked them to embrace Islam, and told them about the Oneness of Allah, they all
got furious and said, “You have gone mad.”
21. His uncle Abu Lahab said, “May Allah destroy you. Did you assemble us for this?” and they all
went away.
22. He continued spreading the message of Allah during public and private conversations, and to
the pilgrims who were coming to Makkah.
23. Many people started to believe in his message, in the Oneness of Allah and accepted Islam.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
A. Write a detailed note on the persecution of the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬during time in Makkah after call to
Prophethood. [10]

Highlights

1. In 613 AD the Messenger of Allah ‫ ﷺ‬received the commandment, “Expound openly what you
are commanded and turn away those who join false gods with Allah.” And at mount of Safa the
Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬preached publicly where he was rejected, mocked and cursed. Abu Lahab
cursed the Messenger of Allah ‫ﷺ‬.
2. Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬faced intense physical and mental persecution, his companions were
not spared either, influential people of Makkah such as Abu Jahl, Abu Lahab, Abu Sufyan etc.
actively participated in the acts of persecution and encouraged others.
3. In the beginning the oppression was only verbal; he was mocked, rejected and ridiculed but
soon the persecution became physical when rubbish and thorny bushes were thrown at the
Prophet Muhammad ‫ﷺ‬.
4. Uqba bin Muayt placed camel filth (intestines) on the Holy Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s back as he was
prostrating.
5. Uqba also attempted to strangle Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬while he was praying in the Ka’aba.
6. Abu Lahab’s wife, Umm-e-Jamil, would lay thorny bushes in Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s path.
7. An old woman would throw rubbish on the Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬every day.
8. Abu Lahab also forced both his sons Utba and Utaiba to divorce Ruqqaya RA and Umme
Kulthoom RA, daughters of Prophet Muhammad ‫ﷺ‬.
9. It was common to verbally abuse the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬by calling him a mad man, magician, a poet.
10. Magicians tried to do magic on him.
11. Poets wrote awful poems about him.
12. He was called Abtar at the death of his second son. On this specific occasion Allah revealed
Surah Kauthar to comfort Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬and declared enemies of Prophet Muhammad ‫ﷺ‬,
‘Abtar’ and said, “For he who hates you, he will be cut off.”
13. Pagans tried to bribe the Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬by offering him wealth, leadership, promises of
marriages to fairest girls only if he abandoned his mission to preach Islam.
14. Abu Talib was forced to threaten his nephew but Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬said “O! My Uncle, even if you
put the Sun in my right hand and Moon in my left, I will not give up this mission (of spreading
God's word) until I die.”
15. People of Makkah tried to compromise with the Messenger of Allah ‫ ﷺ‬by proposing the he should
worship their Gods and they would worship his God to which Allah revealed, “You have your
religion and I have my religion.”
16. Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬and his family were boycotted to a narrow valley outside Makkah which
is also called Shib-e-Abi-Talib for three years during the 7th and 10th year of Prophethood.
17. The clan of Banu Hashim protected them but after the death of Abu Talib, Abu Lahab became
the chief of the clan and increased the persecution against the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬and his family.
18. To find protection and a place to preach Islam the Messenger of Allah ‫ ﷺ‬went to Taif, to Banu
Thaqeef but there he was driven away by stones being thrown at him.
19. After which the Makkans tried to assassinate the Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬when Muslims were migrating
to Madinah.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
A. Write about the Prophet Muhammad ‫’ﷺ‬s interaction with the Quraish while he lived in Makkah.
[10]

Highlights:

1. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬was known as Sadiq and Ameen before the Prophethood.
2. The Makkans would praise his excellent character and give examples of him to other people.
3. The Makkans would ask him to keep their belongings and this continued even after the Holy
Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬began preaching Islam as everyone knew he is a man that can be always trusted.
4. During the Annual Pilgrimage the Messenger of Allah ‫ ﷺ‬would give water to the pilgrims and look
after their needs.
5. During the sacrilegious war, Harb-ul-Fijr, the Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬only gathered the arrows of the
enemy and gave it to his uncle, never actively taking part in the war but later took an active
part in the League of Virtuous, known as, Hilf-ul-Fudhul.
6. According to the Prophet Muhammad ‫’ﷺ‬s business partner, “I was partner of Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬in
business. I always found him very honest in his dealings; he never picked quarrels, nor made
any false statements.”
7. Hazrat KhadijahRAhired him and sent him with her slave Maisara. The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬earned a huge
amount of profits and on return Maisara praised him on his honesty and integrity in front of Hazrat
Khadijah RA.
8. This made such an impression on her that she proposed marriage to Hazrat Muhammad ‫ﷺ‬.
9. Due to flooding when Ka’aba was destroyed, it was repaired by the Quraish, a dispute rose
amongst the Makkans of who would place the Blackstone back in its place.
10. An elderly man suggested that whoever on the following morning was the first to enter the
mosque would arbitrate the matter; it so happened that the first person to enter the mosque
was the Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
11. With wisdom and strategy, Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬placed the stone on a sheet, asked the
leaders of different tribes to lift the sheet and the Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬himself took the stone from the
sheet and placed it in its place.
12. After Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬started to preach openly, he faced intense physical and mental
persecution, his companions were not spared either.
13. Influential people of Makkah such as Abu Jahl, Abu Lahab, Abu Sufyan etc. actively participated
in the acts of persecution and encouraged others.
14. In the beginning the oppression was only verbal; he was mocked, rejected and ridiculed but
soon the persecution became physical when rubbish and thorny bushes were thrown at the
Prophet Muhammad ‫ﷺ‬, one time Uqba bin Muayt placed filth on the Holy Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s back as
he was prostrating, and once Uqba attempted to strangle Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬while he was praying
in the Ka’aba.
15. Abu Lahab’s wife, Umm-e-Jamil would lay down thorns on the Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s path.
16. An old would woman throw rubbish on the Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬every day.
17. Abu Lahab also forced his sons Utba and Utaiba to divorce Ruqqaya RA and Umme Kulthoom
RA, daughters of Prophet Muhammad ‫ﷺ‬.
18. It was common to verbally abuse the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬by calling him a mad man, magician, a poet.
Magicians tried to do magic against him, poets wrote awful poems about him, and majority of
Makkah did not take the message of Allah seriously.
19. He was called Abtar at the death of his second on this specific occasion Allah revealed Surah
Kauthar to comfort Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬and declared enemies of Prophet Muhammad ‫ﷺ‬, ‘Abtar’
and said, “For he who hates you, he will be cut off.”
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
20. Pagans tried to bribe the Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬by offering him wealth, leadership, promises of
marriages to fairest girls only if he abandoned his mission to preach Islam.
21. Abu Talib was forced to threaten his nephew but Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬said “O! My Uncle, even if you
put the Sun in my right hand and Moon in my left, I will not give up this mission (of spreading
God's word) until I die.”
22. People of Makkah tried to compromise with the Messenger of Allah ‫ ﷺ‬by proposing that, he
should worship their Gods and they would worship his God to which Allah revealed “You have
your religion and I have my religion.”
23. Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬and his family were boycotted to a narrow valley outside Makkah which
is also called Shib-e-Abu-Talib for three years during the 7th and 10th years of Prophethood. The
clan of Banu Hashim protected them but after the death of Abu Talib, Abu Lahab became the
chief of the clan and increased the persecution against the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬and his family.
24. To find refuge and a place to preach Islam, the Messenger of Allah ‫ ﷺ‬went to Taif, to Banu
Thaqeef but there he was driven away by stones being thrown at him.
25. After which the Makkans tried to assassinate the Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬when he was migrating to
Madinah.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
A. Describe the difficulties faced by the followers of Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬when they lived in Makkah. [10]

Highlights:

1. In 613 AD the Messenger of Allah ‫ ﷺ‬received the commandment, “Expound openly what you
are commanded and turn away those who join false gods with Allah” (15:94).
2. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬preached publicly where he was rejected, mocked and cursed.
3. Persecution against his followers began.
4. Mostly the weak and poor were targeted.
5. Abu Jahl, Abu Lahab, Abu Sufyan etc. took an active part in oppressing the followers of Islam.
6. Hazrat Sumayya RA along with her husband Yasir RA, and son, Ammar RA converted to Islam.
Soon after they faced intense abuse by Abu Jahl.
7. Hazrat Sumayya RA was tied with two camels that were made to run in opposite directions and
while her body was fully stretched Abu Jahl struck her with a spear and her body split into two.
8. Due to their persecution by Abu Jahl they became the first martyrs of Islam.
9. Umayya bin Khalaf owned an Abyssinian, Negro slave, Hazrat Bilal bin Rabbah RA who
converted to Islam.
10. He persecuted him mercilessly by making him lie on the hot sand in the scorching heat of the
sun and placing heavy stones on his chest.
11. Hazrat Bilal RA would always chant “Allah! The One, Allah! The One.”
12. A Roman slave girl, Zinra was beaten mercilessly and was blinded by her master.
13. Khabab bin Arat RA was a blacksmith, his own tools were used to brand him and then he was
thrown on burning coal.
14. The rich and influential companions of the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬were also persecuted all in the attempt to
revert them back to idol worshipping.
15. Abu Bakr RA was once pulled by his beard and dragged on the streets of Makkah as he was
protecting the Messenger of Allah ‫ﷺ‬.
16. Abu Bakr RA and Talha RA were tied with ropes by Nawfil ibn Khuwalid and laid to the ground
where no one came to help them.
17. Hazrat Usman RA, the first of the Umayyad to accept Islam was tied with ropes and beaten with
sticks by his uncle.
18. Harith bin Abi Hala RA was killed, protecting the Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
19. Once Suhaib Rumi RA was beaten so viciously that he became insane and unconscious.
20. Hazrat Abu Fukaiha RA was the slave of Safwan bin Umayya. He accepted Islam at the same
time as Bilal RA and he too was dragged by his master on hot sand with a rope tied to his feet.
21. Hazrat Lubna RA was a female slave of Mumil bin Habib and was continuously tortured till the
persecutor became tired, and then torture would restart but she would not renounce her faith.
22. Hazrat Nadiya RA and Umm-e-Unays RA were 2 other female slaves who became Muslims. Their
masters tortured them for accepting Islam.
23. In 615 AD some followers of Islam migrated to Abyssinia, the Quraish still did not leave them
alone and demanded the King Negus to hand them back.
24. Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬and his family and followers were boycotted to a narrow valley outside
Makkah which is also called Shib-e-Abu-Talib for 3 years during the 7th and 10th year of
Prophethood.
25. After the death of Abu Talib, Abu Lahab became the chief of the clan.
26. He lifted the protection and increased the persecution against the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬and his followers.
27. Hazrat Abdullah bin Masud RA was severely abused and beaten when he attempted to recite
Quran loudly near the Ka’aba.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
28. Hazrat Abu Zar Ghaffari RA stayed in Makkah for few days after accepting Islam. During those
few days he made a couple of speeches in the temple grounds. He was immediately detained
by the pagans and was beaten up.
29. Many companions of the Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬were deprived of work, livelihood was taken away
and their possessions came under the control of the Quraish.

B. Explain how the Muslims’ reaction to these difficulties can set an example for Muslims today. [4]

Highlights:

1. In earlier times, the Muslims were less in number, but they had more strength and courage.
2. They faced intense persecutions; many died due to the hardships, but they never gave up their
religion.
3. Inspiration of being patient, and courageous for Muslims–for those in Syria, Kashmir and
Palestine.
4. Muslims should not be stripped of hope in face of physical or verbal abuse.
5. Always remember to hold on to faith in Allah, for He is most Merciful–There will be ease after
difficult times.
6. “And truly, Hereafter will be better for you than the present.” (93:4)

B. Was it significant that the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬began preaching the message in secret? [4]

Highlights:

1. Yes, significant.
2. New message and Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬and his followers needed time to get acquainted with it.
3. No knowledge of Quraish's reaction, so it was best to gather followers first.
4. Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬was waiting for Divine command to start open preaching.
5. Symbolizes the importance of spiritual and mental Jihad.
6. Secret preaching garnered support.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
A. Write an account of the first migration of Muslims to Abyssinia. [10]

Highlights:

1. In 613 AD the Messenger of Allah ‫ ﷺ‬received the command to preach the message of Allah to
the public. “Expound openly what you are commanded and turn away those who join false gods
with Allah.”
2. Persecution against Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬gradually increased following it persecution against
his followers also began.
3. Allah in the time of such extreme difficulties gave the idea of migration in the following
revelation, “Those who migrate in the cause of Allah after having been wronged, we will surely
give them a better place in this world.”
4. In 615 AD, 5th year of the Prophethood, with the Holy Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s permission some of his followers
migrated to Abyssinia, a group of 11 men and 4 women. The group included Hazrat Usman RA
and his wife Ruqqaya RA (daughter of the Holy Prophet ‫)ﷺ‬, Hazrat Saudah RA and her husband
Zubair RA, Abdullah RA, Ubaidah bin Jarrah RA and Abdur Rehman bin Auf RA.
5. However, false news about the conversion of all the Muslims of Makkah made them return back.
This time the persecutions were increased even more.
6. Following the first group, a second group of 83 men and 19 women migrated to Abyssinia and
in this group Hazrat Jaffar RA (son of Abu Talib) was included.
7. King Negus welcomed the Muslims.
8. When the Quraish found out, they sent a delegation of 2 men Amr bin Aas RA and Abdullah bin
Rabiyyah RA and many gifts for the King.
9. When the delegation requested the King to hand the Muslims over, the King invited the Muslims
to his court to listen to them.
10. Hazrat Jaffar RA became the spokesperson of the Muslims and said, “Your Majesty, the King, we
were ignorant people. We worshipped the idols. We ate dead animals. We did bad actions and
abandoned our relatives. We mistreated our neighbours. The strong oppressed the weak. So,
Allah has sent us an Apostle. We know his ancestors and his truthfulness. We know that he is pure
and trustworthy So, he has invited us to worship the Only Allah. He has ordered us to avoid what
we and our fathers had worshipped. He has ordered us to be truthful and to give the trust to their
owners. He has ordered us to visit our relatives, to be good neighbours, to stop bad actions and
shedding blood. He has prevented us from atrocities, falsehood, taking the orphan's money and
speaking evil of the married women. He has ordered us to worship Allah only and not to be
polytheists. He has ordered us to pray, to give alms, and to fast. Your Majesty: The King, we've
believed him and followed what he has brought from Allah. So, we've worshipped Allah only-
we're not polytheists. But our people have aggressed against us. They've tortured us. They've
prevented us from our religion to worship the idols again. After they had persecuted us, we came
to your country. We've preferred you to others. We want to live in your country. Thus, Your
Majesty, the King, we ask you to treat us justly.”
11. Abdullah bin Rabiyyah after seeing Negus getting inclined towards the Muslims, told Negus that
Muslims commit blasphemy against Hazrat Isa AS.
12. Negus inquired from Jaffar RA if this was true but Jaffar RA replied that Muslims do not, and in
fact they have a whole chapter in the Quran named after Mother of Hazrat Isa AS.
13. Negus asked Hazrat Jaffar RA to recite few verses.
14. Jaffar RA recited some verses of the Surah Maryam which brought tears to the King’s eyes. “He
said: I am only a messenger of your Lord: That I will give you a pure boy. She said: When shall I
have a boy and no mortal has yet touched me, nor have I been unchaste? He said: Even so;
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
your Lord says: It is easy to me: and that We may make him a sign to men and a mercy from us;
and it is a matter which has been decreed…”
15. The King after hearing these verses said, “By God this and Gospel are the lights of one candle.”
16. Negus returned the gifts of Quraish and turned them away and warmly accepted the Muslims.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
A. Give an account of the boycott of Banu Hashim. [10]

Highlights:

1. During 616 AD to 619 AD (7th to 10th year of Prophethood) Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬and his family
were economically and socially boycotted.
2. Ever since Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬started publicly preaching Islam, pagans made every possible effort to
discourage the spread of Islam through intense persecution.
3. When Hazrat Hamza RA and Hazrat Umar RA accepted Islam, the Makkans knew they had to
do something to contain the spread of this religion.
4. Murdering was not an option, as it would mean tribal warfare.
5. The pagans demanded Banu Hashim to hand over Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬or to withdraw their
protection, but the clan refused.
6. Abu Jahl proposed boycotting the clans that were protecting the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬in such a way that
they would be absolutely helpless.
7. A boycott document was written by Ikrima bin Amir.
8. It stated that no business or trade of any sort would be done with these two tribes, nor would
any food be allowed to reach them. No one would marry anyone from those tribes or have
social interactions with them. They would only be allowed to enter Makkah for the days of Hajj
and after that they would return.
9. This document was then signed by around 40 leaders of the Quraish and it was hung inside the
Ka’aba.
10. Among the Quraish many condemned this, e.g. Mutam bin Adi, Abu ul Bakhtari bin Hashim,
Zamah bin al-Aswad, Adi bin Qais and Zuhair bin Abi Umayyah.
11. Banu Muttalib and Banu Hashim along with their children and women were thus forced out of
Makkah, to a nearby place called Shib-e Abu Talib (land owned by Abu Talib).
12. It even included the people of Banu Hashim and Banu Muttalib who had not accepted Islam,
to put more pressure on them.
13. The plan of the pagans was to leave the Muslims to starve to death in the loneliness of the desert,
at the mercy of the scorching heat with no expectation of external help from any quarter.
14. There was hardly any food; the people were forced to eat leaves to survive.
15. The cries of the hungry children could be heard all the way to Makkah.
16. Hazrat Saad ibn Waqas RA narrates that for 3 days; he could not stand properly due to the
intensity of his hunger. He then found a piece of leather which he cleaned, put in a fire, and ate,
and he thanked God for this provision.
17. Hazrat Khadijah RA supported the tribe through her contacts who were not part of the boycott.
18. Abu Bakr RA and Umar RA throughout the three years used whatever provision they had to
gather food and supply it to the people in Shib-e-Abi Talib.
19. As the 3 years passed, Hakim bin Hazim, a Quraish, who used to smuggle food was intercepted
by Abu Jahl and the matter became public.
20. Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s cousin Zuhair RA, Hashim bin Amr and Hakim bin Hazim protest against the ban
until it was lifted.
21. Relatives of the besieged and the chiefs of the Quraish took a stand and argued with other
leaders of Quraish to lift the ban.
22. It finally came to an end in Muharram when Abu Jahl who thought it would be futile to resist any
longer, he went inside the Ka’aba and found that terms of boycott which were written on the
parchment were eaten up by termites except for the word “Allah”.
23. The news of the boycott had spread across Arabia, and Islam became much more well-known
and thus attracted more converts.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
24. 10th year of Prophethood, Khadijah RA died.
25. Quraish made an offer of compromise through Abu Talib to the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
26. Asked Prophet to accept their Gods for one year, and they would accept Allah for a year, then
decreased the condition of exchanging religions from, 1 year, to just once
27. Allah revealed to His Prophet ‫ﷺ‬: “You have your religion and I have my religion” (109:6).
28. Abu Talib also died, leadership of his tribe was passed onto Abu Lahab.
29. The 10th year of Prophethood, thise year came to be known as, “Am-ul-Huzn”, or, “Year of
Grief”.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
A. Describe events of Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s visit to Taif. [10]

Highlights:

1. In the 10th year of Prophethood wife Hazrat Khadijah RA and Uncle Abu Talib after the boycott,
passed away.
2. Abu Lahab becomes the chief of Banu Hashim and withdraws the tribe’s protection of the
Prophet ‫ﷺ‬. The persecution in Makkah of the Muslims increased tenfold.
3. 11th year of the Prophethood: Makkans became very inhospitable for the few Muslims that lived
there.
4. Quraish started interfering in any attempt of propagation of Islam by the Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬and his
followers.
5. Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬therefore decided to go to Taif as it was a prosperous region. He wanted to spread
the message of Islam outside Makkah and to seek protection.
6. After arriving at Taif he met the chief and elders of Banu Thaqeef tribe (Abd Yalail, Masud and
Habib, and their father Amr bin Ummaya Ath Thaqafi) and preached the message of Islam.
7. They rejected the invite to Islam by saying "In case you are the chosen one of Allah it will be
inviting torture to refute you and if your claim is false you are not fit to be talked to".
8. The elders-insulted and raged by the Holy Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s invite to Islam-instigated the loafers and
simpletons of Taif against him.
9. The Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬was stoned till there was a pool of blood around his shoes and so he took
refuge in a garden which belonged to two persons named Utaba and Sheba.
10. In his weak condition Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬prayed to Allah: "O Lord! I present my weakness
and lack of strength before You. You are the kind Nourisher. You are the Helper of the Weak. To
whom are You abandoning me?”
11. Utaba and Sheba, sons of Rabiyyah, though were idol-worshippers and enemies of Islam but still
felt sympathy for the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬and his condition.
12. They sent their Christian slave, Addas, with a plate full of grapes to the Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬, and
allowed him to rest in their orchard. Addas accepted Isam.
13. Hazrat Jibrael AS appeared and said: “Allah has heard what your people said to you and how
they replied to you. Allah has sent the angels of Mountains to you so that you may order him to
do whatever you wish to these people.”
14. Then the angels of Mountains appeared and addressed the Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬, “O Muhammad!
Order what you wish, if you like, I shall cause mountains surrounding Al-Taif, to fall upon them
and crush them into pieces.”
15. Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬replied, “Why should I pray for their destruction, for I hope that there shall be among
their children those who will worship Allah alone, and will worship none beside Him.”
16. Messenger of Allah ‫ ﷺ‬prayed to Allah, “O Allah forgive them and guide them… for they know
me not.”
17. They prayed at, Nakhla, on their way back to Makkah, and a group of Jinns joined them.
18. Knowing that he had no one to protect him, he ordered Zayd bin Harith RA to seek asylum from
the nobles of Quraish.
19. The first three, Abd Yalil ibn Abd Kalal, Akhnas ibn Shariq and Suhail ibn Amr refused but the
fourth one, Mutim ibn Adi agreed to give Prophet ‫ﷺ‬, protection.
20. The Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬left Taif and returned to Makkah after a few days.
21. Mutim ordered his sons, nephews and other young men of his clan to put on their armour and
then marched, in full display of war towards Ka’aba.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
22. To show to all of Quraish that he had given Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬protection, he brought Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬into
the boundary of the Ka’aba, where the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬performed Tawaf, and then escorted him to
his home.

B. How can Muslims practically apply lessons learnt by Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s conduct in Taif? [4]

Highlights:

1. Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬persevered in times of difficulty.

2. Muslims should learn to remain faithful during hardships and have trust in the plans of Allah.
3. “Allah is the best of planners” (8:30).
4. E.g. Muslims in Kashmir, Palesine, Syria etc.
5. “with every difficulty there is relief” (94:5).
6. The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬prayed for forgiveness of people who persecuted him till he bled.
7. Muslims should seek revenge, instead, should ask Allah to guide the wrongdoers on the right
path.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
A. Give an account of the events of the Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s Night Journey and Ascension (Isra wa Mi’raj).
[10]

Highlights:

1. Took place in the 11th year of the Prophethood, on 27th Rajab.

2. Surah Al-Isra in the Quran mentions how the miracle of Night Journey and Ascension took place,
“Glory to (Allah) Who did take His Servant for Journey by night from the Sacred Mosque to the
Farthest Mosque whose precincts We did bless― in order that We might show him some of Our
Signs: for He is the one Who hears and sees (all things).”
3. Regarding the sighting of Jibrael AS it is said in Surah An-Najm, “While he was in the highest part
of the horizon: Then he approached and came closer, and was at a distance of but two bow-
lengths or (even) nearer; So did (Allah) convey the inspiration to His Servant (conveyed) what
He (meant) to convey…”
4. According to the Ahadith which narrate this event, the Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬reported, “While I was
lying in Al-Hatim, suddenly someone came to me and cut my body open… then he took out my
heart. Then a gold tray full of belief was brought to me and my heart was washed and was filled
and then returned to its original place. Then a white animal smaller than a mule and bigger than
a donkey was brought to me, named Buraq. The animal’s step reached the farthest point within
the reach of its sight…”
5. They stopped at 3 places and prayed 2 Rak’ahs at each, 1st place was Taiba (Madinah, where
the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬later had to migrate), 2nd place was Koh-e-Tur (Tur-e-Sina), where Allah spoke with
Hazrat Musa AS and 3rd place was where Hazrat Isa AS was born.
6. On his way, Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬saw a nation who, despite, having amazing food to eat was eating rotten
food. Upon asking he was told by Jibrael AS that they were people who committed adultery.
7. Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬saw another nation with big stomachs, putting burnt coal in their stomachs. Upon
asking he was told that these people used to indulge in Riba.
8. Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬saw another nation who bit and cut their own tongue and lips and then they would
heal and then they would bite and cut them again. Upon asking he was told that they were
scholars who would practice false preaching and would preach about matters in a way which
would gain them personal benefits.
9. When Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬reached Majid Al Aqsa, Jibrael AS tied Buraq with a big stone.
10. After that, the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬was brought two bowls; one of them had wine and the other had
milk. He was told, “Have either of them!" The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬chose the milk. JibraelASsaid to the
Prophet ‫ﷺ‬, "You chose the natural one; if you had chosen the wine, your Ummah would have
gone astray after you. You were led to the natural state by choosing the milk; your Ummah was
led to the natural state, too. Wine was rendered haram for you!”
11. Upon entering the Masjid, Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬saw all the other Prophets there and led the Salah. This is
the significance of calling Prophet ‫ﷺ‬, “Imam-ul-Anbiya” (Imam of all Prophets).
12. In the present world there is a dome where he had led the prayer.
13. He heard the words of Azan here too.
14. Then Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬was taken to a place in the Masjid called, Sakhara, where there was a ladder
by which Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬ascended to the heavens.
15. This was also when Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬saw Jibrael AS in his true angelic form.
16. When the gate opened and Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬entered the 1st heavens, he saw a man
weeping, on his left was a large group of people. The Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬was told that the man
weeping was Hazrat Adam AS, and the large group of people were his descendants who were
condemned to hell and when Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬Adam AS saw them on his left, he would cry for them,
and when he saw at his right he would laugh with joy, for his descendants who were in heavens.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
17. Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬greeted Prophet Adam AS before proceeding to the 2nd heavens
where he met Hazrat Yahya AS and Isa AS.
18. The Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬met Hazrat Yusuf AS on the 3rd heavens.
19. He met Hazrat Idrees AS on the 4th Heavens.
20. Met Hazrat Harun AS on the 5th heavens.
21. On the 6th heavens the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬met Hazrat Musa AS.
22. Met Prophet Ibrahim AS on the 7th heavens standing against Bait-ul-Mamur (the Ka’aba of the
Heavens).
23. Then came the point called, Sidra-tul-Muntaha (extreme point where anyone has ever been).
24. From that point Angel Jibrael AS could not pass further, as otherwise it would burn his wings.
25. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬proceeded ahead alone and entered the presence of Allah where he received
3 divine gifts.
26. Firstly, the last 2 verses of Surah Baqarah were revealed.
27. Secondly, Allah promised that He would forgive all the major sins of the Muslims if they do not
commit Shirk.
28. As narrated by Abdullah ibn Masud RA, “He was given five prayers; he was given concluding
verses of Surah Baqarah, and remission for serious sins for those among this Ummah who
associate not anything with Allah.”
29. Thirdly, 50 prayers a day were made obligatory, on his return upon asking, Prophet Muhammad
‫ ﷺ‬told Prophet Musa AS about the 50 obligatory prayers.
30. Musa AS told the Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬to ask Allah to reduce the prayers as his Ummah will not be
able to pray as much.
31. The numbers of prayers were reduced to 40. Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬revisited Allah 5 times and each time 10
were reduced and at last, 5 were made obligatory.
32. When Musa AS urged the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬again for asking further reduction in number of prayers, the
Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said: “I have asked my Lord till I am ashamed to face him.”
33. After this the Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬was shown heaven and hell, and the 2 rivers of Paradise.
34. When the Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬returned, the lock on his door was still moving as if he had never left
the house and no time has passed at all.
35. Next morning Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬narrated the event to the Quraish. They made fun of him
and called him a madman.
36. He also told them about the trade caravan returning to Makkah from Syria.
37. Abu Bakr RA was given the title of “Siddique”, as he was the first to believe and testify to Holy
Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s experience of Isra and Miraj when was asked by Abu Jahl and other people of
Quraish.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
B. How did this journey help the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬in his mission? [4]
Highlights:
1. Made Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬realize that Allah had not forsaken him, especially at the time of increasing
persecution and death of Khadijah RA and Abu Talib.
2. Me him aware of his status amongst the rest of all Allah’s Prophets, as he led them in prayer
being the “Seal of Prophets”.
3. The blessing of 5 daily Farz prayers was given.
4. The gifts renewed his hope to strive harder to preach the message of Islam and and work
towards better prospects.
5. The journey was a miraculous one.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
A. Describe events following the death of Abu Talib that led to Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s migration to Madinah
from Makkah (Pledges of Aqabah). [10]

Highlights:

1. With the death of Abu Talib and Hazrat Khadijah RA, the Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s wife, in the 10th year of the
Prophethood, Messenger of Allah ‫ ﷺ‬had no one to save him from physical harm.
2. Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬went in search for a new place to preach Islam also because Makkah became
difficult to live for the Muslims.
3. In search for a new place, he went to Taif and invited the leader and the elders of the Banu
Thaqeef tribe but they not only rejected him but also persecuted him and so the Messenger of
Allah ‫ ﷺ‬came back to Makkah and continued preaching Islam.
4. Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬received protection from Mutim ibn Adi, from the Banu NawfIl clan.
5. To console the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬, Allah planned a blessed journey of Isra and Miraj after which Prophet
‫ﷺ‬, with renewed devotion, planned to invite people coming from outside Makkah, to Islam.
6. He started to sit in the outskirts of Makkah at a place called Aqabah (near Mina) where people
from Yathrib used to pass and enter Makkah.
7. In 620 AD, 6 pilgrims of the Khazraj tribe from Yathrib came to Makkah.
8. There they sincerely heard the Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬spreading the message of Islam. They immediately
recognized him as the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬mentioned in Jewish scriptures, as they used to discuss the
coming of the Last Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬with their fellow Jewish citizens.
9. Upon further education from the Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬they accepted Islam. They promised to spread
Islam in Yathrib and return next year with more people.
10. After returning home they spread the message of Islam and invited their friends and family to
join the faith, so this way Islam spread outside Makkah.
11. In 621 AD, 12th year of the Prophethood, the First Pledge of Aqabah took place; 12 people from
Yathrib came to the Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬at Aqabah.
12. Terms of the Pledge, or, Bait-e-Nisa were as follows:
a. We shall believe in Tauhid;
b. We shall renounce all evil;
c. We shall remain obedient to Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬and Allah.
13. The new Muslims asked the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬to send them a Muslim who could teach the Quran and
Islamic injunctions.
14. Musab bin Umair RA under the instructions of the Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬went with those 12 men and
preached Islam in Yathrib.
15. In 622 AD, the 13th year of the Prophethood, Second Pledge of Aqabah took place when a
delegation of 73 men and 2 women came to Aqabah from Yathrib, with their leader, Barra, to
meet the Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬and accept Islam.
16. They made a pledge, known as Bait-e-Harb, the terms of which are as follows:
a. We shall believe in Tauhid;
b. We shall renounce all evil;
c. We shall remain obedient to Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬and Allah;
d. We shall spend in the way of Islam;
e. We shall grant protection to the Muslims;
f. We shall fight for the sake of Islam;
g. Invitation to Madinah.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
17. The delegation also invited the Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬to Yathrib to live amongst them and
preach Islam; they also said that they would make him their leader and support him
unconditionally.
18. Mutim ibn Adi, Chief of Banu Nawfil who had given protection to the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬, died and the
Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬agreed to the offer of protection from people of Yathrib.
19. When the Makkans found out about the invitation of the people of Yathrib to Prophet
Muhammad ‫ﷺ‬, they increased the persecution tenfold.
20. Companions of the Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬had to migrate to Madinah secretly.
21. Everyone else migrated except the Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬, Abu Bakr RA and Ali RA.
22. The leaders of Quraish held a meeting in Dar-un-Nadwa (council hall).
23. They plotted to kill the Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬by selecting one person from each tribe to attack the
Messenger of Allah ‫ ﷺ‬at the same time, as Banu Hashim would later not be able to take revenge
from all tribes.
24. Allah informed his messenger of this plan, “Remember how the unbelievers plotted against you,
to keep you in bonds or slay you, or get you out (of the home) they plot and plan, and Allah too
plans. But the best of planners is Allah.”
25. Ali RA slept in the Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s bed for the night.
26. Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬left in the middle of the night with Abu Bakr RA to migrate to Yathrib.

B. In your view why should Muslims provide a safe haven for others? Give reasons to support your
answer. [4]

Highlights:

1. Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said: “Allah will not show mercy to a person who does not show mercy to other
people”
2. For people who are fleeing persecution such as those from Burma, Afghanistan, etc.
3. Islam teaches one to care for others and provide help to those in need.
4. Those who have lost families due to war or natural disasters should be provided with help and a
new home.
5. Providing a safe haven for people in need would be much like what the Muslims of Yathrib did
for those of Makkah.
6. Hence, Ansars are mentioned even in the Quran.
7. The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said: “I and the man who brings up an orphan will be like this in Paradise”, and
he pointed with his two fingers, the index finger and the middle finger.
8. This Hadith proves that Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬would be in close proximity to the one who takes care of
another individual who is homeless and is fending alone for himself in a time of difficulty.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
A. Give an account of the Hijra from Makkah to Madinah. [10]

Highlights:

1. The delegation from Yasrib that came to pledge to the Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬, in what was known as
the Second Pledge of Aqabah invited Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬to Yasrib.
2. Mutim ibn Adi, Chief of Banu Nawfil who had given protection to the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬, died.
3. Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬agreed to the offer of protection from people of Yathrib.
4. When the Makkans found out about the plans of the Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬, they increased the
persecution tenfold, hence the companions had to migrate to Madinah in secrecy.
5. Abu Bakr RA, Ali RA, and Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬were left in Makkah.
6. They met in their council hall, Dar-un-Nadwa, and plotted to kill the Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬by selecting
1 person from each tribe to attack the Messenger of Allah ‫ ﷺ‬at the same time, so that Banu
Hashim would later not be able to take revenge from all tribes at once.
7. This murder plot arranged by Abu Jahl was not even confided to Abu Lahab because he was
the uncle of Prophet ‫ﷺ‬, though still a bitter enemy of Islam.
8. Allah informed His Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬of their plans, “Remember how the unbelievers plotted against thee,
to keep thee in bonds or slay thee, or get thee out (of the home) they plot and plan, and Allah
too plans. But the best of planners is Allah.” (8:30)
9. Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬left in the middle of the night with Abu Bakr RA to migrate to Yathrib
while Ali RA slept in the Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s bed for the night.
10. Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬appointed Hazrat Ali RA to return people’s belongings-that the Holy
Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬used to keep safe for them-and then join him in Madinah.
11. When the Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬stepped outside his house, the enemies had gathered to kill him, the
Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬threw dust at them and the Quran says about these assassins “And we have put before
them a barrier and behind them a barrier and covered them, so they do not see.” (36:9)
12. At sunrise the pagans had had enough waiting and upon knocking the door, Hazrat Ali RA came
out which put all of them in shock. When they asked Hazrat Ali RA where the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬was
presently, he replied cunningly that he didn’t know where Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬was at the moment.
13. Abu Jahl angrily went to the house of Abu Bakr RA, from which his little daughter, Asma RA,
appeared and upon being asked rearding the whereabouts of Abu Bakr RA, she gave a similar
reply to that of Ali RA. Abu Jahl slapped her but this act of his was not approved by the others
who surrounded him.
14. When the Quraish realized that their plan of assassinating the Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬had failed, they
launched a wide search for him setting a reward of 100 red camels for whoever finds the Holy
Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬alive or dead.
15. During the travel to Madinah, Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬and Abu Bakr RA stayed in a cave known
as Thaur for 3 days.
16. Abu Bakr RA swept the cave for the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
17. When the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬was sleeping in Abu Bakr RA’s lap. He was bitten by something, though he
had tried to fill in every empty hole in the cave. He tried to remain quiet as he stifled his pain,
but a tear from his eye fell on Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
18. Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬woke up and used his saliva to heal the wound of Abu Bakr RA.
19. During their stay in the cave Thaur:
a. Abu Bakr RA’s son Abdullah bin Abu Bakr RA would bring the news of the Quraish;
b. His daughter, Asma RA would bring food for him and the Holy Prophet ‫;ﷺ‬
c. Freed slave of Abu Bakr RA, Amr bin Fuhaira would provide them with the fresh milk of
sheep, and also erased the footprints of Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬and Abu Bakr RA by herding his
flock of sheep near the cave.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
20. Once, it so happened that the Quraish came just outside the cave of Thaur, but due to the
divine miracles they were oblivious to the fact that the ones they were hunting, hid just nearby!
21. The miracles were that a spider built its web on the entrance of the cave, a pigeon laid eggs
here too and branches also concealed it.
22. The Quran says: “For Allah did indeed help him when the unbelievers drove him out; he had no
more than one companion. They were two in the cave and he said to his companion, have no
fear Allah is with us.” (9:40)
23. After staying in the cave for 3 days they set out to travel to Madinah.
24. Suraqa bin Malik, an expert in tracking people, almost caught up with the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
25. His horse stuck in mud due to divine protection.
26. Realized that it was divine help and made Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬promise protection, in case he was ever
captured in future.
27. On the way to Madinah, Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬also asked a Bedouin woman named, Umme Mua’bd, if he
could milk her goat to drink it.
28. She replied that the goat hadn’t yielded a drop of milk for years, but Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬insisted her to
let him make an attempt.
29. As soon as Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬started milking the goat, the amount of milk that was produced wasn’t
only drunk by Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬and Abu Bakr but also filled each dish that Umme Mua’bd owned!
30. The Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬arrived in Quba, a place near Yasrib, on 23rd September 622 AD, after 6 days
of travel.
31. He stayed in Quba for a fortnight and built Islam’s 1st mosque.
32. The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬actively participated in the construction of the mosque and Hazrat Ali RA joined
the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬in Quba, after which, they travelled to Madinah.
33. During the migration the Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬prayed the Friday prayer in congregation in the quarters
of Banu Saleem and delivered the 1st Friday sermon.
34. 80 people of Banu Aslam accepted Islam.
35. Meanwhile, the Ansars eagerly waited for the Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬to reach Madinah.
36. When Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬was close to Madinah the children of Madinah sang: “The full
moon shines down upon us from Thaniyat al Wada. We must all give our thanksgiving all the
while praising Allah; you whom Allah sends among us, what you bring, we will obey, you have
ennobled Madinah. Welcome now! Guide us to His way.”
37. The people of Yathrib tried waiting for the Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬for days to return to their houses on
the day the he arrived at Madinah.
38. First person to see him was a Jew, thus fulfilling the prophecy in the Torah.
39. People of Madinah cheered and sang on the arrival of the Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬to Madinah and
enthusiastically invited the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬to stay at their homes.
40. People grabbed the halter of the camel, Qaswa for this reason. Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬asked
them to let it go. “Let it go its own way, it is under orders.”
41. Eventually the camel came to a stop in front of the house of Banu Malik Ibn Al-Najjar.
42. The camel knelt at a place which belonged to 2 orphan boys, Sahil and Suahil of Banu-Najjar.
43. The Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬paid the price of the land using Abu Bakr RA’s money and built the Mosque
of the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬which is also known as, Masjid-Al-Nabwi.
44. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬stayed at the place of Abu Ayub Al Ansari RA till the Masjid and his family quarters
were built.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
B. What was the significance of this journey? [4]

Highlights:

1. This event is used as an indication for the start of the Muslim calender, rather than any other.
2. Altered prevailing conditions of Arabia and changed course of history.
3. Hijrah reshaped the Arabian Peninsula socially & politically.
4. Gave Muslims the numbers and courage to practice their religion freely.
5. Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬had the chance to organize his followers into a disciplined community as majority of
laws were revealed after migration.
6. Muslims became one nation and Madinah became the center of growth.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Life of Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬

Life in Madinah
A. Give an account of the events of Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s first year in Madinah. [10]

Highlights:

1. When Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬was close to Madinah the children of Madinah sang, “The full
moon shines down upon us from Thaniyat al Wada. We must all give our thanksgiving all the
while praising Allah; you whom Allah sends among us, what you bring, we will obey, you have
ennobled Madinah. Welcome now! Guide us to His way.”
2. The people of Yathrib, tired of waiting for the Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬for days, returned to their houses
and on the day the Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬arrived at Madinah, the first person to see him was a Jew
thus fulfilling the prophecy in the Torah.
3. People of Madinah cheered and sang on the arrival of the Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬to Madinah, and
enthusiastically invited the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬to stay at their place.
4. They grabbed the halter of his camel, Qaswa, for this reason. Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬asked them
to let it go, “Let it go its own way, it is under orders.”
5. Eventually the camel came to a stop in front of the house of Banu Malik Ibn al-Najjar.
6. The camel knelt at a place which belonged to 2 orphan boys of Banu-Najjar, Sahil and Suhail.
7. The Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬paid the price of the land and built the Mosque of the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬which is
also known as Masjid-al-Nabwi.
8. While the mosque was being built, the Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬stayed at the place of Abu Ayub Al Ansari
RA.
9. The Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬actively participated in the construction of the mosque, the Quran says,
“There is a mosque whose foundation was laid from the first day on piety; it is more worthy of thy
standing forth (for prayer) therein. In it are men who love to be purified, and Allah loveth those
who make themselves pure.” (9:108)
10. Masjid-e-Nabwi was simply built:
a. Pillars of palm trunks;
b. Roof of palm tree branches cemented together by beaten clay;
c. Unbaked bricks on top of masonry foundation;
d. Open area and 2 rooms for Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬and his family on the south-eastern corner.
11. Hazrat Umar RA suggested the system of Azan to call all the believers to the mosque at the time
of the prayer. Before this, the suggestion of:
a. Blowing a horn-Jews;
b. Ringing bells-Christians;
c. Lighting a fire-Zoroastrians.
12. Dream of Abdullah bin Zayd RA and Hazrat Umar RA.
13. Bilal RA to be taught these words (Adhan).
14. The first Muazzin appointed was Hazrat Bilal RA.
15. Since the migration of the Makkan Muslims to Madinah, 2 types of categories of Muslims
emerged in Madinah:
a. one were the Muhajirin, the Muslims who migrated from Makkah;
b. the other were Ansars who were from Madinah and gave shelter, food, water, and
support to the Muhajirin.
16. In order to create a community amongst the Muslims, Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬formed the
brotherhood pact (Muwakhat), between the Muhajirin and the Ansars.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
17. “And hold firmly to the rope of Allah all together and do not become divided. And remember
the favor of Allah upon you -when you were enemies and He brought your hearts together and
you became, by His favor, brothers.” (Surah Al-Imran 3:103).
18. Muhajirin came empty handed, left all their belongings in Makkah.
19. Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬asked who would help these Muhajirin, Ansars came forward and pairing was done.
20. “Those who believe and adopted exile, and fought for the faith, with their property, and their
persons, in the cause of Allah, as well as those who gave them asylum and aid, these are (all)
friends and protector of one another.”
21. As a result of the brotherhood even the enmity between the tribes of Madinah; Aus and Khazraj
was dissolved.
22. Quran says “… remember with gratitude Allah’s favor on you, for you were enemies and He
joined your hearts in love, so that by His grace you became brothers.”
23. Before the arrival of Prophet ‫ﷺ‬, Abdullah bin Ubbay was about to be crowned the Head of State
of Madinah.
24. Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬became the Head of State, Abdullah and his 300 followers became anemies and
outwardly accepted Islam-hypocrites.
25. At the time of the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬there were 3 Jewish tribes; Banu Qainuqa, Banu Nadir, and Banu
Quraiza.
26. They were settled in the suburban areas of Madinah each in their own strong fortress.
27. When the Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬arrived in Madinah, he held a meeting with Jews and the Muslims in
which an agreement was made about the social structure of Madinah.
28. The agreement that was made by the Jews and Muslims was the first written constitution of
history and included the following:
a. Equal rights, freedom of religion and protection;
b. Alliance and joint defense for Madinah;
c. Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬was the leader of Madinites and would have the final say;
d. No Madinite to have any relation with the Quraish;
e. Financial aids to be established for each tribe.
29. This was known as ‘Charter of Madinah’, and from hereafter the town of Yathrib, was renamed,
Madinah-tul-Nabi.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
A. Write about the brotherhood that developed between the new community of Muslims in
Madinah. [10]
Highlights:
1. Muhajirin were the people who migrated from Makkah to Madinah and needed help.
2. Ansar were the people who helped the Muhajirin.
3. When Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬along with other Muslims migrated to Madinah from Makkah, the best part
was the relationship developed between Muhajirin and Ansar, known as Mawakhat.
4. Allah says, “And hold firmly to the rope of Allah all together and do not become divided. And
remember the favor of Allah upon you -when you were enemies and He brought your hearts
together and you became, by His favor, brothers.” (Surah Al-Imran 3:103)
5. Muhajirin travelled to Madinah because they were brutally tormented by the hands of the
Quraish in Makkah.
6. Muslims gave up their lives and riches in the way of Islam.
7. Some of the Muhajirin moved to Madinah, leaving their families and property behind.
8. During the conquest of Makkah, Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬forbade the Muhajirin from taking any of their
property back which they left for Hijrat.
9. The title, Muhajir, was only for other Muslims who migrated and not for Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
10. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬stated that Muhajir will surely earn benefits in these words, “Those who believed
and those who suffered exile and fought in the path of Allah, they have the hope of the mercy
of Allah.”
11. Ansar were the God-fearing and humble people who highly regarded Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
12. The title, Ansar-un-Nabi was given to the people of Madinah, in order to separate the two
groups.
13. The Quran states about the Ansar, “But those who before them had homes (in Madinah) and
had adopted the faith, showed their affection to such as some of them for refuge and entertain
no desire in their hearts for things given to the latter but give them preference over themselves
even though poverty was their (own lot).”
14. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬was the one who created brotherhood between Muhajirin and Ansar.
15. He gathered in the house of Anas after 5 months of migration, and told the Ansar about the
condition of Muhajirin, that they have no money and no place to live.
16. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬designated 90 Muslims, 45 from both the groups as brothers.
17. The basic reason behind this brotherhood was to provide shelter and money for the Muhajirin,
for them to get mentally and financially stable for survival.
18. The basis for making brothers was after scrutinizing both the parties and their interest and the
two with similar interests were made brothers, for instance Salman bin Farsi RA and Abu Darda;
Mus’ab and Abu Ayyub; Jafar bin Abi Talib and Muadh ibn Jabal and Abu Ubaidah bin Jarrah
and Muhammad ibn Maslamah.
19. The essence of this brotherhood was that all the Ansar brothers would provide shelter to the
Muhajirin, share their legacy as well as work with each other.
20. The Muhajirin always said that, “The Ansar brothers gave us accommodation and subsistence.”
21. Muhajirin also worked hard and stood on their feet instead of just depending on the Ansar
brothers.
22. One of the example of the brotherhood was when Sa’ad bin Rabi RA told his Muhajir brother,
Abdur Rahman bin Auf RA that, “I am the richest of all Muslims of Madinah in terms of money. I
saved half of my wealth for you!”
23. On receiving this proposal, Abdur Rahman bin Auf RA replied, “May God make your wealth
auspicious for you! I do not need it. The greatest favor you can do to me is to show me the way
to the bazaar where you do shopping.”
24. Later, Sa’ad bin Rabi RA took his brother to the bazaar Qainuqa, where Abdur Rahman RA
bought cheese and oil and started selling and became better off after some time.
25. Many of the people from Makkah started earning by working on various jobs, such as Abu Bakr
RA who earned by farming.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
26. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬made Hazrat Ali RA, his brother and said, “You are my brother in this world and
in the hereafter.”

B. What lessons can Muslims learn from the brotherhood that was created in Madinah? [4]
Highlights:
1. Islam establishes human brotherhood on the basis of faith. Allah says regarding Muslims, “The
believers are but brothers” (49:10).
2. Brotherhood between Muhajirin and Ansars reminds the Muslims that the sensation of
brotherhood is an essential condition for unity.
3. Muslims can help others by looking out for what they can offer to those in need.
4. Guarantees prosperity and security and promotes social welfare.
5. Help can be in any form, e.g. financial, moral, educational, counselling, seeking justice for
someone etc.
6. Muslims can help refugees and immigrants e.g Syrians, Palestinians, Kashmiris, etc. They can
help them integrate into the unfamiliar society that they would now dwell in, by giving them
information regarding life in their city, equipping them with breadwinning skills, education etc.
They can also simply donate money to organizations that aid these refugees.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
A. Describe the main events of battle of Badr. [10]

Highlights:

1. Battle of Badr was fought in 624 AD/2nd AH between the Muslims and the Quraish of Makkah.
2. Relations between the Muslims and the Makkans were tense as under the instructions of the Holy
Prophet ‫ﷺ‬, Muslims had taken over some of the trade routes of the Quraish.
3. This not only enraged the Quraish but made them fearful for an ambush attack by the Muslims
in which they could lose their precious products in their caravans.
4. Quraish displeased with Madinites for giving shelter to Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬and companions, asked them
to hand Muslims over, Madinites refused.
5. Makkans contacted Jews and hypocrites for help.
6. Makkans were jealous of the growing power of Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
7. Makkans explicitly started raiding outskirts of Madinah, cutting trees and killing or stealing cattle.
8. Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬started sending parties to patrol outskirts and once a fight started with the Quraish
and a member of Quraish tribe was killed (incident of Makkah).
9. The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬had given no such permission to kill.
10. This incident made Quraish angrier and they wanted revenge.
11. Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬decided to threaten Quraish caravans which passed through Madinah, to disrupt
their economy.
12. Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬allied with Bedouin tribes to deny Quraish safe routes for trade and sent parties to
watch the caravans.
13. Abu Sufyan ibn Harb was a great enemy of Islam and was coming back from Syria with large
trading caravan.
14. Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬decided to interrupt the caravan.
15. Suspicious of the Muslims interest, Abu Sufyan waited at the well of Badr, whilst he sent a
messenger to Makkah requesting an army to escort him and the caravan back safely to
Makkah.
16. Abu Sufyan meanwhile took a detour and safely arrived at his destination.
17. He sent message to Abu Jahl to return but he wanted to fight.
18. 300 men from Quraish didn’t think it was necessary to fight as caravan reached safely so they
left.
19. 1000 men stayed with Abu Jahl.
20. 17th Ramazan, 2 AH battle started.
21. Quraish camped in valley, near Badr.
22. Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬camped on opposite side of the enemy.
23. As per a companion’s suggestion, moved near the springs of Badr (more suitable).
24. Allah says, “If you believe in Allah and what We sent down on our servant on the day of
distinguishing, the day the two hosts met.” (Surah Al-Anfal 8:41)
25. Both armies were heavily mismatched.
26. The Muslims were only 313 men, whereas, the Quraish formed an army of 1000 men.
27. The Muslim army was ill-equipped; they only had 2 horses and 70 camels, whereas, the Quraish
army had 200 horses and 700 camels.
28. The ground was sandy.
29. It rained the night before the battle began, smoothing the ground, giving the advantage to the
Muslims. The Quran says, “He sent down water from heavens… to confirm your feet.” (8:11)
30. The entire night before the battle, the Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬prayed to Allah for victory, “O Allah if this
small band of men perish, there will be no one alive to worship you, and your faith will be
destroyed forever”. (Bukhari)
31. Allah accepted Prophet Muhammad ‫’ﷺ‬s prayer and in reply said, “When you sought aid from
your Lord, He answered you: I will surely assist you with a thousand of the angels ranks on ranks”.
(8:9)
32. The battle began on Friday 17th Ramadan, 2 AH/624 AD.
33. Solo combat took place.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
34. It started when Hazrat Hamza RA killed the disbeliever Al Aswad bin Abu Saad (first person to
step up from the Makkans side onto the battlefield).
35. Following this the duels took place in which:
a. Hamza RA killed Utba;
b. Ali RA killed Waleed bin Utba;
c. Hamza RA and Ali RA assisted Ubaidah bin Harris in killing his opponent Shaiba.
36. Hazrat Ubaidah RA was the first to be martyred from the side of the Muslims.
37. Under the instructions of the Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬, the Muslims first shot arrows, then threw stones and
lastly fought with swords with the Makkans.
38. During the battle Hanzala bin Abu Sufyan was killed by Hazrat Ali RA.
39. Hazrat Ali RA killed Tuaima bin Adi with his spear saying, “You shall not dispute with us in God
after today”.
40. Hazrat Bilal RA killed Umayya bin Khalaf, his former master.
41. Abu Jahl was injured by two Muslim brothers Mu’az and Ma’wuz, and was killed by Abdullah bin
Masud RA.
42. The following companions formed a ring around the Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬to defend him:
a. Abu Bakr RA;
b. Abdur Rehman bin Auf RA;
c. Talha RA;
d. some other companions.
43. As the battle reached its peak, Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬blew some dust in the eyes of the enemy
and said “May your face be disfigured” (Sahih Muslim).
44. Following this a sandstorm ripped through Badr and the Quran talks about it in the following
verses “It was not you who slew them it was Allah: when you thrust (handful of dust) was not your
act but Allah’s…” (8:17).
45. The Makkans fled from the field leaving a large booty behind.
46. Quraish lost 140 men; 70 men died in the battle and 70 were captured.
47. Amongst the prisoners of war were:
a. uncle of the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬, Abbas;
b. Hazrat Ali RA’s brother Aqeel;
c. Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s son in law Abdul Aas;
48. 14 Muslims were martyred; 6 Muhajirin and 8 Ansar.
49. Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬treated the prisoners very fairly by setting simple terms of conditions in
order for them to be set free:
a. Prisoners who could pay, paid ransom in order to be freed;
b. Literate prisoners were freed after a certain period of time during which they each taught 10
Muslims;
c. Old and poor were set free without any conditions.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
B. Does Prophet’s conduct during the battle of Badr contain lessons for military leaders? Give reasons
for your answers. [4]

Highlights:

1. State your opinion (Yes/No).

2. Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬displayed courage and bravery during the battles.
3. He had complete faith in Allah’s plan for the Muslims, instead of relying on other worldly resource.
4. He didn’t think lowly of his companions, instead, always consulted them for war strategies.
5. Always led from the front.
6. Never initiated war, only acted in self-defense for sake of Islam.
7. Treated prisoners of war with kindness.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
A. Write an account on the battle of Uhad. [10]

Highlights:
1. Islam gained importance after the battle of Badr. It was the 3rd year of Hijrah.
2. The people of Quraish became conscious that they would lose their power and importance
because of the significant rise of Madinah.
3. Quraish were furious since they lost few of their leaders in the battle of Badr and wanted to take
vengeance.
4. Banu Nadir, the Jewish tribe’s, Ka’ab bin Ashraf, visited Makkah to pay his condolences to the
Quraish about the death of their leaders.
5. The members of Jewish tribes provoked the Quraish to avenge the Muslims, by writing songs.
6. Abu Sufyan, who was defeated during the battle along with his team, met with the Banu Nadir
tribe and made them promise to help them against the Muslims.
7. He vowed not to take bath until he took revenge.
8. It was decided to collect money and organize an army to fight and other tribes were also called
to join them in this mission.
9. Also, Zaid Bin Haris captured one of the Makkan caravans on a trade route to Yemen, which
further infuriated the Quraish.
10. An army of 3000 men was prepared and they left for Madinah in 3 AH/ 625 AD.
11. Women also accompanied; Hind (Abu Sufyan’s wife), Umm Hakeem (Abu Jahal’s
granddaughter), Fatimah (Khalid bin Waleed RA’s sister).
12. Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬gathered all companions (Abu Bakr RA, Umar RA, Usman RA, Ali RA).
13. Abdullah bin Ubbay also participated.
14. Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬performed Ijma, this is true democracy.
15. Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬put an opinion forward to fight in Madinah. He also told why he had this opinion
because he had a dream.
16. Most of the young companions who could not participate in Badr wanted to fight outside
Madinah.
17. On the other hand, majority of the companions of Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬believed that they should
move out of Madinah to fight the people of Quraish and they presented their opinions when
Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬asked them.
18. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬believed otherwise, but he did not object the majority opinion.
19. The Quraish encamped near the mountain, Uhad, 3 miles away from Madinah.
20. One of the companions, who was the head of the hypocrites, Abdullah bin Ubbay, abandoned
the Muslims with his 300 men, saying that Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬didn’t pay heed to his opinion of fighting
in the city. The real reason the hypocrites supported fighting inside Madinah, was because they
could take shelter from the perils of the battle when inside Madinah.
21. The Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬was left with 700 men.
22. Muslim women also participated
23. Aisha RA, Umm Salamah RA & Umm Ammer RA, provided water to wounded soldiers, washed
and dressed their wounds.
24. Both armies settled at Uhad.
25. The most beloved mountain to Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
26. The Muslims encamped near the hill of Uhad.
27. Muslims camped on the risen ground with mount Uhad behind them.
28. This was their advantage as it would be difficult for Quraish army to approach them.
29. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬sent 50 archers-to protect the Muslims from behind and also protect the Uhad
hill pass-under the commandment of Abdullah bin Jubair RA.
30. Archers were given orders not to desert their place at any rate.
31. On the other hand, Quraish were the ones who initiated the fight.
32. Initially, individual soldiers were sent by Quraish.
a. Talha bin Abi Talha was the one who held the Makkans’ banner and was killed by Hazrat
Ali RA;
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
b. After him, his brother, Usman bin Abi Talha picked up the banner but was killed by Hazrat
Hamza RA.
33. Muslims bravely defended under the leadership of Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
34. Several Quraish men were defeated and killed, and some of them ran away, leaving a lot of
money behind.
35. 38 archers ran to collect the money when some men of the Quraish went away, despite Prophet
‫’ﷺ‬s commandment against it. Availing the opportunity, Khalid bin Waleed RA attacked from
behind.
36. They strived to reach to the Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
37. In this confusion, Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬was attacked on the head, and he lost his tooth at that moment;
he also fell in a ditch, fainted and his helmet’s nail got embedded into his cheek.
38. A human-shield was formed around him by his companions.
39. Abu Talha RA protected him with his own body.
40. Abdur Rehman bin Auf RA tried to remove the nail from one side but it didn’t come out, he tried
from the other side and succeeded.
41. Hazrat Fatimah RA tried to stop the blood flowing out from his cheek.
42. Umayyad ibn e Kahf wearing heavy armour attacked Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
43. Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬threw a spear at him, which just missed him while slightly coming into contact with
him. He got scared and fled away.
44. Musab bin Umair resembled Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬and got martyred.
45. The Quraish spread the rumour that the Messenger ‫ ﷺ‬had died, to dishearten the Muslim soldiers.
46. Kaab bin Malik sighted the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬and told the Muslims that he was still alive.
47. Holy Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s support was increasing and he was taken to a safe place.
48. Eventually, after battling enthusiastically, both the parties decided to stop fight and go back to
their camps.
49. Abu Sufyan summoned the Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬to come to Badr next year, and the Messenger ‫ﷺ‬
agreed.
50. On the other hand, few women of Quraish were also there in the battlefield, including the
daughter of Utba, Hinda; the granddaughter of Abu Jahl, Umm-e-Hakeem; and Khalid bin
Waleed RA’s sister, Fatimah.
51. Hinda avenged her father’s death, who was killed by Hazrat Hamza RA in the battle of Badr.
52. Wahshi was hired by Hinda to kill Hazrat Hamza RA.
53. His corpse was mutilated by Hinda, and she tried to chew his liver out of anger for her father,
Utba’s death.
54. In the battle of Uhad, 40 Muslims were wounded and seventy were martyred.
55. On the other hand, 30 Quraish men were killed.
56. Holy Quran stated about the battle of Uhad and said, “Allah did indeed fulfill His promise to you,
when ye, with His permission, were about to annihilate your enemy, until ye flinched and fell to
disputing about the order and disobeyed it after He brought in sight (of the booty) which ye
covet. Among you are some that hanker after this world and some that desire the Hereafter---.”
(3:152)
57. The Quran also states, “Those of you who turned back on the day the two hosts met, --- it was
Satan who caused them to fail, ---.”
58. Another of the verse mentioned in the Quran stated, “What ye suffered on the day the two
armies met, was with the leave of Allah, in order that He might test the Believers.”
59. Quraish when going back reached Abwa.
60. There they realized that they had not achieved anything from the war, neither Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬was
killed, nor the senior companions. And they were unable to capture Madinah, so they decided
to attack again.
61. When Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬learnt about this, he ordered Muslims who fought in Uhad to get ready again
and left to chase the Quraish.
62. Abdullah bin Ubbay also wanted to join but the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬disallowed him from doing so, as he
had deserted the Muslims in battle of Uhad, and he told him he was no longer needed.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
63. A Quraishi spy came to Prophet ‫' ﷺ‬s camp to inquire about what Muslims were up to.
64. Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬asked him the situation of the Quraish to which he replied that they are ready to
attack.
65. When the Muslims heard about this, rather than getting scared it is narrated that they shouted,
“Allah Hu Akbar” and their spirit and desire to fight the Quraish increased.
66. This scared the spy and he went back and told this to Abu Sufyan which made them flee back
to Makkah.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
A. Give an account of the battle of Khandaq (Trench). [10]

Highlights:
1. This battle was fought in 627 AD/ 5 AH.
2. After the incident of harassment of a Muslim woman after battle of Badr, Banu Nadir was exiled,
and they wanted to take revenge from the Muslims.
3. The Quraish were losing their importance after battle of Badr and Uhad.
4. Their economic routes were ruled over by the Muslims.
5. Quraish and Banu Nadir joined hands to avenge their defeat.
6. The Banu Ghatafan and other tribes also came with them.
7. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬was informed about this situation from the people of Banu Khuza.
8. In reply to Abu Sufyan's challenge, Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬with 15,000 men waited for Quraish at Badr for 8
days but they didn't come.
9. This provoked Quraish.
10. They thought due to victory of Uhad they could wipe out the Muslims with ease.
11. From Khyber’s tribe of Banu Nadir, Huyayy bin Akhtab, who planned to kill the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬in 625
AD, year of battle of Uhad, went to Abu Sufyan in Makkah and instigated him further towards
fighting the Muslims together.
12. He went to Banu Ghatafan, Banu Thaqeef, Banu Salaim, Banu Salim, Banu Fazara, Ahabish etc.
to gather an army against Muslims.
13. This is why this battle is known as battle of Ahzab (driven from Hiz/Allies).
14. The enemy organised an army of 10,000 men to attack Muslims.
15. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬discussed the situation with his friends and family.
16. During the discussions, Salman bin Farsi RA gave the idea of digging a trench so that the pagans
couldn’t enter the city of Madinah.
17. 300 Muslims volunteered in digging the trench within 20 days, despite little food supplies.
18. The non-followers stayed outside Madinah for 70 days as they could not enter.
19. Madinah was sieged for 27 days.
20. Allah says, “Remember when they came at you from above you and from below you, and when
eyes shifted in fear, and hearts reached the throats and you assumed about Allah various
assumptions. There the believers were tested and shaken with a severe shaking.” (Surah Al-
Ahzab 33:10-11)
21. When enemy reached, they were surprised as they had never encountered a trench and were
confused how to cross and fight, so they camped there.
22. For few days nothing happened between the two sides except a few people trying to cross it
e.g. Amr ibn Bud, Ikrima bin Abu Jahl, and a few others who died as Muslims attacked and
chased them away.
23. Ikrima managed to go back safely, Amr ibn Bud (known to be as powerful as 1000 soldiers) was
killed by Hazrat Ali RA, Nawfil was killed by Zubair bin Awwam RA, and the rest were killed as
well.
24. This is the only war in which Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬and companions were not able to pray on time as they
had to guard the trench from the enemy and later prayed Qaza.
25. The hypocrites, the cowards they were, made excuses that they feared that their houses are not
safe, and fled to their homes.
26. Quran states, “And when a faction of them said, "O people of Yathrib, there is no stability for you
[here], so return [home]." And a party of them asked permission of the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬, saying, "Indeed,
our houses are unprotected," while they were not exposed. They did not intend except to flee.”
(33:13)
27. Huyayy bin Akhtab was told by Abu Sufyan to go talk to Banu Quraiza, the tribe guarding
Madinah from the back side, to let them enter and so he went to visit their leader Ka’b bin Asad.
28. Ka’b bin Asad agreed to join hands with the pagans and allowed the enemy to enter through
and broke their treaty with the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
29. The news reached the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬timely and he sent a Muslim army to guard the city from the
back.
30. Nuaym ibn Masud, an Arab head, who was admired by all the people, including Muslims as well
as all the hypocrite tribes, in secrecy visited Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬and accepted Islam (at night-time).
31. He planned to create a rift among the enemies so that they ended the blockade of Madinah.
32. He was successful in doing this by telling both, Banu Quraiza and Quraish, that the latter and the
former were both going to desert each other.
33. Nuaym told Ka’b bin Asad to ask Abu Sufyan for 10 leaders of Quraish and to cut their heads off
if the Quraish deserted them. He also told Abu Sufyan on the other hand that Banu Quraiza will
ask him for 10 of his tribe’s leaders to slay them and present them to the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬as a sign of
loyalty and to keep their peace treaty with Muslims intact.
34. This way he managed to set up each party against each other.
35. The pagans lost all their vigour when a storm came, and the weather grew worse. Their tents
were blown away and their animals started to flee.
36. Angels put fear into their hearts.
37. They finally gave up.
38. The Quran describes this battle in verses, “…Remember Allah’s blessing on you when hosts came
down on you (to overwhelm you): but we sent against them the hurricane and forces ye saw
not, but Allah sees all that you do.” (33:9)
39. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬later penalized Banu Quraiza for their betrayal by laying siege to their fortresses
for 25 days. Their men received the punishment of treachery according to their book, Torah, by
Saad bin Mu’az from Aus tribe, and were slain (numbering 600-700).
40. The women and children were taken prisoners.
41. “And those of the People of the Book who aided them-Allah did take them fown from their
strongholds and cast terror into their hearts, (so that) some ye slew, and some you made
prisoners. And He made you heirs of their lands, their houses and their goods.” (33:26-27)

B. What can Muslims learn from Prophet ‫'ﷺ‬s involvement in the digging of the trench? [4]
Highlights:
1. Despite being leader the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬took part in everything the army took part in.
2. This teaches Muslims equality-all men should put in the same effort no matter the differences in
position.
3. It teaches humility as well-a person of higher authority should not have pride and think of himself
being superior than others.
4. “For Allah loveth not the arrogant, the vainglorious” (4:36)
5. Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬led by example.
6. It also provides a lesson in patience, perseverance and faith in God.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
A. Give an account of Treaty of Hudaibiyyah. [10]

Highlights:
1. Holy Ka’aba appeared in Holy Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s sleep.
2. He decided to visit Makkah and perform Umrah.
3. Allah says, “Certainly has Allah showed to His Messenger the vision in truth. You will surely enter
al-Masjid al-Haram, if Allah wills, in safety, with your heads shaved and [hair] shortened, not
fearing [anyone]. He knew what you did not know and has arranged before that a conquest
near [at hand].” (Surah Al-Fath 48:27)
4. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬left Madinah to perform Umrah, with 1400 unarmed men, wearing 2 sheets of
unstitched cloth, Ihram, at Dhul Hulaifa.
5. Upon reaching outskirts of Makkah, the Quraish had already heard about the Muslims coming
so they sent Khalid bin Waleed RA and Ikrima bin Abu Jahl with army to prevent Muslims from
entering.
6. The Makkans did not allow the Muslims to enter the city.
7. The Muslims encamped at Hudaibiya.
8. The Muslims sent 2 messengers to persuade the Makkans to let them enter the city.
9. Both of the messengers were captured and did not come back.
10. Hazrat Usman RA was later sent to negotiate with the Makkans.
11. For some time, he did not come back.
12. False news about Hazrat Usman RA’s death was spread among the Muslims.
13. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬decided to take revenge for Hazrat Usman’s death.
14. He called all the companions and asked them to put their hands on his hand and promise to
fight for Islam and avenge Hazrat Usman RA’s death.
15. All the companions promised to fight for Islam.
16. This pledge was named as ‘Bait-e-Rizwan’, as it was taken under the tree.
17. For this moment, the Quran said, “Allah indeed was pleased with the believers, when they swore
allegiance to you under the tree and He knew what was in their hearts, so He sent down peace
on them and rewarded them with clear victory.” (48:18)
18. After this, the Quraish released Hazrat Usman RA.
19. Usman RA came back, accompanied by Makkan leader, Sohail bin Amr, to negotiate a peace
treaty with the Muslims.
20. Treaty of Hudaibiya was signed between the people of Madinah and the people of Makkah.
21. There were several stipulations in the Treaty of Hudaibiya.
22. Muslims thought that the stipulations were unfair for them, including Hazrat Umar RA.
23. The terms are as follows:
a. The Muslims will come to Makkah next year for Umrah and will stay for only 3 days.
b. They will go back to Madinah this year when they are signing the Treaty.
c. If any of the Muslims from Madinah went to Makkah, they will not be returned to Madinah.
But if anyone from Makkah went to Madinah, without seeking permission from their
leaders, the Muslims will return the person.
d. In 10 years’ time, Muslims will be allowed to visit Makkah and Taif; Makkans will be allowed
to visit Syria through route captured by the Muslims.
e. There will be no fight between Muslims and Makkans for 10 years.
f. The Muslims as well as unbelievers were allowed to join hands with any of the Arab tribe.
g. Both the Muslims and Makkans will not fight against each other’s allies.
24. Ali RA was chosen to write down the Treaty. When he wrote: “Muhammad the Prophet of Allah”,
Suhail objected and said only Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s full name was to be written.
25. The Muslims were not happy with the terms of the treaty. They became more furious when an
incident happened.
26. The incident was when Abu Jandal RA, converted to Islam, and without seeking permission, went
to Madinah. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬had to return him, unwillingly, since the Treaty had already been
signed. Abu Jandal RA, was killed by his own father, Sohail bin Amr.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
27. Sohail bin Amr was the one who made sure that Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬follows the requirements and
finalized the Treaty and convinced Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
28. Allah considered this event a victory for the Muslims; it’s called ‘Fateh-al-Mubeen’; by stating in
Quran’s Surah Fateh, “Surely we have granted you a manifest victory.” (48:1)
29. After the Treaty of Hudaibiya, Banu Bakr joined hands with the Quraish and, Banu Khuza formed
an alliance with the Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.

B. From the event of the Treaty of Hudaibiya being signed, what can Muslims learn about the
importance of keeping their word? [4]

Highlights:

1. The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬kept his word to the Quraish for the duration of the treaty.
2. Even before the treaty was finished being written, he sent Abu Jandal back to the Quraish, on
account of an agreement having been made verbally. This shows the importance of if promising
to do something, then fulfilling that action, even if it has not been put into record physically.
3. As all actions and agreements are recorded by angels, God knows what has been promised
and by fulfilling promises (small or big), God will reward you accordingly.
4. “And keep the covenant. Lo! Of the covenant it will be asked.” (17:34)
5. Consequently, people like e.g. politicians should not break promises they made during their
election campaigns, or people should not take back something that they have promised to give
a friend.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
A. Give an account of the Khyber Expedition. [10]
Highlights:
1. The Jewish tribe of Banu Nadir was furious after their defeat by the Muslims in the battle of Trench.
2. Banu Nadir were thrown out from Madinah and were banned.
3. They wanted to take their revenge from the Muslims.
4. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬had signed the Treaty of Hudaibiya with the people of Makkah.
5. Banu Nadir considered this treaty the weakness of Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
6. They were scheming against the Muslims to attack them.
7. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬raised an army of 1600 men in 7 AH/ 629 AD when he was informed about the
Jews' planning.
8. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬went to Khyber with his army where Jews had strong forts. He did this when he
heard the Jews had allied with the tribe, Banu Ghatafan.
9. When Jews heard the news, they went inside the fortresses and locked themselves up in them.
10. The Jews had an army of 20,000 men.
11. Qamus was the strongest fortress, out of all the 7 fortresses.
12. As Muslims reached closer, the enemy started throwing stones and showering arrows.
13. On the order of Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬, Muslims attacked the fortresses and captured all the fortresses
except Qamus. Na’im was the first fort to be conquered.
14. The Muslims encircled the fortresses for about 20 days.
15. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬wanted to end this war immediately.
16. Prophet ‫ﷺ‬-while chosing the next leader of the campaign towards Qamus said: “I will give the
banner to one who loves Allah and the Prophet, and whom Allah and the Prophet love” (Sahih
Muslim). He then sent Hazrat Ali RA to attack Qamus.
17. Hazrat Ali RA killed the Jews’ main soldier, named Marhab.
18. Hazrat Ali RA was given the title of ‘Lion of Allah’.
19. During this battle, Hazrat Ali RA single-handedly broke the door of Qamus and even used it as a
shield, though it was a very heavy one and required about 50 men to move.
20. At last the gardens of Khyber had been taken over by Muslims.
21. The Jews lost the battle and they asked the Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬to forgive them.
22. The Messenger of Allah ‫ ﷺ‬forgave them and allowed them to live there.
23. Treaty of Khyber was made with the Jews to send half of the year’s produce to the Muslims in
Madinah.
24. Ibn Umar narrates: "The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬made a deal with people of Khyber that they would have half
the fruits and vegetation of the land they cultivated."
25. Spoils of war fell into the hands of the Muslims. Besides vast stores of dates, oil, honey and barley,
flocks of sheep and herds of camels, treasure and jewels were in abundance as well.
26. This event is known as Khyber Expedition.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
B. Explain why it was important for the Muslims of Madinah to perform the Khyber Expedition. [4]

Highlights:

1. As peaceful settlements were not accepted, the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬had to carry out a military campaign
to prevent further disruptions for the Muslims from these people, as Muslims did not want to be
continually fighting in minor skirmishes.
2. Matter of survival and sustainability for the Muslim community.
3. Had they not fought, it could have led to insecurity as they would not have known when the
next assault would come from the Jews.
4. It was also important as God had promised them abundant spoils from this campaign. The Quran
says, "Allah has promised you abundant spoils which you shall acquire. He has instantly granted
you this (victory) and has restrained the hands of people from you that it may be a sign for the
believers and He may guide you to a Straight Way." (48:20)
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
A. Write a detailed note on the battle of Mu’tah. [10]

Highlights:
1. The battle of Mu’tah took place on 8 AH/629 AD
2. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬sent letters to different leaders in order to invite them to the religion of Islam.
3. One of the letters was sent to the leader of Basra through Al-Harith bin Umair Al-Azdi.
4. The governor of Al-Balqa, Sharhabeel bin Amr Al-Ghassani, who was also a close associate of
the Byzantine Emperor, Caesar, murdered Al-Harith.
5. This event astounded Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬and he ordered an army of 3000 men to fight with the
enemies and avenge the death of the envoy.
6. It was planned beforehand that Zayd bin Harith RA will lead the army and take care of the white
flag. In case of his absence, Jaffar bin Abi Talib RA will take the charge, and after him Abdullah
bin Rawaha RA will control the leadership.
7. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬instructed the army to offer the foes the message of Allah first, if they accept the
offer, then there would be no war. But if they refused, fighting was to take place.
8. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said, “Fight the disbelievers in the name of Allah, neither breach a covenant nor
entertain treachery, and under no circumstances a newborn, woman, an ageing man or a
hermit should be killed; moreover, neither trees should be cut down nor homes demolished.”
9. The army left after they had bade farewell and moved towards northern Syria.
10. On the other side, enemies managed to organise a huge army, with 100,000 troops led by
Heraclius and 100,000 men of Byzantine associates, including Lakham, Judham and Balqain.
11. This huge army struck the Muslim army and they discussed plans for the fighting of about 2 days.
12. This battle's name, Mu’tah is based on a city on the Syrian borders.
13. The battle was fought in Jumada Al-Ula 8 AH/September 629 AD.
14. The Muslims fought bravely.
15. Zayd Bin Harith RA fought courageously in the face of the enemies until he was badly injured by
stabbing.
16. Ja’far bin Abi Talib RA took over the charge and fought with extreme zeal and held the banner
of Islam, until his right hand was cut. After this, he held the banner in his left hand until it was cut
too. After this, he held the banner between his arms, until he was cut in half by a Byzantine
soldier.
17. Abdullah Bin Rawaha RA was then protecting the banner undauntedly, until he was martyred.
18. After the loss of three great leaders, Thabit bin Al-Arqam, an individual from Bani Ajlan took the
banner from Abdullah bin Rawaha RA and asked the Muslim army to choose a leader.
19. All of the army unanimously chose Khalid bin Waleed RA to lead because of his leadership and
strategizing skills.
20. Khalid bin Waleed RA faced the enemies fearlessly and it was reported that 9 swords were
broken because of his fierce fighting according to Bukhari. He was then titled “Saifullah” or
“Sword of Allah”, by Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
21. Khalid Bin Waleed RA on realizing that they might lose, altered the strategy.
22. He shuffled people fighting at left and right flanks and asked a few of them to fight in the
vanguard, which gave an impression to the enemies that more Muslim men had arrived at the
battlefield.
23. This strategy demotivated the Byzantines and they started backing off.
24. It gave Muslims the chance to return to Madinah with loss of only 12 men.
25. On the other hand, Byzantines lost numerous lives.
26. Muslims were not satisfied with this battle as they believed that they did not avenge Al-Harith
sufficiently.
27. This battle developed a reputation of Muslims of being brave on the battlefield.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
A. Describe the events of the Conquest of Makkah. [10]
Highlights:
1. In 630 AD, Banu Bakr shook hands with the Quraish and Banu Khuza with Prophet ‫ﷺ‬, after the
Treaty of Hudaibiya.
2. Two years after the Treaty, Banu Bakr attacked Banu Khuza.
3. During night, Quraish fought alongside Banu Bakr and provided weapons.
4. A few men of Banu Khuza were killed and the rest-numbering 40-sought refuge and protection
in Madinah with Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
5. Hazrat Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬intervened and gave 3 offers to Quraish and asked them to choose any
one of them.
6. The three offers were:
a. to pay money to the families of Banu Khuza for men they killed;
b. to end their alliance with Banu Bakr:
c. Terminate the Treaty of Hudaibiya.
7. Quraish chose the third option, to end the Treaty of Hudaibiya.
8. But later, Quraish realized that they didn’t have the capacity to fight with Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬, so
they sent Abu Sufyan to negotiate with him.
9. Abu Sufyan talked to his daughter Umm-Habiba, who was also Holy Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s wife but failed.
10. He then talked to Hazrat Abu Bakr RA, Hazrat Umar RA, Hazrat Usman RA as well as Hazrat Ali RA
but failed to convince any of them.
11. Lastly, Abu Sufyan announced in Holy Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s mosque that protection will be given to
everyone, but Messenger of Allah ‫ ﷺ‬refused to reinstate the Treaty.
12. Without informing Quraish, the Messenger of Allah ‫ﷺ‬prepared an army of 10,000 men, so that
Quraish do not enter into alliance with other tribes.
13. Holy Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s army left for Makkah on the 10th of Ramadan 8th AH/630 AD and they
encamped outside Makkah and astonished the Quraishi people.
14. The army lit up their fires which magnified their quantity and demotivated the Quraish.
15. Abu Sufyan went to spy but got caught and accepted Islam on the spot.
16. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬announced before entering Makkah, that no harm will be done to anyone who
stayed in their house, who stayed in the vicinity of Ka’aba, and in the house of Abu Sufyan.
17. Also, he ordered his army not to avoid using weapons against children, women and aged
people.
18. He said only to retaliate if there is any resistance or attack.
19. The army was divided in 4 groups to seize different parts of Makkah and one group was headed
by Khalid Bin Waleed RA.
20. The group of Khalid Bin Waleed RA was attacked with arrows.
21. 14 Quraish men died and 2 Muslim men were martyred.
22. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬performed Tawaf in Ka’aba and destroyed all 360 idols and purified the Ka’aba
along with Hazrat Ali RA.
23. He said, “And say the truth has come and falsehood has banished. Surely falsehood is bound to
parish.” (Al-Isra 17:81)
24. The Quraish waited to see what Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬would do next, but he said, “There is no God but
Allah alone. He has no partner. He has made good His promise. He has helped His servant and
He alone has put all allies to flight. Every claim of privilege, property or bloodline is abolished
the haughtiness of the Jahiliyyah and its veneration of ancestors. People all spring from Adam
and Adam came from dust.”
25. He also recited the following verse, “O mankind we have created you male and female, and
appointed you races and tribes that you may know another. Surely the noblest among you in
the sight of Allah is the most God-fearing of you. Allah is all knowing, All-Aware.”
26. Everyone amongst the Quraish was pardoned.
27. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬gathered all the Quraish near the mount of Safa and delivered a sermon in which
he included the Oneness of Allah, abolishment of ignored customs and Quraish way of living
and stressed on a man’s duty to Allah and other humans.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
28. He asked Quraish that, “O people of Quraish what you think I will do with you?” And they replied
that he would treat them well.
29. He further replied in the sermon, “I shall speak to you as Yusuf (Joseph) spoke to his brothers
there is no reproach against you today; God will forgive. He is the Most Merciful and the Most
Compassionate” (Yusuf 12:92), he also added, “no more responsibility burdens you today, go,
for you are free” (Ibn Ishaque).
30. He freed them all and majority of them embraced Islam.
31. Then, Hazrat Bilal RA delivered Azan from the Ka’aba.
32. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬set all the guidelines for the administration of Ka’aba and left for Madinah after
19 days and defined a boundary through pillars and abolished Quraish offices.
33. Many of the Makkans accepted Islam, including many of the former enemies, like, Hinda, Wahshi
and Ikrima bin Abu Jahl.
34. The Quran considered this event as the conquest of Makkah, in this verse: “When comes the
help of Allah and victory and see people entering the religion of Allah in throngs” (Al-Nasir 110:1-
2).

B. Can Muslims today learn from the Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s treatment of his former enemies? Give reasons for
your answer. [4]
Highlights:

1. State your opinion (Yes/No).

2. The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬forgave his worst enemies.
3. Muslims can learn not to hold grudges against even those who hurt them the most.
4. In Makkah everyone but those who killed Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s family members were forgiven.
5. Forgiveness is always a better option and Muslims shouldn't take revenge even if they have the
power to do so.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
A. Give a descriptive account of the battle of Hunain. [10]

Highlights:

1. The battle of Hunain took place in 8 AH/630 AD.

2. After the conquest of Makkah, all the emeies of Islam were surprised with the Muslims' triumph,
and wanted to take revenge.
3. The enemies of Islam were the ruling elite of Taif, Banu Nasr, Banu Jashm, Banu Thaqeef and Banu
Hawazin, Banu Saad bin Bakr and Banu Hilal and they all were shocked with Muslims’ victory.
4. The chief leader, Malik bin Auf, decided to take the revenge and he along with his partners
went to fight and stayed to the south east of Makkah.
5. The tribes of Banu Thaqeef and Banu Hawazin stayed in the valley of Hunain and placed their
archers at the pass of the valley so that they could attack Muslims as they passed from there.
6. On the other hand, Muslims, under the leadership of the Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬moved towards Hunain,
with 12,000 men, including 2000 Makkans who had recently accepted Islam.
7. The Muslims were so overconfident about their victory that some of them said, “We shall not be
defeated”.
8. This overconfidence was disliked by Allah, as a verse in the Quran states: “Truly Allah has given
you victory on many battle fields, and on the day of Hunain (battle), when you rejoice at your
great number, but it availed you the naught and the earth, vast as it is, was straightened for you,
then you turned back in fight. Then Allah can send down His Sakinah (calmness, tranquility, and
reassurance) on the Messenger (Muhammad), and on the believers and send down forces
(angels) which you saw not and punished the disbelievers. Such is the recompense of
disbelievers.” (Surah al Taubah 9:25-26)
9. Muslims moved forward to attack the hypocrites, but the enemies shot arrows at them from all
sides and the people from the tribe of Hawazin struck them from the front.
10. This attack from the hypocrites was not encountered well by the Muslims and they all dispersed.
11. Only few of the believers stood by Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
12. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬shouted at this moment, “Truly saying, I am the Prophet ‫ ;ﷺ‬I am the (grand) son
of Abdul-Muttalib.” (Al-Tabari)
13. These word motivated the Muslims and they jumped from their camels and horses to fight back
the enemies, and they chanted, “Labbaik! Labbaik!” which means ‘Here we are at your service,
here we are.’
14. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬took sand in his hand and said while throwing it on the hypocrites faces, “May
your faces be shameful”.
15. After this dust was on the enemies faces, they panicked and started dispersing leaving a huge
amount of money, women, children.
16. The booty included, 24,000 camels, 40,000 Uqias (ounces) of silver and 40,000 sheep.
17. After the panicking, 6000 men were taken as slaves and Banu Thaqeefa’s 70 men were killed.
18. These slaves and all the money procured was sent to Wadi al Jiranah.
19. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬along with other Muslims followed the enemies to the city of Taif.
20. The enemies along with Malik bin Auf, stayed there for about a month as Muslims surrounded
them.
21. The hypocrites attacked them with stones and arrows which injured the Muslims and 12 of them
were also martyred.
22. At this moment, Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬prayed to Allah, “O Allah! Give guidance to the tribe of Banu
Thaqeef and send them to me.” (Ibn-Qayyim, Zad al-Maad)
23. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬sent to Wadi al Jiranah all the booty and the 6000 prisoners of war.
24. After some time, some people from the tribe of Hawazain arrived and requested Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬
to return their money and people who were taken as slaves.
25. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬agreed for the slaves to be returned and asked their people to free them. The
Muslims did as he said.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
26. The tribe of Banu Thaqeef came to Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬later and adopted the message of Allah in
9th Hijri.
27. In this way, the prayer of Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬got accepted.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
A. Give a descriptive account of the Tabuk Expedition. [10]

Highlights:

1. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬was given a message in the 9th year of Hijra (360 AD), that the Roman Emperor
is preparing to attack the Muslims and they had reached the frontier.
2. The Roman King himself was leading the army.
3. On receiving this information, Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬commanded the Muslims to prepare for the war.
4. However, the Muslims were facing various structural problems, including the weather being
extremely hot, scarcity of food in Hijaz and shortage of water in Madinah.
5. It was the peak time for the dates to be plucked and fruits to be ripe, but the call for Jihad was
made.
6. The weapons to fight the war were also not adequate to defeat the enemies.
7. At this time, Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬asked people to help and contribute for the war.
8. On this announcement, Hazrat Abu Bakr RA donated everything he owned.
9. Hazrat Usman RA donated 900 equipped camels, 100 horses and 10,000 gold coins, to bring the
total number of animals to 1000. Hazrat Usman RA financed 2/3 of the Expedition.
10. Hazrat Umar RA contributed half of his assets including cash and cattle.
11. Muslim women also gave their jewellery.
12. Many hypocrites made excuses to help with the donations, stating they were fearful of the
enemy and the heat. They also spread discontentment and fear of the enemy amongst the rest
of the Muslims as well.
13. "Those who were left behind rejoiced in staying behind the Messenger of Allah and were against
struggling with their possessions and their selves in the way of Allah. They said go not forth in the
heat, say the fire of hell is hotter, did they but understand"(9:81).
14. Hazrat Ali RA was appointed Prophet ‫'ﷺ‬s deputy in Madinah but he did not like staying back so
he came to the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬, when he was leaving for Tabuk and told him of his dissatisfaction.
15. Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬replied: "Are you not satisfied to be to me like Harun to Musa except that there shall
be no Prophet after me?"
16. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬went to Tabuk from Madinah with an army of 30,000 men and stayed there.
17. The journey was extremely hard because of shortage of food and water.
18. The Muslims were, however, very motivated to fight the enemies.
19. The Muslims camped at Tabuk for 20 days.
20. Many tribes visited Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬to accept the message of Allah (like the northern tribes of
Bedouins).
21. Many deputations made alliances with the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬, e.g. the monks from St. Ctherine, in the
valley of Sinai, entered into a treaty with the Muslims.
22. Dauma-tul-Jandal, a strategic post between Medina and Syria, was acquired as new territory.
23. After 20 days, Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬along with Muslims went back to Madinah.
24. Many people, mainly the hypocrites, justified for not helping with invalid reasons.
25. Only 3 true believers were excused by Allah, but others were executed.
26. The hypocrites even conspired to kill the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬on his way back.
27. They planned to unsettle Prophet ‫' ﷺ‬s animal so he would fall down a ravine, from the hill he
would be passing by, and be killed.
28. Abu Qatadah and Huzaifa bin Yaman took note and helped his animal away from the edge.
Hazrat Huzaifa timely saw these people with their faces covered and when he was going near
them they fled in fear of being recognized.
29. "They swear by Allah that they said nothing (evil) but indeed they uttered disrespect and they
did it after accepting Islam and they meditated a plot which they were unable to carry
out."(9:74)
30. This was the last expedition of Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
B. The battle of Tabuk became a mission of peace instead of war. What can Muslims learn from
this? [4]

Highlights:

1. The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬had set off to fight the Byzantines but when they didn't show up, the war did not
take place.
2. The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬made treaties with people along the border. Some lessons Muslims can learn
could be that:
a. Muslims should favour peace over war;
b. Muslims should fight only in defense just as the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬did, preferring to make peace with
those in neighbouring regions;
c. Showing unity could help eradicate the need to fight.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
A. Write an account on the events of the last year of Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s life. [10]
Highlights:
1. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬decided to perform pilgrimage in the last year of his life.
2. People of Arabia gathered around him on knowing his decision.
3. On 25th Dhul Qadah 10 AH, he left for Makkah with 124,000 people.
4. He read Talbiyah, “At your service O Allah! At your service praise and blessings are yours and
the kingdom. You have no partner. At your service.”
5. After 9 days, Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬with other Muslims reached Makkah on 4th Dhul Hajj.
6. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬did Tawaf of the Ka’aba and Sa’i between Safa and Marwa.
7. He went to Mina on 8th Dhul Hajj and on 9th Dhul Hajj, he reached Arafat (Mount of Mercy/ Jabal-
al-Rahma).
8. On Friday, he delivered the Farewell sermon (mentioning his impending death and the essence
of all his preachings).
9. He also told people to let other people know about the teachings in this sermon, who were not
present: “Let him who is present tell it to him who is absent.”
10. The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said, “O people! Just as you regard this day, this month, this city as sacred, do
regard the life property and honor of every Muslim as a sacred trust.”
11. The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬also said, “Beware of Satan for the safety of your religion. He has lost all hope in
leading you astray in big things, so beware of him in small things.”
12. In the sermon, he talked about rights of Allah, and Five Pillars of Islam: “Behold, worship your
Lord; after praying five times a day; observe fast in the month of Ramadan; pay Zakat on your
property; and perform pilgrimage to the house of Allah.”
13. He also talked about equality, “O people, you are all sons of Adam, therefore no Arab has any
superiority over any non-Arab, and no non-Arab over any Arab. No white has any superiority
over any black nor any black over a white.”
14. Riba was also condemned during the sermon.
15. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬also talked about women, “O people, your wives have some rights over you. Do
be kind to them as they are your partners and committed helpers. It is true that you too have
some rights over them. Verily you have taken them on the security of Allah and made them
lawful to you by the words of Allah.”
16. He also said about behavior with the slaves, “O people, treat your slaves with kindness, clothe
them as you clothe yourself and feed them as you feed yourself. If they commit a fault that you
are unwilling to forgive, then sell them.”
17. He also stressed on the unity of the Muslim Ummah: “Learn that every Muslim is a brother to every
Muslim and that the Muslims constitute one brotherhood.”
18. He talked about his duty of being the Last Messenger, the Sunnah and Quran, as he said, “O
people, I leave behind me two examples, the Quran and my example, the Sunnah. If you adhere
to them, you will never go astray.”
19. Then Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬indicated towards the completion of his duty and finality of Prophethood, "O
people! No prophet or apostle will come after me and no new faith will be born. Reason well,
therefore, O people! Understand my words, I convey to you."
20. Then he looked at the sky, asking Allah to be witness to the fact that he had completed his
mission.
21. Surah Maidah’s last verses were revealed to the Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬while he was in Arafat: “This day
have I perfected your religion for you and completed My favour unto you and chosen for you
Islam as your religion.”
22. Then, Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬returned to Madinah after the end of pilgrimage.
23. Administrative measurements taken in Madinah: officers appointed for Zakat collection,
organization of provincial and tribal communities.
24. He made Uthman bin Zayd RA, the leader of Muslim army to take revenge of his father’s death
by going to Syria.
25. He systemized provinces and received deputations, either for conversion to Islam or alliances.
26. This year came to be known as the Year of Deputations/Aam-ul-Wafood.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
27. He fell ill, after 2 months and remained ill for 2 weeks.
28. He reviewed Quran with Hazrat Jibrael AS twice and invited Fatimah RA, and her sons, Hassan
RA, and Hussain RA.
29. He asked all his wives for consent and went to Hazrat Aisha RA’s house on the 5th day of his illness.
30. Hazrat Abu Bakr RA was appointed to lead the prayers.
31. Hazrat Fatimah RA and Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s grandsons were called and he told Fatimah RA that she
would be the first to join him in paradise after his death.
32. One day, Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬went to the mosque with the help of people and joined the prayer
behind Hazrat Abu Bakr RA.
33. Hazrat Abu Bakr RA was about to let the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬take lead, but he was stopped by Holy
Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬and Abu Bakr RA continued as the Imam.
34. After the prayer, Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said, “Allah gave one of his servants the option of a life on this
earth or a life with Him and this servant accepted the latter.”
35. Hazrat Abu Bakr RA understood this saying and started crying.
36. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬also said regarding rights of Ansars: “I admonish you to be good to al-Ansar (the
Helpers). They are my family and with them I found shelter.”
37. He warned the belivers not to worship his grave.
38. He told Aisha RA to distribute all his money among the needy.
39. "His last act was cleanings of his mouth with a brush made of a soft branch of a tree (Miswak)
and his last words were, ‘now, none but he the companions on high is needed.’” narrated Aisha
RA.
40. He died in Hazrat Aisha RA’s lap on Monday, 8th June, 12th Rabi al Awal, 632 AD, 11 AH.
41. He was washed and lowered into the grave by Ali bin Abu Talib RA and Abbas bin Abdul
Muttalib RA, in the apartment of Hazrat Aisha RA.
42. His funeral prayer was performed individually.
43. His death upset a lot of Muslims and his companions.
44. Reaction of companions, Hazrat Umar RA drew his sword and declared he would kill anyone
who said the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬had died.
45. Hazrat Abu Bakr RA came out & said, "O People! Lo as for him who worshipped Mohammad,
Muhammad is died but as for him who worshiped Allah, Allah is alive and dies not.” Then he
recited the following words of Quran, "Muhammad is no more than an apostle…. Many were the
apostle that passed away before him. If he died or were slain will you then turn back on your
heels?" (3:144)
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
B. The Farewell Sermon delivered by the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬contains teachings for Muslims of all times.
Explain how two of these teachings can be applied today. [4]
Highlights:
1. The last sermon is considered a summary of the main elements of faith
2. it included:
a. Five Pillars;
b. equality of humankind;
c. ethics and morality.
3. can be applied to modern day issues such as:
a. racism;
b. inequality of women;
c. financial structures (dealing in interest);
d. adultery;
e. responsibility of action (particularly in crimes);
f. treating other Muslims as brothers;
g. treating slaves/servants well;
h. worshipping God.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
A. Write about the Prophet Muhammad ‫’ﷺ‬s interaction with non-Muslims (Jews and hypocrites) in
Madinah. [10]

Highlights:
1. In 622 AD, when Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬came to Madinah, he treated all the citizens of the city with
equality.
2. He established Muwakhat or brotherhood, between the Muhajirin and the Ansars.
3. Due to the brotherhood pact, the enmity between the Aus and Khazraj tribes of Madinah was
also eradicated.
4. He signed a deal with 3 Jewish tribes called the, Charter of Madinah, after the construction of
Masjid-e-Nabwi.
5. In this deal, certain rules and regulations were assigned and benefits to the parties were also
decided.
6. The agreement included that:
a. Allah’s law would be the law of land but everyone would be allowed to exercise their own
religious practices;
b. 2nd point in the deal was that Madinah is a city of both Jews and Muslims, and both were to
protect it;
c. 3rd point in the deal was that both the parties will not fight against each other and will be
partners against their common foes;
d. 4th point was that both parties will fight for the city of Madinah if it is attacked, and Holy
Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬would take all the final decisions regarding fights.
7. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬had some dealings with them, he used to lend them money as well take money
from them if needed.
8. There was one incident in which a Jew grabbed Holy Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s collar and asked for the money
Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬had taken from him.
9. This incident made Hazrat Umar RA angry, and he rebuked him. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬stopped Hazrat
Umar RA and offered to repay the Jew his money.
10. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬also offered to pay more money as a compensation, because Hazrat Umar RA
had reprimanded him.
11. The Jews were not loyal to this agreement and they made fun of Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬for the
revelations and did not believe in his Prophethood.
12. They mocked Muslims when the Qibla was changed.
13. There were certain events that kept Muslims and Jews from sustaining an amiable relation with
one another.
14. One of the incident was when a man from Banu Qainuqa tribe publicly disgraced a Muslim
woman, by pinning her skirt to a tree.
15. A Muslim man killed him, and people of Banu Qainuqa murdered that Muslim.
16. On getting news about this event, Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬surrounded their fortress for about 15 days.
17. After the siege, the tribe of Banu Qainuqa was exiled from Madinah in 624 AD.
18. Another event occurred, which in 626 AD, which further deteriorated the relation between
Muslims and the Jews.
19. In 626 AD, Banu Nadir tribe was also exiled from Madinah, after they attempted to kill Holy
Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬by throwing a huge mill stone over him when he went to collect some blood money
in accordance with the Charter.
20. The Banu Nadir tribe left-carrying everything they could-after the encirclement of their residence
for a period of 14 days. They were asked to leave within 10 days.
21. In the end, another event happened which worsened their relationship even more in 627 AD.
22. Banu Quraiza tribe broke the agreement of Madinah covenant and joined hands with the
Quraish against Muslims. They betrayed Muslims in the battle of Trench.
23. Muslims surrounded their fortress for about 25 days.
24. As a penalty given by Saad bin Mu’az-according to their religious scripture, Torah-about 600-
700 men of the tribe were executed. Their wives and children were taken as slaves.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
25. There was a verse which explained this event in Quran, it states, “And those of the People of the
Book who aided them – Allah did take them down from their strongholds and cast terror into their
hearts, (so that) some you slew, and some you made prisoners. And He made you heirs of their
lands, their houses and their goods----” (33:26-27)
26. There were some citizens of Madinah, who were not Jews, but were hypocrites as they did not
truly believe the message of Allah.
27. There was a verse in Quran about hypocrites, which stated, “when it is said to them, come to
what Allah has revealed and the Messenger, you see that the hypocrites avert their faces from
you disgust.” (4:61)
28. Abdullah bin Ubbay was the chief of the hypocrites.
29. They withdrew with 300 men in battle of Uhad, complaining that the Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬did not listen
to their advice of fighting the battle from inside the city.
30. They gave inside information of the Muslims, to the Makkans.
31. They also fled from their positions in the battle of Trench, giving an excuse that their houses and
families were not safe and were exposed to danger.
32. They did not provide any financial support to the Muslims in the Tabuk Expedition in 631 AD.
33. Many hypocrites converted to the religion of Islam, after the death of Abdullah bin Ubbay in 631
AD, as the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬prayed his funeral despite knowing he was a hypocrite.
34. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬also sent letters to different kings to enter into Islam.
35. The Christians from Najran visited and they signed a peace treaty.
36. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬also allowed them to offer their own prayer in the mosque.
37. Just before leaving Tabuk Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬also signed a treaty with the monks of St. Catherine in the
valley of Sinai. The following were its terms:
a. The Muslims would protect the churches and monasteries of the Christians. They would not
demolish any church property to build mosques or houses for Muslims.
b. All ecclesiastical property (of the Christians) would be exempt from every tax.
c. No ecclesiastical authority (priest, pastor etc.) would ever be forced by the Muslims to
abandon his post.
d. No Christian would ever be forced by the Muslims to become a convert to Islam.
e. If a Christian woman marries a Muslim, she would have full freedom to follow her own religion.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Q. Write about Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬as a role model of excellence. [10]
Highlights:
1. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬had plenty of excellent qualities, including forgiveness, humility, trustworthiness,
justice and fairness, generosity and patience.
2. An excellent model for the Muslims to follow in all walks of life.
3. He possessed ideal character and conduct. Allah testified to his character. "And you stand on
an exalted standard of character” (68:4)
4. “You have indeed in the Apostle of Allah a beautiful pattern of conduct." (33:21)
5. "He who obeys the messenger obeys Allah" (4:80)
6. The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬manners were ideal, "Allah sent me to complete the excellent virtues and to
perfect the good manners.”
7. Aisha RA was asked about the habits of Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬she replied, "His habits were in accordance
with teachings of Quran."
8. Muslims should take the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬as a model for themselves in every sphere of life and should
mold their character and personality according to it.
Forgiveness:
9. The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said, “Allah does not show mercy to those who do not show mercy to others.”
10. He always showed mercy to other people.
11. In one incident, he started crying when he heard from a man that he put his (the man) daughter
into the ground even after her, crying and shouting “father, father.”
12. Once he said, “Even children of non-Muslims are better than you.” He said to people who
murdered the enemy’s children when they came to fight in a battle.
13. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬also forgave the people of Taif after they tormented him harshly when he went
to invite them to Islam.
14. The city leaders, Masud, Habib and Abd Ya Lail directed the slaves to hurt the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬and
this filled his shoes with blood.
15. In a garden, Angel Jibrael AS came with the angel in charge of the mountains and said to
Prophet ‫ﷺ‬, “If you would like, I will crush these people between these mountains.”
16. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬answered, “No, but I hope Allah will create from their seed those who will worship
none but Allah the One.” And he further prayed: “O Allah forgive them and guide them, for they
know me not”.
17. The non-believers in Makkah also brutally tormented Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬, but he forgave them and
showed mercy during the conquest of Makkah.
18. He asked them, “O sons of Quraish what do you think I will do to you.”
19. They answered, “You are a noble brother and a son of a noble brother.”
20. He announced a general amnesty and said, “I will speak to you as Yousaf spoke to his people.
Go you are free. No blame on you be this day.”
21. He even forgave Hinda and Wahshi who killed his uncle in the battle of Uhad.
22. Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬also prayed the funeral of Abdullah bin Ubbay despite many of his companions, telling
him not to do so and Allah saying that he would not forgive Abdullah.
23. During the Taif siege, his companions came to him and said, “O apostle of Allah. Thuqaif’s arrows
have scorched us. So, supplicate Allah to punish them.”
24. Instead of cursing them, he prayed for the Banu Thuqaif tribe, “O Allah! Give guidance to Thuqaif
and send them to me.”
25. Quran mentions about his mercy: “Hold to forgiveness; command what is right” (7:199).
Humility and Simplicity:
26. He had a very humble and modest personality.
27. He said during pilgrimage: “O Allah make this pilgrimage, a pilgrimage without pretence and
fame”.
28. He used to eat simple food and his clothes used to have patches.
29. He fought along with his people in all the battles.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
30. He took part in the digging of the trench in battle of Trench, in construction of Masjid-e-Nabwi,
and also went to collect wooden sticks for camping during the wars.
31. He always considered all the people equal to him.
32. He insisted them not to stand up in his presence, as he said, “Do not stand up for me as the
foreigners do to show respect.”
33. He used to do all his work by his own bare hands, Hazrat Aisha RA (his wife) narrates: “The Prophet
‫ ﷺ‬of Allah used to sew his garment, patch his sandals and conduct himself at home as any of
you does. He was a human being, searching his garments for lice, milking his sheep and doing
his own chores.”
34. He also said: “Do not praise (worship) me as the Christians praised the son of Mary, I am a servant
of God, call me a servant and messenger of God.”
35. As he entered Makkah, during its Conquest, he had his head down in humility, so much so that
his beard touched the animal he rode.
Honesty and Trustworthiness:
36. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬was always a person who never broke people’s trust and was always honest with
them.
37. He was given the title of Sadiq for his honesty, and Ameen for his trustworthiness.
38. This quality of Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬was liked by Hazrat Khadijah RA and she offered him to marry her.
39. Her slave, Maisara, told her about his character and how he told his customers about the faulty
grains and sold them at low price.
40. Once, there was a dispute in 605 AD among the tribes of Makkah regarding the decision of who
would have the honour to place the Black Stone when Ka’aba was constructed again.
41. An old man said that the decision will be taken by the person who will enter the Ka’aba next
day first, it happened to be Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬and people accepted Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬as an arbitrator
because of his trustworthiness.
42. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬placed the stone on a white sheet and asked various tribes’ chiefs to hold the
sheet from corners and he placed the stone in its place with his own hands, once it had been
raised by the tribal chiefs.
43. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬also kept his word in the Treaty of Hudaibiya and sent back all Makkans who had
come to Madinah without seeking consent to leave.
44. He even sent back Abu Jandal-even though the Treaty hadn’t been recorded in writing at that
time.
45. People used to trust him with their belongings, for safe-keeping.
46. In 627 AD, when Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬was travelling to Madinah to save his life from the Makkans who
were plotting his assassination, he gave all the belongings of the people to Ali RA to return them
before he left for Madinah too.
47. In one event, Abu Lahab-a bitter enemy of his-said, “Muhammad I do not say you are a liar but
what you say, I do not think right.”
48. In another incident, he asked the people to gather on the hill of Safa and asked them, “O
people, if I tell you that an army is standing on the other side of this hill, would you believe me.”
49. People replied, “Yes, because we have never heard you tell a lie.”
50. Even Abu Sufyan (while he was still an enemy of the Messenger of Allah ‫)ﷺ‬, testified in front of
Heraclius that Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬never told lies or broke promises.
Justice, Fairness and Equality:
51. He was always just and fair in all his decisions.
52. According to the Charter of Madinah, his decision was the final one which needed to be
followed.
53. Equal treatment of prisoners of Badr, even his own uncle, cousin & son-in-law (who were also
amongst prisoners of war).
54. In one incident, a woman named Fatima, from the reputable tribe of Banu Makhzoom, stole
something. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬decided and ordered her hands to be cut off.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
55. Usama bin Zayd RA interrupted and requested to pardon her as she belonged to Holy Prophet
‫’ﷺ‬s own tribe.
56. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬refused and said, “The people before you were destroyed because they used to
inflict the legal punishment on the poor and forgive the rich. By Him Whose Hand my soul is, if
my daughter, Fatimah did this, I would have cut off her hand.”
57. He took part in the digging of the trench in battle of Trench, in construction of Masjid-e-Nabwi,
and also went to collect wooden sticks for camping during the wars.
58. Equal treatment of Muslims and non-Muslims.
59. There was a set up between Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬and the Jews, in which he sometimes borrowed
money when in need.
60. Once a Jew came to the mosque and shook Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬by his collar and asked for his
money before the date of repayment came.
61. Hazrat Umar RA on witnessing this, got angry and shouted at him.
62. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬stopped him and offered to pay the Jew the borrowed money and as well as
an extra amount due to Hazrat Umar RA, scolding him.
63. In another event, Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬pardoned a Jew for murder when there was no witness of the
crime.
64. The victim’s Muslim family came for justice, Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬asked them, “If you swear as to who
committed the murder you shall be able to take your right from them.”
65. They answered, “How can we swear when we did not witness the murder.”
66. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬was aware that Jews killed the Muslim but because of no witness, he paid money
to Muslim family from state treasury, but had to pardon the Jew.
Generosity:
67. He was always a generous and open-handed person.
68. He used to give a lot in charity especially during Ramadan.
69. He once received 70,000 Dirhams but distributed it all amongst the poor. He never turned
anyone away empty-handed.
70. He always distributed his money recovered from expeditions to the poor and needy people.
71. Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬once donated goats to a needy person, from the spoils of war. The goats were so
many that they could occupy an entire valley.
72. He never saved money for himself.
73. He said: “I would not like to have gold equal to this mountain of Uhad, unless nothing of it, not
even a single Dinar of it remains with me for more than three days, except something which I will
keep for repaying debts.”
74. He would borrow money from his friends and give to the poor people if they came to ask for
help and Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬did not have any money to help.
75. Once a Jew came to Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬asking for repayment of the money he had lent to him, though
the due date hadn’t yet been surpassed. He misbehaved and even held Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬from the
collar. But Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬gave him not only the amount he borrowed but extra money too!
76. Before his death, he gave all his money away in the charity.
77. There was an event in which a Bedouin man came for help as he was hungry, Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬
initially gave him milk of one goat but later gave him milk of 7 goats in order to fulfill his hunger.
78. Once Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬ate nothing on one night, because he gave his only sack of flour to the
person who needed it for himself and his family.
79. He wasn’t only generous with material possessions but also with his supplications. He even
prayed for his enemies.
Patience and Perseverance:
80. He was always patient and continued spreading the message of Allah after the brutal torture
by the people of Makkah and Quraish.
81. He was rumoured to be a powerful magician, in order to prevent people from believing him and
accepting his religion.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
82. The enemies spread false accusations that he could separate man and his wife, father and his
son and a man from his tribe by using his magic.
83. Abu Lahab used to call him Abtar because he had no sons after his son, Abdullah, died.
84. Abu Lahab’s wife, Umm-e-Jameel used to throw tied brambles on his way to torture him.
85. Abu Lahab directed both his sons, Utba and Utaiba, to divorce Holy Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s daughters,
Ruqayya RA and Umm-e-Kulsoom RA respectively.
86. Uqba bin Muayt placed camel intestines on his back as he prostrated.
87. A woman regularly used to throw rubbish in his path, but when she got sick Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬cared for
her instead of avenging.
88. He, despite all the mental and physical torture, continued spreading the religion of Islam.
89. Once people of Quraish asked Abu Talib to hand him over to them, and Abu Talib asked Holy
Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
90. After listening to his reply and passion, Abu Talib never stopped him as Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said, “O
uncle, even if they place the sun on my right hand and the moon on my left, I will not renounce
my mission unless Allah fulfills my mission or kills me in the process.”
91. After Abu Talib died, the protection by his clan ended, which increased the difficulties for the
Prophet ‫ﷺ‬, but he persevered.
92. He rejected the alluring bribes that the Quraish offered him and even endured the 3-year
boycott of Banu Hashim.
93. Waited until God commanded him to migrate, in spite of the heightening persecutions.
94. He used to invite people to Islam when they came to, Aqabah, in Makkah from Yathrib, for
pilgrimage.
95. The people of Taif stoned the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬till his blood filled his footwear, but he prayed for them:
“O Allah forgive them and guide them, for they know me not”.
96. He was also patient during the pauses between each revelation.
97. Companions asked to curse enemy during battle of Uhad, but he said: "I have not been sent to
lay a curse upon men but to be a blessing to them”.
98. In battle of Hanain he prayed for his opponents, "O Allah! Give guidance to the tribe of Banu
Thaqeef and send them to me.”
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
First Islamic Community
Wives
Hazrat Khadijah RA
Highlights:
1. Hazrat Khadijah RA was the daughter of a wealthy merchant, Khuwalid Ibn Assad.
2. She belonged to Quraish.
3. Her father died, after leaving behind a great fortune for her.
4. She was married twice in the past and both husbands had died.
5. She bore 3 children from the previous marriage, Hinda, Harith, and Hind.
6. She took over her father’s business after his death and used to trade with other countries.
7. Previously, she rejected many marriage proposals.
8. In one of the trading trips to Syria, someone recommended Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬because of his
truthfulness and trustworthiness, to Hazrat Khadijah RA, as her salesman for the trip.
9. Holy Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s trip to Syria in 595 AD generated a lot of profits, which impressed Hazrat
Khadijah RA.
10. Hazrat Khadijah RA’s servant Maisara also told her about his honesty.
11. Hazrat Khadijah RA was so overwhelmed by this information, that she sent an offer of marriage
to Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬, through her friend, Nafeesa.
12. After talking to his uncle, Abu Talib, Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬accepted the offer.
13. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬was 25 years old and Hazrat Khadijah was 40 years old at the time of their
marriage (595 AD).
14. They had 2 sons who died as newborns and 4 daughters.
15. Their elder son was Qasim RA. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬was, therefore, called ‘Abu Qasim’.
16. Younger son was Abdullah RA and was called as ‘Al-Tahir’ and ‘Al-Tayyab’.
17. Daughters were Zainab RA, Ruqqaya RA, Kulthoom RA, and Fatimah RA.
18. Hazrat Khadijah RA gave all her money to Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬which terminated his financial
dilemmas, as Quran stated, “And He found you in need and He made you independent.” (93:8)
19. Hazrat Khadijah RA was one of the most caring wives of the Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬as she stood by his
side when no one else was there for him.
20. She faced criticism but she never abandoned him.
21. She was the first who comforted him, when Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬came home, terrified after he
received the first revelations. She said that his good work towards other human beings would
not go in vain.
22. Her consoling speech to the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬, “There is no reason for you to feel any fear or worry do
not feel sad God will not embarrass a servant like you, you always speak the truth, performed
duties given to you and safeguard that has been entrusted to you. You interact closely with your
relatives, you help the poor, you open your doors to strangers and entertain them as guests, you
help the community during disasters and tribulations. By God I hope that you are this
community’s Prophet.”.
23. Waraqa-bin-Naufil, Hazrat Khadijah RA’s cousin also told him that he is the Messenger of Allah
‫ ﷺ‬now, which was of great aid to the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬at such a time of stress and anxiety.
24. Hazrat Khadijah RA was always present with him.
25. She faced an enormous amount of backlash during the early days of Prophethood.
26. She was the first person to accept Islam.
27. She died in the 10th year of Prophethood, owing to this that year was called, the ‘Year of Grief’.
28. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬once said, “The noblest woman of the world are Maryam and Khadijah.”
29. Hala, Hazrat Khadijah RA’s sister once came to meet Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬when he was with Aisha
RA, and Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬recognized her from her voice and said, “this must be Hala; her voice is
just like that of Khadijah.”
30. Aisha RA replied, “How is it that you always think of the old woman, who is no more living, when
Allah has given you much better wives.”
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
31. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said, “Never better.” “She was the wife who believed in me when others rejected
me. When people refused to believe me, she affirmed my truthfulness. When I stood forsaken,
she spent her wealth to lighten a burden of my sorrow.”
32. She is referred to, by Muslims, as the "Mother of the Believers".

B. Taking two aspects of their relationship, explain how the marriage of the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬and Khadijah
RA sets a good example for Muslim marriages today. [4]
Highlights:
1. They had love and respect for each other that people could learn from today; she had her own
business which the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬never stopped her from.
2. She supported the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬through all his difficulties. Following their example, Muslim couples
today should support each other in times of difficulty and distress.
3. She reassured her husband when he told her about the revelation and never stopped believing
that he was telling the truth because she knew his character.
4. In times of difficulty, spouses should be patient with each other and try to reassure their partners.
Answer:
Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬and Hazrat Khadijah RA's relationship was that of love and understanding,
which is an inspiration for all. Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬also did not object to Hazrat Khadijah RA conducting her
business. In turn, Hazrat Khadijah RA supported her husband throughout the difficulties that hindered
the course of his life. This teaches couples today to stand with each other even during hardships
and times of distress. She consoled him when Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬received the first revelation and was anxious
and fearful. Khadijah RA accepted Islam there and then, and never stopped believing in the
honesty of Prophet ‫ﷺ‬. This acts as an example for spouses to prop up each other when disheartened
because that is the true essence of marriage as shown by Khadijah RA and Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Hazrat Saudah RA

Highlights:
1. The Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬was heartbroken after the death of his first wife, Hazrat Khadijah RA.
2. Hazrat Khaulah bint Hakimra RA–the wife of Hazrat Uthman bin Maz’un RA commented, “O
Messenger of Allah! You have become so lonely and saddened after Hazrat Khadijah’s RA
demise,” the Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬responded, “Of course – after all, she was the mother of my children
and supervisor of the house”.
3. Hazrat Saudah RA’s father, Zama’ah bin Qais, was from a branch of the Quraish clan.
4. Her mother was Shammus bint Qais, and belonged to the tribe of Banu Najjar in Madinah.
5. Hazrat Sukran bin ‘Amoro Al-Qarshira’ RA was Hazrat Saudah RA’s cousin and husband and he
passed away during migration to Abyssinia (2nd group).
6. Hazrat Khaulah bint Hakimra, first suggested the Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬to marry Hazrat Saudah RA due
to the forlorn environment at Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s home.
7. At the request of the Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬, Hazrat Khaulah bint Hakimra, she approached Hazrat
Saudah RA who said, “I have believed in the Messenger of Allah ‫ﷺ‬and I am within his Bai’at;
what could be a greater privilege for me than this marriage proposal?”
8. Following which Hazrat Khaulah bint Hakimra RA, sought the permission of Hazrat Saudah RA’s
father, who said “What could be a better and more honorable marriage proposal for Saudah
than this?”
9. Re-married when 50 years old, 1 month after the death of Khadijah RA.
10. The Messenger of Allah ‫ ﷺ‬fixed her jointure at 400 Dinars.
11. In his last illness, the Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said, “Among the pure wives of the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬, the first wife to
meet me there will be the one with the longest hands.” After hearing this, the Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s wives
began measuring their hands to check who was most fortunate enough to have the longest
hands and thus be the first to reach her beloved! Hazrat Saudah RA, who was also tall, turned
out to have the longest hands.
12. Hazrat Saudah RA thus enjoyed the distinction of becoming the first wife of the Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬
following the demise of Hazrat Khadijah RA.
13. Hazrat Saudah RA narrates: “Long before marrying the Holy Prophet ‫( ﷺ‬saw), I saw in a dream
that the Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬had come and placed his feet upon my neck. I related this dream to my
husband. He remarked, ‘If this dream is true then after my death, you shall tie the knot with the
Holy Prophet ‫”ﷺ‬.
14. She was the one who accompanied Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s daughters, Umme Kulsoom RA and Fatimah RA
to Madinah (622 AD).
15. The first house to be built in Madinah was hers as she was the only wife of Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬at that time.
16. Saudah RA gave a portion of time that was allotted to her by the Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬, to Aisha RA.
17. She was very generous, spent a lot in the way of Allah.
18. Due to Hazrat Saudah RA’s endearing simplicity and straightforwardness, she would at times
unintentionally amuse the Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬. E.g. when she found out about the appearance of
Dajjal she became so scared that she hid under the bedding.
19. During the Farewell Hajj Prophet ‫ﷺ‬, asked his wives not to leave their houses after his death.
20. Saudah RA followed this and didn’t even leave for Hajj or Umrah.
21. In his last illness, the Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said, “Among the pure wives of the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬, the first wife to
meet me there will be the one with the longest hands.”
22. Hazrat Saudah RA, who was also tall, turned out to have the longest hands. She said, “This good
fortune will fall to my lot first and I will be the first to be reunited with my beloved.”
23. Died in 22 AH.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
24. Buried in Jannat-ul-Baqi.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Hazrat Aisha RA
Highlights:
1. Hazrat Aisha RA was the daughter of Hazrat Abu Bakr RA.
2. She knew Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬all her life.
3. As most of the sources say, she married Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬when she was 9 years old, but she did
not live with him until she reached maturity.
4. She was the 3rd wife of Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬and the dearest one.
5. Holy Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s marriage to her, strengthened his ties with Hazrat Abu Bakr RA.
6. Hazrat Aisha RA started living with him in Madinah in 2 AH/ 624 AD.
7. She gave water to and nursed the wounded at the battle of Uhad.
8. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬was always attracted to her because of her energetic and vibrant presence.
9. She was always considered as his main wife, even though she was the 3rd.
10. There was one event which demeaned the Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬, because of her.
11. In this event, she went to an expedition with Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬and got lost.
12. She was waiting for help sitting on a desert when a companion of the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬came and took
her back to Madinah.
13. There were rumours and gossiping about this event, and questions were raised against the
character of Hazrat Aisha RA.
14. The leader of Hypocrites, Abdullah bin Ubbay spread false news and made this a huge issue, as
big as adultery.
15. Though, these were nothing but false accusations against Hazrat Aisha RA.
16. There was a revelation that also came in favour of her innocence, which states, "Indeed, those
who came up with that outrageous slander are a group of you. Do not think this is bad for you.
Rather, it is good for you. They will be punished, each according to their share of the sin. As for
their mastermind, he will suffer a tremendous punishment.” (24:11-19)
17. These verses manifested Allah’s disapproval towards the erroneous allegations levelled against
Aisha RA.
18. The verses of Tayammum were also revealed because Aisha RA lost a piece of jewellery and
Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬and the Sahaba started looking for it.
19. This was a place where water was scarce and time for the Salah was about to end.
20. Allah revealed: "But if you are ill, on a journey, or have relieved yourselves, or been intimate with
your wives and cannot find water, then purify yourselves with clean earth, wiping your faces and
hands. And Allah is Ever-Pardoning. All-Forgiving." (4:45)
21. Holy Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s love for her continued till his last breath.
22. He spent his last days in her apartment where she took care of him.
23. He was buried in Hazrat Aisha RA’s apartment.
24. Hazrat Aisha RA became a widow at the age of 18.
25. One of the most learned wives of the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
26. Memorised the Qur’an during Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s lifetime.
27. She was asked by many leaders for her opinion on religious matters.
28. She was known for her beauty and knowledge of Arabic poetry.
29. She reported a total of 2210 Ahadith.
30. In Ahmed ibn Hanbal, Musnad, many of her reported Ahadith were included.
31. In Al-Bukhari and Muslims Sahih, about 300 traditions narrated by her were added.
32. Hazrat Aisha RA spent the rest of her time under the caliphate of her father Hazrat Abu Bakr RA,
then Hazrat Umar RA, and also in Hazrat Usman RA’s caliphate.
33. Lived 47 years after the death of the Messenger of Allah ‫( ﷺ‬a major carrier of his legacy after
him) and used to be busy preaching, teachings of Islam and Sunnah of the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬after his
death.
34. She stood against the murderers of Hazrat Usman RA.
35. She fought in the battle of Camel.
36. She didn’t take part in politics, thereafter.
37. She died in 35 AH/ 656 AD.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
38. Was laid down in Jannat-ul-Baqi.

B. How can Hazrat Aisha RA be seen as a role model for Muslims now? [4]
Highlights:
1. Her role as a teacher of Sunnah should inspire Muslims to learn and teach their religion.
2. She memorized the Qur'an which Muslims should also aspire to do.
3. She was more learned than many of the men of her time.
4. Patient in times of difficulty and generous with wealth when she had it.
5. Took part in public life which should encourage Muslim women today to take an active part in
nation-building after acquiring education and necessary skills e.g. medicine, teaching,
research, nursing, etc.
6. Women can play a vital role in society and should not be deprived of education.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Hazrat Hafsa bint Umar RA
Highlights:
1. She was the daughter of Hazrat Umar RA and Zainab bint Mazun RA.
2. She accepted the message of Allah, with her husband and parents.
3. She belonged to the tribe of Banu Adi.
4. She was born 5 years before Prophethood.
5. Huzaifa’s son, Khunais, was Hazrat Hafsa RA’s first husband.
6. She travelled with her husband first to Abyssinia and then to Madinah with her father.
7. Khunais died in the battle of Badr.
8. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬offered to marry her after her Iddat period.
9. He wanted to have strong ties with Hazrat Umar RA and his family.
10. Hazrat Hafsa RA once got jealous that the Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬ate honey from another one of his
wives’ houses. She told him his mouth didn’t smell nice after consuming honey.
11. Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said he would never eat honey again if she disliked the smell.
12. Allah revealed (66:01) to the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬here that he shouldn’t make unlawful for him anything
that Allah Himself made lawful for him.
13. Hafsa RA, thereafter, went to Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬and asked for forgiveness.
14. She was second to only Aisha RA, in memorizing Quran by heart.
15. She was with the Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬for 8 years.
16. When the Quran was compiled, one copy was kept with Hazrat Hafsa RA, called ‘Mushaf-e-
Hafsa’.
17. Hazrat Usman RA took her Mushaf for bringing all Quranic copies towards unanimity.
18. Narrated 65 Ahadith.
19. She died when she was around 65 years old.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Hazrat Zainab bint Khuzayma RA
Highlights:
1. Belonged to the tribe of Banu Hilal.
2. Stepsister of Umm-Al-Fadhl, wife of Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s uncle, Abbas.
3. Also the stepsister of Hazrat Maymuna RA (Mother of the Faithful).
4. They were half-siblings.
5. She was born 13 years before Prophethood.
6. Converted when Islam was very new.
7. She was first married to Abdullah bin Jahsh RA.
8. Abdullah bin Jahsh RA was martyred during the battle of Uhad.
9. 1 year after his death, Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬proposed to her.
10. She married Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬in 3 AH.
11. At the time of marriage, she was 30 years old and the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬was 55 years old.
12. She was a very open-hearted person, which impressed Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
13. She was known as, ‘Umm al-Masakin’, ‘Mother of the Destitute’.
14. She was always present to help others including orphans.
15. After 3 months of marriage, she died.
16. She was buried in Jannat-ul-Baqi.
17. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬led her funeral prayers and lowered her into the grave.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Hazrat Umme Salamah RA
Highlights:
1. She was the daughter of Abu Umayyah, who belonged to a noble family.
2. One of the earliest converts.
3. She was first married to Abu Salamah RA.
4. She and her husband were among the first ones to move to Abyssinia.
5. Abu Salamah RA died in the battle of Uhad.
6. She was living a life of a widow.
7. Hazrat Abu Bakr RA and Umar RA first proposed to her to marry but she refused.
8. She chose not to remarry because she did not like anyone, in comparison to her first husband.
9. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬proposed her later, an offer she accepted.
10. They were married in 4 AH.
11. She was amongst the first to have accepted Islam and the very first, among women to have
migrated to Madinah.
12. She had memorized the Quran by heart and also participated in many expeditions.
13. While at Hudaibiya, she convinced the Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬to sacrifice something to motivate other
people to sacrifice their animals, after he saw that they weren’t responding to his
commandment of sacrifice.
14. She was the last wife to die, at the age of 84.
15. She reported 378 Ahadith.
16. She reported traditions of her first husband Abu Salamah RA, Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬and Hazrat Fatimah
RA.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Hazrat Zainab bint Jahsh RA
Highlights:
1. Zainab bint Jahsh RA was the daughter of Umayya bint Abdul Muttalib, the paternal aunt of the
Prophet ‫ﷺ‬, thus being his cousin.
2. Her real name was "Barra", and the name “Zainab” was given to her by the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
3. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬asked her to marry Hazrat Khadijah RA’s former slave, Zayd RA, who he treated
as his own son.
4. She refused initially, because she thought the disparity between her and Zayd RA’s class was
huge because she was the widow of a Quraish.
5. Then she agreed after the following Quranic verse: "It is not fitting for a believer man or woman
when a matter has been decided by Allah and His Messenger, to have any option about their
decision: if anyone disobeys Allah and His Messengers he is clearly on the wrong path." (33:56)
6. She always reminded Zayd RA about their class disparity.
7. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬tried to convince them to continue their marriage, but after 1 year, Zayd RA
divorced Hazrat Zainab RA due to their differences.
8. She was married to the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬in 5 AH/627 AD by Allah in the heavens (following the period
of Iddat).
9. This was an important incident in Islam, as stated in Quran, “Behold! You said to one Who had
received the grace of Allah and your favour: ‘Retain your wife, and fear Allah.’ But you hid in
your heart what Allah was about to make manifest: You feared the people, but it is more fitting
that you should fear Allah. We joined her in marriage to you.” (33:40)
10. This verse allowed Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬to marry her, as she was his self-proclaimed son’s wife and not
his real son’s wife.
11. Islam clearly says that there is a difference in the treatment of a biological son versus an adopted
son, as stated, “Muhammad is not the father of any of your men, but the Messenger of Allah and
the Seal of Prophets. And Allah has full knowledge of all things.” (33:40)
12. She had a major place among the Holy Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s wives.
13. Hazrat Zainab RA used to say to the other wives of the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬, "You were given in marriage
by your families while I was married (to the Prophet ‫ )ﷺ‬by Allah from over seven heavens.”
14. Hazrat Zainab RA was known for her wisdom and given the title of Umm al-Hikma (Mother of
Wisdom).
15. She was also known as 'one with the long arm' an account of her generosity and charitable
nature.
16. She was extremely pious and God-fearing and the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬had predicted that she would be
the first wife to die after him.
17. She died in 20 AH/641 AD during the Caliphate of Hazrat Umar RA.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Hazrat Juwariyya bint al-Harith RA
Highlights:
1. She was the daughter of the chief of Banu al-Mustaliq.
2. Muslims conducted an expedition against the Banu Mustaliq in 5 AH/ CE 627.
3. Hazrat Juwariyya bint al-Harith RA was taken hostage during this expedition.
4. She was the daughter of a tribal head.
5. She was offered as part of the booty to Thabit ibn Qays.
6. She was given as a reward to him, but she did not want to stay with him and wanted to be free
and was ready to pay ransom money.
7. Some months later, she approached Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬and declared her conversion to Islam; at the
same time she told him of her inability to buy her freedom
8. He agreed to have her set free and also proposed to her.
9. They were married in 628 AD.
10. She also asked the Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬to free all her tribe’s people, which he agreed to.
11. Her father and tribes and tribesmen also accepted Islam soon after their release from captivity.
12. She led a pious and simple life and spent her time in lengthy prayers and regular fasting.
13. Hazrat Aisha RA taught her the reading of the Qur’an and she spent a lot of her time in its
recitation.
14. Aisha RA stated about her, “She was a pleasant woman. No one saw her except he became
captivated by her”.
15. She died 28 years after Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬and is buried in Jannat al Baqi.
16. She died a couple of years after 50 AH/CE 670.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Hazrat Umme Habiba RA
Highlights
1. The actual name was Ramla bint Abu Sufyan, since, she was the daughter of Abu Sufyan.
2. She was first married to Ubaidullah bin Jahsh, brother of Hazrat Zainab bint Jahsh RA.
3. They were among the first people to accept Islam.
4. Travelled to Abyssinia.
5. She had a daughter, named Habiba RA, and came to be known as Umme Habiba, herself.
6. Later, she left her husband after he converted to Christianity.
7. Ubaidullah died while still in Abyssinia.
8. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬proposed her after her Iddat, to resettle her and save her from the hands of her
father.
9. She married to Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬in the 7 AH.
10. She was a pious, devoted, and God-fearing lady.
11. She held the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬in high regard.
12. She is known to have reported 65 Ahadith of the Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
13. She was a follower of Islam and always preached to others about it as well.
14. She respected Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬so much, that she disallowed her father, Abu Sufyan, to sit on his
bed, since he was a non-Muslim, when he visited her, to persuade her for the renewal of the
Treaty of Hudaibiya.
15. She used to look after the poor and orphans.
16. She was the one to take food and water to Hazrat Usman RA and his family when they were
trapped by the opponents in his own house. She was prevented to enter by the opponents.
17. She died during her brother Mu’awiyah RA’s ruling in 44 AH.
18. She was laid down in Jannat-ul-Baqi.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Hazrat Safiyya bint Huyayy RA
Highlights:
1. She belonged to the tribe of Banu Nadir.
2. She was the daughter of Holy Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s worst enemy, Huyayy ibn-Akhtab.
3. After the war between Muslims and Quraish erupted, the Nadir tribe was evicted from the city
of Madinah and were banned in 3AH/ 625 AD.
4. Her tribe was encamped in Khyber.
5. During the Khyber expedition, she was taken hostage and was offered to a Muslim named Dahia
as part of his share of spoils.
6. Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬purchased her freedom from Dahia and proposed marriage to her,
which she accepted and converted to Islam.
7. When Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬saw her, he placed his cloak over her to indicate that now she was chosen
by him.
8. The wedding took place in 628 AD and cemented the relations between Jews and Muslims.
9. Was fiercely loyal to Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
10. Very intelligent and charitable.
11. She accompanied the Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬to Makkah on his Farewell Pilgrimage.
12. Outlived Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬by 38 years
13. Died at the age of 60 in the month of Ramadan.
14. She died around 50 AH/ 670 AD.
15. She too is buried in Jannat al-Baqi
16. She is known to have narrated many of the Holy Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s Ahadith.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Hazrat Maymuna bint al-Harith RA
Highlights:
1. Hazrat Maymuma bint al-Harith RA’s first husband died, and she was a widow.
2. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬went to perform Umrah for 3 days in Makkah.
3. Hazrat Abbas RA, Holy Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s uncle suggested him to marry her.
4. Hazrat Abbas RA was also the brother-in-law of Hazrat Maymuna RA.
5. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬offered her to marry and she accepted it.
6. He called upon all the people of Makkah to be guests, but he had to leave within 3 days
according to the terms of the Treaty of Hudaibiyyah.
7. He married her outside Makkah in 629 AD.
8. Her original name was, Barrah, but Muhammad changed it to, Maymuna, meaning "The
Blessed", as his marriage to her marked the first time in seven years when he could enter his
hometown of Makkah.
9. She lived with the Holy Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s other wives.
10. She was the last wife to accept Holy Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s preaching.
11. She died in 61 AH/ 681 AD.
12. Buried in Jannat-ul-Baqi.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Hazrat Rehana bint Sham’oon RA
Highlights:
1. She belonged to the tribe of Banu Nadir but had married a man from Banu Quraiza.
2. She was captured by the Muslims when they defeated the tribe of Banu Quraiza and was taken
hostage.
3. She was under the custody of the Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
4. He freed her but initially, she refused to marry him and lived quietly in her apartment.
5. She did not accept Islam until a few years later and was never included among the 'Mother of
the Faithful'.
6. Some accounts say that the Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬married her, but these were untested claims.
7. She died shortly after the Holy Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s Farewell Pilgrimage.
8. She died almost after 10 years of Holy Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s death.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Hazrat Maria Qibtia RA
Highlights:
1. Hazrat Maria Qibtia RA belonged to Egypt.
2. After the Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬signed the Treaty of Hudaibiya, he preached about Islam and invited
people to convert to Islam.
3. He also sent letters to various countries to persuade them to accept Islam, including Egypt.
4. The leader of Egypt did not accept Islam.
5. He treated the messenger sent by Muslims with great respect.
6. He also sent a few gifts including Hazrat Maria Qibtia RA (and her sister), as per their tradition, in
628 AD.
7. She converted to Islam on her way to Madinah after learning of Islam from their escort, named,
Hatib.
8. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬married her.
9. She gave birth to Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬son, Hazrat Ibrahim RA.
10. After Hazrat Khadijah RA, she had the honour to give birth to Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬child.
11. She was one of the beloved wives of the Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
12. She was a pious and God-fearing woman.
13. She was offered a separate garden to live in which was different from the Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s other
wives.
14. Hazrat Ibrahim RA died after some time, as an infant, which upset both of his parents.
15. She was amongst the ‘Mothers of the Faithful’.
16. She was also entitled to receive a pension after Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬death.
17. Hazrat Abu Bakr RA and Hazrat Umar RA regarded her a lot.
18. She outlived Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬by 5 years.
19. She was buried in Jannat-ul-Baqi.

B. "The best of you is the one best to his wife." Explain what the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬meant by this statement
and how it is relevant to Muslims now. [4]
Highlights:
1. The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬encourages men to look after their wives and that those with good character
treat their wife better than they treat others.
2. Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬treated all of his wives with love, respect, compassion, and kindness.
3. Muslims should not compete in jobs or wealth but rather in how well they treat their wife and
family.
4. Those who treat their wife well are those who should have the most respect.
5. Nowadays, many Muslims do not treat their wives well, they treat them like slaves, or they beat
them, but this is not what the example of the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬teaches Muslim men about their
relationships with their wives.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Descendents/Children of Prophet Muhammad ‫ﷺ‬
Daughters

Zainab RA
Highlights:
1. She was the eldest daughter of the Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
2. She was born after five years of Holy Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s marriage.
3. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬was 30 years old when she was born.
4. She converted to Islam immediately when Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬preached about the message of
Allah.
5. She was married to Abu Al-Aas bin Rabi RA, Khadija RA’s nephew.
6. Even after converting to Islam, she did not leave her husband alone and stayed with him,
convincing him to accept Islam.
7. But he fought in the battle of Badr against the Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬and the Muslims.
8. He was caught and taken as a prisoner.
9. Zainab RA paid the ransom by sending her mother (Hazrat Khadijah RA)’s necklace.
10. Her husband was released on the condition that he would send Zainab RA to Madinah, once
he returned to Makkah.
11. He kept his word and sent her to Madinah. She was attacked on her way and got injured by the
Quraish.
12. She returned to Madinah to her father, Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
13. Later, her husband converted to Islam and requested Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬to reunite him back with
his wife, Zainab RA.
14. She had two children, Ali RA and Umaymah RA.
15. She died in 8 AH, one year after getting back together with her husband.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Ruqayya RA
Highlights:
1. She was the 2nd daughter of the Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
2. She was born 3 years after Zainab RA.
3. Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬was 33 at the time (601 AD).
4. She was first married to Abu Lahab’s son, Utba.
5. Surah Lahab was revealed before she started living with him.
6. Utba was asked to leave his wife, Ruqayya RA.
7. Then, she entered into a marriage with Usman RA.
8. They both migrated to Abyssinia twice.
9. She migrated with Usman RA to the city of Madinah before Holy Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s migration
10. She was ill during the time of the battle of Badr.
11. Hazrat Usman RA was ordered to stay with her during the battle.
12. She had 1 son.
13. She died before the Muslim army returned from Badr, in 2 AH/ 624 AD.
14. The news about the victory in Badr was received in Madinah when people were returning from
Ruqayyah RA’s funeral.
15. Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬was not present at her burial.
16. Her son died at the age of 6 after her death.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Umm-e-Kulsoom RA
Highlights:
1. She was the 3rd daughter of the Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
2. Born in 603 AD.
3. She was married to Abu Lahab’s second son, Utaiba.
4. She was divorced by him before she went to live with him, and after the revelation of Surah
Lahab.
5. The Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬cursed Utaiba by praying: “O, Allah! depute one of Your dogs to
punish him."
6. During her time, Muslims were boycotted to Shi’b Abi Talib, and she suffered this difficult time.
7. She stayed behind in Makkah, even after migration of the Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
8. She migrated to Madinah with Saudah RA.
9. She married Hazrat Usman RA after the death of her sister, Ruqayya RA.
10. The marriage officiated in Rabi-ul-Awwal, 3 AH.
11. She bore no children.
12. After she died in Sha’ban 9 AH/ 630 AD, the Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬is reported to have
remarked: “Even if I had one hundred daughters, I would have given all of them in marriage to
'Usman (one after the other), if each one had died."
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Hazrat Fatimah RA
Highlights:
1. She was the last and youngest daughter of the Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
2. She was the most beloved daughter of the Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
3. She was born 5 years before the Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬receive the first revelation.
4. She was married to Hazrat Ali RA in 2 AH.
5. At the time, she was 18, and Ali RA was 23.
6. She had 3 sons and 2 daughters, Hazrat Hassan RA, Hazrat Hussain RA, Mohsin RA, Umme
Kulsoom RA, and Zainab RA.
7. Fatimah RA was so beloved to her father, and he would stand whenever she visited him
8. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬used to visit her before leaving for his journey and after coming back from his
journey.
9. "Fatimah is a part of my body. Whoever grieves her, grieves me."
10. She was worried for her father and was upset when he was treated harshly by the people of
Makkah, the Quraish.
11. She was the one who helped the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬when Uqba bin Muayt lay the intestines of a camel
on the back of the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬while he was prostrating.
12. She migrated to Madinah with Hazrat Saudah RA.
13. She was upset when Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬fell ill.
14. Later, when she was told by her father that she will join him soon, she became satisfied and at
peace.
15. The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said that Fatimah RA will be the "Head of the ladies in Paradise"
16. She was the only daughter to outlive her father. Died after 6 months of the Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s death,
in 632 AD.
17. she said to her maid: "I want to take a bath. Arrange some water for me."
18. She took a bath, changed her clothes, desired her bed to be placed in the middle of the room,
laid herself down on the bedding, face towards Qibla and right hand under her right cheek,
and said, "I am now going to die."

B. What can we learn from Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s bond with Fatimah RA? [4]
Highlights:
1. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬had a very beautiful bond with his daughter, Fatimah RA.
2. He used to respect her a lot, and he stood up whenever she visited him.
3. Muslims should regard their daughters and give them honour the same way.
4. They should not treat their daughters with disrespect.
5. They should not treat their daughters any less than their sons and vice versa.
6. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬was never upset on the birth of his daughters or wished to have sons instead of
daughters.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Descendents/Grandchildren of Prophet Muhammad ‫ﷺ‬
Imam Hassan RA
Highlights:
1. Imam Hassan RA was one of the 2 sons of Hazrat Ali RA and Hazrat Fatimah RA and was the
eldest.
2. He was born in 3 AH/ 625 AD.
3. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬was the one who gave him his name.
4. Both the grandsons were extremely dear to Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬and he was very happy and joyful
about them.
5. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬used to let both of the grandsons sit on his back while he was prostrating and
would prolong his sujood for them.
6. Barra reported, “I saw the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬while Hassan RA was upon his shoulder saying, “O Allah! I
love him so love him.””
7. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬used to leave his discussions and sermons anytime he heard them falling from
somewhere and pick them up.
8. Hazrat Anas reported, “Nobody resembled the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬more than Hassan RA, son of Ali RA”.
9. He was referred to on numerous occasions as the “Son of the Holy Prophet Muhammad ‫ﷺ‬.”
10. 7 years old at the time of Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s death.
11. When Hazrat Usman RA was tortured by his enemies and was sieged in his house, Imam Hassan
RA along with his brother was directed by his father, Hazrat Ali RA to take water for them and
guard the main gate against the insurgents.
12. He was sent to procure support from the city of Kufa when there were contentions with Hazrat
Aisha RA, Talha RA, and Zubair RA, which led to the battle of Camel.
13. He accompanied his father to the battle of Siffin.
14. He was the 2nd Imam after his father, Hazrat Ali RA's death.
15. He held the office of caliph after Hazrat Ali RA’s death in 40 AH/ 661 AD.
16. He had to face a lot of difficulties at the hands of the Umayyads, who did not accept him as
caliph.
17. His people deserted him.
18. Imam Hassan RA did not want any chaos and bloodshed among Muslims.
19. He willingly resigned from his caliphate, signed a peace treaty with Mu’awiyah RA to avoid any
war among Muslims.
20. Abu Bakr RA reported that once the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬brought out Hassan RA and took him up the
pulpit along with him and said, “This son of mine is Syed (i.e. chief) and I hope that Allah will help
him bring about reconciliation between two Muslim groups.”
21. He held the office for less than a year.
22. Hassan Ibn Ali RA obtained a pension and lived peacefully in Madinah.
23. He died after getting poisoned by one of his wives, Jauda.
24. Imam Hassan RA died at the age of 45 in 50 AH/ 670 AD and was laid down in Madinah.
25. He was and still is greatly respected by all Muslims.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Imam Hussain RA
Highlights:
1. He was the second son of Hazrat Ali RA and Hazrat Fatimah RA.
2. He was born in 4 AH/ 626 AD and named by Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
3. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬was fond of him, just as he was of his elder brother, Imam Hassan RA.
4. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬also allowed him to sit on his back while offering prayer.
5. Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said, “Hassan and Hussain are my flowers in the world”
6. Anas bin Malik reported, when Allah’s messenger ‫ ﷺ‬was asked which member of his family was
dearest to him, he replied, “Al-Hassan and Al-Hussain”.
7. He would usually ask Fatimah RA, “Call my two sons to me” and then would sniff and cuddle
them.
8. Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said about Hussain RA, “Hussain is from me and I am from Hussain. Allah loves him
who loves Hussain”
9. He resembled the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬a lot.
10. Imam Hussain RA was not happy when his brother abandoned the caliphate to Mu’awiyah.
11. He was 44 years old (50 AH/ 670 AD) when Hazrat Hassan RA died and he took up the Imamat.
12. He was always open about his dislike towards tyranny and refused to accept Mu’awiyah RA’s
son, Yazid, as the caliph.
13. Yazid wanted Hussain RA to take the oath of allegiance but he refused to accept the hereditary
rule of Yazid due to his oppressive nature
14. He had few supporters in Kufa.
15. The people of Kufa invited him to discuss the oppressive rule of Yazid and come up with a plan
to raise their voices against the oppression.
16. In response to that invitation, Imam Hussain RA sent his cousin, Muslim Ibn Aqeel RA, to review
the situation of Kufa.
17. Hazrat Muslim RA found the situation in Kufa better and he invited Hussain RA through a letter.
18. After the letter was sent, the leaders of the people there were bribed by the governor of Kufa,
Ubaidullah bin Ziyad, and killed Hazrat Muslim RA.
19. After some time, Imam Hussain RA left Madinah to perform Hajj in Makkah in 60 AH/ 680 AD. He
left Madinah for Makkah as he didn’t want the city of his grandfather to become a battlefield.
20. He was not comfortable and sensed some problem, so he left Makkah as well and moved
towards Kufa with his family and followers on 8th Zil Hajj 60 AH/680 AD before the news of the
killing of his cousin reached him.
21. On the way, he was discouraged by a lot of people to go to Kufa as they were renowned for
disloyalty, but he did not stop.
22. His motivation ignited when he learned that enemies are coming with an army to attack and
that Muslim Ibn Aqeel RA and other supporters were also killed.
23. Ubaidullah bin Ziyad sent an army of 4000 men under Umar bin Sa’ad.
24. They intercepted Hazrat Hussain RA on his way to Kufa at a place called Karbala.
25. He camped at Karbala, on 1st Muharram 61 AH/680 AD.
26. He declared: “This is the land, the land of sufferings and tortures." and, "Here shall we and our
children be martyred. This is the land about which my grandfather, the Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬had
foretold, and his prophecy will certainly be fulfilled."
27. The enemy’s army sieged them and prevented them from even drinking water from River
Euphrates.
28. Both parties conversed to end the conflict, but both were not ready.
29. Hussain RA wanted to send his kinsmen away on 9th Muharram but all refused, “O Master! We
are all ready to defend you and your Ahlul Bait and to sacrifice our lives for the cause of Islam”
30. Eventually, the war broke out on 10th Muharram.
31. He addressed his comrades as well: "Allah has, this day, permitted us to be engaged in holy war,
and He shall reward us for our Martyrdom. So, prepare yourselves to fight against the enemies of
Islam with patience and perseverance. O sons of the noble and self-respecting persons be
patient! Death is nothing but a bridge which you must cross after facing trials and tribulations to
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
reach the Heavens and its joys. Which of you do not like to go from this prison (world) to the lofty
palaces (Paradise)?"
32. All his companions cried out, "O our Master! We are all ready to defend you and your Ahlul-Bait,
and to sacrifice our lives for the cause of Islam."
33. Imam Hussain RA fought with an army of 72 men
34. Initially, there were small fights, which reduced Hussain RA’s army as they all were killed
gradually.
35. Imam Hussain RA was left with few men, women, and children and his camp was also on fire.
36. He finally went to fetch water for his son Ali Asghar RA, 6 months old, who laid down in the lap
of Hussain RA and was dying of thirst.
37. His son in his lap died of an arrow shot by the enemy. After this Hussain RA addressed Allah, “O
Lord! Your Hussain has offered in Your way whatever you had blessed him with. Bless Your
Hussain, O Lord, with the acceptance of this sacrifice. Every thing Hussain could do till now was
through Your help and by Your Grace.”
38. He was encircled by the enemies where he fought them bravely.
39. He was martyred in 10 AH. He was 54 years old.
40. He was beheaded and his head was taken to the Umayyad governor of Kufa, Ubaidullah bin
Ziyad.
41. His head was later sent to the Yazid at Damascus.
42. He was buried in southern Iraq, known as Karbala.
Twelve Imams
Highlights:
1. Imamat is a privilege which is given to a member of the Holy Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s family by Allah,
according to the Shia belief says.
2. Then, that member transfers the title of Imamat to another family member, before his death.
3. It is not necessary to transfer the title to eldest in the family, but to the one who is most deserving
and pure.
4. Hazrat Imam Hassan RA gave the office to his brother Hazrat Imam Hussain RA.
5. For Shias, this Imamat is a privilege initiated from Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬and delegated to Hazrat Ali RA
and then to his sons, which he had from Hazrat Fatimah RA, daughter of Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
6. There are about Twelve Imams, known as Twelvers or Isna Ashariya, considered an important
part of the Shia sect.
7. These twelve imams, along with Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬and Hazrat Fatimah RA, are known as Fourteen
Pure Souls.
Ali Zayn Al Abidin RA:
1. He was the Fourth Imam, born to Imam Hussain RA on 15th Jumada al-awl, 36 AH.
2. His original name was Imam Sajjad RA, but he was given the title of Zayn Al-Abidin RA and Sajjad
RA.
3. He was married to the daughter of the Iranian king, Yazdgard.
4. He also went with his father for the battle of Karbala, but because of his illness, he did not take
part and survive the massacre.
5. He went with the women of his tribe to Damascus, but later was sent to Madinah with great
respect, because Yazid wanted to cool down the public.
6. Later, on the order of the Umayyad caliph, Abdul Malik, he was tortured, tied, and was sent to
Damascus, but was later permitted to come back.
7. After this event, he retired from public life.
8. He stayed in touch with some chosen Shia people including Abu Hamza Thumali, Abu Khalid,
and some other people who were taught by the Imams.
9. He was a very devoted man and was always busy, remembering Allah.
10. He was given the title of Sajjad RA because he used to prostrate whenever he remembered
Allah and His blessings.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
11. He used to fear Allah so much that he started to tremble, and his face would turn pale while
praying.
12. He always helped the needy.
13. He wrote a book called Sahifah-Sajjadiyah, which included 57 supplications (duas).
14. He died on 25th Muharram 95 AH/713 AD, after getting poisoned by Walid Bin Abdul Malik on
the commands of Hashim.
Muhammad Al-Baqir RA:
1. Imam Muhammad Al-Baqir RA was the Fifth Imam.
2. He was the son of the Fourth Imam, Ali Zayn Al-Abidin RA, and Fatimah RA, who was the daughter
of Imam Hassan RA.
3. He was born in 57 AH/ 667 AD.
4. He was present at the battle of Karbala but was 4 years old, hence survived the massacre.
5. He was conferred the title of Imam by his father, the fourth Imam.
6. He came during the four Umayyad Caliphs, including Waleed Bin Abdul Malik, Sulaiman Bin
Abdul Malik, Umar Bin Abdul Aziz, and Hasham Bin Abdul Malik.
7. Riots and fights erupted during the time of Imam Muhammad Al-Baqir RA, because of the unfair
ruling by Umayyad Caliphs.
8. The brutal slaughtering that happened in Karbala, caused a lot of people to come towards, and
listen to, Imamat.
9. He had a strong command over spiritual and religious matters.
10. There were fights among the Umayyad family which made them stay away from the family of
the Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
11. He was known to report numerous Ahadith.
12. Muhammad bin Muslim stated about Imam Muhammad Baqir RA, “There was nothing which
flashed across my mind and did not ask Muhammad Baqir till I asked him thirty thousand
questions.”
13. He died in 114 AH/ 732 AD, by the poisoning of Ibrahim Ibn Walid by the orders of Caliph Hisham
Ibn Abd-al Malik.
J’affar Sadiq Ibn Muhammad RA:
1. He was born in 83 AH/ 702 AD.
2. He was born to the Fifth Imam, Muhammad Al-Baqir RA.
3. The conditions were better during his Imamat, because of the fighting in the Muslims’ empire,
and this allowed him to spread the Islamic teachings among people.
4. He came during the time of the Umayyad Caliphate and was also there in the time of the
Abbasid Caliphate.
5. He was very knowledgeable regarding religious matters.
6. He created the Ja’ffariah jurisprudence.
7. He taught religious scholars and produced about 4000 intellectuals of hadith.
8. Muhammad bin Muslim, Jabir bin Hayan, the alchemist, Zararah, Mu’min Taq, and Hisham were
his most well-known followers.
9. His notable followers included some Sunni, including Imam Abu Hanifah, the founder of Hanafi
school of law, Sufyan Thauri, and Quadi Abu Bukhtar.
10. He was known to report a lot of Ahadith.
11. It was said that the Ahadith reported during the time of Fifth and Sixth Imams combined, was
more than the Ahadith reported altogether in Holy Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s time and the remnant Ten Imams.
12. He was a humble and God-fearing individual, always ready to help the poor.
13. He ate simple food and most of the time wore rough clothes, full of patches.
14. During the Umayyad Caliphate, he was brutally tortured.
15. During the Abbasids Caliphate, he was sent to Iraq and kept there.
16. After some time, he was permitted to come back to Madinah, but he stayed back.
17. He was poisoned by Abbasid Caliph, Mansur and died in 148 AH/ 785 AD.
Musa Ibn J’affar Kazim RA:
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
1. He was the son of Sixth Imam, Imam J’affar Sadiq RA in 128 AH/744 AD.
2. He was given the title of Imam from his father during the time of the Abbasid Caliphs, Mansur,
Mehdi, and Harun.
3. He faced a lot of tough times during the Abbasid Caliphate of Harun.
4. Harun captured him while he was praying in the Holy Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s Mosque.
5. He was sent to Basra, then to Baghdad, and was kept in prison for about 14 years.
6. He was given the title of “Al-Kazim”, because of his ability to control his anger.
7. He was a God-fearing and devoted person.
8. He was always busy remembering Allah, offering prayers, and reading of Quran.
9. He used to perform lengthy prostrations.
10. He was killed by poisoning on the order of Abbasid Caliph, Harun, in 188 AH/ 799 AD.
11. He was prostrating when he died.
12. He was laid down in the Quraish graveyard, which is located in Kazimiyah city.
Ali Ar Raza RA:
1. Imam Raza RA was born in 148 AH/ 765 AD in the house of the Seventh Imam, Imam Musa Ibn
J’affar Kazim RA.
2. He was given the office of Imamat by his father, during the time of Caliph Harun and his 2 sons,
Ameen and Mamun.
3. The Imam RA had to face a lot of hardships due to these Caliphs.
4. Mamun, the Caliph at that time, came up with a proposal to become the ninth Caliph after
Imam Raza RA and involve the Imams in politics.
5. The reason behind this proposal was to reduce the fighting of Imams against the government
and also to move the people away from Imams by involving them in politics.
6. Caliph Mamun invited Imam Raza RA to visit Marwa and presented him the proposal.
7. He first offered him the Caliphate and then asked about becoming the Ninth Imam.
8. Imam Raza RA refused both the offers but, eventually agreed to have him as the successor and
convinced him not to say anything regarding politics.
9. However, after some time, Caliph Mamun understood the importance of the Shia sects and felt
he had made a mistake.
10. Imam Raza RA was known to be a humble and God-fearing individual.
11. He had a lot of information regarding religious matters.
12. He used to hold discussions and debates for the intellectual people.
13. All the Imams preceding Imam Raza RA attended this debate in their times and these discussions
were saved in Shi’ite literature.
14. He was poisoned by the Caliph Mamun.
15. He was laid down in the city of Toos, in Iran, currently known as Mashhad, in 203 AH/ 817 AD.
Muhammad Al-Jawad (Taqi) RA:
1. He was born in 195 AH/ 809 AD.
2. He was the son of the eighth Imam, Imam Raza RA.
3. Imam Taqi RA was present in the city of Madinah when his father died.
4. Later he was called to Baghdad by Caliph Mamun.
5. Mamun treated him with generosity and behaved very nicely with him.
6. Imam Taqi RA was offered by Caliph Mamun, his daughter for marriage.
7. Mamun was showing kindness only outwardly.
8. Imam Taqi RA was asked to stay back in Baghdad, and after some time he returned to Madinah.
9. After the death of Caliph Mamun, Caliph Mautasim came into power and again invited Imam
Taqi RA to Baghdad.
10. Imam Taqi RA was poisoned by the orders of Caliph Mautasim.
11. He was poisoned by his wife, Mamun’s daughter, in 220 AH/ 835 AD.
12. He was laid down in the shrine of Kaznain, in the city of Baghdad.
13. Imam Taqi RA was famous for his humbleness and humility.
Ali Al-Hadi RA:
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
1. He was the son of Ninth Imam, Imam Taqi RA.
2. He was born in 212 AH/ 827 AD in Madinah.
3. He was given the title of “Al-Hadi”, and his original name was Ali Ibn Muhammad Naqi.
4. He was given the office of Imamat from his father, which he led during the time of the 7 Abbasid
Caliphs, Mamun, Mautasim, Wathiq, Mutawaqill, Muntasir, and Mutazz.
5. He was in Madinah when his father died.
6. He was known to spread knowledge regarding Islamic teachings to the people around him.
7. After Caliph Mamun died, Mutawaqil became successor, and was completely against the Holy
Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s family and caused many hardships for Imam Al-Hadi RA.
8. He invited him to Samarrah and tried to humiliate him.
9. Mutawaqil used to abuse Hazrat AliRAand he also ordered to remove the mausoleum of Imam
Hussain RA.
10. Imam Al-Hadi RA was humble and generous, as implied by the event, in which once, the caliph
sent him 30,000 Dirhams and he distributed it amongst the needy, and said, “Go and pay your
debts and spend it for your children and dependents and forgive me.”
11. During the time of M’utazz, Imam Al-Hadi RA was poisoned and he was laid down in Samarrah
mosque, Al-Askari in 254 AH/ 868 AD.
Hassan Al-Askari RA:
1. He was born in 232 AH/ 845 AD.
2. He was handed over the office of Imamat by his father, the Tenth Imam, Imam Al-Hadi RA.
3. He was the Imam for 7 years but spent most of it staying low because of the strict rule by the
Caliphs.
4. He only kept in touch with some of the main Shia people and not all of the people.
5. He was mostly in Jail during his time as Imam.
6. He was at the close watch of the caliphs because it was rumoured that, he would have a son,
Mehdi RA.
7. The Caliph was constantly kept informed about the condition of the Imam RA, during the period
of his illness.
8. As soon as the news about his death broke out, the caliphs immediately got the midwives to
check all the slave girls, to ensure that none of them was bearing a child.
9. He was a God-fearing and charitable person.
10. He died in 260 AH/ 872 AD, after getting poisoned on the orders of Abbasid Caliph, Mutamid.
Imam Muhammad Mehdi RA:
1. Imam Mehdi RA was the last and Twelfth Imam, who was born in 255 AH in Iran.
2. He was the son of the Eleventh Imam, Hassan Al-Askari RA.
3. After his father’s death, he was given the office of Imamat, which he spent mostly in seclusion,
known as the time of occultation, Ghayba.
4. After the extreme time of Ghayba, the situation got a little better, in which he contacted his 4
special deputies, who then, in turn, talked to the people.
5. He talked to his deputies also in particular important situations.
6. He did not talk to or contacted anyone from the time 329 AH-941 AD, till the current time.
7. It is said that he will be revived before the world ends and the Day of Judgement arrives.
8. It is believed that he is continuously watching over the events happening in the world.
9. There are numerous titles given to him by the Shia sect including, Hujja-The Proof of Truth, Al
Imam Al Muntazar-The Awaited Imam, Sahib al Zaman-The Lord of the Age, and Al-Mahdi-The
Guided One.
10. He was given the title of, The Guided One because he will be guided to have a victory over the
evil people fighting under the leadership of Dajjal and will bring about, equality in the world.
11. All the sects in Islam believe that Imam Mehdi RA will come back in the end.
12. Only the Shia believe that Imam Mehdi RA is the Twelfth Imam.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
First Islamic Community
Ten Blessed Companions
Hazrat Abu Bakr RA (Abdullah bin Abu Quhafa)

Highlights:
1. He was born in 573 AD in Makkah, 2 years younger than the Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
2. Belonged to the Banu Tamim tribe of Quraish.
3. He is part of the Ten Blessed Companions.
4. He was a childhood friend of Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
5. His original name, Abdullah Ka’aba (servant of Ka’aba), was changed to Abdullah bin Abi
Quhafa, by Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
6. Later he came to be known as, Abu Bakr, meaning father of young camels, because he was
quite fond of them.
7. He was a man of honour and was known for his modesty and trustworthiness.
8. He was always truthful in conducting his business, as well as people would trust him for keeping
their things secure.
9. He earned a lot of money from his Halal business which he spent on the needy and in the way
of Allah.
10. It was said somewhere that he helped the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬in the spreading of Islam financially and
emotionally more than any other person, and he was just like Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬in terms of his traits.
11. Anas Ibn Malik RA reported that Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said about Hazrat Abu Bakr RA kindness in such
words, “The most merciful of my Ummah towards my Ummah is Abu Bakr.” (Tirmidhi)
12. Hazrat Abu Bakr RA was always inquisitive about his fore father’s religion of worshipping various
idols and never prayed to anyone.
13. He was a close associate of the Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬from the early days of their life.
14. He was the first free, adult, male to accept Islam.
15. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said about him, ''Whenever I offered Islam to anyone, he always showed
reluctance….Abu Bakr was the only person who accepted Islam without any reluctance”.
16. Hazrat Abu Bakr RA stood by Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬and helped preach Islam.
17. He had the honour of converting few people to Allah’s religion including, Usman bin Affan RA,
Abdul-Rahman bin Auf RA, Talha bin Ubaidullah RA, Sa’ad bin Abi Waqas RA, Zubair bin Awwam
RA, and Abu Ubaydah bin Jarrah RA.
18. He freed a lot of slaves and one of the most prominent ones was, Hazrat Bilal RA.
19. He too was persecuted by the Quraish; pulled by his beard in public and beaten up badly trying
to save the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
20. While praying with Hazrat Talha RA, they both were tied with a rope, but it untied itself by Allah’s
help.
21. He supported and donated a lot of things to the Holy Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s clan when there was the
boycott of the Banu Hashim tribe.
22. After being asked by the people of Quraish, he was the one who testified about Holy Prophet
‫’ﷺ‬s journey of Isra and Miraj before even having met the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬and also persuaded other
people, due to which he was given the title of As-Siddique (Testifier of the Truth).
23. He stood by the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬to safeguard him from the Makkans when he was migrating to the
city of Madinah.
24. He had prepared two camels for this journey and took all his money to support the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
25. Spent 3 days with the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬in the cave of Thaur. Was bitten by a poisonous insect.
26. During those days it was his son who brought news from Makkah, daughter who brought food
and water, and servant who brought milk and walked the flock to erase the footprints.
27. "...He had no more than one companion: they two were in the cave, and he said to his
companion "Have no Fear, for Allah is with us"” (9:40)
28. It is said that it was his money, through which Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬bought the land for the Masjid-e-Nabwi
from the orphans of Banu Najjar.
29. Participated in the construction of the Mosque.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
30. He participated in all the battles along with all the Muslim warriors.
31. In the battle of Badr, he travelled while sharing a camel with Hazrat Umar RA and Abdur Rahman
bin Auf RA.
32. After the battle of Badr when he met his son who was fighting against the Muslims; the son said
that he would not have killed him if he faced his father during the battle, but Abu Bakr RA said
to his son that if he had faced him he wouldn’t have thought twice before killing him, as the
Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said, "None of you truly believes until I am more beloved to him than his child, his
father and all the people,”
33. He was one of the companions who encircled the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬in the battle of Uhad to protect
him from the attack of Quraish.
34. Participated in the digging of the trench, during the battle of Ahzab.
35. He supported the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬during the Treaty of Hudaibiyyah while many companions were
surprised why Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬was agreeing to all the terms of Quraish.
36. In the battle of Hunain, when the majority of Muslims ran away because of the fierce attack of
the enemy, he was one of the few hundred companions who stayed back as well as called
others to stand their ground and fight.
37. He donated all of his wealth in the way of Islam during the preparation of the Tabuk Expedition.
38. In 9 AH, he was made the first Ameer of Hajj by the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
39. When Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬fell ill, he was appointed by the Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬to lead the prayers in his
place.
40. Before his demise, Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬ordered all doors leading to Masjid-e-Nabwi to be closed except
that of Abu Bakr RA's.
41. Close to his death, the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said: "If I were able to choose a friend on earth, I would choose
Abu Bakr."
42. He said on the death of Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬when people were grieving and not accepting the
death of the Messenger of Allah ‫ﷺ‬, “O people! if anyone amongst you used to worship
Muhammad ‫ﷺ‬, then know that Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬is dead, but if you worship Allah, then know that
Allah is alive and dies not.”
43. Hazrat Abu Bakr RA was made the first Caliph of Islam after the death of the Messenger of Allah
‫ﷺ‬.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Hazrat Umar Ibn Al-Khattab RA

Highlights:

1. He was born in 583 AD.

2. Belonged from the tribe of Banu Adi, a reputable Quraish tribe.
3. He was born 13 years after the birth of Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
4. In the times of illiteracy, he was one of the few, who were able to read and write.
5. He was aware of the history of Arabia and art and science of genetics.
6. He was a very courageous, famous wrestler, flawless horse-rider and great orator.
7. He was successful ambassador of Quraish.
8. In early days of his youth he took care of the flock of his father and later started to conduct
trade and would travel to Syria for business.
9. Initially, he was one of the worst enemies of Islam and was so opposed to the Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬,
that he even planned to murder him.
10. He got the information regarding his sister and brother-in-law accepting Islam when he was on
his way to end Muhammad ‫’ﷺ‬s life.
11. He got furious and went to deal with them first.
12. He heard them reciting the Quran from the outside. Hazrat Khabab RA was present inside
teaching, Hazrat Fatimah RA (his sister) and Saeed bin Zayd RA (his brother-in-law), the Quran.
13. They hid Khabab RA and the scripture.
14. After entering, Hazrat Umar RA quarreled with his sister and brother-in-law.
15. He slapped his sister in a fight, and she started bleeding.
16. This made him guilty and ashamed, he asked her to show her the Quran.
17. He took a bath and read verses of Surah Taha.
18. “Indeed, I am Allah. There is no deity except Me, so worship Me and establish prayer for My
remembrance.” This verse of Surah Taha affected Hazrat Umar RA so much, that he immediately
went to Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬to accept Islam.
19. On seeing Hazrat Umar RA, Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬asked him, “Umar! What brings you here”?
20. Hazrat Umar RA replied, “I am here to accept Islam.”
21. He accepted Islam in the 6th year of Prophethood, after migration to Abyssinia.
22. It was a belief that after Hazrat Umar RA entering Islam, the torture of Makkans would stop, but
it continued.
23. The pagans chanted standing outside the home of Hazrat Umar RA, “Umar has no religion.”
24. Hazrat Umar RA was offered by his relative, Aas Ibn Wail to stay with him but he refused that he
would not take refuge when his other Muslim brothers were facing the enemy’s persecution.
25. Hazrat Umar RA was the one who asked Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬to perform the prayers openly in Ka’aba.
26. Before Hazrat Umar RA accepted Islam, Muslims used to pray in hiding because of the hostility
of Quraish.
27. Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said: “We have been powerful since Umar embraced Islam”
28. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬gave him the title of “Al-Farooq”, for his bravery, which meant “Distinguisher
Between Right and Wrong.”
29. He tried as much as he could, to provide food to the people who were boycotted by the
Quraish.
30. He stayed behind in Makkah when everyone (except Prophet ‫ﷺ‬, Abu Bakr RA and Ali RA)
travelled to Madinah in 622 AD to make sure no one disturbs the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
31. He openly prayed in the Ka’aba and challenged everyone to try stopping him from migrating
(in 622 AD).
32. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said for his bravery, “I see that devil either from humans or jinn, runs away from
Umar.”
33. Participated in the construction of Masjid-e-Nabwi.
34. Dreamt about the words of the Azan, which were later taught to Hazrat Bilal RA for delivering it.
35. He participated and stood by Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬and Muslims in all the battles.
36. Shared the camel with Abu Bakr RA and Abdur Rehman bin Auf RA during the battle of Badr.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
37. One of the companions who encircled the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬and acted as a shield to safeguard Holy
Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬from the enemies, in the battle of Uhad.
38. Participated in digging of the trench for the battle of Ahzab.
39. He expressed his concerns during the Treaty of Hudaibiyyah about all the conditions being
against the Muslims, but the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬told him to have patience, and Abu Bakr RA persuaded
him too.
40. One of the few hundred companions who stayed back and called others, to return to the
battleground, during the battle of Hunain.
41. For the preparation of the Tabuk expedition, he gave half of his wealth to charity.
42. Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said: "Were a Prophet to come after me he would have been Umar but I am the seal
of prophets".
43. He gave his daughter, Hafsa RA in marriage to the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
44. He always remained near the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
45. He grieved a lot on the death of the Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
46. Became the successor to Hazrat Abu Bakr RA; second Rightly Guided Caliph of the Muslims;
Amir-ul-Momineen.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Hazrat Usman RA

Highlights:

1. He was born in 573 AD.

2. Belonged from the tribe of Quraish in Makkah, Banu Umayya tribe.
3. He had the honour of learning to read and write.
4. He earned money by doing business of textiles.
5. The people of Makkah respected him a lot since he used to help the poor people a lot and was
a charitable individual.
6. Hazrat Usman RA entered the religion of Islam through Hazrat Abu Bakr RA.
7. After embracing Islam, he had to face a lot of torture by his uncle, was beaten up and also tied
and wrapped in rug and put to fire to suffocate, so that he would renounce his faith, but he
continued practicing Islam.
8. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬made him one of the honourary scribes for the Quran because of his skills.
9. He was married to Ruqayya RA, daughter of Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
10. He travelled to Abyssinia along with his wife, because of the Quraish torture.
11. There was a rumour that the people of Quraish accepted Islam, so they returned to Makkah, but
migrated again to Abyssinia upon learning the rumour’s falsity.
12. Later they again left for Madinah.
13. He started earning money in Madinah by setting up a business.
14. He was always present in the duty for Islam and always donated huge amounts in the way of
Allah.
15. There was an incident in which he bought “Birr-i-Rumah”, for the free use of Muslims, at 20,000
Dirhams from a Jew.
16. This incident made Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬gave him the title of, ‘al-Ghani’, which meant, ‘The
Generous’.
17. Ruqayya RA, his first wife, was ill at the time of battle of Badr and so Hazrat Usman RA did not
participate in the battle, though he was given the reward.
18. Umm-e-Kulthoom RA, daughter of the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬, was his second wife after the death of
Ruqayya RA.
19. Got the title of, “Dhul-Nurain” meaning, ‘the possessor of two lights’, since he had the honour of
marrying two daughters of Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
20. After the death of Umm-e-Kulthoom, Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said, “Even if I had one hundred daughters,
I would have given all of them in marriage to Usman (one after the other), if each one had died."
21. He was a charitable and open-hearted person.
22. He contributed a lot of wealth in the battle of Badr, Uhad and Khandaq.
23. At Hudaibiyyah Hazrat Usman RA was sent by the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬to negotiate with the Quraish on
behalf of the Muslims, to allow them to perform Umrah.
24. After his delay in returning a rumour spread at Hudaibiyyah that he had been killed due to which
the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬took an oath to avenge the blood of Usman RA, known as Bait-e-Rizwan.
25. In Tabuk expedition, he donated around 100 horses, 1000 gold coins and 300 camels laden with
other items.
26. After this he was again given the glad tidings of paradise by the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬, “From this day on,
nothing will harm Usman, regardless of what he does.”
27. Once the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬, Abu Bakr RA, Umar RA and Usman RA were on mount of Uhad and it shook.
The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said, “Be firm, O Uhad! For on you there are no more than a prophet, a Siddique,
and two Martyrs (Umar RA and Usman RA).”
28. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬was always impressed by his qualities and believed that his actions could not go
against Islam.
29. He was very modest.
30. Once Hazrat Usman RA entered a room where Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬was lying, and he immediately
got up and adjusted his clothes.
31. Later, Hazrat Aisha RA enquired about this, and Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬replied, “Should I not show
modesty to one, whom even the angels show modesty.”
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
32. He rode along Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬during the Conquest of Makkah.
33. At the farewell pilgrimage he was given the duty of escorting the Prophet ‫'ﷺ‬s wives
34. "For every apostle of Allah, there was a constant companion and my companion in Paradise will
be Usman."
35. Usman RA succeeded Umar RA and became the third Caliph of the Muslims.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Hazrat Ali RA

Highlights:
1. He was born in Ka’aba on 13th Rajab, Friday, 601 AD.
2. Belonged for the Bani Hashim tribe of Quraish.
3. Abu Talib, the uncle of Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬was the father of Hazrat Ali RA, who brought up Holy
Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
4. Fatimah bint-e-Asad, a respected lady from the Bani Hashim tribe, was the mother of Hazrat Ali
RA, who Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬also considered his own mother.
5. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬was the one who decided his name when he was born.
6. Hazrat Ali RA had the honour of growing up under the guidance of Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬and Hazrat
Khadijah RA, since the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬took the responsibility of bringing him up due to Abu Talib’s
financial condition.
7. "Of whomsoever I am lord, this Ali is also his lord. O Allah! Be the supporter of whoever supports
Ali and the enemy of whoever opposes him", said Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬and: "I am from Ali and Ali is from
me."
8. Accepted Islam at the age of 10, becoming the youngest and the first child to accept Islam.
9. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬started spreading the message of Allah initially to his close family and friends,
and asked them, “Who will join me in the cause of Almighty Allah?”
10. No one but Hazrat Ali RA immediately responded, “Though my eyes are sore, my legs are thin,
and I am the youngest of all those present here, yet I will stand by you, O Messenger of Allah.”
11. After embracing Islam, he always stood by Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬and safeguarded him for all the
torture of the pagans as much as he could.
12. He made sure that Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬left Makkah and travelled to Madinah safely along with Hazrat
Abu Bakr RA by accepting to sleep in his bed and deceiving the Quraish, to buy time for the
Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬to safely leave.
13. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬entrusted him with the duty of returning all the belongings of people which he
kept for safe-keeping before he reunited with the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬in Quba.
14. He also participated in the construction of Masjid-e-Nabwi.
15. During the brotherhood pact between Muhajirin and Ansar, Hazrat Ali RA was not paired with
anyone and was worried. The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬paired Ali RA with himelf, saying, "You are my brother
in this world and in the Hereafter."
16. Hazrat Ali RA was married to Hazrat Fatimah RA, daughter of the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬in 2 AH and became
the Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s son-in-law.
17. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬received many proposals for marriage for his daughter but refused and after
consent from both sides, chose Hazrat Ali RA for her.
18. This matrimonial relationship also strengthened the bond between Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬and Hazrat Ali
RA.
19. They both lived a happy life and had 5 children; Imam Hassan RA, Imam Hussain RA, Zainab
RA, Umm-e-Kulsoom RA and Mohsin RA. Apart from Hazrat Hassan RA and Hussain RA the rest
did not live long.
20. He did not marry any other woman during the lifetime of Fatimah RA.
21. He always stood by the side of the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬and fought in many battles.
22. In the duels before the main war started, he killed Walid bin Utba in battle of Badr.
23. In battle of Uhad, he was one of the companions, who protected Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬from the
pagan’s attack.
24. In the battle of Trench, Amr Ibn Wud, one of the famous and oldest warrior of Quraish, known to
have a power of 1000 men together, managed to cross the trench but was killed in a duel
against Hazrat Ali RA.
25. He was literate, could read and write, and was one of the scribes of the Holy Quran. He also
used to write letters and treaties for the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
26. He was ordered by the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬to write the Treaty of Hudaibiyyah.
27. After Sohail bin Amr had an objection to the title, ‘Muhammad Rasulullah’, written in the Treaty,
Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬told Hazrat Ali RA to cut it off but Ali RA refused to do so, out of respect.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
28. In the battle of Khyber, he was given the leadership of the Muslim army to capture the biggest
and strongest Jewish Fort, Qamus.
29. Before choosing, Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said that he would choose the one who loves Allah and his
Messenger ‫ ﷺ‬and is also loved by them, and so he chose Hazrat Ali RA.
30. This decision shocked everyone as he was weak and pale, but he fought furiously and earned
the victory.
31. Single-handedly broke the gate of the fort which later took 20-40 people to lift.
32. The Jewish army sent one of their best warrior, Marhab and after a furious fight between the two,
Hazrat AliRAended him with his sword.
33. Due to the victory he was given the title of ‘Asadullah’, ‘The Lion of Allah’.
34. When the Muslims were to fight the Romans at Tabuk, Hazrat Ali RA was directed by Holy Prophet
‫ ﷺ‬to stay behind in Madinah to take care of the women, children and the weak.
35. Hazrat Ali RA was not happy with this, so he asked the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬, “Do you leave me with the
children and the women?”
36. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬replied, “Are you not satisfied to be to me like Harun was to Musa, except that
there shall be no Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬after me?"
37. In 9 AH when Hazrat Abu Bakr RA was made the Ameer of Hajj, Hazrat Ali RA was the one who
was responsible to recite aloud, Surah Taubah (Ailaan-e-Baraat), in all the ceremonies of the
Hajj.
38. He had the honour of giving bath (Ghusl) to Holy Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s body when he died and also
lowered him in his grave.
39. He went on to become the fourth Caliph of Islam, after Usman RA.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Hazrat Talha Ibn Ubaidullah RA

Highlights:

1. Born 594 AD.

2. Son of Ubaidallah Ibn Usman and Saaba bint Abdullah.
3. Belonged to Banu Taym clan of Quraish.
4. Was dark-complexioned with wavy hair, a handsome face with a narrow nose.
5. Successful cloth-merchant who eventually left an estate worth 30 million Dirhams.
6. In 612 AD he accepted Islam on the invitation of Hazrat Abu Bakr RA. One of the first 8 men to
accept Islam, at the age of 18.
7. He had to face a lot of hardships from people of Quraish after he embraced Islam.
8. Once Talha RA and Abu Bakr RA were tortured in which they were tied together and were laid
down on the ground. Nobody from Banu Taym came to help them.
9. They came to be known as, "The Two Tied Together".
10. Nawfil Ibn Khuwalid was the one who tortured them, but later stopped as he got embarrassed
and realized that the result of these activities would not be beneficial.
11. He migrated to Madinah along with other Muslims, including Holy Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s two daughters,
Umme Kulthoom RA and Fatimah RA as well as Holy Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s wife, Hazrat Sauda RA.
12. He also brought Hazrat Abu Bakr RA’s family to Madinah.
13. He participated in battles, including battle of Badr, battle of Uhad.
14. He was instructed by Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬, along with Saeed bin Zayd to spy on the army of Quraish
before battle of Badr.
15. The battle ended before they returned, which upset them due to not being able to participate
in the fight.
16. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬gave them their share from the spoils of war and comforted them.
17. His hand got badly injured in the battle of Uhad while protecting Holy Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s head from a
sword, fingers cut.
18. He received seventy wounds, lost two fingers, disabled an arm, got a deep cut in his leg and
was hit in the head by two spears, yet he continued to defend the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
19. Due to this, Hazrat Talha RA was named ‘The Living Martyr’, by Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
20. Hazrat Aisha RA reported that Hazrat Abu Bakr RA would always remember the day of Uhad
and say, “It was Talha’s day.”
21. Hazrat Abu Bakr RA said, “I was the first who approached the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬. He said to me and to
Abu Ubaidah Ibn Al-Jarrah, “Watch out for your brother.” We looked at him, and we could see
more than seventy stabs. His finger was cut off. We tried to remedy his condition.”
22. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said, “Whosoever wishes to see a martyr on the surface of the earth, let him look
at Talha bin Ubaid Ullah.”
23. Talha RA always fought from the front and defended Islam in all the events.
24. He always distributed his money to the needy people and in the way of Islam, owing to which
Allah always blessed him with even more for his generous behavior.
25. He was a part of the Majlis-e-Shura.
26. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬also called him with the names, “Talha the Excellent”, “Talha the Splendid”, and,
“Talha the Generous”.
27. Jabar Ibn Abdullah said about him, “I never saw anybody giving out so much money without
being asked as did Talha Ibn Ubaid Ullah.”
28. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬also gave him the title of ‘Fayyaz’ due to his generosity during the Tabuk
expedition.
29. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬always praised Talha and Zubair, and said, “Talha and Zubair are my neighbors
in Paradise.”
30. He was martyred in the battle of Camel during Hazrat Ali RA’s Caliphate, in 35 AH/ 656 AD.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Hazrat Zubair Ibn al-Awwam RA

Highlights:

1. Son of Hazrat Safiyya RA, Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s aunt.

2. He was Hazrat Khadijah RA’s nephew and Holy Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s cousin.
3. Father died while he was still young.
4. Was very strong from an early age and later became even stronger and a great warrior.
5. He had a medium height, was lean and had a dark-complexion.
6. Accepted Islam on the invitation of Hazrat Abu Bakr RA, at the age of 15.
7. One of the first 5 men to accept Islam.
8. He faced a lot of hardships at the hands of Quraish.
9. He was tormented by his uncle. Once, he folded him in a mat, fired it and let him burn and cry.
10. His uncle said, “Disbelieve in Muhammad’s Lord and I will stop this torture.”
11. Zubair RA replied in a loud voice, “No! By Allah, I will not return to polytheism ever again.”
12. He eventually migrated to Abyssinia and was one of the first 15 to migrate there.
13. He came back to Makkah with a group of Muslims upon hearing the rumour that Makkans had
accepted Islam.
14. Later migrated to Madinah in 622 AD.
15. He was married to Hazrat Abu Bakr RA’s daughter, Hazrat Asma RA.
16. He always supported Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬and defended his honour.
17. There was an event, in which few Muslims were hiding in Dar-al-Arqam, when the news about
Holy Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s death was given to them. Zubair RA got furious with the news and left with his
sword to avenge.
18. However, soon he was told that the news was not true, and when he met Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬, he
told him that. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬on listening to this, prayed to Allah to have mercy on him and bless
him.
19. He played a vital part in battle of Badr, battle of Uhad and Khyber Expedition.
20. He stood by Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬in Uhad to protect him from enemy’s attack and didn’t leave his
position, which caused him to have several wounds from stabs on his body.
21. After battle of Uhad, he was sent by the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬with Hazrat Abu Bakr RA to chase the enemy’s
army so that they do not return to attack Madinah.
22. In battle of Yarmuk, he fought with so much passion against the huge army of Romans, when his
own army was backing off, he attacked them, shouting, “Allahu Akbar! Allah is the greatest.”
23. He was a brave warrior and a great horse rider.
24. Once a companion, on seeing his body, said to him, “I’ve seen on your body what I’ve never
seen before.”
25. Zubair RA replied, “By Allah, I haven’t received one of them except while I was with the Prophet
‫ ﷺ‬and in the cause of Allah.”
26. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said about him, "Every prophet has a disciple, and my disciple is Zubair."
27. He always wanted to be martyred in the way of Allah and even named his children after the
names of martyred people, as he said, “Talha gave his sons names of the prophets and he knows
there is no prophet after Muhammad ‫ﷺ‬. But I give my sons the names of the martyrs, and they
may die as martyrs.”
28. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬always praised Talha RA and Zubair RA, and said, “Talha and Zubair are my
neighbours in paradise.”
29. He was martyred in the battle of Camel during Hazrat Ali RA’s Caliphate in 35AH/ 656 AD.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Hazrat Abdur Rehman bin Auf RA

Highlights:
1. From Banu Zuhra clan of Quraish.
2. He was one of the first Makkans to embrace Islam at the invitation of Hazrat Abu Bakr RA.
3. The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬changed his name from Abu Amr, to Abdur Rehman.
4. After accepting Islam, he faced a lot of difficulties due to the hostilities of Quraish.
5. Quraish used to say, “We will boycott your goods and reduce you to beggary.”
6. These harsh conditions led him to migrate to Abyssinia. One of the first fifteen people to migrate
there.
7. Later he migrated to Madinah and was paired with Hazrat Sa’ad bin Al-Rabi RA-as his brother-
till he re-established his business.
8. Hazrat Sa’ad RA offered him half of his property to which he replied, “May Allah bless you and
your family; guide me to the market”.
9. He used to earn money by selling cheese and butter and after some time was able to trade with
other people.
10. He always did business with honest intention and never used illegal means to earn money.
11. He would often say, that “if he lifted up a stone, he would find gold and silver under it.”
12. He was a God-fearing and generous person, as he always helped the needy.
13. Once he returned to Madinah from Syria with about seven hundred camels, burdened with a
lot of goods and distributed them to the people of Madinah.
14. Hazrat Aisha RA has reported that the Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said about him, “I saw Abd Rahman Ibn
Auf crawling into paradise.”
15. He took part in the battle of Badr and the battle of Uhad.
16. During the battle of Badr, the Muslims’ financial condition was poor and he shared a camel with
Hazrat Abu Bakr RA and Hazrat Umar RA taking turns.
17. In the battle of Uhad, he was one of the companions who encircled the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬to protect
him from attack.
18. He got greatly injured which took some time to heal but became lame for the rest of his life.
19. He was one of a very close associate of the Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
20. He was the one who was with Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬when his son, Ibrahim RA died.
21. He was the commander of the Muslim army which was sent by the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬to raid, Damat ul
Jandal in 6AH.
22. He was sent to win over Banu Kalb tribe and get them to adopt Islam and side with the Muslims.
23. During the Tabuk expedition, he was the one who was unanimously chosen to lead the Muslims
in Salah, as Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬was not there and when the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬came back he joined the
Salah behind Abdur Rahman bin Auf RA, which was a great honour for him.
24. When Hazrat Umar RA died, he made a group of 6 companions, who, he said, would decide a
successor.
25. Abd al-Rahman RA was the name which came to the group’s mind, but he said, “By Allah, it is
better for me to put a knife in my throat and penetrate it to the other side.” After sometime, he
took himself out the successor’s race and was made the decision maker.
26. He chose Hazrat Usman RA and everyone agreed with him.
27. Died in 30 AH/652 AD during the caliphate of Hazrat Usman RA.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Sa’ad Ibn Abi Waqas RA

Highlights:
1. Belonged to Banu Zuhra clan of Quraish.
2. He was the one of the converts to Islam who accepted religion of Islam at the age of 17, on the
invitation of Hazrat Abu Bakr RA.
3. Cousin of Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s mother.
4. He had to face a lot of hardships thrown upon them by the Quraish that he used to pray by
going out of Makkah.
5. He injured an enemy first time in the way of Islam when there a skirmish between Muslims and
enemies after they disturbed them while praying.
6. It was always said that Sa’ad RA had two weapons, one was his prayer to Allah and second was
his spear.
7. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬once prayed for him, “O Allah, make his spear hit accurately and answer his
prayers.”
8. He migrated to Madinah with other Muslims in 622 AD.
9. He was a part of many battles, including battle of Badr and battle of Uhad.
10. In the battle of Uhad, he was along with Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬throughout the battle and attacked the
army by the arrows given to him by injured Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
11. First person to have shot an arrow in the defense of Islam.
12. He was a God-fearing and generous person. He always donated his wealth to the poor and in
the way of Allah.
13. Participated in the Pledge of Rizwan and Conquest of Makkah.
14. During the Farewell Pilgrimage, he was unwell and Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬went to see him.
15. He asked Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬at the moment, “O Messenger of Allah, I own a lot of money and there
is nobody to inherit from me except one daughter. May I contribute two thirds of my money as
alms?" Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said, “No.” Sa’adRAagain asked him, “Then half of it?” Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬
again said, “No.” Then, Sa’ad RA again said, “Then a third?” Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬then replied, “Yes,
and the third is too much. To leave your heirs wealthy is better than to leave them having to be
dependent on someone. If you spend any money in the cause of Allah, you'll be rewarded for
it, even the bite you put in your wife's mouth.”
16. Later, Sa’ad RA also had other children.
17. He was the leader of the Muslim army in the battle of Qadissiya against Persians and defeated
them.
18. He was also the commander of the Muslim army in the battle of Sassanid.
19. Later, Hazrat Umar RA appointed him governor of Najf and Kufa.
20. He was the conqueror of Ctesiphon.
21. He was part of the panel of six men nominated for caliphate, by Hazrat Umar RA.
22. He declined the opportunity of becoming a khalifa after Hazrat Usman RA.
23. He acted as an advisor to a lot of caliphs, after the death of Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
24. He died in 50 AH/670 AD, near the city of Madinah.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Abu Ubaidah bin al-Jarrah RA
Highlights:
1. Born 583 AD.
2. Merchant by profession.
3. Belonged to Banu Al-Harith clan of Quraish.
4. Before accepting Islam considered to be a noble of Quraish.
5. Famous for his modesty and bravery.
6. One of the early converts. Accepted Islam on the invitation of Abu Bakr RA at the age of 28 in
611 AD (a day after Abu Bakr RA accepted Islam).
7. Endured insults and oppression by Quraish.
8. He first migrated to Abyssinia and later to Madinah in 623 AD.
9. He was paired with Muhammad Ibn Maslamah (Ansari) RA.
10. In battle of Badr he had to face his own father as the enemy and killed him. Due to this Quran
was revealed, “You will not find any people who believe in Allah and the Last Day, loving those
who resist Allah and His Messenger, even though they were their fathers or their sons, or their
brothers, or their kindred.”
11. He was one of the very trustworthy Muslim and Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬always admired his honesty.
12. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬once took his hand and said, “In every nation exists a man worthy of all the trust
and the trustworthy of this nation is Abu Ubaidah Ibn Al-Jarrah.”
13. He migrated to Abyssinia and then to Madinah.
14. He participated in many battles and defended Islam.
15. Encircled the Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬who was badly injured in the battle of Uhad, and he had some
metal pieces stuck in his cheek.
16. Abu Ubaidah RA was the one who removed those metal pieces with his teeth. When he pulled
it from one side his own teeth broke and then he pulled from the other side’s teeth.
17. He was part of the raid after the battle of Uhad to take revenge from the enemies and to make
sure they don’t return to attack Madinah.
18. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬always admired him for his bravery.
19. He played a vital part in a lot of expeditions, including the one to Dhu al-Qassa in 6 AH, Al-Khabt
in 7 AH and the one where he was sent to Syria. These expeditions were sent as these tribes
participated in conspiring against the Muslims and had to be dealt with so that future threats
could be eliminated.
20. In 627 AD/6 AH, Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬sent companions to raid on Banu Thalabah tribe of Dhu-al Qassa. The
first raid was unsuccessful and many of the Muslims were ambushed and killed.
21. Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬sent the second group of 40 soldiers under the command of Abu Ubaidah RA to
avenge the blood of the Muslims who died.
22. Upon reaching before dawn they attacked the tribe and took them by surprise. Many of them
fled to the mountains. Muslims took their cattle.
23. In 7 AH, Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬sent an expedition of 300 men under Abu Ubaidah RA to invade the tribe of
Juhaina in Al-Khabt, located near the seacoast, 5 nights’ journey from Madinah. They were to
observe a Quraish caravan.
24. Fighting did not occur as they all fled upon hearing the Muslims’ arrival. Due to famine Muslims
were struggling to survive. They caught a large fish that came to shore which they ate for around
twenty days, due to which this expedition is known as Expedition of Fish. They took some back
for the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬, who ate it as well.
25. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬always trusted him and sent him with the delegation of Christians from Najran to
solve their issues among them.
26. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said to them, “I will send you a trustworthy man, a very trustworthy man.” When
the companions heard this praise, every one of them prayed that the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬was referring
to them with this praise and sincere recommendation.
27. The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬called him Amin al Ummah (custodian of the Ummah).
28. The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬sent him to collect jizya from Bahrain.
29. He was made the leader of one of the four groups during the Conquest of Makkah.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
30. He supported Abu BakrRAfor the caliphate and Hazrat Abu BakrRAalso considered him as one
of the best option for the caliphate.
31. He was the commander of armies that fought against and seized Palestine and Syria.
32. He died in 18 AH/639 AD in Syria.
33. Hazrat UmarRAon getting the news about Abu Ubaidah RA’s death got upset and started
weeping and prayed to Allah to have mercy.
34. He prayed, “If I were to make a wish, I would have wished a house full of men just like Abu
Ubaidah.”
35. Hazrat Umar RA also said these words while he was close to his death, "If Abu Ubaidah Ibn Al-
Jarrah were alive, I would have entrusted him with the caliphate, and if Allah asked me about
him, I would say, I assigned the caliphate to the trustworthy of Allah and His Prophet ‫ﷺ‬, Abu
Ubaidah Ibn al Jarrah.”
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Saeed Ibn Zayd RA
Highlights:
1. From Banu Adi clan of Quraish
2. He was the son of Zayd bin Amr, follower of Deen-e-Ibrahimi and was a monotheist. He was
murdered in 605 AD.
3. He was Hazrat Umar RA’s cousin.
4. One of the early coverts along with his wife Fatimah RA, sister of Hazrat Umar RA.
5. Hazrat Umar RA embraced Islam after he listened to Saeed Ibn Zayd RA and Fatimah reading
Surah Taha.
6. Upon entering the house and inquiring what they were reading, Saeed RA denied any recitation
so Hazrat Umar RA knocked him to the ground. Fatimah RA came to defend him but got hit by
Umar RA, as well, after which he felt ashamed and asked them to show them what they were
reading as he wanted to read it as well.
7. He migrated to Madinah in 622 AD
8. He was a part of all battles during life of the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬and defended Islam at every point.
9. He was sent to spy the enemy’s army and their movement during the battle of Badr along with
Talha RA, and they could not take part in the battle as it ended before they returned.
10. He was given the share of the collected booty in the battle.
11. He served as Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s secretary and was also one of the honourable Scribes of Quran.
12. He was a part of Treaty of Hudaibiya as well as Conquest of Makkah.
13. He proved to be an important part in the Muslim people because of his bravery.
14. He was the commander of Muslims army when they fought against Romans in the time of Hazrat
Umar RA.
15. He was a part of the Conquest of Damascus.
16. He acted as a governor of Damascus, but later left the position because of his love for Jihad
and fought to defend Islam as an ordinary soldier.
17. He was made the Governor of Kufa.
18. He died in 55 AH during Caliphate of Mu’awiyah and was laid down in Madinah.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Scribes
Abdullah bin Masud RA
Highlights
1. He was one of the very significant and close associate of Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
2. Abdullah bin Masud RA was always fond of Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬and he always stood by him.
3. Before him, Abdullah Bin Masud RA’s mother and brother were also fond of him and were
supporters of him.
4. He was given the title of, ‘Sahabi bin Sahabiya’, because of his support for Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬just
like his mother and brother.
5. He gave up all the worldly affairs and businesses as soon as he accepted Islam and freed himself
in order to be present for Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
6. He and his mother were always so active in spreading the message of Allah and attending to
Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬that they often visited his house, as was reported by Abu Musa Ashari RA, “My
brother and I visited the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬from Yemen. We observed Abdullah bin MasudRAand his
mother at the Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s house frequently so that we were under the impression that they too
were members of his household.” (Bukhari)
7. He had to face a lot of hardship in the hands of Quraish because of him embracing Islam at a
very early stage.
8. He was a very great reciter of Quran and a very keen learner because of his close association
with Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬. He had the honour of being the first to recite Quran loudly in Makkah.
9. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬openly said that people should learn Quran from Abdullah bin Masud.
10. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬stated, “If anyone likes to recite the Quran as fresh as it had descended then he
must recite it on the reading of Abdullah bin Masud.” (Ahmad)
11. He was the one who was contacted frequently in order to interpret the Quran, after Holy Prophet
‫’ﷺ‬s death.
12. He participated in battle of Badr, as well as in, battle of Uhad.
13. He was the one who killed Abu Jahl.
14. He travelled to Abyssinia two times and back to Madinah as well.
15. He is known to record about 800 Ahadith.
16. He was greatly respected by Hazrat Umar RA, as he plenty of times, entrusted him responsibilities.
17. Hazrat Umar RA gave him the honour to take care of the public treasury and sent him to Kufa.
18. He was known as the teacher of Islamic religion.
19. Hazrat Umar RA often reached to Abdullah bin Masud RA in order to obtain guidance regarding
Quran and Sunnah.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Zayd Bin Thabit RA
Highlights:
1. Zayd bin Thabit RA was from the Khazraj tribe.
2. He was 11 years old, when he embraced Islam-before Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬travelled to Madinah.
3. He was a chief scribe of the Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
4. He was not allowed by Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬to take part and fight for Islam in battle of Badr, since he
was only 13 years old.
5. He participated and fought enthusiastically in battle of Trench and Tabuk Expedition.
6. Zayd bin Thabit RA was a very brilliant, bright and knowledgeable individual, who was a polyglot
as well.
7. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬selected him to learn Hebrew so that he could interact with the Jews, because
he was a quick-learner.
8. He was considered amongst the most intelligent teachers and scholars, and learnt Quran while
Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬was still alive.
9. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬was supportive of him and always fond of his knowledge. He asked him to write
down all the revelations, Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬received.
10. Hazrat Abu Bakr RA respected Zayd bin Thabit RA and was impressed by how intellectual he
was.
11. Hazrat Abu Bakr RA asked Zayd bin Thabit to compile the Quran after many Huffaz, died in the
battle of Yamama.
12. He was the one to have the honour of compiling the Quran.
13. Zayd Bin Thabit RA regarded Hazrat Abu Bakr RA as well.
14. He was the first Ansar to accept Hazrat Abu Bakr RA as the caliph.
15. He supported Hazrat Abu Bakr RA, which displayed in how he participated in battle of Yamama,
and also fought with Musailma.
16. Zayd bin Thabit RA was respected by Hazrat Umar RA as well as Hazrat Usman RA.
17. Hazrat Umar RA in his time, designated Zayd bin Thabit as the Qazi of Madinah and also his
deputy whenever he left the city to perform Umrah or Hajj.
18. Hazrat Usman RA appointed him to control the public treasury.
19. He was also given the responsibility of developing copies of Quran.
20. He also had knowledge of inheritance and property distribution as said by Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Ubbay bin Ka’ab RA
Highlights:
1. He belonged to the Khazraj tribe.
2. Also called, Abu Mundhir.
3. He was one of the chief scribes during Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬time.
4. Once Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said to him, "May knowledge delight and benefit you Mundhir."
5. One day, the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said: "O Ubayy ibn Kab! I have been commanded to show or lay open
the Quran to you.”
6. Ubayy was overjoyed, he asked, "O Messenger of God...Have I been mentioned to you by
name?" "Yes," replied the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬, "by your own name and by your genealogy (nasab) in the
highest heavens."
7. One of the 25 Memorizers of Quran after death of the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
8. He was highly respected by Muslims in early times and his opinion was of utmost importance.
9. He swore obedience to Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬on the location of Aqabah.
10. He was the first one to embrace Islam from the town of Yathrib.
11. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬gave him the honour of writing letters for him and also revelations.
12. It is reported that the last verse in the Quran was written down by Ubbay bin Ka’ab in 10 AH.
13. He remembered Quran by heart and he had his own copy.
14. His reading of the Quran was so beautiful and great that Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬referred everyone to
learn Quran from him.
15. Ubbay bin Ka’ab RA was always busy in praying that he was always found in the mosque.
16. Hazrat Abu Bakr RA used to take guidance from a consulting body in which Ubbay bin Ka’ab
RA was a member.
17. He died in Hazrat Usman RA’s khilafat in 29 AH.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Khalid Bin Waleed RA
Highlights:
1. Initially he was the enemy of Islam and belonged to a family which opposed Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬and
Islam.
2. He was not in battle of Badr but participated in battle of Uhad and fought against Muslims fiercely
and defeated them.
3. After the Treaty of Hudaibiya, he entered in the religion of Islam.
4. In 629 AD, he encountered Amr Ibn al-As and Usman Ibn Talha while his way to Madinah.
5. Amr Ibn al-As and Usman Ibn Talha were travelling to Madinah in order to embrace Islam.
6. He took part in the battle of Mu’tah against Romans.
7. In battle of Mu’tah he was given the command of the Muslims army after the fall of three great
leaders, that are Zayd bin Harith RA, Ja’far Ibn Abi TalabRAand Abdullah Ibn Rawaha RA.
8. He led the Muslims with so much passion and with clever strategizing that he was the only reason
for Muslims to return with few losses of life.
9. He fought so fiercely in the battle that he broke nine swords fighting the Roman army.
10. For his courageous fighting in the battle of Mu’tah, he was given the title of ‘Saif Allah’, which
means ‘Sword of Allah’.
11. He participated in the conquest of Makkah, battle of Hunain and battle of Tabuk.
12. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬divided his army in four groups in conquest of Makkah, and Khalid Bin Waleed
RA was made the leader of one of the group.
13. He had the honour of being present in Holy Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s Farewell Pilgrimage and in order to win
the battles, he took 3 hairs of Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬, as a good luck charm to all battles.
14. Hazrat Abu Bakr RA and Hazrat Umar RA placed a lot of trust in Khalid Bin Waleed RA after Holy
Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s death and they both respected him.
15. Hazrat Abu Bakr RA made him the commander of Muslim army to fight the enemies, and said
at the moment that he heard Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬saying these words about Khalid Bin Waleed RA,
“He is the best slave of Allah, a sword of Allah that has unsheathed for the disbelievers, the
hypocrites and the polytheists.” (Ahmad)
16. He was also sent by Hazrat Abu Bakr RA and Hazrat Umar RA as a leader of many Muslim armies,
in order to fight the Romans and Persians and other enemies.
17. He died in Syria in 642 AD.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
A. Write briefly about the tasks carried out by the scribes at the time of the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬. [10]
Highlights:
1. Scribes were very close to the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
2. The Quran was written entirely during Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s life but was in parts.
3. They kept record of revelations and wrote letters and treaties as per Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s command.
4. Prominent among the scribes were Abu Bakr RA, Umar RA, Usman RA, Ali RA, Zayd bin Thabit
RA, Abdullah bin Masud RA and Ubayy bin Ka’ab RA.
5. The official scribes that were appointed by Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬were Ali RA, Zaid bin Thabit RA and Ubayy
bin Kaab RA.
6. The unofficial scribes had taken permission from Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬to serve. Abdullah bin Amr bin Al-Aas
even asked Holy Prophet, "May I write down everything I hear from you in the states of
contentment states of contentment and anger?" Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬replied, "Yes, for I speak nothing
but the truth."
7. Hazrat Ali RA was Hafiz-e-Quran who accompanied the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬since his childhood.
8. He also wrote the Treaty of Hudaibiya.
9. Various scribes had different roles and wrote verses on number of materials including bones of
camel, animal skin, stone tables, palm leaves and pieces of wood etc.
10. Some scribes kept their own personal copies of the revelation e.g. Abdullah Bin Amr bin al Aas
RA.
11. The personal copies kept by some of the companions were used to verify the one final copy
made.
12. Companions keeping a private record of the revelation had read it out to the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬during
his lifetime.
13. Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬had instructed the scribes about the sequence of the Quranic verses and how they
were to be positioned.
14. Therefore, a systematic order of the verses and surahs was already known.
15. Zayd bin Thabit RA reported, “We used to record the Quran from parchments in the presence of
Messenger of Allah ‫”ﷺ‬.
16. Scribes were present to write down the revelations revealed during 610 to 632 AD. Quran says,
“Written by the hands of the scribes honourable, pious and just.” (80:15-16)
17. A scribe was always present at the time of revelation and the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬would instruct as to
where it should be marked, "Write down this verse in such and such chapter after such and such
verse."
18. Zayd Bin Thabit RA said,” I used to write down the revelation for the Holy Prophet, may the peace
and blessings be upon him. When the revelation came to him, he felt intense heat and drops of
perspiration used to roll down his body like pearls. When his state was over, I used to fetch a
shoulder bone or a piece of something else. He used to go on dictating and I used to write it
down. When I finished writing, the sheer weight of transcription gave me the feeling that my leg
would break, and I would not be able to walk anymore. When I finished writing, he would say,
“Read!”, and I would read it back to him. If there was an omission or error, he used to correct it
and then let it be brought before the people.”
19. Companions who couldn’t write the verses, memorized them instead.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
B. Explain the importance of the principles employed by the compilers of the Quran at the time of
the caliphs. [4]

Highlights:

1. Collected verses of the Quran from Huffaz. This ensured authenticity.

2. Dialect of Quraish was followed so that globally one dialect is followed.
3. Order rearranged according to how the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬instructed.
4. Burnt copies of altered versions during Hazrat Usman RA’s Caliphate to prevent any chance of
alteration or wrong recitation.
5. Recited the final version of the Quran in Masjid-e-Nabwi in the presence of public so that any
alteration could easily be identified and there was no confusion.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Other Important Personalities
Hazrat Aminah RA (Mother of Prophet ‫)ﷺ‬
Highlights:
1. Aminah RA was the one who gave birth to Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
2. She was the daughter of Wahb Ibn ‘Abd Munaf Ibn Zuhrah.
3. She was married to and with whom she had Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬was Abdullah Ibn Abdul Muttalib
RA.
4. She married Abdullah RA one year before the Year of Elephant.
5. While she was carrying Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬in her womb and was about to give birth, she had a
dream.
6. In the dream she saw that she gave birth to a boy and at the birth of the boy, appeared a light
which extended to Basra in al-Sham.
7. She said these words in her dream in which she was praying, “I seek for him, refuge in Allah the
One from the evil of every envier.”
8. After the birth, the boy was named, Ahmed, which means one who renders praise (to God).
9. Shortly after his birth, he was handed over to Halima Sa’adia RA to be cared for.
10. Halima Sa’adia RA came to return him when he was 2 years old but asked Aminah to keep him
for some more time.
11. Aminah RA agreed to her request.
12. Aminah RA decided to pay a visit to her husband, Abdullah RA’s grave in Yathrib when Holy
Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬was 6 years old.
13. Abdul Muttalib tried to convince her not to go but she did not stop and went to Yathrib after the
travel of 10 days.
14. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬stayed in Yathrib, Madinah with his maternal uncles of Banu Najjar while she
visited grave.
15. She used to stay on the grave few days of the week.
16. She died while she was returning from Yathrib to Makkah, as she fell ill.
17. She was laid down in a place called, al-Abwa.
18. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬went to visit Aminah RA’s grave when he was visiting Makkah for his Farewell
Pilgrimage.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Halima Sa’adia RA
Highlights:
1. She was the woman who cared for Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬in his childhood.
2. There was a custom in Madinah that newborn children were to be nursed by Bedouin woman in
deserts.
3. Halima RA along with other women came to Madinah to take any child.
4. She led a very poor life and entered the city along with her husband, Al-Harith on a donkey and
an old camel.
5. Holy Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s father died because of which his mother was not able to pay the women, so
no other nurse took him.
6. When Halima RA arrived, only Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬was left and she took him.
7. As she took him, this proved to be a turning point in her life.
8. She was showered with so many blessings and good times.
9. Her camel and her goats started giving a lot of milk.
10. Since he proved to bring good luck for her, she convinced Holy Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s mother, Aminah RA,
to keep him for some more time since there was also an epidemic in Makkah.
11. An incident scared Halima RA a lot.
12. The incident was when two angels appeared while Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬was playing with his foster
brother.
13. The angels laid him down on the ground, opened his chest, took his heart out and took a clot
from within.
14. The angels cleaned the heart and his chest until it was purified and then placed it back in his
body.
15. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬woke up with his face with pale yellow colour.
16. His foster brother thought that he was murdered, and he told Halima RA the same, she got
terrified.
17. She checked him and took him back home.
18. Soon after that, he went back to his mother, Aminah RA.
19. Later, he married Hazrat Khadijah RA when Halima RA came to seek help and he asked Hazrat
Khadijah RA to give her 40 sheep.
20. She, along with her husband, came to accept the religion of Islam when Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬
received his revelation.
21. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬respected her a lot that he gave her his robe to sit down, when she came to
meet him on the day of Hunain.
22. She was laid down in Jannat-ul-Baqi in Madinah in 8 AH.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Abu Talib
Highlights:
1. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬lost his parents and his grandfather at a very early age when he was about 8
years old.
2. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬was raised by his paternal uncle, Abu Talib.
3. Abu Talib belonged to the tribe, Banu Hashim.
4. Abu Talib used to be always present for Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬so that he did not feel alone and always
considered him his son.
5. He always guarded Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬against the enemies.
6. Out of all the relatives, Abu Talib was the one who stood by Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬when he started
spreading the message of Allah.
7. Abu Talib always supported him because in his opinion Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬was not distressing
anyone.
8. Abu Talib said to Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬, “Go ahead with what you have been bidden and I pledge to
continue to give you my support and protection.”
9. The people of Makkah initially stayed quiet on Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬teaching, because of Abu Talib.
10. Abu Talib was standing as a shield in between Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬and the people of Quraish.
11. After some time, when Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬condemned the idols of non-Muslims, the unbelievers
started making noise against him but were not able to do anything because of Abu Talib, as he
was standing by him.
12. However, after some time a group of people went to Abu Talib and asked him to stop protecting
Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬and hand him to them.
13. Abu Talib invited Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬and explained him clearly the whole situation.
14. Abu Talib said, “Save me as well as yourself and do not cause me to carry a burden I cannot
bear.”
15. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬replied to him, “O my uncle if they place the sun on my right hand and the moon
on my left to renounce my work, I would not stop until Allah fulfills it for me or destroys me in the
process.”
16. Abu Talib on listening Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬answer got emotional, and said, “you may go and do
whatever you like, I will never withdraw my protection from you and will never let you down.”
17. Abu Talib tried to convince his tribe, Banu Hashim people to stand by him and protect Holy
Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
18. On the other hand, Quraish were forcing Abu Talib to withdraw his protection of Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬,
which he refused to do.
19. After his refusal, Quraish banned the tribe Banu Hashim, which was for about 3 years, in Shi’b Abi
Talib, but he continued safeguarding Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
20. Abu Talib died after 10 years of Holy Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s Prophethood, immediately after the ban
ended.
21. His death greatly grieved Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬and he named the year of his death as a ‘Year of Grief’.
22. After his death, Quraish started abusing and tormenting the Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Hazrat Hamza RA
Highlights:
1. Hazrat Hamza RA was famous for his fierce nature and his love for wrestling, archery, hunting
and swordsmanship.
2. He was always so busy in these activities that he never showed his interest in the religion and
never noticed the spreading of religion.
3. He had numerous relations with Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬, as he was his maternal aunt’s son, his uncle and
his foster brother.
4. He was 2 years older than Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
5. He never talked about Islam, until the day when Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬was abused by Abu Jahl.
6. In the 6th year of Prophethood, he was told about some people when he returned from hunting,
how badly Abu Jahl treated his cousin Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
7. This infuriated Hazrat Hamza RA and he immediately went to avenge Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
8. At the time Abu Jahl was sitting in Ka’abah with his people.
9. Hazrat Hamza RA attacked him, hit him hardly.
10. After this event, Hazrat Hamza RA entered into the religion of Islam.
11. He left all his hobbies and placed all his focus in the spreading and protection of Islam.
12. His acceptance of Islam proved to be a turning point for Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬preaching of Islam.
13. Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬used to preach behind closed doors but after Hazrat Hamza RA acceptance, he
came out in open.
14. In the 13th year of Prophethood, Hazrat Hamza RA moved to Madinah.
15. He was given so much respect by Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬that he asked him to lead the group to check
on the Makkans in the second year of Hijrat.
16. He participated in battles and expeditions with Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
17. He fought fiercely in battle of Badr, and killed many opponents including Utba.
18. He was killed in battle of Uhad, by Wahshi, who was the hired by Hinda, Abu Sufyan’s wife.
19. Wahshi attacked Hazrat Hamza RA, from behind a rock and killed him.
20. Hinda, made a necklace by cutting his nose and ears and threading them in.
21. Hinda took out his liver and tried to chew it in order to avenge his father who was killed by him
in battle of Badr.
22. His funeral prayers were offered by Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬along with all the martyrs in the battle of
Uhad.
23. Hazrat Hamza RA was given the title of Chief of the Martyrs.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Hazrat Bilal RA
Highlights:
1. Hazrat Bilal RA was a slave of Umayyah bin Khalaf, belonging to Abyssinia.
2. He was one the very few early converts.
3. He faced a lot of hardships in the face of his leader, when he accepted the message of Allah.
4. Umayyah bin Khalaf used to torment him brutally in order to convince him to reject and leave
Islam.
5. Hazrat Bilal RA was forced to lay down on the heating sand and a large stone was placed over
his chest.
6. Hazrat Bilal RA bear all of this and always chanted, “Ahad Ahad!”.
7. He was freed by Hazrat Abu Bakr RA, who was walking by while he was being abused.
8. For this event of getting him free, Hazrat Umar RA stated, “Abu Bakr is our leader and he set our
leader free meaning Bilal.” (Bukhari)
9. He possessed a high-pitched voice, because of which Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬asked him to deliver the
first Azan when they came to Madinah.
10. He was given the title of ‘Muazzin of Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬.
11. He also gave Azan from Ka’aba after Makkah’s conquest.
12. He participated in a lot of battles alongside Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
13. He took the life of his previous owner in the battle of Badr.
14. He was a generous and God-fearing person.
15. After the death of Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬, Hazrat Umar RA was the first one to ask him to give Azan when
a treaty was signed with the Jews.
16. He lived in Syria before moving to Madinah and was married to a woman there.
17. Hazrat Bilal RA went to the city of Madinah after Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬called him in his sleep.
18. When Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬came in his sleep, he got emotional and Imam HassanRAalleviated his
morale.
19. At that moment, he was asked by Imam Hassan RA to deliver Azan, which made everyone
emotional while remembering the time when Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬was alive.
20. He was 60 years old when he died and was laid down in Damascus.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Abu Sufyan
Highlights:
1. Abu Sufyan was in opposition of Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬and comes in the list of his worst enemies.
2. He was born in 560 AD.
3. Hind bin Utba was his wife.
4. His son, Mu’awiyah was the first Umayyad Caliph.
5. His daughter, Ramlah RA, was one of the wives of Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
6. Abu Sufyan was respected by the people of Quraish and he had a lot of influence over their
opinions.
7. He was the leader of the Banu Abd-Shams tribe.
8. He was the reason which led to the battle of Badr, as he asked the people of Quraish to guard
him while was returning from Syria with his people in 624 AD.
9. He was announced as the leader of Quraish after the battle of Badr.
10. He was the leader of the Makkans and guided them in battle of Uhad in 625AD and battle of
Trench in 627 AD.
11. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬sent letters to a lot of leaders to invite them to the religion of Islam.
12. Heraclius, the Roman King was one of them and he invited Abu Sufyan who was nearby in
Jerusalem for trade to tell him something about Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬character.
13. Abu Sufyan said good things about him even after being his biggest rival and guaranteed on
his honest nature.
14. Abu Sufyan was the one who was sent to renegotiate the terms of the Treaty of Hudaibiya after
it got ended by the Quraish in 8 AH and later they realized that they would not benefit out of
the abolition of the Treaty. However, he was not able to get the treaty back.
15. He was captured by the Muslims during the Conquest of Makkah after he was caught spying.
16. Abbas RA mediated with the Muslims and got him freed.
17. Later, Abu Sufyan realized that the gods in Makkah are not honest and they are not to be
worshipped.
18. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬gave him the message of Allah and offered him to accept Islam, which he
agreed.
19. During the Conquest of Makkah, when Muslims were entering Makkah, Abu Sufyan was given
respect by Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬as he said that everyone will be safe who stays in the house of Abu
Sufyan.
20. Abu Sufyan participated and fought in the name of Islam in the battle of Hunain and battle of
Yarmuk.
21. He lost his one eye in battle of Hunain and other eye in battle of Yarmuk.
22. He died in 650 AD, at the age of 90, in Madinah.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Salman al Farsi RA

Highlights:
1. He was born and grown up as a Zoroastrian.
2. Later, Salman RA entered into the religion of Christianity and then afterwards embraced Islam
after meeting Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
3. He was a Persian and first one of his people to accept Islam.
4. He practiced his religion under the counsel of Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬and Hazrat Ali RA till he reached
his height of faith.
5. He always worked to spread the religion of Islam and unity in the Muslim community.
6. Before accepting Islam, he used to act as a protector of a fire temple, but after some time he
went towards Middle East for search for a true religion.
7. He was told about the signs of the last messenger of Allah, by a monk in Syria.
8. Initially when he met Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬, he was a slave but later he was a free man with the help
of Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
9. He was a man of knowledge and intelligence, which made him the member of Ahlul Bait.
10. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said, “Salman is, indeed full of knowledge.”
11. Salman RA was the one who gave the idea of digging trenches in various spots of Madinah
where there was a chance of enemy attack.
12. This idea was given when after the battle of Uhad, Muslims got the news that Makkans were
forming an army to fight.
13. This idea gave a victory to Muslims and the hypocrites backed off after trying hard.
14. Salman al-Farsi RA had such a personality he that he was liked by a lot of people.
15. On the day of Al-Khandaq, Ansar said, “Salman is of us.”
16. Muhajirin also said, “Salman is of us.”
17. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said, “Salman is of us, O People of the House (Prophet ‫'ﷺ‬s house).”
18. Salman al Farsi RA’s personality showed the pious and humble nature and good deeds of his
and his actions were portraying his purity.
19. Abu Emameh reported an incident, “The day the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬was looking at the sky, we asked,
“What are you looking at, O Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬of Allah?” He answered, “I saw an angel was taking
Salman’s deeds to the sky.”
20. His behaviour was the reason for his heart to be filled with divine rays as Abu Hurairah reported
once Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬saying, “Anybody who wants to look at someone whose heart is
enlightened with the divine rays should look at Salman.”
21. He was the one companion of Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬who always strived to increase his knowledge,
Hazrat Ali RA said, “Salman al-Farsi is the same as the wise Luqman.”
22. He used to talk for long hours with Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬regarding religion and strived to strengthen his
faith day by day, as said by the Messenger of Allah ‫ﷺ‬, “If religion was in the sky, Salman would
acquire it.”
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Ja’far bin Abi Talib RA

Highlights:

1. From Banu Hashim clan of Quraish, son of Abu Talib.

2. He was a fearless, generous, pure and trustworthy person.
3. The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬gave him the title of "Father of the poor", and, "The Two Winged".
4. He became an important personality as soon as he entered into the religion of Islam.
5. He and his wife faced a lot of persecution in the hands of the idolaters.
6. He migrated to Abyssinia accompanied by other Muslims.
7. He had three children, Muhammad RA, Abd Allah RA and Auf RA.
8. Quraish sent Abd Allah in abi Rabiyah and Amr Ibn Al-Aas RA to Abyssinian King, Negus to send
back Ja’far bin Abi Talib RA and other Muslims.
9. They said to Negus, "Your Majesty, you well know that a group of fools have turned renegade
and have taken asylum in your country. They did not embrace your religion, but rather invented
their own religion that neither of us know. We are people of high rank who are related to their
fathers, uncles, and tribes, so that you would surrender those wretched renegades to us."
10. Negus asked the Muslims, “What is that religion that made you abandon your people’s religion
and refuse to embrace our religion?”
11. Ja’far bin Abi Talib RA was decided to be the advocate of Muslims and he gave a speech to
express to King Negus that why they came to his country.
12. Negus then inquired from Ja’far RA, “Do you have a scroll on which you have written the words
of your Prophet ‫”?ﷺ‬
13. On Negus’ insistence, Ja’far RA recited the verses of Surah Maryam, which made Najashi and
his bishops emotional.
14. Negus said to the Quraish delegate, “These words, of what had descended on Isa (Jesus), come
from the very same source as that of Issa. You are a free man in a free land. By Allah, I will never
surrender you to them.”
15. After the Khyber Expedition when Ja’far RA returned to the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬, he hugged him and said,
“I do not know which makes me feel happier, Khyber’s conquest or Ja’far arrival.”
16. He always prayed to die as a martyr and enter paradise.
17. He was martyred in the battle of Mut’ah.
18. Abu Hurairah RA said, “The most generous man towards the poor was Ja’far Ibn Abi Talib.”
19. Hazrat Umar RA stated, “I was with Ja'far in the battle of Mu'tah and we looked around for him.
We found that the enemy had sprayed his body with more than ninety stabs and strikes!”
20. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said, “I have seen him in paradise. His head and wings – upper arms – were
covered with blood!”
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Abu Hurairah RA

Highlights:

1. Abd Shams was his name before entering into Islam.

2. Abu Hurairah RA was famous for his excellent memory.
3. He used to care for cats and animals, so he was named Abu Hurairah, which meant ‘father of
small cats.’
4. He was raised as orphan boy.
5. Busrah bint Ghazwan RA was his master and later he married her as a free man after embracing
Islam.
6. He entered into the religion of Islam on 7 AH by visiting Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬in Khyber.
7. In difficult times, he always stood by the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
8. He memorized the Quran by heart.
9. He was one of the “As-hab-e-Suffa”, companions allowed to live in Majid-e-Nabwi to study
Quran and Hadith from the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
10. He had no business to run nor was he a farmer, hence he always supported the Muslims and
Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
11. He said about himself, “No one among the companions of the Messenger of Allah ‫ ﷺ‬narrates
about him more than I do except `Abd Allah Ibn Amr Ibn Al-'Aas. He used to write, but I didn't.”
12. Imam Ash-Shafiyy said about him, “No one in his period was more capable of narrating traditions
with such a memory than Abu Hurairah.”
13. He was always so busy in praying to Allah along with his wife and daughter that there was no
time in his house, during night which was without praying.
14. After embracing Islam, his mother, who did not accept Allah’s religion at the time used to hurt
him by saying bad things about Prophet ‫ﷺ‬. However, later she accepted Islam.
15. He always took part in the battles after him embracing Islam.
16. He was made the Governor of Bahrain by Hazrat Umar RA during his time.
17. While he was ill, he used to say, “O Allah, I would love to meet you, so love to meet me.”
18. He died in the age of 78 in 59 AH.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School

Objectives:
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Hadith 1

The message of the Hadith:

1. Meaning of sincerity; ‘loyalty’, ‘being true’, ‘faithful’, ‘’sincere advice’ & ‘dedication’ that
whatever you are doing should be done with pure intention submerging yourself completely in
Islam and its teachings.
2. ‘We’ in the Hadith refers to the companions.
3. ‘Book’ is in reference to the Quran.
4. ‘Messenger refers to Prophet Muhammad ‫ﷺ‬.
5. And the leaders of the Muslim world are the social world that Muslims live in.

Teachings:
1. Meaning of Nasihah (sincere advice).
2. Add a quotation from the Prophet ‫;ﷺ‬
3. Example: ‘Indeed sincerity leads to piety and indeed piety leads to paradise.’
4. Belief in Tauhid and rejection of shirk.
5. Believing Quran as the divine guidance by the one and only Creator.
6. Holding a firm belief that the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬was the last Messenger of Allah.
7. Following the leadership of Islam and not creating disruption in the community.
8. Helping others in their difficulties and not causing discomfort or harm.

Practical Implementations:
1. Fulfilling the rights of Allah, Haqooq Allah (fasting, praying, zakat etc.)
2. Respecting and acting on the Quran in your everyday life and explaining it to other people as
well.
3. Implementing the Sharia Law.
4. Obeying the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬and following his example (helping and respecting one another, being
honest and just, not being privy to someone’s discomfort etc.)
5. An example is the sincerity that is shown by the companions of the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬in the hardships
inflicted by the Makkans.
6. Showing kindness and respect in everyday life (to peers, friends, work colleagues, neighbors etc.)
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Hadith 2

The message of the Hadith:

1. ‘brother’ – refers to Muslims (both genders).
2. ‘wants for himself’ – refers to being concerned for the community in the same way that one is
concerned for himself.

Teachings:
1. To be concerned for the people of the community.
2. This promotes brotherhood and goodwill and reduces hatred and jealousy.
3. To be a source of goodness for the brotherhood.
4. It is by divine decree that the bond of brotherhood is established in Islam.
5. The Quran says, “Believers are a single brotherhood.” (49:10)

Practical Implementations:
1. Genuinely caring for people in their hardships and being happy along with them in their good
times.
2. If an individual wishes good upon himself, he should wish the same wellness for others.
3. Praying to Allah for the wellness of the community at large.
4. Coming to the aid of all those in help in the Muslim community as well as humanity at large.
5. An example in the Ansar of Madina giving refuge to the Muhajirin of Makkah.
6. Relevant to today’s times, an example would be raising funds under Zakat for refugees, or
helping them settle and feel secure, educating them etc.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Hadith 3

The Message of the Hadith:

1. Appropriate speech; speak something which is encouraging and kind instead of bringing others
down through your words
2. Taking care of neighbors; kindness and empathy towards those around you.
3. Being hospitable to guests.
4. The Hadith mentions ‘Belief in Allah and the Last Day’ which shows that belief/faith and actions
are closely linked in Islam.

Teachings:
1. How to behave socially/mannerisms of Muslim community.
2. Refers to control over one’s speech as what one says can do as much damage as it can do
good.
3. Secondly, it talks about being kind to neighbors in the sense that one should not cause them
harm or bring them discomfort.
4. Thirdly, emphasis is placed on being hospitable to those who come to visit.
5. All these teachings are related to being a Muslim and are seen as the outcome of belief in Allah
and the Last Day.
6. These actions of goodwill create and maintain peace and harmony among the Muslim
community.
7. The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said “Muslim is he, from whose tongue and hands other Muslims are safe”.
8. The Quran says “Not a word does he utter but there is a watcher by him who records it.” (50:18).

Practical Implementations:
1. This Hadith teaches Muslims their duties towards others.
2. We should not backbite, or tell lies about people with the intent of bringing them down (slander)
3. Good speech can be used to resolve conflicts.
4. Emphasis is placed on the rights of neighbors and these rights are fulfilled by not causing them
harm or discomfort.
5. Food should also be shared with one’s neighbors.
6. We should be kind to our guests and view them as a blessing from God.
7. It was a Sunnah of the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬to accompany his guests to the door when they were leaving.
8. Example of Hazrat Abu Talha who fed his guest while keeping himself hungry. In regard to this
the following verse was revealed: “They give preference to others first, whoever is saved from
the greed of his own soul will be successful.” (59:9)
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Hadith 4

The Message in this Hadith:

1. Islam is a simple religion and only requires a few things to gain place in Paradise:
2. The 5 obligatory prayers.
3. Fasting in Ramadan.
4. Being mindful of that which is halal and that which is haram.

Teachings:
1. Following the clear guidelines set my Islam will gain Muslims the pleasure of Allah and a place in
Paradise.
2. Performing the five prayers, and fasting in Ramadan is obligatory on every Muslim.
3. The two other pillars of Islam; Zakat and Hajj are obligatory only on Muslims who have means for
fulfilling them.
4. The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said: “Avoid what I have forbidden you to do, and do your utmost what I have
ordered you to do.”

Practical Implementations:
1. Muslims should obey Allah and follow the guidelines given in the Hadith.
2. If one performs the 5 obligatory prayers in congregation and during the appropriate time period,
it brings him closer to Allah.
3. “The difference between a believer and non-believer is his prayer”.
4. Fasting in the month of Ramadan or in addition on Mondays and Thursdays teaches Muslims
empathy and puts them in the shoes of those who are not able to feed themselves.
5. It also teaches Muslims that if they can refrain from food and water from dawn till dusk, surely
they can refrain from committing bad deeds.
6. Other bad deeds such as cheating, drinking alcohol, adulteration, theft, lying are all deeds that
disrupt a peaceful society and hinder success in the hereafter.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Hadith 5

The message in this Hadith:

1. 4 types of charity are told in this Hadith.
2. However, not a single act requires the possession of wealth.
3. The Hadith tells about how a common man can gain reward doing common acts with the will
of Allah.

Teachings:
1. Charity in this Hadith does not refer to giving away wealth in Allah’s name.
2. Charity here refers to any act of goodwill that helps the community.
3. The fact that all body parts in a human being function properly is only by God’s will, this Hadith
asks Muslims to ponder upon this and be humble.
4. Thankfulness towards Allah can be reflected in the way that one is helpful and kind towards
others without any regard to their ethnicity, race or religion.
5. The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said: “The best amongst people is the one who is a source of benefit for the
people”
6. Being a Muslim is not just fulfilling Haqooq Allah, but also being kind and considerate towards
other people in their everyday lives.

Practical Implementations:
1. In the everyday lives of Muslims, actions should be performed with the intention of benefitting
those around an individual.
2. In essence, this Hadith talks about the social responsibility of Muslims.
3. Feeding the hungry, settling disputes, greeting people with a smile, giving good advice or
otherwise staying silent are all examples of how Muslims can play a positive role in the lives of
many and gain reward.
4. The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬was kind to everyone, even his enemies.
5. An example of being charitable is seen in the way that the Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬helped the old
woman who threw rubbish on him every day on his way to prayer. (examiner credits this
incident).
6. Examples of charitable behavior are seen throughout the way the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬and his
Companions spent their lives. The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬supported orphans and helped the poor, he also
shared his meals with his guests.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Hadith 6

The Message of this Hadith

1. Hand: Physically yourself or the one with authority e.g. government authorities.
2. Tongue: verbal preaching of Islam, having the tenacity to take action on moral grounds.
3. Heart: The acknowledgement that something is bad/prohibited on a personal/individual level.

Teachings:
1. The desire and want to remove all evil is a foundational characteristic of a true believer.
2. In this Hadith, Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬talks about the obligation of every Muslim on various levels of authority
to stop the spread of evil in society.
3. If one is able to abstain oneself from evil, but staying quiet and distancing oneself from where it
is taking place it “is the weakest response”.
4. This Hadith teaches Muslims to refrain from taking part in unrighteous deeds and to also prevent
them from happening.
5. “You are the best of people evolved for mankind, enjoining what is right, forbidding what is
wrong and believing in Allah.”
6. It is unworthy of a believer to be in presence of evil and to not use his authority to stop it.
7. In an Islamic society, virtue and righteousness should be encouraged and all evil should be
discouraged.
8. People in places of authority have a special responsibility to stop the spread of evil in society,
since they have the power to do so.

Practical Implementations:
1. Every Muslim individual holds different levels of authority in society, but the implementation of
this Hadith in everyday life will bring a positive change in society.
2. E.g. Reporting bribery, corruption, electricity theft in the neighborhood, standing up to an unjust
ruler are all examples of reducing social evils.
3. The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said “The best type of jihad is speaking true words in front of a tyrant ruler”.
4. We see many examples of reducing social evil in the life of the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬. He spoke against the
injustices brought upon the women in the Arab society, he stopped the people of Mecca from
idol worship and stood up against many societal evils.
5. Being helpful towards people who have faced injustice and also standing up to the one who
has been unjust is encouraged in Islam.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Hadith 7

The Message of this Hadith:

1. Men: refers to all of humanity.
2. Strives hard: performs jihad in the way of Allah.
3. Person: Jihad bil Nafs – Spiritual Jihad.
4. Property: Jihad bil Maal – Financial Jihad.

Teachings:
1. This Hadith refers to the sacrifice that Muslims should make in the way of Allah.
2. The believer who sacrifices his person and property in the name of Allah holds the highest
position.
3. The Hadith refers to two main kinds of jihad:
4. Spiritual Jihad (Nafs)
a. This is an indication that Muslims should strive hard in spreading the word of Allah. This can be
done through preaching and fighting against evil in the society.
5. Financial Jihad (maal)
a. This refers to spending wealth in the way of Allah and establishing a society that is based on
righteousness and justice.
b. “There is no (amount of money) that you spend in His cause without Him replacing it for He’s
the best of all providers” (34:39).

Practical Implementations:
1. There are many ways to be helpful in the community and gain rewards in the way of Allah.
2. On an individual level, Muslims should not only fulfill their obligatory prayers also the Nafl prayers.
3. On a social level, one can finance individuals who do not have the financial means to perform
Hajj, or go to Umrah.
4. In the times of Covid-19, organizing and providing free healthcare for individuals struggling with
the disease is one way to spend wealth in the way of Allah.
5. Construction and maintenance of mosques.
6. Raising awareness about the teachings of Islam and preaching it as the religion of love and
kindness, instead of the mainstream view of Islam as the religion of war and anarchy.
7. Carrying out welfare projects in the community to help the poor.
8. Tabuk Expedition; Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬and Companions made financial donations in the cause of Allah.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Hadith 8

The message of this Hadith:

1. He who dies in war or by natural causes as long as it is in the way of Allah, is a martyr.
2. For Muslims who cannot take part in war and fighting, this Hadith is good news for them.
3. Even women, children, and the elderly can die martyrs if they lived their lives the way that Allah
commanded and with the Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s Sunnah as guidance.

Teachings:
1. The basic understanding of a martyr is one who dies fighting in the name of Allah.
2. However, in this Hadith, the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬broadens the perception of martyrdom.
3. The Hadith emphasizes living life piously and righteously as is told by Allah and His Messenger so
that even the common man can pass onto the next world a martyr.
4. A martyr is any Muslim who lived his life according to the way of Allah and believed in His
Oneness and Supremacy.
5. The Quran says: ‘And say not of those who are slain in the way of Allah: “they are dead.” rather,
they are living, but you perceive it not’ (2:154)
6. This Hadith is an encouragement for those who are unable to fight in the battlefield.
7. Jihad on a physical, mental, and spiritual level is rewarded in the highest degree by Allah and
proves that Allah loves all of his creation and helps them as long as they are obedient and
faithful.

Practical Implementations:
1. A Muslim who strives in the way of Allah will achieve the status of a martyr.
2. In order to achieve this status, Muslims should strive for Jihad fi sabilill Allah (struggle in the way
of Allah).
3. This can be done by one’s self, hand or tongue.
4. However, it should be understood that death in the battlefield attains the highest rewards: place
in Jannat ul Firdous.
5. This high status can be achieved through working for those in need and showing kindness to all
creatures.
6. Defending the teachings of Allah and spreading the word of Allah and the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
7. Attaining the pleasure of Allah is possible in every word and action of a Muslim.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Hadith 9

The Message in this Hadith:

1. Emphasis is placed upon earning halal.
2. This Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬says that depending on other people for one’s earning should not be
encouraged.
3. A believer who earns honestly is rewarded in this world and the hereafter.

Teachings:
1. In this Hadith, emphasis is placed upon earning in a halal way. The highest level of respect is for
those who carry out honest work.
2. This Hadith also discourages Muslims from depending on someone else to provide for them, for
example, means such as begging and other haram ways of earning.
3. Respect should not be attributed to the amount of money that one earns, but to the way that
one earns it.
4. “One who earns his livelihood by hard work is a friend of Allah”.

Practical Implementations:
1. This Hadith teaches Muslims to earn an honest living.
2. This can be done by avoiding means such are bribery and gambling.
3. To stay within the means that one can earn, and spending according to what is earned.
4. The Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬never looked down upon any work as long as it was done honestly.
5. Even when the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬was the leader of the Islamic community, he worked in the
construction of the mosque, and during the battle of Khandaq, he worked alongside his
companions in digging the trench.
6. We should not look down upon any profession as long as it is the work of labor and the wealth
earned from it is halal.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Hadith 10

The Message in this Hadith:

1. Emphasis is placed on helping vulnerable individuals in society.
2. Fulfilling the rights of humans is just as important as fulfilling the rights of Allah.
3. If one spends the day helping those in need, it has the same reward as spending the entire night
in prayer.

Teachings:
1. This Hadith places emphasis on helping the less fortunate in society.
2. This helping behavior is seen as worship in this Hadith and Jihad in the way of Allah.
3. The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬tells about how the rights of humans are just as important as the rights of Allah.
4. Welfare in society is of great importance in Islam and rewards are given to people who help
those who are vulnerable in society.
5. Worship in Islam is not restricted to the worship of Allah, being mindful of and kind to the less
fortunate in the community is also regarded as worship and holds the highest of rewards.
6. The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said to Aisha RA: “O Aisha love the poor and let them come to you for help. Allah
will then surely tale you near Him on the Day of Judgement”.

Practical Implementations:
1. This Hadith preaches Muslims to live life in a way that is mindful of other people and their needs.
2. Allah wants Muslims to not just worship Him but also help his creations in whatever need may
arise. Being helpful and generous to everyone is an important part of being a Muslim.
3. Bringing betterment to society is a fundamental factor of the Muslim community. This can be
done by providing for the poor and establishing lodgings or a place to stay in for the homeless.
4. Being kind to orphans and widows and making sure that they are provided with their basic needs
5. All these tasks that assist the community are considered ibadah in Islam and are rewarded in
the highest degree.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Hadith 11

The Message in this Hadith:

1. ‘Brings up’ refers to taking responsibility for an orphan like one’s own child.
2. ‘Man’ refers to anyone from the Muslim Ummah.
3. Glad tidings for Muslims who bring up an orphan.
4. People who implement the teachings of his Hadith in their lives will be given the greatest rewards
in the hereafter.

Teachings:
1. Emphasis on looking after orphans.
2. People who take care of orphans are rewarded with the greatest of rewards.
3. One of the great rewards of this deed is having an abode close to the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬in paradise.
4. In the Quran, Allah instructs his people to take care of orphans and be to be kind to them: “Treat
not the orphan with harshness.” (93:9)
5. The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬was an orphan himself and was always mindful of their plights. He also reminded
his Ummah to be sensitive toward their needs and to always take care of them.

Practical Implementations:
1. Providing food and shelter for orphans.
2. Where an orphan has been left with an inheritance in his name, taking care of their assets till the
child reaches maturity.
3. If the parents had been under debt, Muslims of the community can come together to pay off
this debt or the lender can absolve this debt.
4. One can be financial support to underage orphans, sponsor their education or find them good
partners for marriage.
5. The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬once found an orphan crying and consoled him and said: “Would you not like
Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬to be your father and Aisha to be your mother?”.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Hadith 12

The Message in this Hadith:

1. This Hadith focuses on how Muslim leaders should behave with their subjects.
2. Emphasis is placed upon being gentle and not turn away anyone who comes to their leaders
for help.

Teachings:
1. Emphasis is placed upon the responsibilities of Muslim leaders and rulers.
2. The welfare of the community is what is important and should be focused on by Muslim rulers.
3. Being gentle and kind to one’s subjects is a characteristic of a good ruler.
4. In this Hadith, the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬instructed his governors to treat their subjects with kindness and to
not be dictators over them.
5. On a broader level, this Hadith is an instruction to all Muslim rulers to be gentle on the people
under their rule. This increases the inclination of the common people towards Islam.
6. The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said, “The best rulers are those whom you love, and they love you”.

Practical Implementations:
1. All authority belongs to Allah and any governance that is given to humans is a trusted gift from
Him.
2. Muslim leaders should be mindful of this and always remember that they should carry out all
actions according to the teachings of Islam.
3. Islam teaches leaders of the Muslim community to be mindful of the needs of their subjects and
treat everyone with kindness.
4. It is also a teaching of Islam to be tolerant of other religions and to not discriminate against
anyone, regardless of their ethnicity, race, or religion.
5. It has been reported that a man complained to the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬that Muadh ibn Jabal recites
long surahs in prayers and this causes the man hardship as he does manual work all day. The
Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬then asked Muadh to recite short surahs when leading the prayers, he said to Muadh
thrice: “O Muadh you are putting the people to trials”.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Hadith 13

The Message in this Hadith:

1. This Hadith refers to how important the understanding of the Quran is.
2. Emphasis is placed on being mindful of the Quran’s teachings.
3. The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬gives the example of a tethered camel which refers to the Quran and as long as
a keeper keeps a check on the camel and makes sure that it is tied up, the camel stays in its
place, otherwise, it will run away.
4. In the same way, the Quran needs to be revised in memory over and over again, or else all that
effort put into understanding it will be futile.

Teachings:
1. Emphasis is placed on the importance of reading the Quran and understand the meaning of
the Arabic verses.
2. By understanding, reading, and reciting it, a Muslim can establish a relationship with the Quran
and through it with Allah.
3. The teachings of this Holy Book should not be neglected and an understanding of the Arabic
text will make it easier to live by it.
4. The Quran prevents Muslims from straying away, as a camel does if it is left untethered.
5. The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said: “Keep reciting the Quran, for, by Him, in whose hand my life is, the Quran
runs away (is forgotten) faster than camels that are released from their tying ropes”.

Practical Implementations:
1. To keep one’s faith strong, Muslims should read and understand a small portion of the Quran
every day.
2. Understanding the teachings of the Quran is important, however more important is the
implementation of these teachings in the everyday lives of Muslims.
3. Tarawih prayers in the month of Ramadan are a good way to recite the Quran and review it in
depth.
4. Regular recitation keeps one close to Allah.
5. The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said: ‘Allah does not listen so attentively, as He listens to the recitation of the Holy
Quran’.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Hadith 14

The Message in this Hadith:

1. Justice in all business dealings is the message of this Hadith.
2. One should be just in the way that he buys and sells things.
3. If all business transactions are carried out fairly, God rewards all those involved.
4. For one who lends money to another, be kind in your interaction and do not make the other
individual feel low.

Teachings:
1. The Teachings: of this Hadith focus on the manner in which business transactions should be
carried out.
2. Kindness and mercy are key aspects of all interactions between Muslims, be it financial or
business dealings.
3. Honesty, fairness, and kindness should be the guiding principles of all transactions.
4. The Quran says “Give full measure when you measure and weigh with a balance that is straight”
(17:35)
5. Allah rewards those who are merciful and sympathetic towards a borrower and those who carry
out their dealings with justice.

Practical Implementations:
1. Muslims should be fair in all trade and dealings.
2. Honestly in business is a key for all Muslims.
3. One should not sell products with a sub-standard quality at the same price as a good product.
4. Keeping unfair profit margins is prohibited.
5. The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬was honest in all his dealings which is what drew Hazrat Khadijah RA to him as well
and she sent a marriage proposal impressed by his honesty and sense of duty.
6. Muslims should keep the example of the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬and his companions in mind when
conducting any business dealings.
7. It is said about Hazrat Usman RA that he used to give more in measure and weights when selling
and paid more when buying. He said that Allah not only fulfilled his needs but also gave him
more than he needed.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Hadith 15

The Message in this Hadith:

1. Emphasis is placed upon being merciful to all of God’s creatures.
2. Being mindful of others and showing kindness to all living things
3. If an individual is kind to those around him, Allah is kind to him in all his dealings.

Teachings:
1. Allah is Rahman and Raheem, he is the most merciful and beneficent and forgives those who
ask for forgiveness.
2. However, in this Hadith, the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬emphasizes the fact that Allah shows mercy to those who
show mercy to others.
3. Developing personality traits such and kindness and sympathy, and being compassionate to all
living things are characteristics of a true Muslim.
4. People should be mindful of others and forgive them for their mistakes and faults.
5. The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said, “He who is devoid of mercy is devoid of all good”.
6. Great rewards are reserved for people who show mercy and kindness and a Muslim’s treatment
by Allah depends on how he treats others.
7. People who do not practice compassion and mercy are depriving themselves of the mercy of
their Lord.

Practical Implementations:
1. Carrying out small acts of kindness are ways in which the teachings of this Hadith can be
implemented.
a. Helping people cross the road,
b. Feeding the hungry,
c. Forgiving people for their mistakes,
d. Professing brotherhood to the Muslim community
e. Being kind to all living things,
f. Practicing compassion and not holding grudges against anyone.
2. The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬was merciful towards his enemies, he prayed for the people of Ta’if even when
they threw stones at him, at the conquest of Makkah he pardoned everyone who accepted
Islam even though they had tortured him and his companions for 10 years.
3. In following the Sunnah of the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬, Muslims can exhibit forgiveness and let go of all past
grudges.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Hadith 16

The Message in this Hadith:

1. This Hadith uses the analogy of a human body to explain how Muslims should be.
2. The idea of brotherhood is an important theme in this Hadith and calls for all Muslims to stand
together as one entity.
3. Focus is placed upon how the unity between Muslims of the community can lead to a stronger
society.

Teachings:
1. This Hadith teaches Muslims about the brotherhood of the Islamic community.
2. Focus is on a Muslim’s relationship with other believers.
3. The Quran says “hold fast by the rope of Allah together and be not divided”.
4. Muslims are joined together as one body under the flag of Islam. This religion is aimed at creating
a brotherhood that transcends all race and geographical boundaries and unites all Muslims into
one solid structure.
5. Each Muslim should be aware of everyone’s troubles and be a support in their times of need.

Practical Implementations:
1. Empathy is a trait that should be present in all Muslims.
2. One should be aware of the hardships and difficulties that people around them are facing, be
it family, friends, or other people of the community.
3. The biggest example of brotherhood was seen at the Migration to Madina where the Ansar and
Muhajirin were declared brothers by the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
4. The Ansar displayed generosity unmatched by any society to the extent that they were willing
to donate their properties for the Muhajirin.
5. Taking this example, Muslim refugees from other countries who find themselves in a distressing
situation should be helped by other Muslim countries in whatever way they can.
6. In Pakistan’s context, many Afghan refugees have made Pakistan their home and have settled
here.
7. Similarly, Muslims of Palestine, Syria, Kashmir, Iraq should be helped by providing a safe passage
to where they can live their lives in safety.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Hadith 17

The Message in this Hadith:

1. Modesty is encouraged in all areas of life.
2. Modesty of the mind and the body inhibited many social evils that were present in the time of
the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
3. Modesty in all social and occupational areas of life can lead to a betterment in the Muslim
society.

Teachings:
1. Modesty of the body and mind creates a pious and respectful society.
2. By being modest, an individual is not selfish in the regard of only thinking the better for himself.
3. Instead he believes himself to be part of the wider society and works towards the betterment of
the community at large.
4. Modesty also keeps an individual away from committing bad deeds such as lying, stealing and
not giving other people their rights.
5. In this sense, modesty is important for the smooth functioning of a social structure so that
everyone stands on an equal footing and no individual is disadvantaged.
6. The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said, “Modesty and faith are both companions; when one of them is absent the
other follows it”.

Practical Implementations:
1. Islam and modesty go hand in hand, where modesty is missing in a person who cannot practice
Islam with sincerity.
2. A Muslim’s way of living life should not be extravagant or flamboyant, instead, it should reflect
the humble and simple way of living that was promoted by the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
3. The Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s entire lifestyle reflected his humbleness and he never spoke loudly or in an
improper manner.
4. Modesty is reflected in concern for the community and protects it from immorality.
5. Making sure that every person gets their rights and is made comfortable in their lives stems from
being modest and having compassion. This may also eliminate many social evils.
6. One example of modesty is the lowering of the gaze when faced with the opposite gender, this
protects both the people involved from the immoral thoughts that may come to their minds.
7. By practicing modesty, one becomes aware of the fact that Allah is the Creator of everything
and a human’s place in this world is temporary, therefore every action that one commits should
be to please his Creator.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Hadith 18

The Message in this Hadith:

1. This Hadith tells about the generosity of Allah.
2. Any human being who has even a minute amount of faith in the Oneness of Allah will be spared.
3. Pride is seen as one of the greater sins that a Muslim can commit.
4. Pride will be the undoing of many.

Teachings:
1. Faith in one God is the fundamental requirement of gaining Allah’s favor in the hereafter.
2. The belief that there is no god but Allah gives birth to humility in humans and they can submit to
the commandments of their Lord.
3. Pride is a sin that pollutes all aspects of life and by extension will pollute a man’s hereafter as
well.
4. Pride and arrogance mean that a human is denying the truth of all life and looking down upon
everyone.
5. Pride and arrogance are traits that are linked to Shaytan as it was this arrogance that got Iblis
expelled out of heaven.
6. If one is blessed with beauty, health, and piety, it is all because of Allah’s will and one should be
thankful to Him for everything.
7. The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said, “Allah, the Most High, says, pride is My cloak and greatness My robe, and
who competes with Me in respect of either, I shall cast him into hellfire”

Practical Implementations:
1. A Muslim should be firm in his faith and not fall victim to arrogance.
2. A Muslim should follow the example of the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬and not give place to pride at any instance
in their lives.
3. The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬remained humble even after he became the head of state in Madina and after
the Conquest of Makkah.
4. The Quran says “He (Satan) refused (to obey) and was arrogant. He was of those who reject”,
about how Iblis refused to bow down to Hazrat Adam AS because of his pride and was
condemned from the heavens for eternity.
5. No matter how much success or wealth or knowledge one gathers, there should be no place
for pride and arrogance in the heart of a true believer.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Hadith 19

The Message in this Hadith:

1. This world is part of the greater journey that is set for Muslims.
2. One who believes in the Day of Judgement will never take what he has in this world as eternal.
3. Rather, he is a prisoner of this world; a traveler eager to be set free to complete the rest of his
journey.
4. The true destination of every believer is a home in paradise.

Teachings:
1. The life of this world is of a temporary existence.
2. The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬instructs Muslims to live life according to the law of Allah and be mindful of that
which is allowed and that which is prohibited.
3. A disbeliever may be given all that he desires in this world but nothing in the afterlife. If he has
committed good deeds, the rewards for these will be given in this world.
4. A believer of Allah and the Last Day may not have much in this life but will be provided
everything that his heart desires in the hereafter, given that he has been true in his faith in Allah
and the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
5. In the quest to gain this reward in the hereafter, a believer never makes this world his home,
rather he sees it as part of a greater journey.
6. Just as a prisoner does not make his prison cell his home, a believer is always aiming for the
rewards he will gain in the next world for the hardships he has to bear in this.
7. The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said, “This world is a cultivating ground for the hereafter”.

Practical Implementations:
1. By following the Teachings: of the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬and the path that Allah has shown to the believers,
one can live a life that will lead him to paradise.
2. When the Quraysh of Makkah offered the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬great wealth and property in exchange for
him to stop preaching the word of God, he refused all of his and continued to preach the
Oneness of Allah.
3. The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said, “Live in this world as if you were a stranger or a wayfarer”.
4. Muslims should follow in the steps of the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬and reject any temptations that they may
have in regards to the wealth of this world.
5. When a human dies, he takes nothing with him except the good deeds that he performed in
this world.
6. No wealth or property will do him any good in the hereafter, therefore temptations for worldly
possessions should be avoided in exchange for the eternal rewards that are promised in the
hereafter.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Hadith 20

The Message in this Hadith:

1. Allah knows what is in the hearts of his creations.
2. He is not concerned with what appears to be on the outside
3. Instead, He looks at the hearts of the believers, and He looks at the deeds that they commit in
this world.

Teachings:
1. This Hadith talks about the fact that Allah is not concerned with a person’s wealth or possessions.
2. Neither is He interested in a person’s looks or lineage.
3. The connection that binds Allah and his servants together is one of virtue and goodness.
4. Another important thing to remember is that if one is virtuous and has Taqwa, that too is only by
Allah’s command and is thus a blessing from Him.
5. An act that is done for the show of it and without sincerity is one that holds no value in the court
of Allah.
6. He rewards deeds based on the intentions behind these deeds; “Every action is based on the
intention (behind it) and everyone shall have what he intended”

Practical Implementations:
1. Every action that a Muslim takes should have a purity of intention behind it.
2. All actions should be based on seeking the pleasure of Allah, this is why the amount of charity
that a Muslim gives does not matter, instead what matters is the intention with which one is giving
the charity.
3. Actions must be based on sincerity to Allah and His Prophet.
4. In the social lives of Muslims, one should not engage in flattery, or bribery for the sake of gaining
worldly possessions, privileges, and concessions.
One example of this is the event of the appointment of Hazrat Bilal RA as the first muezzin of Islam.
He was given this privilege because of his loyalty to the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬and his unmatched belief in Allah.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Major Themes of the Ahadith (Individual & Communal)

Q. Write about the main teachings of Ahadith for the importance of an individual Muslim’s
behaviour. [10]

1. Individual (1, 4, 7, 8, 9, 13, 17, 18, 19, 20)

2. Different Ahadith guide us for our individual conduct in everyday life. In the first place, they
teach us to be sincere in our beliefs and practices.
3. Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬is the perfect example for a Muslim to mould his/her life according to.
4. We must put Allah before everything that we do, regular recitation of the Qur’an, is necessary
for the implementation of its teaching in our lives.
5. “He who studies the Qur’an is like the owner of tethered camels. If he attends to them, he will
keep hold of them, but if he lets them loose, they will go away.”
6. Muslims must perform all obligatory acts of worship, such as prayer, fasting, Zakat, etc. "A man
asked the messenger of Allah: do you think that if I perform the obligatory prayers, fast in
Ramadan, treat as lawful that which as lawful and treat as forbidden that which is forbidden
and do not nothing further. I shall enter paradise?" The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said ‘yes’”
7. We must refrain from all unlawful acts that have been mentioned in the Qur’an.
8. And should perform religious Faraiz, to earn God’s pleasure.
9. "Modesty produces nothing but good."
10. Modesty is important in Islam.
11. It plays an important role in building the character of Muslims.
12. Modesty and faith can only co-exist.
13. A Muslim is required to perform good deeds, instead of boasting about his belongings or
achievements. Good intentions are what are accounted for, on the Day of Judgement.
14. The Messenger of Allah ‫ ﷺ‬always sustained purity of intentions.
15. Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬wore simple clean clothes and mended them himself.
16. He used a brick as a pillow to sleep while he was the ruler of Arabia.
17. The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said, “God does not regard your appearances and your possessions, but he
regards your heart and your actions.”
18. A believer has to be modest and humble and should walk on this earth with his head down. He
should not be extravagant, instead, he should wear simple, clean clothes, and he should not
spend excessively in his daily endeavors.
19. We should be proud or think of ourselves very highly due to our ancestry or belongings.
20. Muslims must not indulge in unlawful acts that they may feel tempted to commit, instead, they
should commit good deeds. The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬forbade for followers from being materialistic or self-
centered; Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬told them to strive for eternal rewards of Hereafter.
21. He said: “The world is a believer’s prison and a non-believer’s paradise.”
22. We must live in a restricted manner, in accordance with the Sharia Law, on the earth.
23. One should not indulge in worldly, material possessions, because it all is a mere trial.
24. Instead, Muslims should focus on earning the Jannah, through good deeds in this temporary
world.
25. Muslims are also prohibited from earning unlawfully. The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬has emphasized upon hard
work and earning by lawful means. He is reported to have said: “No one eats better food than
that which he eats out of the work of his own hand.”
26. A believer should strive in the way of Allah and sacrifice his life and property in the way of Allah.
27. According to Islam, a believer should be independent, self-sufficient, generous, and hospitable
towards the poor.
28. One should earn from his hard work, not fraudulence, and should spend from the money in the
way of Allah.
29. We should also fulfill our duties towards other human beings, and be kind and merciful to
everyone, irrespective of their caste, color, or creed.
30. The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said “Treat kindly the dwellers of the earth, He who dwells in the heavens will treat
you kindly.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Q. Write about the main teachings of Ahadith for the importance of the Muslim communal life. [10]

1. Communal (2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16)

2. The Qur’an is the literal word of God revealed to the Prophet Muhammad ‫ﷺ‬, the Ahadith are
statements spoken by the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬during his 23 years of preaching but spoken in his own
words.
3. The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬described the Ummah as being like: “A single body when one part is afflicted; the
other parts feel pain and fever.”
4. The Muslim community must be supportive of itself and that if there is any problem in one part of
it, this will be felt throughout the rest of the part.
5. The interests of the community should be a priority for each Muslim, and vested interests should
take lesser precedence.
6. The first Islamic community was knitted in such a way that these teachings were inculcated in
the core of the social structure. The Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬has said: “‘Religion is sincerity’. We said: ‘to
whom?’ the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said: ‘To Allah, His Book, His Messenger, the leaders of the Muslims and to
their common people.”
7. Basic doctrines of Islam go hand in hand with good community life.
8. Sincerity to the rulers and to be gentle to each other is as important as belief in Allah, Qur’an,
and the Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
9. These were the teachings reflected by the first Islamic structure of society.
10. "None of you truly believes until he desires for his brother what he desires for himself", said
Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
11. This Hadith teaches Muslims to be concerned for our Muslim brothers and sisters.
12. Safeguarding their honour and property from misdemeanor by our hands and tongues.
13. One should want the same thing for his brother as he wants for himself.
14. Through sincerity in one's actions, a Muslim proves that he is a true believer and not a hypocrite.
15. Apostle of Allah ‫ ﷺ‬said: "Every person's every joint must perform a charity every day the sun
comes up; to act justly between two people is a charity, to help a man with his mount, lifting him
onto it or hoisting up his belongings onto it is a charity; every step you take to prayers is a charity;
and removing a harmful thing from the road is a charity."
16. Emphasis is on showing concern for others.
17. A Muslim should help the community in whatever way possible.
18. Give Sadaqah in whatever way it is possible.
19. Sadaqah (charity) is not only restricted to giving away wealth, instead it can be done through
helping others and settling disputes as well.
20. The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said "If someone among you sees wrong, he must right it by his hand if he can
(deed, conduct, action). If he cannot, then by his tongue (speak up, verbally oppose); if he
cannot, then by his gaze (silent expression of disapproval); and if he cannot, then in his heart.
The last is the minimum expression of his conviction (faith, courage)."
21. The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬has prescribed upon all Muslims to stop evil actions of each other by all possible
means.
22. A Muslim's duty to act in defense of what is right is as much part of his faith as is his duty to oppose
wrong.
23. Collective morality is expressed in the Qur’an as the community should in unity try to prevent
going astray.
24. Leaders are responsible for the application of these principles and are accountable to Allah
and man for their administration.
25. A sense of responsibility and provision of justice is embedded into the minds of Muslims as they
follow the doctrines of Islam.
26. The Messenger of Allah ‫ ﷺ‬sent Abu Musa and Mu’adh ibn Jabal to Yemen, and he sent each of
them to govern a part.
27. He said, “Be gentle and do not be hard, and cause rejoicing and do not alienate.”
28. One of the basic premises of the relationship among Muslims, and between Muslims and others,
is derived from one of the basic premises of the relationship between a Muslim and his Creator,
namely, forbearance and forgiveness.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
29. Muslims are encouraged to forgive the bad deeds of others committed against them.
30. In Islamic community life, Muslims think out of their own selves and care about other Muslims.
Therefore, a good Muslim is the one who fulfills the social duties.
31. As Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬said: “Every one of you is responsible and every one of you will be
questioned about his responsibility.”
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
History & Importance of Hadith
A. Write about the major stages of the compilation of Hadith after Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s death. [10]
Highlights:
1. Following Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s death: the era of Rightly Guided Caliphs (close companions).
2. Increase in newly converted Muslims.
3. Muslims wanted to learn a lot more about Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬and his sayings as he was no longer
available.
4. Therefore, they turned to Sahaba who were in the direct company of Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬to learn all
about his traditions and sayings.
5. They were in religious and political authority.
6. New converts wanted to hear about Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬from close companions and associates.
7. The companions were the best authority for knowledge of Ahadith and Sunnah as they had
listened to Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
8. Many companions were present in various countries – converts of those areas wanted authentic
information from them.
9. Proper learning centers were developed.
10. A person (disciple) would learn all the traditions from one companion and then from the next,
and so on.
11. People were willing to travel to distant places for learning.
12. Anybody with any amount of information regarding tradition and Hadith felt necessary to share
it.
13. Abu Hurairah RA, Abdullah bin Abbas RA, Abdullah bin Umar RA, Anas bin Malik RA became
the center to whom people came from different parts of the Islamic empire to gain knowledge
about the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
14. E.g. Abu Hurairah RA alone was the single largest source for Ahadith (5400 narrations almost).
He had boxes full of Sahifas.
15. Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s wives were also vital custodians of Ahadith and were approached for instruction by
other companions. Among the earliest and most distinguished transmitters are:
a. Hazrat Aisha RA;
b. Hazrat Hafsa RA;
c. Hazrat Umm-e-Habiba RA;
d. Hazrat Maymuna RA;
e. Umme-e-Salamah RA.
16. Another reason: companions with most knowledge were old; they were gradually dying.
17. Companions preserved the spirit of Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s teachings and were a practical example of
teachings of Prophet ‫ﷺ‬-their number was decreasing as well.
18. This led to the need of preserving words of Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬even more.
19. ‘Successo0rs of the Companions’ had learned all about from companions and were now
teaching as well.
20. Preparation of collection of Ahadith under instructions of the Umayyad Khalifa, Umar ibn Abdul
Aziz.
21. The Age of Companions (11-100 AH).
22. Caliph Umar bin Abdul Aziz wrote to the Governor of Madinah to write down all the tradition of
the Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
23. Many companions undertook long journeys to verify or hear sayings of the Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
24. The important works of that period were:
a. The works of Shihab Al Zuheri;
b. Collection of Abu Bakr Al Hazim.
25. The Age of followers of the Companions (Tabaéen, 101-200 AH)
26. They had learnt directly from companions. They had records of sayings, teachings, etc of
Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬that they were told by the companions.
27. Al-Muwatta of Imam Malik.
28. First organized works: Musannaf (books organized topic wise).
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
29. Scholars and Hadith critics would use them as evidence for investigating whether the Hadith
was an original one or a statement made by a companion.
30. The Hanafi and Maliki School of Legal thoughts were formulated during this period in the light of
the Ahadith.
31. By the end of the 2nd Century, Imam Shafi and Imam Ahmed bin Hanbal also flourished.
32. Musnad of Ibn Hanbal has 27,647 Ahadith (a quarter are a repetition of same but from a different
source or narration.
33. Age of followers of the followers (Taba Tabaéen 200-300 AH).
34. In this age, the Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s traditions were separated from the reports of the companions and
their successors.
35. Sifting of authentic and weak collections – there were proper standards formed for this.
36. Main focus on recorded chain of witnesses.
37. Experienced and qualified Traditionists would discriminate carefully amongst authentic and
weak.
38. This is the Golden age of Traditions. The six authentic books of traditions (al Sahih-al Sitta) were
written.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Q: Write an account of the collection of Ahadith during:
i. The Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s lifetime, and;
ii. The time of the companions, immediately after the Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s death. [10]
Highlights:
1. Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬only allowed instructed his companions to preserve Ahadith in written form, after
migrating to Madinah.
2. Also instructed them to memorize them and transmit them to others. He said: “He who is present
here should carry the message to he who is absent”.
3. Important documents of Ahadith during Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s time are as follows:
a. During migration to Madinah, a document was signed by Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬and Suraqa bin Malik.
It stated that the former would grant protection to the latter, in case the former held a
position of authority and the latter was caught as a prisoner;
b. Hazrat Ali RA wrote down the terms of the Treaty of Hudaibiya, an important document of
the era;
c. Letters to kings and emperors sent to invite them to Islam during Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s lifetime;
d. The sermon of the Conquest of Makkah written by Abu Shah (Yemeni);
e. Hazrat Ali RA wrote down instructions given by Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬in a small book.
4. There was a need to preserve Ahadth after Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s demise:
a. The Islamic State was expanding;
b. The Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s death and the death of a significant number of companions due to battles
and natural causes was another major reason for preservation;
c. Ahadith were needed to interpret Qur’an;
d. The companions started learning Ahadith from each other;
e. The Ahadith had to be preserved for future generations.
5. The companions closest to the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬were also those who contributed a lot to the
compilation and preservation of Ahadith:
a. Hazrat Abu Bakr RA reported 143 Ahadith;
b. Hazrat Ali RA reported 536 Ahadith (Sahifah-e-Ali);
c. Hazrat Umar RA reported 537 Ahadith.
6. The most prominent transmitters of Ahadith were also:
a. Abu Hurairah RA who reported 5374 Ahadith (Sahih Sahihah);
b. Abdullah bin Umar RA who reported 2630 Ahadith (Sahifah Sadiqah);
c. Anas bin Malik RA who 2286 Ahadith;
d. Abdullah ibn Abbas RA who reported 1660 Ahadith
e. Abdullah ibn Masood RA who reported 848 Ahadith.
7. The Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s wives were also major sources of Ahadith:
a. Hazrat Aisha RA narrated 2210 Ahadith;
b. Hazrat Umme Salamah RA narrated 378 Ahadith;
c. Hazrat Hafsa RA narrated 65 Ahadith.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Q: Give an account of the collection of Hadith in the time of the Successors of Companions
(Tabaeen). [10]
Highlights:
1. This was the 2nd stage in the compilation of Ahadith.
2. 100 AH-200 AH.
3. Tabaeen were the students of the Companions of the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
4. Example: Hammam Ibn Munabbih-student of Hazrat Abu Hurairah RA, (his Sahifa was included
in Musnad Ahmed bin Hambal).
5. As diacritical marks were not used (zayr, zabar, paish) at the time of the compilation, the
Ahadith had to be heard to avoid any misunderstandings.
6. Umar bin Abdul Aziz was the first Muslim ruler to issue orders for the compilation of Ahadith.
7. Al-Muwatta by Malik bin Anas is the earliest example of a Musannaf collection.
8. Contained 1720 Ahadith and both texts from Quran and Ahadith.
9. It was referenced for purposes of law-making.
10. Musnad by Ahmad bin Hanbal contained 27,647 Ahadith.
11. It was the most popular amongst the Musnad collections of Ahadith.
12. Its author examined 750,000 Ahadith and selected only 27,647.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Q: Write an account of the compilation of Ahadith during the period of the Successors of the
Successors (Taba-al-Tabaeen) [10]
Highlights:
1. Early 3rd century (AH) to early 4th century (AH).
2. Known as the Golden Age of the compilation of Ahadith.
3. Musannaf/Sunnan/Sahih books were organized according to topics.
4. Sunnan movement led to the compilation of 6 Authentic/Sahih books.
5. Sahih al Bukhari:
a. Musannaf compilation by Muhammad al Bukhari;
b. He devoted 16 years of his life to go through 600,000 Ahadith;
c. This book contains 97 chapters, all chapters are divided according to the topic discussed in
the Ahadith;
d. 7397 full Ahadith are present, and with the exclusion of repeated Ahadith, the book contains
a total of 2762 Ahadith;
e. This book is regarded as the most authentic collection of Ahadith by the Sunni Muslims.
6. Sahih al Muslim:
a. Compiled by Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj;
b. He travelled extensively to gather his collection of Ahadith;
c. Collected 300,000 Ahadith, out of which 9200 were accepted as authentic;
d. The book contains 2,200 Ahadith, without repetition;
e. A total of 54 chapters are present, but legal commentary as is in Sahih Bukhari is not present;
f. All narrations of the same Hadith are present in the same section.
7. Sunnan of Abu Daud:
a. Compiled by Imam Abu Daud al-Sijistani;
b. He was a student of Ahmad ibn Hanbal;
c. Collected 500,000 Ahadith in his 20 years of research, out of which 4800 were included in his
book;
d. Travelled far and wide for the collection of Ahadith;
e. He collected the Ahadith that were not yet assembled.
8. Jami of Tirmizi:
a. Compiled by Al-Tirmizi, a student of Imam Bukhari;
b. This book contains a total of 3,956 Ahadith, divided into 50 chapters;
c. In this book, firstly, headings are given and a particular hadith is narrated under that heading;
d. This book also deals with the differences in opinion amongst the various law schools;
e. Contains a detailed discussion of the authenticity of all Ahadith.
9. Sunan of al-Nasai:
a. Compiled by Al-Nasai, a student of Imam Bukhari;
b. A total of 5,270 Ahadith are present in this book, divided into 52 chapters;
c. This book contains the fewest number of Da’if Ahadith, second only to the compilations of
Bukhari and Muslim;
d. There is not a single fabricated hadith present in this book.
10. Sunan of ibn Majah:
a. This book is compiled by Ibn Majah;
b. A total of 4341 Ahadith are present, divided into 32 chapters;
c. There are 1339 unique Ahadith in this book that are not found in any of the other 5 major
books, which makes this collection unique;
11. Shia Collection: mid-4th-5th centuries (AH).
12. Al Kafi fi ilm al-din (The Sufficient Book):
a. Written by Muhammad ibn Yaqub al-Kulayni;
b. Contains over 16,000 Ahadith.
13. Man la yahduruhu al-Faqih (For him who can not find a scholar):
a. Written by Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Babuyah;
b. Contains a total of 9000 Ahadith.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
14. Tahzib al-Ahkam (Refinement of Laws):
a. Written by Muhammad ibn Hassan Tusi, also known as, Sheikh Tusi;
b. Contains 13,600 Ahadith.
15. Al-Istibsar (The Perspective):
a. This book is also written by Muhammad Ibn Hassan Tusi and is a shorter version of the Tahzib
al-Ahkam.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Q: Why did it become important to compile the Ahadith after the time of the Rightly Guided Caliphs?
[10]
Highlights:
1. It was important to compile Ahadith after the reign of the Rightly Guided Caliphs because this
time, i.e. 40 AH, was one of turmoil and civil unrest amongst the Muslim community.
2. Some enemies of Islam tied to forge Ahadith and challenged the authority of the Sunnah.
3. Sect-formation continued and hostility between opposing parties was on the rise.
4. Hence, Ahadith had to be compiled.
5. They also had to be preserved for the future generations and converts.
6. And for the religious and political guidance of the growing Islamic State.
7. As more companions of the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬died, the sources of Ahadith also narrowed down,
compilation became necessary.
8. At this point in Islamic history, the Islamic law was developing at state level, especially lima and
Qiyas, which made the accessibility of Ahadith more important.
9. Compilation was also essential to eliminate any errors that were present in any Ahadith. These
errors included problems in memory, forgetfulness etc.
10. Some political leaders of the time had fabricated Ahadith to justify their illegal actions.
11. Some overly enthusiastic teachers of the time, may have made up Ahadith. Even if they had
good intentions behind this action, attribution of text to the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬, when he never said it,
makes it a Maudhu (fabricated) hadith.
12. People knowingly started lying about Ahadith to undermine the authority of Islam. Some of these
individuals pretended to be religious scholars so as to attract more people towards them and
misguide them.
13. Allah says in the Quran, "You have indeed in the Messenger of Allah a beautiful pattern of
conduct" (33:21), proving the perfection of Sunnah of Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
14. For these reasons, it became crucial to compile the Ahadith of the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
15. This work of compilation took generations of scholars to complete and provides a solid base for
all Muslims to build their faith upon.
16. The compilation was carried out by men and women of faith who were unwavering in their
Imaan and wholly dedicated to this task alone.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Q. Methods employed by the compilers of the major books of Ahadith to ensure they were
authentic. [10]

Highlights:

1. Hadith was not initially compiled during the life of the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
2. After his death, the need arose for the companions to start the compilation.
3. During the time of Taba Tabaéen. the authenticity was worked upon to find out the genuineness.
4. They made criteria of the 2 parts which made up the Hadith, the Sanad (chain of narrators), and
the Matn (text of the Hadith).
5. A brief example of Isnad – Imam Malik  Nafi  Abdullah bin Umar RA  Prophet ‫ﷺ‬. This chain
is composed of 3 transmitters.
6. Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬being the source, is never counted as one of the narrators of a Hadith.
7. The Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said, “Pray as you see me offering prayers.” The text/actual words of the
Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬are called Matn (literal translation: text).
8. Masnad, means ‘supported’.
9. The Masnad collections gather Ahadith together according to the name of the first transmitter,
e.g. Masnad Ahmad Ibn Hambal or Masnad Hazrat Aisha RA.
10. The Ahadith are categorized such that all Ahadith narrated by the first transmitter (e.g. Ibn
Hambal) would be in the same chapter.
11. Hence, chapter names would be e.g. Masnad Ibn Hambal.
12. They are useful for detecting Ahadith attributed to a particular companion.
13. Masnad are also used for determining the authenticity of the Ahadith.
14. The best-known Masnad collection is Ibn Hanbal’s Masnad.

The Isnad (Sanad) guarantees that the Hadith originated from the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬. And its criteria are as
follows:
1. The name, nickname, title, parentage, and occupation of the narrator should be known.
2. The original narrator should have stated that he heard the Hadith directly from the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬
and should be a companion of the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
3. If a narrator referred his Hadith to another narrator, the two should have lived in the same period
and should have met the one before and the one after him. Hence, their birth and death dates
are to be examined.
4. The chain should not be broken and should go back to the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
5. The narrators should be pious, honest, and trustworthy Muslims.
6. Each narrator should be a practicing Muslim. Ahadith narrated by non-Muslims are not
accepted.
7. They had good memory or had written down what they had heard.
8. The narrators should be of an age at which they could understand the full importance of what
they had heard (should not be underage or mentally ill).
9. The narrators should not have a criminal record and should not be known for lying or slandering
(false accusations damaging someone’s reputation).
10. The narrators should not have spoken against reliable people.

The Matn also guarantees that the Hadith originated from the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬. And its criteria are as
follows:
11. The text should be in pure Arabic and the dialect of Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
12. Should not conflict with Qur’an and other authentic Ahadith.
13. Should not be in contradiction with historical facts, laws of nature, or common sense.
14. Hadith which levelled the accusation against the family or the companions of the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬
was rejected.
15. Hadith reported by a large number of people at different times whose agreement on a lie
became inconceivable was accepted.
16. It should not contain expressions uncharacteristic of the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
17. The event narrated in the Hadith should not be fabricated. One way to check this is to see
whether it was reported by other people. E.g. one individual narrated that Hazrat Abu Bakr RA
used to kiss his thumbs whenever Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s name was taken during Azan. This was not reported
by other people hence, scholars do not believe this action to be practiced by Abu Bakr RA.
18. The text is not accepted if the narrator admits that the Hadith is fabricated.
19. The Hadith should not offer excessive rewards or punishments for insignificant deeds.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Q. What are the different types of Ahadith? How is each Hadith classified into different types? [10]
Highlights:
1. All Ahadith are categorized by their Isnad (Masnad) and Matn (Musannaf).
2. The purpose of Musannaf collections (e.g. Sihah al Sitta) is to understand the teachings of
Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬and formulate Islamic Law.
3. Musannaf collections are easy to navigate and hence, more comprehensible for ordinary
Muslims.
4. Two sub-types of Ahadith.
5. Hadith Qudsi are known as divine Hadith, those related by Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬from Allah (apart from
the Qur’anic revelations).
6. Qudsi are divine in nature, but not part of the Qur’an.
7. Report of what Allah said but not words of Allah.
8. Examples of Hadith-e-Qudsi:
a. “Spend on charity, O Son of Adam and I shall spend on you”;
b. “My mercy overcomes My wrath”;
c. “Pride is my cloak and greatness My robe, and he who competes with Me in respect of either
of them I shall cast into Hell-fire”.
9. Hadith Nabwi are the original words of the Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬or what has been generally
recognized as “Hadith”.
10. They are sayings of the Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬, not the divine revelation of God.
11. The words and their meanings are both derived from Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
12. These are words (qoul), actions (fayl) and silent/tacit approvals (taqreer) of the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
13. E.g. "He who memorizes Qur’an is like an owner of tethered camels. If he attends to it, he will
keep hold of them, if he lets them loose, they will go away."
14. The Isnad guarantees that the Hadith originated with the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
15. Each transmitter (Rawi) must be honest and upright.
16. He must be a strong Muslim.
17. He must have a good memory.
18. Each transmitter must have known the transmitter before him, and also the transmitter after.
19. The first transmitter in the chain must be a companion of the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
20. There must be no gaps or weaknesses in the chain.
21. The Matn must agree with the teachings of the Qur’an.
22. It must also agree with the main body of reliable Ahadith.
23. It must also agree with common sense and what is reasonable.
24. It should not praise any individual or place.
25. It should not give precise details of events that occurred after the Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s time.
26. It should not contain expressions uncharacteristic of the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
27. Compilers ensured that there was no conflict between the Hadith and the teachings of the
Qur’an, i.e. both the Qur’an and Hadith were in conformity and taught the same lessons.
28. Could be added that they compared the body (Matn) of the Hadith with reason, the Qur’an,
and other Hadith to ensure that they agreed with the primary Islamic teaching.
29. Classification of Ahadith: Keep in view, all Hadith are just Hadith and cannot be efficiently
accessed until we specify them. There are 2 classifications of Ahadith. First subdivision is that
which is based on authenticity/reliability of Ahadith. The second sub-division is based on the
acceptance of a Hadith, or how many people have narrated it.
30. These types mentioned below refer to the authenticity:
a. Sahih (authentic): all of whose narrators in the Sanad and Matn have fulfilled the required
conditions.
b. Hassan (approved): is like a Sahih tradition except for the fact that some of the narrators are
considered defective in memory in comparison with narrators of Sahih tradition. It might also
be that a name or two are missing from the Sanad of a particular Hadith. Though the
meaning of the text remains original, the wording might not be accurate.
c. Da’if (weak): the Hadith could be broken, hanging, perplexing or hurried. The narrators might
have such a bad memory that it there would be a high probability of changes in the Matn
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
such that even the meaning doesn’t remain original. The narrator might also have a bad
reputation for lying. There are doubts regarding the text of the Hadith, which also renders it
Da’if.
d. Maudhu (Fabricated): text goes against the established norms of the Prophet ‫'ﷺ‬s sayings, or
its reporters include a liar. These Aahdith are false and invalid. There is a lack of evidence to
prove that Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬ever uttered these words.

31. With regards to their acceptance classified further into two: Mutawattir and Ahad (which further
has three types):
a. Mutawattir: (in words or meanings); reported by a large number of people in different times
whose agreement on a lie became inconceivable – (Authentic);
b. Ahad (single) had a broken chain of narrators. If their narrator was truthful only then they
were accepted. Further classified into:
i. Mashhur (well-known): narrated by 3 narrators at every age;
ii. Aziz (Strong): had 2 narrators of all ages;
iii. Ghareeb (Rare): had a single narrator at a particular time period.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
A. Write the main features of four authentic collections of Shi’a Ahadith. [10]

Highlights:

1. Shia community of Muslims have different books of collection of Ahadith than the Sihah al-Sitta
(The six authentic books).
2. Authentic books of Shia’s were also compiled; there are 4 major books (Kutub) called as Al-
Kutub-al Arbaa.
3. They are as follows:

a. Al-Kafi fi ilm al Deen (The Sufficient In the Science of Religion): it was compiled by
Muhammad Yaqub Kulayni; It has further three divisions:

i. First: Usool al-Kafi; concerned with the principles of religions;

ii. Second: Furu al-Kafi; concerned with the details of the religious law;
iii. Third: Rawdat al-Kafi; concerned with the various religious aspects
iv. They contain comprehensive collections of traditions;
v. Contains 15,167 Ahadith.

b. Man la Yahduruh al-Faqih (One Who Has No Legal Expert): written by Abu Ja’far
Muhammad’ Ali, commonly known as Sheikh al Saduq;

i. compilation of jurisprudential Hadith;

ii. Has 4 volumes;
iii. Helps ordinary Shia Muslims;
iv. Contains a total of 9000 Ahadith;
v. Isnad is missing – summary of legal tradition.

c. Tahdhib-al-Ahkam (The Revision of Judgements): written by Abu Jafar Muhammad ibn

Hassan Tusi;

i. Comprehensive collection of traditions;

ii. Rulings of Jurisprudence;
iii. Practical regulations of carrying out Sharia Law;
iv. Categorization start with purity, end with blood money;
v. 13,590 Ahadith;
vi. Harmonize the Hadith that are authentic and that contradict each other.

d. Al-Istibsar (the perspective): written by Abu Jafar Muhammad ibn Hassan Tusi who died in
389 AH;

i. Methods are similar to Tahdhib-al-Ahkam but brief;

ii. Not many traditions; concise explanations;
iii. 5511 Ahadith;
iv. Gives full Isnad for traditions;
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
A. How is Hadith used as a source of guidance by Muslims in their thoughts and actions? [10]

Highlights:

1. Ahadith/Sunnah compliment the Qur’an.

2. Sunnah is the way of life. Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬is the role model for Muslims and whatever he said or done
should be followed without question.
3. Allah has commanded, “Obey Allah and obey the Prophet” (64:12).
4. One’s religion cannot be completed if he does not follow the Sunnah of the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬as it has
been asked by Allah to take guidance from the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬. “Whatever the Prophet gives you
take it, whatever he forbids you refrain from it.”
5. Qur’an provides directions to do things and Ahadith provides the way of implementing the
directions by the acts of Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
6. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said, “Behold! I have been given the Book and a similar thing (Sunnah) along
with that.”
7. Generally, scholars believe that both the sources are closely related to each other as Ahadith
provide more detailed information regarding the simple directions in the Qur’an.
8. Hadith is counted as a second source of Islamic law.
9. It is used in a very wide sense as including not only the decisions and percepts of the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬
but also his conduct and practice.
10. There are many verses in the Holy Qur’an which justify Hadith as a source of Islamic law and
guidance. Some of these are,
a. "He who obeys the Messenger obeys Allah"(4:80)
b. "You have indeed in the messenger of Allah a beautiful pattern of conduct"(33:21)
11. The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬declared, "Behold I have been given the book and a similar thing (Sunnah) along
with that".
12. The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬have also said, “My words are not contrary to the words of God, but the words of
God can contradict mine".
13. The whole superstructure of Hadith is based on the verses of the Qur’an revealed gradually over
22 years, 5 months, and 14 days. The following instances will illustrate how these two parts i.e.
Qur’an and Hadith interplay and function for legislation.
14. The Hadith supplements the legal provisions of the Qur’an.
15. Ahadith give a detailed explanation of Qur’anic laws. Qur’an provides basic information.
16. Example of Zakat:
a. “And be steadfast in prayer, give charity tax, bow down your heads with those who bow
down.” (2:43) In this Quranic commandment-and all many others like these-there are no
instructions on how to pay Zakat.
b. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬also specified that 2.5% of surplus wealth, unused for a year, should be given
as Zakat. There are several authentic Ahadith in which the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬gave specific
instructions concerning the items and quantities on which Zakat was due, as well as the time
it is due.
c. “No charity tax is due on property mounting less than 5 Uqiya of silver, and no charity is due
on fewer than five camels and no charity tax in fewer than 5 Wasq of wheat grain.”
d. The explanation of conditions under which Zakat is compulsory, is learned from the Sunnah.
17. Example of theft:
a. The Qur’an says, “As to the thief male or female, cut off his or her hands” (5:38)
b. The Sunnah tells the specifics of this commandment.
c. The Sunnah states that if a thief steals wealth from protective custody, given that he is not
mentally insane or a child, only then should his hand be cut off.
18. Example of property:
a. The Quran states that a person has the right to leave his property by will in whatever manner
he or she pleases.
b. The Hadith has, in this case, made an exception to this general rule and states that one
cannot make a will in favour of one’s legal heirs.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
c. In further explanation: “A Muslim may not inherit from a non-Muslim, nor a non-Muslim may
inherit from a Muslim” for converts to Islam with parents who are still non-Muslim.
19. It is difficult to understand Qur’an without Hadith.
20. “O you, who have believed, obey Allah and obey the Messenger and those in authority among
you. And if you disagree over anything, refer it to Allah and His messenger, if you do believe in
Allah and the Last Day. That is the best [way] and most suitable for the final result...’ (al-Nisa, 4:59)
21. Ijma and Qiyas (Secondary Sources of Islamic Law) when Qur’an and Sunnah (Primary Resources
of Islamic Law) are silent.
22. Example of the compilation of Qur’an.
23. The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said, “My community will never agree upon an error.”
24. Secondary sources cannot contradict primary sources.
25. The secondary sources are both dependent on the Ahadith.
26. Qiyas, the fourth source of Islamic Law is also derived from/dependent upon Ahadith.
27. Qiyas is analogical reasoning, whereby, one thing is compared to another that is similar to it in
Sharia.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
History & Importance of Hadith
Sunnah in Legal Thinking
A. Give examples to show how Sunnah and Hadith of Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬is used in Legal thinking. [10]

Highlights:

1. Primary Source of Islamic Law: Hadith along with Qur’an.

2. Sunnah literally means the sayings and the actions of the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬or the approval of others’
actions.
3. All three, the Qoul, Fayl and the Taqreer relate to Sunnah.
4. Sunnah is the way of life. Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬is the role model for Muslims and whatever he said or
done should be followed without question.
5. Allah has commanded, “Obey Allah and obey the Prophet ‫”ﷺ‬.
6. One’s religion cannot be completed if he does not follow the Sunnah of the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬as it
has been asked by Allah to take guidance from the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
7. Sunnah also tells which is recommended and preferable although not obligatory upon a
Muslim. Performing those recommended actions gets a Muslim extra reward and mercy of
Allah.
8. “Whatever the Prophet gives you take it, whatever he forbids you refrain from it.”
9. Qur’an provides directions to do things and Ahadith provides the way of implementing the
directions by the acts of Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
10. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said, “Behold! I have been given the Book and a similar thing (Sunnah) along
with that.”
11. Generally, scholars believe that both the sources are closely related to each other as Hadith
provide more detailed information regarding the simple directions in the Qur’an.
12. One of the examples of the usage of Hadith and Qur’an together is Zakat.
13. Zakat is the charity money, which is one of the five pillars of Islam.
14. Zakat is as important as it’s the fourth Pillar of Islam, as Qur’an states about Zakat, “And be
steadfast in prayer, give the charity tax, and bow down your heads with those who bow
down.” (2:43)
15. Qur’ans provides general instruction to pay Zakat to the Muslims, but it does not explain how
to pay Zakat, which is done by the Sunnah.
16. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said about Zakat, “Abu Sa’id al-Khudri narrated that the Messenger of Allah
said: No charity tax is due on property mounting to less than five Uqiya and no charity tax is
due on fewer than five camels, and there is no charity tax on fewer than five Wasq.”
According to al-Bukhari, Sahih, Book 24; The book of Zakat; the two words Uqiya and Wasq
are measures of weight.
17. The Sunnah gave the guidelines regarding Zakat and made it clear for the Muslims whether
they are entitled to pay the charity or not.
18. Second example of the use of Hadith and Qur’an is financial dealings especially, Riba.
19. Riba is the interest received on the loans, which is prohibited in the Qur’an.
20. The Qur’an says regarding Riba, “They say, trade is like interest, and Allah has allowed trade
and forbidden interest.”
21. Qur’an is generally forbidding Riba, but it is clearly explaining the types of business
transactions that comes under Riba, which is done by Sunnah.
22. The Hadith reported Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬saying, “From Jabir: The Prophet, may cursed the receiver
and the payer of interest, the one who records it and the two witnesses to the transaction and
said: "They are all alike [in guilt]." (Muslim; also, in Tirmidhi and Masnad Ahmad).”
23. This Hadith used together with the Qur’an provide guidelines to the Muslims regarding Riba.
24. Further example, Surah Maidah verse 38, “As for the thief, male or female, cut off his or her
hand, an exemplary punishment from Allah for their crime. Allah is Mighty, Wise.”
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
25. In this example, Allah has instructed to cut the hand of a person who steals or does theft.
However, it is not mentioned how many hands should be cut or for how much of stealing.
26. The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬explained it, “The hand should be cut off for (the theft of) a quarter of a dinar
or more.” (Bukhari)
27. Another example is law of inheritance – Qur’an states, “It’s the duty of a believer who owns
property to make a will when he (or she) is near death, and he should bequeath fairly to his
parents and next of kin. This is binding upon everyone who is mindful (of their duty to Allah).”
(2:180)
28. The Prophet added to the law of inheritance by saying that, “A Muslim may not inherit from
a non-Muslim, nor a non-Muslim inherit from a Muslim.” (Bukhari)
29. The value the Sunnah in helping Muslims fulfil the requirements of their Imaan cannot be
overstated.
30. Without Sunnah, Muslims will not even be able to carry out their obligatory prayers.
31. Allah has asked Muslims to pray, “Verily I am Allah: there is no god but I: so, serve thou Me,
(only) and establish regular prayer for celebrating My praise.” (Surah Taha, 14)
32. The method of prayer can only be learnt from Sunnah and Hadith.
33. Prophet said, “Pray as you see me praying.” And “No prayer is complete without Al-Fatiha.”
34. In the case where Qur’an is completely silent, the Hadith takes over and forms the entire law
independently.
35. General laws regarding inheritance are stated in the Qur’an, however, the question of
whether wealth can be inherited from a Non-Muslim remains unanswered. The Hadith says
regarding this topic, “A Muslim may not inherit from a Non-Muslim, nor a Non-Muslim inherit
from a Muslim.”
36. Qur’an and Hadith both also help supporting the use of Ijma and Qiyas to derive law in case
both Primary sources are silent on a matter.
37. Both Qur’an and Sunnah should be considered in taking a decision, since without either of
them, decision would be incomplete.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
The Rightly Guided Caliphs
Hazrat Abu Bakr RA

A. Write about the election of Abu Bakr RA as Caliph and how he dealt with the false
prophets during his reign. [10]
Highlights:
1. The Ansar gathered at Saqifah Bani Sa’ad (Council Hall), choosing Sa’ad bin Ubada RA
as their leader.
2. Hazrat Abu Bakr RA, Hazrat Umar RA, and Ubaidah bin Jarrah RA went to this meeting.
3. Hazrat Abu Bakr RA reminded the Ansars that Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬had commanded that his successor
should be chosen from amongst the Quraish.
4. The Ansar were aware of this Hadith, so Khubaib bin Mundhar proposed the two-state
solution.
5. He suggested that 2 caliphs be selected, one from Quraish and the other from Ansar.
Each governing half of the Islamic State.
6. This was objected to by Hazrat Umar RA as it would create confusion and chaos
between the 2 caliphs. At that point, Ubaidah bin Jarrah RA said: “O Ansar, you were
the first to uphold Islam, do not be the first to sow the seed of dissension in it.”
7. Hazrat Abu Bakr RA took the hands of Umar RA and Abu Ubaidah RA and offered the
people to take allegiance to any of those two but they both rejected and nominated
Abu Bakr RA as the fittest to be caliph.
8. Hazrat Umar RA took oath in Hazrat Abu Bakr RA’s hand. Hazrat Zain ibn Sabit from the
Ansar also took the oath, others followed the same act, and Hazrat Abu Bakr RA was
elected as the first Caliph of Islam in a general bait, in Masjid-e-Nabwi.
9. Hazrat Abu Bakr RA was elected, he stated: “O people! I have been selected as your trustee,
although I am no better than anyone of you. If I am right, obey me. If I am misguided, set me
right. The weakest among you is powerful in my eyes; until I do not get him his due. The most
powerful among you is the weakest in my eyes, until I do not make him pay due rights to others.
I ask to obey me as long as I obey Allah and His Messenger ‫ﷺ‬. If I disobey Allah and His
Messenger ‫ﷺ‬, you are free to disobey me.”
10. Hazrat Abu Bakr RA adopted the title of ‘The Successor of the Messenger of Allah”.
11. The rise of the false prophets resulted in the apostasy movement and caused a threat
to Islam during his Caliphate.
12. The main false prophets were Al-Aswad al-Ansi, Tulayha ibn Khuwaleed ibn Nawfal al-
Asadi, Sajjah bint-al Harith, and lastly, Musailma al-Kazzab
Aswad Ansi:
1. His dark complexion earned him the title of ‘Al-Aswad’ i.e. the black man.
2. After the death of the Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬, Aswad claimed to have received divine guidance
and the power to forsee the furture and do magic, and he used tricks to convince the
people of his, ‘miracles’.
3. Also known as the ‘veiled prophet’ as he covered his face to create mystery about
himself.
4. He rose in open opposition to Islam and invaded Najran and most of Yemen.
5. Firuz-al-Dhalaymi organized an expedition that succeeded in killing him.
6. His followers regrouped and revolted under a man called Qais ibn Abd Yaghus; they
were defeated by Firuz and subsequently surrendered along with their leader.
Tulayha:
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
1. Tulayha ibn Khuwaleed ibn Nawfal al-Asadi was a wealthy leader of the Bani Asad and
Ghatafan tribes in the north Arabia
2. He accepted Islam in 630 AD, however, afterward, he rebelled and proclaimed himself
as a prophet.
3. In 632 AD Initially, Hazrat Ali RA, Zubair bin Awwam RA, and Talha RA were sent to battle his army
as they were planning to attack Madinah, battle of Zhu Qissa.
4. Tulayha lost the battle and retreated to Zhu Hussa.
5. Khalid bin Waleed RA was sent to Zhu Hussa and the battle of Buzakha took place in 632
AD where Tulayha escaped to Syria.
6. Later when Syria was conquered by the Muslims, he converted to Islam once again.
7. Tulayha later accepted Islam and fought on the Muslim side in the battles of Jalula,
Qadsiyah, and Nihawand (fought during Hazrat Umar RA’s caliphate against Persia)
Sajjah:
1. The 3rd false prophet was a woman, Sajjah bint-al Harith, from the tribe of Taghlib.
2. Sajjah had a following as a soothsayer, and after the death of the Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬many
of her tribesmen rejected Islam; that’s when she declared herself to be a prophetess.
3. She collected a force of 4000 to march to Madinah, but learning of Tulayha’s defeat by
Khalid bin Waleed RA, Sajjah dropped her plans.
4. She married Musailma, accepted his prophethood, and fled to Iraq after his death in
the battle of Yamama.
5. She became a Muslim along with her followers when Iraq was conquered.
Musailma:
1. The last and the most dangerous false prophet was Musailma ibn Habib al-Hanafi, who
belonged to the large and influential tribe of Banu Hanifa.
2. Musailma was a wealthy and powerful man who used his influence to misguide people
and declare himself a prophet during the life of the Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
3. His claims were firmly rebutted by Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬and he addressed him as, ‘Al-
Kazzab’, ‘the arch liar’.
4. Musailma abolished the injunctions of the Qur’an, making the forbidden, permissible,
and the obligatory dispensable, and succeeded in gaining a large number of followers.
5. Musailma challenged Hazrat Abu Bakr RA’s Caliphate, and thus, the battle of Yamama
took place in 632 AD.
6. He was in the command of an army of 40,000; the Muslims had an army of 13,000 under
Ikrimah, Sharhabeel, and Khalid bin Waleed RA.
7. Musailma was killed by Wahshi al-Harb, the man who killed Hazrat Hamza RA in the
battle of Uhad, before his conversion to Islam.
8. In this battle, many prominent Muslims and Huffaz lost their lives.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
A. Write an account on the Expedition to Syria and the battle of Yamama during Abu Bakr RA’s
Caliphate. [10]

Highlights:

Expedition to Syria:
1. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬ordered a detachment to be sent against the Syrians under the command of
Usamah RA, the son of Zaid bin Haris.
2. The army was on its way to Syria, but had to return mid-way, having learnt of the Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s
demise.
3. Abu Bakr RA was told that most of the tribes had apostatized from Islam and Madinah itself was
surrounded by hostile tribes. The threat grew stronger, since the main army was not present.
Hence, the Caliph’s advisors voted against re-sending the army to Syria at such perilous times.
4. Abu Bakr RA said that it was the wish of the Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬that the army should be sent to Syria
and this wish should be fulfilled at all costs.
5. Abu Bakr RA declared in unequivocal terms: "Who am I to withhold the army that the Holy
Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬had ordained to proceed? Come what may: let Madinah stand or fall; the Caliphate
live or perish; the command of the Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬shall be carried out."
6. The companions of Hazrat Abu Bakr RA then asked for the replacement of Usama bin Zaid, as
he was young. To this objection Abu Bakr RA offered the same rationale to which no one further
argued.
7. Hazrat Abu Bakr RA directed the army to depart on its mission and went to Jorf to bid farewell
to the army.
8. He said while bidding farewell: “Do not kill children, women, and old men. Do not cut down any
trees wherein there is food for men and beasts. Do not molest the monks in the churches.”
9. After a 10 days’ march, the Muslim army penetrated the region of Wadi-al-Qara and fell on
Banu al-Qidzah and other border tribes.
10. The Byzantine forces avoided confrontation with the Muslim force, and the border tribes left to
them were no match for the Muslim forces.
11. The forces hastened to offer allegiance to the authorities at Madinah.
12. The Expedition to Syria secured the safety of the frontier with the Byzantines and averted the
threat of an attack from the Byzantines.
13. It made the hostile tribes realize that the Muslims were strong enough to meet all foes with
courage and determination.
Battle of Yamama:
1. The bloodiest battle so far was fought by the Muslims; a decisive battle that established the
supremacy of Islam in Central Arabia.
2. After the death of the Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬, several false prophets arose in different parts of the Islamic
state.
3. Musailma ibn Habib al Hanafi was the most dangerous one.
4. He belonged to a very influential tribe of Banu Hanifa which held great power.
5. Hazrat Abu Bakr RA appointed Ikrimah as the commander of one of the corps and ordered him
to contact Musailma without engaging in a battle.
6. Khalid bin Waleed RA was chosen to command the forces opposing Musailma.
7. Ikrimah advanced with his corps and established a camp somewhere in the region of Yamama.
8. Sharhabeel bin Hasanah was marching to join Ikrimah.
9. He was also given a corps by the Caliph with orders to follow Ikrima and wait for further
instructions.
10. Ikrimah couldn’t wait any longer and set up his corps in motion but was defeated by Musailma.
11. Sharhabeel remained in the region of Yamama. To ensure he did not fall into the error of Ikrimah,
Abu Bakr RA wrote to him: “Stay where you are and await further instructions.”
12. Sharhabeel also gave in to the temptation and fought with Musailma, only to be defeated by
him.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
13. Khalid RA received the news of Musailma encamped in the plain, Aqrabah, with an army of
40,000 warriors.
14. Muslim army advanced and launched a series of attacks along their entire front.
15. The battle hung in the balance as the warriors retired to rest after the first period of combat.
16. Khalid had 13000 men.
17. Muslims had to retreat because enemies had entered the area inhabited by Muslim women and
children.
18. Here, Abu Huzaifa and Zaid bin Khattab also got martyred.
19. Muslims regrouped under Al-Barra ibn Malik (leading Ansars) and Ammar bin Yasir (calling back
retreating Muslims).
20. Meanwhile, Khalid RA with his separate batch of 1000 fighters attacked where Musailma was
encamped.
21. This power move made the opposing side flee to a fortified garden.
22. Muslims reached the walled garden; Al Barra ibn Malik asked his fellow men to let him climb the
wall so that he could open the gate by killing the garden guard.
23. The Muslim soldier jumped into the garden, opened the gate and the last phase of the battle
started.
24. The battle reached its climax when Musailma was attacked by Wahshi ibn Harb, the same man
who slaughtered Hamza RA in the battle of Uhad before accepting Islam.
25. He threw the same javelin that killed Hamza RA and struck Musailma in the belly; the next
moment Abu Dujana cut off his head.
26. The battle ended with 12000 Muslims martyrdoms, including those of 360 Huffaz.
27. The garden where this battle took place is known as, Garden of Death, where the carnage of
7000 men took place.
 O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
A. Describe Abu Bakr RA’s activities against the false prophets and apostate tribes. [10]

Refusal to Pay Zakat:

1. The issue of the refusal to pay Zakat was a great test of the moral courage of Abu Bakr RA as
the first Caliph of the Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
2. After the demise of the Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬many surrounding tribes of Madinah which had offered
allegiance to Islam, sent a deputation to Abu Bakr RA with the proposal that their agreement
with the Muslims had ended. Simultaneously, the Expedition in Syria was also taking place.
3. This deputation consisted of 4 tribes: Banu Ghatafan, Banu Asad, Banu Murrah and Banu Abbas.
4. They demanded a fresh agreement was necessary in which they should be relieved from the
obligation to pay Zakat. Abu Bakr RA argued that Zakat was a fundamental injunction of Islam
and had to be paid.
5. These tribes’ acceptance of Islam was simply a personal pledge of allegiance to Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬that
ended with the Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s death.
6. Hazrat Abu Bakr RA’s reply to the deputation was: “If with reference to Zakat, you withhold even
as much as a string to tie a camel, as the Khalifa of the Messenger of Allah ‫ﷺ‬, it will be my duty
to fight for it, whatever the consequences.”
7. The infuriated tribes left the court of Caliph.
8. They attacked at night but found Abu Bakr RA with his army ready to fight.
9. The tribes had some success in the beginning of the offensive, but Abu Bakr RA managed to
drive the army to Dhu Qissa, located at some distance from Madinah.
10. After attacking at Dhu Qissa, the Caliph was able to make the tribes retreat to Abraq.
11. The apostates were defeated; many tribesmen died while others fled in confusion.
12. When the Muslim army had returned from Syria, a proper attack was launched on the tribes and
their lands were taken over.
13. After this battle, many tribes sent their delegates to Madinah, offered allegiance, and paid
Zakat.

Apostasy Movement:

1. After the Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s death, some of the people rose in revolt against the authorities in Madinah
and renounced Islam.
2. Abu Bakr RA, without any delay, launched an expedition against this movement.
3. After collecting the troops at Madinah-numbering 40,000-he divided them into 11 battalions
each with an experienced commander and sent them in 11 different directions to crush these
revolts.
4. He instructed each commander to first invite these tribes to Islam. If any refused to comply they
were to be attacked.
5. Some of the tribes accepted Islam but the others were stubborn and were dealt with harshly.
6. All campaigns were successful, and Abu Bakr RA was able to re-establish control of Islam
throughout the Peninsula.

False Prophets:

1. In the last days of the Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s life, some misguided people arose to claim ‘prophethood’.
2. When Abu Bakr RA was elected as the Caliph, they started preaching openly.
3. Among these false prophets were Tulayha, Aswad Ansi, Musailma, and Sajah.
4. Abhal ibn Ka’ab Al-Aswad al-Ansi:

a. Aswad Ansi belonged to the Ansi tribe in Yemen.

b. He was an ugly man who kept his face veiled all the time.
c. He was nicknamed ‘the veiled prophet’.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
d. Claimed to be a fortune teller and magician (used tricks) and someone who could do
miracles.
e. He also claimed prophethood during the life of Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
f. During this time, he invaded Yemen and Najran and killed Shahr, the ruler of Yemen.
g. He married Shahr’s widow and declared himself the ruler of Yemen and head of Ans tribe.
h. During the life of Prophet ‫ﷺ‬, an army led by Firuz-al-Dhalaymi-a Persian Muslim-was sent
against Aswad.
i. He and his movement were put to an end a day before the death of the Messenger of Allah
‫ﷺ‬.
j. Upon hearing of Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s death, the followers of Aswad revolted under a man named,
Qais ibn ‘Abd Yaghus.
k. This army was defeated by Firuz-al-Dhalaymi again and surrendered alongside their leader.

5. Tulayha ibn Khuwaylib Ibn Nawal al-Asadi:

a. Tulayha was the leader of Banu Asad and Ghatafan tribes in northern Arabia.
b. Initially converted to Islam but then rebelled and laid claim to prophethood.
c. Gained a following in many tribes.
d. In 632 AD, Hazrat Ali RA, Zubair bin Awwam RA and Talha RA sent against his army, which
was planning to attack Madinah in Battle of Zhu Qissa.
e. Tulayha lost and retreated to Zhu Hissa.
f. Khalid ibn al-Walid sent as opponent to Tulayha in Battle of Buzakha.
g. Tulayha escaped to Syria, while most of his followers accepted Islam.
h. At the Conquest of Syria, Tulayha accepted Islam and during Umar RA’s caliphate fought in
battles as a Muslim (battles of Jalulah, Qadsiya, and Nihawand).

6. Sajah bint-al Harith:

a. She was an Arab Christian from the Taghlib tribe but under protection of the Banu Tamim
tribe of Iraq.
b. After a split from Banu Tamim, Sajah came under protection of the Banu Hanifa tribe (also
Musailmah’s tribe).
c. She had gathered a huge following, since she was a soothsayer.
d. After Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬passed away, she declared herself a prophetess and her tribesmen also
denounced Islam.
e. She accumulated 4000 soldiers to lead them to the attack she had planned on Madinah.
f. But hearing of Tulayha’s defeat at Buzakha, she reinforced herself by merging with
Musailmah (another false prophet).
g. She married Musailmah after his proposal.
h. Khalid bin Walid reached Banu Tamim.
i. Many tribesmen had already reverted to Islam hearing that Sajah’s partner was Musailmah.
j. Khalid fought those still loyal to Sajah and defeated them. He then turned attention to
Musailmah.
k. Sajah had lost all support once she married. Her and Musailmah’s forces both lost to Khalid
bin Walid.
l. She fled to Iraq and when it became part of the Islamic Empire, she and others accepted
Islam.
7. Musailmah al-Kadhab:

a. The most dangerous of the false prophets was Musailma ibn Habib al-Hanafi.
b. He belonged to a Banu Habib tribe of central Arabia.
c. On return from Madinah, where he met Prophet ‫ﷺ‬, he proclaimed himself as the prophet.
d. His tribe accepted him as a prophet.
e. He made changes to Islamic principles, reducing the number of daily prayers, making
adultery and drinking permissible, and relieving followers of obligations of Zakat and fasting.
He also imitated Quranic verses, declaring them to be Divine decree.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
f. He also wrote to Prophet ‫ﷺ‬, claiming he had been given a part in prophethood, calling himself
“Messenger of Allah”.
g. He also said half of Arabia belonged to him. Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬responded that all land was Allah’s.
h. Musailmah rallied an army of 40,000 against the Khalifa, Hazrat Abu Bakr RA.
i. Shurabil bin Hasanah and Ikrimah were sent to Yamama separately to fight Musailmah (632
AD). They were ordered to wait till Khalid bin Walid also joined them.
j. However, Hazrat Ikrimah went into battle and got defeated, and the same was done by
Shurabil increasing Musailmah’s morale.
k. After the arrival of Khalid bin Walid, attacks were launched along the entire front, followed
by a period of rest.
l. Initially, the Muslims had to retreat because the enemy had reached where Muslim women
and children were camped.
m. Abu Huzaifa and Zayd bin Khattab were martyred in the restarted battle.
n. Al-Barra bin Malik (led the Ansar), Ammar bin Yasir (called after fleeing Muslims) and fellow
warriors held back the enemy.
o. Other than this these 2 battalions there was a regiment of 1000 soldiers under Khalid bin al
Walid.
p. As the front ranks fought, Khalid directed the cavalry to where Musailmah was camped.
q. This power move caused Musailmah and his army to lock themselves up in a fortified garden.
r. Al-Barra climbed over the garden gate, got injured fighting 10 soldiers and managed to
open the gate from inside.
s. The battle had began to end when Wahshi bin Harb threw a javelin at Musailmah’s stomach.
Abu Dajana cut off the imposter’s head the next moment.
t. Out of 13000 Muslims who took part in the battle, 12000 Muslims were martyred, amongst
which were 360 Huffaz.
u. 7000 of Musailmah’s soldiers also died.
v. Thereafter, Banu Hanifa had to accept the Muslims’ terms.
w. The Battle of Yamama is also known as the Battle of Garden of Death, where the 7000 men
succumbed to death.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Q: Write an account of major battles fought during the reign of the First Caliph. [10]

Highlights:

Wars with Persia:

1. Campaign in Bahrain:
a. The ruler of Bahrain, Mundhir, had accepted Islam during the lifetime of the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬. Under
his influence, the people of Bahrain had also accepted Islam.
b. However, Mundhir died soon after the death of the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬and unrest rose.
c. Despite this, the new leader-Jarud-also the leader of the tribe of Banu Abdul Qais, stopped
his people from apostatizing.
d. Munhiz, a descendent of the Arab kings of Hirah, pledged to fight against the Muslims.
e. Al-Hadrami the Muslim representative in Bahrain left for Madinah to seek help and came
back with the army.
f. They dug a ditch around their camp and waited.
g. When the enemy were intoxicated while celebrating a national festival, the Muslim army
attacked the opposition's camp, surprising and defeating the apostates.
h. Munhiz's men laid down their arms and Bahrain was again brought into the fold of Islam.
2. Campaign in Oman, Marah, and Hadramaut:
a. A false prophet named Laquit bin Malik rose to power in Oman.
b. In the Battle of Daba, Laquit along with his 10,000 followers was killed.
c. In Mahrah, the people were fighting against themselves due to political unrest. But they had
also revolted against Islam.
d. The Muslim army joined forces with a minority in Mahrah and defeated the majority.
e. The people of Mahrah converted to Islam.
f. In Hadramaut, the tribe of Ash'as led the revolt.
g. When attacked by the Muslim army, they retreated to the city of Nujiar where the Muslims
laid siege and in February 633 AD they were finally victorious.
3. The Battle of Chains:
a. The Muslim army under Khalid ibn al Walid was sent to the Persian border.
b. Here Khalid gave 3 options to the Persian king, Hurmuz; to accept Islam, pay Jizya or fight.
Hurmuz chose to fight.
c. Battle ensued immediately at Kazima.
d. The Persian soldiers were connected by chains. This was so that no soldier fell behind and to
promote unity.
e. The Persians could not retreat as everyone was bound together, and the Muslims advanced
without mercy.
f. Hurmuz was killed and many soldiers were taken as prisoners of war.
g. This battle was one of the most humiliating defeats for the Persians.
h. Following the Battle of Chains, the Muslims defeated the Persians at Mazar, Walja, and Ullies.
i. The Muslims then advanced to Hira, but the governor and his people had already fled to
Madain.
j. The victory put the entire central Iraq under the Muslims.
k. Khalid ibn al Walid then took his army to Anbar-surrounded by a ditch.
l. The Muslim army slaughtered their old and weak camels and used them as a bridge to cross
the ditch at its narrowest point.
m. The Governor of Anbar surrendered on the condition that the Muslim army provided a safe
passage for the people and do no harm.
n. After Anbar, Enat-ul-Tamar was taken after laying siege on the city for a few days and the
entire region came under Muslim rule.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Wars with Byzantine Empire:

1. The Battle of Basra:

a. February 634 A.D: Abu Bakr RA called on the Muslim army to confront the Byzantine threat.
b. The large army assembled at Madinah was divided into 4 units.
c. These 4 units were under the commands of Amr ibn al-Aas, Yazid ibn Abu Sufyan, Shurabil
ibn al-Hasanah and Abu Ubaydah ibn al Jarrah.
d. The Muslim armies were relentless in their fight but then Heraclius sent his brother, Theodorus,
to fight.
e. So, Abu Bakr RA sent Khalid ibn al Walid to command the Muslim army as Khalid was already
present at the Iraq border.
f. Khalid brought 9000 strong men from Iraq and reached Syria in under 18 days.
g. Khalid met Shurabil at Basra and sent the word to Abu Ubaidah to meet them, instead of
advancing to Damascus.
h. The commander of the army, Romanus, accepted the offer to enter Islam. The Byzantine
army lost courage and retreated into a walled city.
i. Romanus guided the Muslims into this city through an underground passage, at night and
the Byzantines were killed in large numbers
2. Battle of Ajnadain:
a. After the Battle of Basra, Heraclius organized a huge force against the Muslims.
b. The Muslim armies, amounting to a total of 40,000 men, assembled at Ajnadain.
c. Under Khalid ibn al Walid, the Muslims were able to kill the Byzantine commander and they
retreated from the battlefield.
d. Then the Muslim army marched to Damascus but was met by the Byzantine forces at a
distance from the city,
e. The Muslims won and continued towards Damascus, laying siege to the city.
f. This mission was not completed because of the news of the death of Hazrat Abu Bakr RA.
g. Damascus was later conquered under the rule of Umar RA.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
A. Write a summary on the expansion of the Islamic empire during Abu Bakr RA’s Caliphate. [10]
Highlights:
1. The Islamic state under him was surrounded by the two great empires, Persian Empire and
Byzantine Empire.
Wars with Persia:
2. The Persian Empire wanted to wipe out the Muslims who in turn felt endangered by the Persian
threat.
3. Hazrat Abu Bakr RA took advantage of the unrest in Persia as he wanted to spread Islam in the
land, and Muslims raided on several parts of Persian Empire.
4. In 632 AD, the Kindi tribe in Hadramout broke into a revolt and refused to pay taxes.
5. Hazrat Abu Bakr RA directed an army to Hadramout which resulted in apostates being killed
and others surrendering.
6. Battle of Kazima of 632 AD took place in eastern Iraq in which Hazrat Abu Bakr RA sent an army
under the leadership of Khalid bin Waleed RA.
7. Khalid bin Waleed RA invited Hurmuz, the Persian commander to accept Islam, pay Jizya or
engage in combat.
8. Hurmuz agreed for the combat and set out from Uballa to Kazima.
9. The Persians were linked in chains and due the heavy Muslim attack, they retreated and suffered
defeat as they were bound by chains.
10. Other confrontions took place at Mazar, Walja, Ullies, Anbar, and Ent-at-Tamar in which the
Muslims came out almost unscathed from these skirmishes.
11. Khalid bin Waleed RA conquered Hira, Damat-ul-Jandal and Firad as well.
12. The whole of south and most of northern Iraq was conquered and the Persians were subdued.
Wars with Byzantine Empire:
13. The Byzantines began to conspire against the Muslims in cooperation with the Bedouin tribes on
the Syrian border.
14. Hazrat Abu Bakr RA raised a huge army and divided it into 4 corps, each of these corps
comprised of 7000 men.
15. The four corps were given under the command of Amr bin Aas, Yazeed bin Abu Sufyan, Shurabil
bin Hasanah and Abu Ubaidah bin Jarrah RA.
16. The first encounter of Muslims took place at Basra in which Muslims were victorious.
17. In the battle of Ajnadein, Heraclius sent an army of 250,000 men against the Muslim army of
40,000.
18. Although Heraclius’ army outnumbered the Muslim army, the Romans faced defeat.
19. After the battle of Ajnadein, Muslims advanced towards Damascus and laid siege to it.
20. Hazrat Abu Bakr RA fell ill and died in 634 AD which left this campaign incomplete
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Q: Write about the major achievements and administrative reforms brought by Hazrat Abu Bakr RA.

Highlights:

Administrative Reforms:

1. Justice/Human Rights:
a. Formed a truly democratic society under the teachings of the Quran and Sunnah.
b. Abu Bakr RA consulted the companions when taking an important decision and was aware
of the public’s desires and wants.
c. Non-Muslims under the Islamic rule were given their religious and cultural freedom. Their lives,
property and places of worship were protected.
d. All officers, governors and commanders were selected against merit, not because of their
family background or tribal relationships.
2. Administration:
a. He divided Arabia into provinces, each under a governor (Wali or Ameer). This governor was
responsible for leading prayers, administrating the army, collection of taxes and
maintenance of law and order.
b. This governor was also helped by a Qazi and Amil.
c. Qazi: someone who administers justice (a judge).
d. Amil: someone who collected revenues and taxes (a district-level administrator).
e. He gave a proper shape to the Bait-ul-Maal (the public treasury) and set up a standard for
accounting the public's money.
3. Military:
a. Military cantonments were established, special residences (cantonments) were built for the
soldiers.
b. A proper army was maintained to be kept in reserves.

Main Events/Achievements:

1. Military:
a. Expeditionary forces were sent to Iran, Syria and Palestine under his rule. This expanded the
Muslim empire and brought more people to Islam.
b. Continued the Prophet ‫'ﷺ‬s wish to send an expedition to Syria under Usamah bin Zayd even
though the idea faced a lot of opposition.
c. Later, a force was sent to defeat the Byzantines at the Battle of Ajnadain (13 AH/634 AD).
Similarly, The Persians were dealt with and vanquished at the Battle of Kazima (11 AH/632
AD).
2. Quran:
a. One of the most important achievements of this time period is the compilation of Quran. After
the Battle of Yamama, with the death of many companions, Hazrat Umar RA felt the need to
compile the Quran to save it for future generations. Abu Bakr RA organized a committee for
this task led by Zaid bin Thabit RA.
3. Fighting Apostates:
a. He fought against the tribes who wanted to withhold Zakat (Banu Asad, Banu Ghatafan, Bani
Murrah, and Banu Abbas).
b. He fought false prophets like Musailma and Sajah. This prevented the falsification of Islam and
its teachings.
4. He is a role model for Muslim leaders today and his reign was nothing short of spectacular. Abu
Bakr RA passed away in 13 AH/634 AD, only 2 years after his election as Caliph.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Caliph Hazrat Umar RA
A. Write about the expansion of the Muslim empire into the Persian and Byzantine territory under
the Caliphate of Umar. [10]
Highlights:
1. Umar RA ruled from 634-644 AD.
2. He earned the title of “Amir-ul-Momineen” or “Commander of the Faithful”.
3. He expanded the Empire into the former Sassanid Empire, Egypt, Syria, and North Africa
amongst others.
4. The Islamic state lied in the south of both the Byzantine Empire and Persia.
5. During the reign of Hazrat Umar, the Muslims had to fight both these empires simultaneously.
Wars with Persians:
1. Battle of Namarraq (October, 634 AD):
a. Muslims under Muthanna bin Harith and Khalid bin Walid conquered Hira in Iraq.
b. The Persians wanted revenge.
c. Khalid had already left for Syria at this time and only Muthanna bin Harith was in Hira.
d. To help Muthanna, Hazrat Umar RA sent an army under the command of Abu Ubaid Thaqafi.
e. A battle ensued between the Persians and Muslims in which Muslims were victorious.
2. Battle of Jasr/Battle of the Bridge (October, 634 AD):
a. Alarmed by the Muslim victory, the Persian Emperor dispatched a large army, commanded
by Bahman.
b. The Muslim army was led by Hazrat Abu Ubaidah RA.
c. Persians were more than 10,000, whilst the Muslims were a total of 9000.
d. The Battle took place around the River Euphrates.
e. The Persian commander asked Hazrat Abu Ubaidah RA to cross the river or allow him to
come to the Arab side.
f. Acting rashly and against his advisors’ warnings, Hazrat Abu Ubaidah RA ordered the Muslim
army to build a bridge of boats and cross the river.
g. The other shore was uneven and not easy to navigate through for the army.
h. The Arabs and their animals had never seen elephants before and these beasts routed the
Muslim cavalry.
i. Hazrat Abu Ubaidah RA ordered the cavalry to fight on foot.
j. Although the Muslims fought bravely and brought down many elephants, they were
trampled in large numbers under the beasts’ feet.
k. Hazrat Abu Ubaidah RA himself was martyred by one of the elephants. His brother
succeeded him, but one by one, the Muslim commanders were martyred.
l. A Muslim had cut the boat-bridge so that the Muslim army would not lose heart and retreat
easily.
m. However, the routed soldiers jumped into the river and many lost their lives.
n. The new Muslim commander, Hazrat Muthanna, ordered the bridge to be rebuilt.
o. 6000 Muslims were martyred in totality.
3. Battle of Buwaib (November, 634 AD):
a. The Muslim and Persian armies met once again after the Battle of Jasr.
b. The 2 armies met at the River Euphrates once again.
c. The Persian army consisted of 200,000 men under the command of Mehran-an expert in the
Arab way of fighting.
d. The Persians were camped on the east bank of the river.
e. The Muslims amounted to a total of 20,000 soldiers.
f. Mehran sent a messenger to Muthanna bin Harith, the Muslim commander, asking him where
he would like to cross the river himself or have the Persians cross it.
g. The 2 armies met at Buwaib.
h. Muthanna invited the Persians to cross over and come to them.
i. The Muslims were heavily outnumbered but still fought ferociously.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
j. A young man from Taghlib was able to kill Mehran and this turned the entire course of the
battle.
k. The Persians began to flee in a disorderly manner.
l. Muthanna captured the bridge that the Persians had built to prevent them from crossing over
the river.
m. The Persians started swimming across the river and thousands of them drowned while many
were killed in the battlefield, the rest surrendered.
n. The Western part of Persia (modern-day Iraq) fell under Muslim rule.
4. Battle of Qadisiya (636 AD):
a. After the defeat at Buwaib, Puran Dukht was deposed, the Persians rallied a new force to
fight against the Muslims. This force was organized under Yazdagir III and he reorganized the
Persian army.
b. Persians had a large army of 120,000 men, including 300 war-elephants. This army was
commanded by Rustum.
c. Hazrat Sa’ad with 20,000 men was ordered to march to Qadisiya, a fortress on the western
bank of the Ateeq (a branch of the Euphrates).
d. Muthanna bin Harris had died due to illness so his brother, Bashir bin Harris, joined Saad bin
Abi Waqas with an army of around 8000.
e. The Muslim army now numbered 30,000, including 1400 of Muhammad ‫’ﷺ‬s companions and
99 veterans of Badr. The soldiers had also brought their families along, as they intended to
settle on the conquered land.
f. A delegation of Muslims was sent to the court of Yazdgir (the Persian emperor).
g. The Muslims gave him three options; to accept Islam, to pay jizya tax or to fight.
h. Yazdgir chose to fight the Muslims and the fighting continued for a total of 3 months.
i. Rustum encamped with his army on the opposite bank of the river. He intended to tire out
the Muslims or make them short of supplies before attacking.
j. Rustum was also hesitant to fight and convened more talks of negotiation for 3 days, but still
didn’t agree to Muslim demnads.
k. Arab raiding parties, which attacked the fertile Persian fields, forced the Emperor to order
Rustum to commence fighting.
l. During this time many Persians left, and the army fell to a number of 60,000 from 120,000.
Rustum and his army crossed the river in the secrecy of the night by building a dam to check
the flow of the water.
m. Hazrat Sa’ad RA directed his forces from his sickbed.
n. The Muslims were able to overcome the elephants by targeting their arrows at the elephants’
eyes.
o. The elephants retreated, trampling their own soldiers.
p. The battle that ensued was very fierce and lasted for 3 days and 4 nights.
q. Rustum was killed while trying to cross the river.
r. The Muslims chased their enemy to Babal.
s. Madain, the Persian capital, was also conquered after a 2-month campaign.
t. The Persian courtiers fled.
u. Muslims lost 8500 men (one-fifth of the army) and Persians lost 30,000-40,000 men (two-thirds
of the army).
v. Put an end to the military might of the Persian Empire.
w. Many Persians in conquered territory accepted Islam.
x. Arab tribes no longer hesitated to fight against Persia and the enemies of Islam.
y. The whole territory between the Euphrates and the Tigris came under the control of the
Muslims.
5. Battle of Jalulah (637 AD):
a. The Persian king, fleeing from Madain, took refuge in Hulwan.
b. As a result, his remaining army occupied Jalulah, a place in the neighbourhood of Madain.
c. This army made great preparations for battle; the entire town was converted into a fortress
and a deep ditch was dug around the town.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
d. Hazrat Sa’ad, with Hazrat Umar RA’s permission, sent a strong army to Jalula under the
command of, Qaka.
e. The siege of Jalula stretched over 7 months.
f. Eventually, the Persians food supplies ran out and they were forced to come out.
g. The Persians decided to counter-attack and drive out the Muslims.
h. The Muslim commander pulled back his army so that the whole of the Persian army could
come into the field. Fierce fighting ensued.
i. Eventually, a fierce storm started blowing into the Persians’ faces.
j. They fell back and were killed in large numbers.
k. The residents of Jalulah surrendered on the usual terms of Jizya.
6. Battle of Nihawand (642 AD):
a. After the battle of Jalulah, Hazrat Umar RA stopped further conquest and sought to
consolidate Muslim rule in the lands already occupied.
b. Towards this end, a peace treaty was signed with the Persians.
c. However, the Persians soon broke the treaty and marched with 60,000 against the 30,000
Muslims, which Umar RA had to gather by sending messages to Kufa and Basra.
d. Yazdgir wanted to regain the plains of Mesopotamia from the Caliph.
e. The two armies fought at Nihawand for two days.
f. When Muslims arrived at the battlefield, they found the Persians had dug trenches at one
side of a narrow valley.
g. Then Numan Ibn Muqarrin (Muslim leader) carried out a cunning plan to lure out the Persians.
h. The plan was to launch an attack on the Persians, and then pretend to retreat, which would
cause the Persians to come out
of their trenches and chase the Muslims.
i. The strategy worked and the victory of the Muslims was called “Fateh-ul-Futuh” (Victory of
Victories)-because this battle was the last one before the whole Persian land became part
of the Muslim Empire.
j. The Persian might was shattered forever and their Emperor fled to Isfahan.
Wars with the Byzantine Empire
1. The Eastern Roman Empire consisting of Syria, Jerusalem, and Egypt was called the Byzantine
Empire.
2. Although relations between the two parties had been cordial when Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬sent his
envoy to Heraclius, the Christian prince of Syria had murdered Muhammad ‫’ﷺ‬s envoy at Mu’tah.
This led to an increase in hostility, which continued till many battles were fought.
3. Battle of Yarmuk (636 AD):
a. The areas of Hims and Qinnasrin were already under the rule of Islam, captured during the
reign of Hazrat Abu Bakr RA. And Muslims had defeated the Romans on the Syrian front.
b. During the reign of Hazrat Umar RA, Hazrat Khalid bin Waleed RA had now added Damascus,
Jordan and Emmessa to the Muslim State.
c. This had infuriated Heraclius and he started preparing a huge army to fight the Muslims. He
sent 260,000 men, who camped in the valley of Yarmuk.
d. Initially, the army was under the command of Khalid Bin Walid, but Hazrat Umar RA sent Abu
Ubaidah Bin Jarrah to replace Khalid.
e. Khalid bin Walid was replaced because people had started to think that the Muslims only
won under his command.
f. Hazrat Abu Ubaidah RA rallied 40,000 men under the banner of Islam.
g. The Byzantines offered to pay the Muslims a large sum of money if they left Syria.
h. Hazrat Abu Ubaidah RA offered them the usual three options: accepting Islam, paying Jizya,
or preparing for battle.
i. The battle lasted for 6 days.
j. By the afternoon of the 6th day, only a third of the Byzantine army remained.
k. Meanwhile, a storm broke out and the fleeing Byzantines were cut down in large numbers.
l. Theodorus-the Roman Commander fell as well.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
m. Almost 100,000 Romans were killed in this battle and over 3000 Muslims were martyred.
n. This put the entirety of Syria under Muslim rule.
4. Fall of Jerusalem (637 AD):
a. An army was assembled under the command of Amr ibn al-Aas. He was later joined by
Khalid bin Walid and Abu Ubaidah bin Jarrah.
b. The Muslims laid siege to the city of Jerusalem.
c. The people of the city offered a peaceful truce under the condition that the Caliph Umar
RA should come himself to sign the treaty.
d. Hazrat Umar RA left after consultation with the Shura and appointed Hazrat Ali RA as his
deputy.
e. The neighboring tribes of Jerusalem also came to be a part of the treaty and Umar RA signed
it.
f. After signing the treaty, the Caliph asked for a place to pray and the representatives of the
city took him to a church.
g. Umar RA refused to pray in a church saying that would set an example for future Muslims to
forcefully turn churches into mosques.
h. He was then taken to the place where Hazrat Dawood used to receive revelations from Allah
(Wahi).
i. Here the Caliph laid a foundation for a mosque now known as “Umar's Masjid”.
5. Conquest of Jazirah (640 AD):
a. The Romans once again tried to regain Syria from the Muslims.
b. The people of Jazirah which lies in North-West Iraq planned on driving the Muslims out of
Syria.
c. Heraclius sent an army to help the people of Jazirah.
d. They first invaded Hims which was conquered by Muslims under the command of Abu
Ubaidah.
e. The Muslims were able to beat off the Romans and under the command of Ayad bin
Ghanam, they took over Jazirah. This was an order from Hazrat Umar RA.
f. Jazirah (Mesopotamia) was then put under the Governor of Hims.
g. The Conquest was finished by 640 AD.
6. Conquest of Egypt (641 AD):
7. The Conquest was started in 642 AD.
8. The province of Egypt was a strong navy base for the Byzantine Empire and was also a constant
threat to the Islamic State.
9. The Romans were already plotting against the Muslims which is why Amr ibn al Aas kept
requesting the Caliph to send forces to the valley of Nile.
10. An army of 4000 men was sent to Egypt under the command of Amr ibn al Aas.
11. They first laid siege to Fustat (Cairo) which infuriated the Roman Emperor, Constantine II.
12. He sent a force to Alexandria to fight the Muslims.
13. Amr ibn al Aas set out for Alexandria with reinforcements.
14. The Muslims laid siege to the city of Alexandria for 6 months but to no avail.
15. The Muslims’ commander distressed wrote to the Caliph seeking advice and Umar RA wrote
back telling him to follow the way of the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬and then to attack the city.
16. Amr ibn al Aas made the attack and won the battle.
17. The Muslims won "4000 villas, 4000 baths, 40,000 poll-tax-paying Jews and 400 places of
entertainment for royalty".
18. After this, the remaining forts were also captured and Egypt fell under Muslim rule.
19. All Roman taxes were abolished, the Christians and Jews were given the freedom to practice
their religion.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Q: Write a summary of the Caliphate of Hazrat Umar RA.

Highlights:

Election:

1. Hazrat Abu Bakr RA nominated Hazrat Umar RA as the next Caliph, who was called the
“Commander of the Faithful” or “Ameer al Mumineen” and “Successor of the Successor of the
Messenger of Allah”.
2. As Abu Bakr RA became aware of his impending demise, he entrusted the job of selection of his
successor to his companions. But they asked for his advice on the matter as they trusted his most.
3. Abu Bakr RA chose Umar RA as his successor.
4. After Hazrat Abu Bakr RA’s death (634 AD), most of the eminent Companions of Muhammad ‫ﷺ‬
swore allegiance to Hazrat Umar RA.
5. When he took up office, he addressed his subjects, informing them of his expectations for his
reign.
6. He ensured them of financial justice, and how he would only take money for himself when it was
justified and would only spend their money in a fashion that sought the pleasure of Allah.
7. He guaranteed that he would defend the Empire and increase the provisions for his people.

Expansion:

8. When Umar RA’s Caliphate began, Muslims were fighting in Iraq (Persians) and Syria (Byzantines).
9. Umar RA firstly, replace Khalid bin Walid with Abu Ubaidah bin Jarrah who was heading Muslims
in Syria. This was because he was being accredited with all Muslim victories, when it was
collective efforts of all Muslims.
10. Under Umar RA, the Islamic Empire expanded into northern Iraq, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, Iran,
Azerbaijan and part of Byzantine Anatolia.
11. Some problems arose such as division of spoils and relations with non-Muslims in newly-invaded
territories.
12. Umar RA met up with his governors of Syria and drafted rules for the social and economic
departments.
13. Umar RA was also the first to Islamize the added territories. He did this by persuading the non-
Muslims to convert and to move Muslims there and create public infrastructure there as well.

Religious Freedom:

14. Some Christian prisoners were presented to Umar RA. Some were sent to schools, others were
given government posts.
15. He designated the position of his Chief Accountant to a Christian.
16. Christians of Najran, went against a treaty between them and the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬, by taking interest
and secretly plotting an attack against Muslims. Umar RA ordered their exile but also said: “The
land of the people who are exiled should be measured and compensated accordingly,
thereafter, give them the option to go anywhere they like.”
17. When Christians lived under Umar RA they had ratified a 3-clause-treaty. The stipulations are as
follows:
a. The chief of Syria or Iraq, to whom these people will go, will be under obligation to give them
land produce.
b. Every Muslim must help them against injustice committed towards them.
c. They should be exempted from the payment of Jizya for 24 months.
18. When the Jews of Fidak were exiled, Umar RA ordered an estimate of the price of their lands
and properties and the payment to be made from the state treasury.
19. At a certain instant, Hazrat Umar RA wanted a place to perform thanksgiving prayer. He was
led to a church, but refused to offer Namaz here, on the grounds that he would set an example
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
for the Muslims of the following generation to forcibly convert churches into Mosques. He was
then led to a place where Prophet Daud AS used to receive Wahi.

Administration and Reforms:

20. Majalis and Democracy:

a. Following the example of Hazrat Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬and Hazrat Abu Bakr RA, Hazrat Umar RA
formed the constitution of the State, based on democracy.
b. He established a Majlis-e-Shura, consisting of both the Ansar and the Muhajirin. It included
prominent companions of Muhammad ‫ﷺ‬, and he always consulted this body before making
any important decision. The equivalent of modern-day Senate.
c. He also established the Majlis-e-Aam, consisting of the Muhajirin, Ansar, and representatives
of various tribes. This body was called into session on special occasions. The equivalent of
modern-day National Assembly.
21. Governors:
a. The Empire was divided into provinces each under a governor, known as, Wali or Ameer.
b. Further divisions into districts were governed by the Amil, who collected revenues and taxes
(basically, a district-level administrator)
c. Each province was placed under a Wali, and each district was placed under an Amil.
d. These officers had to report to Makkah on the occasion of Hajj, where, the Caliph could hear
complaints against them and make decisions.
22. Judicial System:
a. Qazis were entrusted with judicial duties and were completely independent of the Wali, for
the first time during Umar RA’s Caliphate.
23. Bait-ul-Maal (Public Treasury):
a. A new system of distribution of money from the Bait-ul-Maal was established. Hazrat Abu Bakr
RA had already formed the treasury, Umar RA just expanded it.
b. New taxes like Ushr (1/10th of the income of vast lands), and Zakat on ownership of horses
were imposed.
24. Department of Finance (Diwan):
a. This venture was responsible for the regulation of the state income.
b. Record of Salaries and new taxes was also taken care of here.
25. Military Reforms:
a. Soldiers were well looked after, but were not allowed to buy lands in the conquered territories
or live with the settled people; they could only live in cantonments.
b. The army was divided into 2 parts: cavalry and infantry.
c. Cantonments were established in 3 main areas: Kufa, Basra and Egypt.
d. A system of pensions for retired soldiers was also made.
e. Separate granaries.
f. Holidays after 4 months.
26. System of Accountability:
a. When appointed to any public office, a record of assets was taken.
b. This record was renewed at the time of retirement.
c. If the increase in assets was in accordance with the salary of the official, no action was taken.
Otherwise, the official was charged with corruption.
d. Umar RA also established a Secret Service Department, where reports for all officials were
received by the Caliph. This was done without anyone knowing.
27. The well-being of Dhimmis (minorities):
a. Places of worship, life, and property of the minorities were well-protected.
b. These religious minorities had full liberty to practice their religion under the rule of the Islamic
State.
28. Department of Education:
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
a. He established schools for the teaching Quran in all the newly conquered areas.
b. Reading and writing were also taught in these schools.
c. Surah al-Bakra, al-Nisa, al-Midah, al-Hajj, and al-Noor were made mandatory to be
memorized as they contain Islamic laws.
29. Civic Reforms:
a. Department of Police was made and jails were constructed.
b. Umar RA, himself patrolled the streets of Madinah at night to look for people who needed
help.
c. Construction of highways and roads.
d. Islamic Calendar (starting from after Hijri).
e. Land reforms for farmers; in conquered territories, they were allowed to retain their lands.
f. A system of canals for water irrigation.
g. Old Age Pension system.
h. Town Planning.
i. Census of Population.
30. Hazrat Umar RA was the founder of Islamic democracy based upon the model given by the
Quran and Sunnah.
31. The Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said: "If there were to be a Prophet after me, he would have been Umar bin
Al-Khattab".
32. Hazrat Umar RA initiated around 41 new practices during his reign which stemmed from the
teachings of the Quran and Sunnah.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Caliph Hazrat Usman RA

A. How was Hazrat Usman RA elected as Caliph? Describe the expansion of the Islamic
State and the change of governors during the Caliphate. [10]

Highlights:

Election as Caliph:

1. Hazrat Umar RA told the following 6 people to choose the next caliph from among themselves:

a. Hazrat Talha RA-who wasn’t present in Madinah at the time;

b. Hazrat Zubair RA-who voted for both candidates;
c. Hazrat Abdur Rehman bin Auf RA-who wasn’t willing to shoulder responsibilities of Caliphate;
d. Hazrat Usman RA-who voted for Hazrat Ali RA;
e. Hazrat Ali RA-who voted for Hazrat Usman RA;
f. Hazrat Sa’ad bin Abi Waqas RA-who voted for Hazrat Usman RA.

2. Due to the complex situation of the voting, no decisive election could be made and there was
a tie between Ali RA and Usman RA.
3. Hazrat Abdur Rehman bin Auf RA agreed to act as a judge in the choosing of the next Caliph.
4. After having consulted with the contestants, prominent companions, and the populace, he
determined that the majority favoured Hazrat Usman RA.
5. Hazrat Abdur Rehman bin Auf RA and all the other contestants took the Bait at the hands of
Hazrat Usman RA.
6. Thus, Hazrat Usman RA was selected as the 3rd Caliph, on 4 Muharram, 24 AH.

Conquests in the East and West:

1. Most foreign rulers thought that it would be easy to wrest control of territories from the kind-
hearted, new Hazrat Usman RA.
2. There were several serious uprisings in Persia in the east, and Byzantine in the west. These were
considered internal unrests because the regions were under Muslim rule.
3. Within the 1st year of his Caliphate, he swiftly crushed these rebellions.
4. During his reign, the whole of North Africa was conquered, including the present countries of
Libya, Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco.
5. The island of Cyprus was also captured.
6. Thus, by Hazrat Usman RA’s reign, the Muslim Empire stretched from Morocco to Kabul.

Wars against Persians:

1. 644-649 AD: In Kufa and Basra, the people revolted and the 2 main armies of the Islamic state
were caught up trying to set these right.
2. Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Caucasus also regained possession of their domains, driving the
Muslims out of these places.
3. During this time, almost 2 Muslim armies were destroyed and defeated by these rebels.
4. The Muslims spent 5 years trying to quell these rebellions and it took various campaigns and
counter campaigns until finally, they established their rule in Persia once more in 649 AD.
5. By 650 AD the Muslim Empire had spread to central Asia and 2 years later (652 AD), the Persian
king-Yazdgir-was killed.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Wars Against the Byzantines/Romans:

1. During the time of Hazrat Umar RA, the Muslims captured Damascus, Jordan, Palestine, and
Egypt from the Romans.
2. Egypt was divided into 2 parts; Fustat-the garrison city, and Alexandria-the harbor. This was
captured under the command of Amr bin Aas-who was also the governor of Egypt.
3. When Hazrat Usman RA rose to power, Amr bin Aas was deposed and Abdullah bin Saad (foster
brother of Hazrat Usman RA) was appointed in his place.
4. However, Abdullah was not liked by his subjects and was unable to maintain control of the
region.
5. The Byzantines attacked in the first year of the Caliphate of Usman RA.
6. An army of 300 ships attacked and captured Alexandria's great harbor.
7. This group massacred over 1000 Muslim soldiers present in the garrisons, with Greek help.
8. Following this, Usman deposed Abdullah and reinstated Amr bin Aas as the governor of Egypt.
9. Amr bin Aas was able to recover Alexandria in 646 AD in 2 years and after this victory the
governorship of Alexandria was given back to Abdullah bin Saad.
10. A year after this, Hazrat Usman RA ordered an attack on North Africa which was a part of the
Roman Empire.
11. Abdullah was able to gain some prestige by his success in this campaign and in defeating the
governor of Tunisia.
12. The Muslims won a huge bounty in their invasion of Tunisia.
13. The rules of the spoils of war in the Islamic State were that 80% of it was given to the soldiers who
took part in the battle and 20% of it went to the Bait ul Maal or the public treasury. This rule was
present since the time of the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
14. However, Usman changed this rule and the new one stated that 80% of the bounty collected
will go to the Governor and he will direct to whom the wealth is distributed to. The rest of 20%
was given to a cousin of the Caliph, Marwan bin Hakkam.
15. The soldiers of Egypt, who were supposed to get the wealth collected in Tunisia, turned against
the Caliph because they did not receive anything for their hard work in the battle.
16. Dispute:

a. Usman RA believed that the governors will be better at deciding how to distribute the spoils
of war amongst their soldiers.
b. However, a rule that was being implemented from the time of the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬was suddenly
changed and a large number of people did not agree with it.
c. The soldiers however, did not receive any salary at the time of the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬or Abu Bakr RA,
the first salary that the soldiers received was at the time of the Caliph Umar RA and Usman
RA-then increased by 25%.
d. Therefore, Usman RA believed that the governor could incorporate the spoils of war in the
salaries that the soldiers were now receiving.

17. In 649 AD the first naval army of the Muslims became operational.
18. An attack under the command of Abdullah bin Sa’ad and Mu’awiyah was launched on the
Island of Cyprus and the navy proved to be successful.
19. As a result of the navy, the Muslims were able to advance beyond the Mediterranean and
captured Cyprus, Creet and went as far as Sicily.
20. This naval fleet consisted of 500 ships.

Change of Governors:

1. His relatives were appointed in 4 provinces, namely, Egypt, Syria, Kufa, and Basra.
2. These provinces held great importance, the situation demanded that there should be
governors who were loyal to him and enjoyed his confidence as a Khalifa.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
3. The 4 main governors were Mu’awiyah bin Abu Sufyan, Abdullah bin Sa’ad, Waleed bin
Uqba, and lastly, Abdullah bin Amir.
4. Mu’awiyah bin Abu Sufyan was the nephew of Hazrat Usman RA who was appointed by Hazrat
Umar RA as the Governor of Syria and Hazrat Usman RA let him continue to be in the office.
5. The second was, Abdullah bin Sa’ad, who was a foster brother of Hazrat Usman RA, was also
appointed as the Governor of Egypt by Hazrat Umar RA. He continued his office under Hazrat
Usman RA, and proved to be successful.
6. Third was, Waleed bin Uqba, appointed in place of his half-brother, Sa’ad bin Abi Waqas, when
he failed to control the situation and was deposed. Waleed justified this selection and during
the first 5 years of his rule, he served the people of Kufa to the best of his ability. However, there
was an agitation in Kufa due to which Hazrat Usman RA deposed Waleed for the sake of public
interest.
7. Last governor was, Abdullah bin Amr, the cousin of previous governor, Abu Musa Ashari who
was deposed at the demand of the people of Basra. Abdullah bin Amr was chosen according
to the wishes of the people of Basra and proved to be highly triumphant. He again conquered
the whole of Fars, Seestan and Khurasan.
8. None of the governors appointed by Hazrat Usman RA proved to be a failure.
 O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
A. What were the causes of revolt against Hazrat Usman RA and what charges were made against
him? [10]

Highlights:

Causes of the revolt against Hazrat Usman RA:

1. Jews and Abdullah bin Saba:

a. The Islamic State contained many tribes and nationalities which had been subjugated.
Although some of them had accepted Islam, they still grudged their defeat and Islam had
not imbibed their hearts.
b. The Jews who had lost their religious and social importance conspired against Islam.
c. When Hazrat Usman RA learnt of the activities of these conspirators, he expelled them from
Kufa and Basra.
d. Especially in Egypt, where a number of Jews who had only outwardly accepted Islam joined
hands with them.
e. One of these Jews, Abdullah bin Saba, instigated Muslims in the name of Hazrat Ali RA in
Kufa, Basra, Madinah and Egypt.
f. He invented new beliefs and based them around the love the Holy Prophet to deceive
rightful Muslims further.
g. Among many others, he propagated that all prophets left a Wasi behind when they died.
The Wasi was always a relative and therefore the Wasi for Hazrat Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬was Hazrat
Ali RA.
h. He went as far as to declare that the caliphates of Abu Bakr RA and Umar RA were unlawful
and it can only be fixed if Usman RA was replaced with Ali RA.
i. He visited Madinah to gain followers but found that not many people paid heed to him.
j. He then went to Basra to turn the public against the Muslim Officers.
k. The governor of Basra, Abdullah bin Amr called Abdullah bin Saba to his court and inquired
about the new beliefs. This frightened him and he fled Basra leaving his followers under Hakim
bin Hublah.
l. He then made Kufa his target but Saad bin Aas (The governor of Kufa) drove him out.
m. He then settled in Egypt, whose governor (Abdullah Bin Saad) was busy in his battles against
the Romans.
n. Abdullah bin Saba and his followers charged the officials of the Islamic State for being
impious, non-practicing Muslims and forged letters of complaints against them and even the
Caliph.
o. These letters were read out loud by Sabaites (followers of Abdullah bin Saba) and claimed
to have the discretion of Hazrat Ali, Talha and Zubair RA. This created unrest among the
people as many started believing these rumors.

2. Tribal Rivalries:

a. Also, rivalry amidst the Quraish themselves, i.e. between the Hashimites and Umayyads
weakened the power of Hazrat Usman RA.
b. This rivalry existed way before Islam was first revealed to Prophet ‫ﷺ‬. However, it was subdued
during the lifetime of the Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬and the first 2 Caliphs.
c. The administration of the third Caliphate was mostly made up of people of the clan of
Umayyad-the clan to which Hazrat Usman RA himself belonged. The Umayyads, under
Hazrat Usman RA, became excessively arrogant as well.
d. The Hashimites could not tolerate the rule of the Umayyad for long, and Hazrat Usman RA
could not muster the support of the Quraish because he apparently favoured his own
tribesmen and relatives.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
e. Allegedly, he was also removing Hashimites from positions of power in the government.
f. Usman RA gave his relatives access to the Bait-ul-Maal.
g. He gave them expensive estates and high posts as gifts.
h. He also forbade the public from grazing animals in the pastures surrounding the city, unless
they were animals of someone from the Umayyads.
i. This was despite Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬making the pastures a public amenity.

3. Leniency:

a. Hazrat Usman RA’s leniency encouraged his enemies. It is also alleged that Hazrat Usman RA
was weak and did not exercise a check on his governors. His governors enjoyed much
independence from the center. He did not wish to interfere in their day-to-day affairs.

Charges against Hazrat Usman RA:

1. Nepotism:

a. It was alleged that Hazrat Usman RA appointed his inefficient relatives as governors in 4
provinces, out of the 12, in the Muslim State, i.e. Egypt, Syria, Kufa and Basra, for their vested
interests.
b. These provinces held great importance, the situation demanded that there should
be governors who were loyal to him and enjoyed his confidence as a Khalifa.
c. The 4 main governors were Mu’awiyah bin Abu Sufyan, Abdullah bin Sa’ad, Waleed
bin Uqba, and lastly, Abdullah bin Amir.
d. Mu’awiyah bin Abu Sufyan was the nephew of Hazrat Usman RA who was appointed by
Hazrat Umar RA as the Governor of Syria and Hazrat Usman RA let him continue to be in the
office.
e. The second was, Abdullah bin Sa’ad, who was a foster brother of Hazrat Usman RA, was also
appointed as the Governor of Egypt by Hazrat Umar RA. He continued his office under Hazrat
Usman RA, and proved to be successful.
f. Third was, Waleed bin Uqba, appointed in place of his half-brother, Sa’ad bin Abi Waqas,
when he failed to control the situation and was deposed. Waleed justified this selection and
during the first 5 years of his rule, he served the people of Kufa to the best of his ability.
However, there was an agitation in Kufa due to which Hazrat Usman RA deposed Waleed
for the sake of public interest.
g. Last governor was, Abdullah bin Amr, the cousin of previous governor, Abu Musa Ashari who
was deposed at the demand of the people of Basra. Abdullah bin Amr was chosen
according to the wishes of the people of Basra and proved to be highly triumphant. He again
conquered the whole of Fars, Seestan and Khurasan.
2. Burning of old copies of the Holy Qur’an:

a. Rebels raised hue and cry that Hazrat Usman RA had maliciously burnt copies of the Qur’an.
b. Hazrat Usman RA answered each and every one of the rebels’ charges in the presence of
Hazrat Ali RA and some companions; they were satisfied.
c. The rebels stuck to their point-of-view and prepared to march on Madinah from Egypt, Kufa
and Basra, with a contingent of 1000 men coming from each region.
d. Finding the people of Madinah ready to defend their city disappointed the rebels.
e. Hazrat Ali RA tried to argue with them and they finally agreed to turn back, if Hazrat Usman
RA would appoint Muhammad bin Abu Bakr, as Governor of Egypt in place of, Abdullah bin
Sa’ad.

3. Other allegations:
a. He appointed Marwan (Hakam bin Aas's son) as the Chief Secretary as he was expelled by
Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬from Makkah.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
b. The Caliph was also accused of being extravagant and spending money from the Bait ul
Maal.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Q. Description of the main activities of Hazrat Usman RA during his Caliphate.

Highlights:

Election as Caliph:

1. Hazrat Umar RA told the following people to choose the next caliph from among themselves:

a. Hazrat Ali RA;

b. Hazrat Usman RA;
c. Hazrat Zubair bin Awwam RA;
d. Hazrat Abdur Rehman bin Auf RA;
e. Hazrat Talha RA;
f. Hazrat Sa’ad bin Abi Waqas RA.

2. Hazrat Abdur Rehman bin Auf RA was not willing to shoulder the responsibilities of being a caliph
and Hazrat Talha RA was not in Madinah at the time of Hazrat Umar RA’s death.
3. Hazrat Abdur Rehman bin Auf RA agreed to act as a judge in the choosing of the next Caliph.
4. After having consulted with the contestants, prominent companions and the populace, he
determined that the majority favoured Hazrat Usman RA.
5. Hazrat Abdur Rehman bin Auf and all the other contestants took the bait at the hands of Hazrat
Usman RA. Thus, Hazrat Usman RA was selected as the 3rd Caliph, on 4th Muharram, 24 AH.

Achievements and Reforms:

1. Conquests in the East and West:

a. Most foreign rulers thought that it would be easy to wrest control of their former territories,
from the kind-hearted Hazrat Usman RA.
b. There were several serious uprisings in Persia in the east and Byzantine in the west.
c. Within the 1st year of his Caliphate, he swiftly crushed these rebellions.
d. During his reign, the whole of North Africa was conquered, including the present countries of
Libya, Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco.
e. The island of Cyprus was also captured.
f. Thus, by Hazrat Usman RA’s reign, the Muslim Empire stretched from Morocco to Kabul.

2. Copying Qur’an:

a. At the time of Hazrat Abu Bakr RA, the Qur’an was assembled together in written form and
was kept with his daughter Hafsa RA, the spouse of the Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
b. However, due to the expansion of the Islamic state to other corners of the words, Hazrat
Usman RA noticed differences in the recitation of Holy Qur’an;
c. He directed Hazrat Zaid bin Thabit RA to make multiple copies of the same Qur’an he had
written in the time of Hazrat Abu Bakr RA to help save the Qur’anic text from any possible
editions and bring people to a common way of recital process.
d. For this, he is known as “Jami ul-Qur’an” meaning, “The compiler of the Qur’an”.

3. Administrative Reforms:

a. Hazrat Usman held conferences with district authorities regularly.

b. Hazrat Usman RA sent prominent companions of the Prophet ‫ﷺ‬, as his personal deputies to
various provinces to scrutinize the conduct of officials and the condition of the people.
c. Hazrat Usman RA continued administrative reforms of Hazrat Umar RA, for example, the
Majlis-e-Shura was maintained.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
d. Before his caliphate there were 3 provinces: Syria, Palestine and Jordan. Usman regrouped
these 3 into 1: Syria and Hazrat Muawiyah was appointed as the governor.
e. He refurbished the entire finance department of the state-the Diwan (responsible for
regulating the state income). He appointed new people in the Diwan and changed the
jurisdiction of it.

4. Military Reforms:

a. Hazrat Usman RA’s realm extended in the west to Morocco, in the east to Afghanistan, and
in the north to Armenia and Azerbaijan.
b. He pioneered the development of the Muslim Naval Force. The first Naval fleet under the
command of Hazrat Muaqiyah was made consisting of almost 500 ships.
c. Cantonments were extended as there was a notable increase in the armed forces.
d. He made arrangements for the breeding and raising of horses and camels for military
purposes. Large pastures were reserved for this.

5. Infrastructure:

a. He extended the mosque of the Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬by buying land next to it to accommodate
the growing Muslim population.
b. He was responsible for constructing new infrastructure such as bridges, barrages, roads and
mosques. He also pioneered the building of a dam during his caliphate.
c. Construction of purpose-built markets was started. Instructions were given to officers to keep
a check on the prices of goods and at what price they were being bought and sold.
d. Wells were dug along roads to supply water for travelers.

6. Islamic Preaching:

a. Taught Islamic law to the Muslims.

b. Preached the teachings of Islam to prisoners of war, many of whom accepted Islam.
c. He sent delegations to different parts of the world, like India, to spread the word of Allah.

7. Social Reforms:

a. He also listened and addressed the public's complaints every week after the Friday prayers,
and also during Hajj season every year.
b. Hazrat Usman RA also raised salaries and allowances up to 25%.
c. He also relaxed some of the restrictions placed by Hazrat Umar RA such as, allowing Arabs
to purchase land outside of Arabia (in conquered territories).

Causes of the revolt against Hazrat Usman RA:

1. The Islamic State contained many tribes and nationalities which had been subjugated. Although
some of them had accepted Islam, they still grudged their defeat and Islam had not imbibed
their hearts.
2. The Jews who had lost their religious and social importance conspired against Islam.
3. When Hazrat Usman RA learnt of the activities of these conspirators, he expelled them from Kufa
and Basra. These conspirators widened their sphere of activity. Especially in Egypt, where a
number of Jews, who had only outwardly accepted Islam joined hands with them. One of these
Jews, Abdullah bin Saba, instigated Muslims in the name of Hazrat Ali RA in Kufa, Basra, Madinah
and Egypt and sowed the seeds of dissension amongst them.
4. Rivalry in the Quraish themselves, i.e. between the Hashimites and Umayyads, weakened the
power of Hazrat Usman RA. Old tribal jealousies began to raise their head. Umayyads constituted
most of the ruling elite, making the Hashimites feel marginalized.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
5. Usman RA gave his relatives access to the Bait-ul-Maal and gave them expensive estates and
high posts as gifts. He also forbade the public from grazing animals in the pastures surrounding
the city, unless they were animals of someone from the Umayyads.
6. Hazrat Usman RA’s leniency encouraged his enemies. He did not like being an authoritative ruler
over his governors and staff, allowing them to become bolder.

Charges against Hazrat Usman RA:

1. Nepotism:

a. It was alleged that Hazrat Usman RA appointed his inefficient relatives as governors in 4
provinces out of the 12, in the Muslim State, i.e. Egypt, Syria, Kufa and Basra.
b. These provinces held great importance, the situation demanded that there should
be governors who were loyal to him and enjoyed his confidence as a Khalifa.
c. The 4 main governors were Mu’awiyah bin Abu Sufyan, Abdullah bin Sa’ad, Waleed
bin Uqba, and lastly, Abdullah bin Amir.
d. Mu’awiyah bin Abu Sufyan was the nephew of Hazrat Usman RA who was appointed by
Hazrat Umar RA as the Governor of Syria and Hazrat Usman RA let him continue to be in the
office.
e. The second was, Abdullah bin Sa’ad, who was a foster brother of Hazrat Usman RA, was also
appointed as the Governor of Egypt by Hazrat Umar RA. He continued his office under Hazrat
Usman RA, and proved to be successful.
f. Third was, Waleed bin Uqba, appointed in place of his half-brother, Sa’ad bin Abi Waqas,
when he failed to control the situation and was deposed. Waleed justified this selection and
during the first 5 years of his rule, he served the people of Kufa to the best of his ability.
However, there was an agitation in Kufa due to which Hazrat Usman RA deposed Waleed
for the sake of public interest.
g. Last governor was, Abdullah bin Amr, the cousin of previous governor, Abu Musa Ashari who
was deposed at the demand of the people of Basra. Abdullah bin Amr was chosen
according to the wishes of the people of Basra and proved to be highly triumphant. He again
conquered the whole of Fars, Seestan and Khurasan.

2. Leniency:

a. It is also alleged that Hazrat Usman RA was weak and did not exercise a check on his
governors.
b. Actually, he had his governors in confidence and they enjoyed much independence from
the center.
c. He did not wish to interfere in their day-to-day affairs.

3. Burning of old copies of the Holy Qur’an:

a. Rebels raised hue and cry that Hazrat Usman RA had maliciously burnt copies of the Qur’an.
b. This was regarding the event when Usman RA burned all copies of Quran to publish new ones
originating from Mushaf-e-Hafsa, to avoid multiple versions of Qur’an from dividing the
Muslims.
c. Hazrat Usman RA answered each and every one of the rebels’ charges in the presence of
Hazrat Ali RA and some companions, but to no avail, because the rebels were not satisfied.

4. Other allegations:
c. He appointed Marwan (Hakam bin Aas's son) as the Chief Secretary as he was expelled by
Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬from Makkah.
d. The Caliph was also accused of being extravagant and spending money from the Bait ul
Maal.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Martyrdom of Hazrat Usman RA:

1. When hearing about these rumours (about malicious intent behind burning copies of Quran), in
34 AH, after the Hajj, a meeting was called where the governors reported that the unrest was
caused by rumours about the Caliph and those responsible should be killed.
2. Hazrat Usman RA's kind nature disagreed with this and he asked for a proper investigation to be
launched.
3. Meanwhile the Sabaites were organizing another attempt of unrest, with delegations from Kufa,
Basra, and Egypt.
4. The Sabaites entered Madina and many companions suggested that they be killed but Usman
RA replied by saying "I would be kind to them and if kindness failed to work I would rather
sacrifice myself for Allah's will".
5. Hazrat Usman RA met with these people and addressed all of their grievances in a satisfactory
manner, however the Sabaites went back to their cities and told the people that the Caliph was
not ready to set things straight.
6. The Sabaites then organized a force against the Caliph to change him by force and in 35 AH
over 3000 Sabaites had made their way into Madinah in small groups.
7. The delegations went to Hazrat Ali, Talha, and Zubair RA to ask them to accept the Caliphate.
8. The Egyptians came to Ali RA, the people of Kufa and Basra went to Zubair and Talha RA. All 3
of them refused.
9. Hazrat Ali RA was sent to the insurgents to talk about terms of peace and to tell them all their
complaints will be heard. They demanded the dismissal of the governor of Egypt and
Muhammad bin Abu Bakr to take his place.
10. Hazrat Usman RA gave a short address in which he said "By Allah, for the cause of truth, I am
ready to obey even a slave. I promise to fulfill your demands".
11. The rebels started to leave the city and it was thought that the unrest would cease now.
12. However, a few days later, another rebellion started with the insurgents entering the streets of
Madinah.
13. When inquired it was found that an order to kill Muhammad bin Abu Bakr (the new governor of
Syria) was signed by Marwan bin Hakm (the Chief Secretary of the Caliph).
14. The insurgents marched to the Caliph and demanded that he give up the Caliphate to which
Usman RA replied "I can’t take off the robe of honor with my own hands that Allah has bestowed
upon me". They then threatened to kill him but the Caliph said that he is not afraid of death but
does not want to shed Muslims blood.
15. Hazrat Abu Bakr RA's son, Muhammad, went to ask Usman RA, why he gave orders to kill him,
but, left after getting embarrassed due the disrespect he showed to Caliph Usman RA, when
Usman RA had not even given any such orders.
16. The insurgents arrived first and angrily besieged Hazrat Usman RA in his house, but when he
agreed to their demands, they were pacified. They started to go back home, but when they
heard that he tricked them; they turned back and began a second siege.
17. The siege lasted for 40 days.
18. The Caliph was initially allowed out of the house for prayers but this was soon stopped as well. In
the last few days, the supply of water was also stopped.
19. Hazrat Hassan, Hussain, Muhammad bin Talha, Abdullah bin Zubair tried to protect the house so
that the insurgents could not make their way inside.
20. Hazrat Usman RA refused all offers of military help as he did not want to shed Muslim blood.
21. Inside the house, Hazrat Usman RA, his wife Naila and Marwan bin Hakam were present.
22. As the Hajj was approaching its end, 3 Egyptians scaled the back walls of Hazrat Usman RA’s
house, from an Ansari’s house, jumped in and mercilessly killed him while he was reading the
Holy Qur’an.
23. He was hit on the head with an axe and struck with a sword.
24. In an effort to save her husband, Naila suffered several sounds and her fingers were chopped
off.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
25. Hazrat Usman RA was assassinated on the 17th of Dhul Hajjah, 35 AH at the age of 82.
26. Hazrat Usman RA’s burial took place in secrecy by his family.
27. Hazrat Usman RA’s martyrdom shattered Muslim unity and serious differences arose between
the Muslims who were now divided into 2 parties-the Hashimites and the Umayyads.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Caliph Hazrat Ali RA
A. Main events of the Caliphate of Hazrat Ali RA till his death. [10]

Highlights:

Election:

1. There was no Caliph of Islam for 3 days after Hazrat Usman RA's murder. Madinah was
completely in the grip of the rioters.
2. Most of the companions had left Madinah during the dark days of the rebellion. The few who
remained felt absolutely helpless.
3. After 3 days, when the rebels decided to return to their homes, they felt it was necessary that a
new caliph be chosen before they left Madinah.
4. In this connection there were differences among the rebels.
5. One group favoured the election of Ali (Egypt); another favoured the election of Talha (Kufa);
while the third wanted Zubair RA (Basra).
6. The Egyptians (the same people who had murdered Usman RA) established that anyone to
succeed Usman RA had to meet the following criteria:
a. He should be learned;
b. He should be pious and religious;
c. And should have been close to the Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
7. The Egyptians and some prominent companions requested Hazrat Ali RA to accept the office
of the Caliph, but he refused.
8. The rebels then offered the Khilafat to Talha and Zubair RA, but they too refused.
9. They next requested the Ansar to choose a caliph from amongst themselves, but they declined
and said in that in the presence of Ali RA, no one else deserved to be the Caliph.
10. There was a complete deadlock in the matter of election.
11. They then gave the ultimatum that unless the Caliph was chosen within the next 24 hours, they
would be forced to take some drastic action (mass murder).
12. Hazrat Ali RA had talks with those of the companions who were still in Madinah. They favoured
him to serve the people.
13. So Hazrat Ali RA agreed to take responsibility of guiding the affairs of the Muslims. He consented
to become the fourth Caliph of Islam.
14. All came to the Prophet ‫'ﷺ‬s Mosque for the pledge of loyalty on 25th of Zill Hajj (35 AH/656 AD).
Malik Ushtar was the first to take the pledge. He was followed by other people.
15. Talha and Zubair RA, the two noted companions, were in Madinah at the time. They were
among the 6 electors nominated by Umar RA. Hazrat Ali RA wanted to have their confidence.
Both of them took the pledge.
16. He then took on the title of “Ameer ul Momineen”, a title first held by Hazrat Umar RA.
17. Members of the Umayyad family all fled to Syria. They took away with them the blood-stained
shirt of the late Caliph and the chopped fingers of his wife, Naila.
18. This election divided the Muslims into 3 groups as it was engineered by the followers of Abdullah
bin Saba:
a. the Umayyads-the tribesmen of Hazrat Usman RA;
b. the Quraish-holding a neutral stance and wanting the peace and prosperity that was
present in the times of Umar and Abu Bakr RA;
c. The supporters of Ali RA.
19. Hazrat Ali RA knew well that difficult times lay ahead. The forces of lawlessness had been
unleashed. It would require tireless work, great patience and much tact to restore law and order.
Ali RA hoped to accomplish the task with the co-operation of his people.

Early Opposition:
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
1. The assassination of Hazrat Usman RA took place in the month of Zill Hajj when a huge amount
of Muslims were performing Hajj.
2. One of these was Hazrat Aisha RA, who at the time of the election was returning home and
voiced her opposition to Ali RA becoming the Caliph.
3. Her opposition rose from the fact that the same rebels who had killed Hazrat Usman RA had
now elected Ali RA as their Caliph and it gave the impression that somehow, Ali RA had a part
in the assassination of the previous Caliph.
4. However, the truth remained that Hazrat Ali RA had stayed in Madinah to protect the Hazrat
Usman RA and his sons; Hassan and Hussain had continuously stood guard at Usman RA's home
for protection against the rebels.
5. Ali RA was accused of manipulating the unrest caused by the Sabaites into his own favour and
becoming the Caliph.

Change of Governors:

1. The rebels had elected Ali RA on the demand that he will change the governors on their states.
2. Ali RA therefore felt that it was necessary to change the governors of Kufa, Basra and Egypt to
ensure peace in the Islamic State.
3. The governors in the states of Kufa, Basra, and Egypt were the relatives of Hazrat Usman RA
which was the main reason that the rebels wanted them changed.
4. The rebels also demanded that the governors of Syria and Yemen should also be changed.
5. The governor of Syria at the time was Ameer Mu’awiyah who was not appointed by Hazrat
Usman RA, but by Hazrat Umar RA.
6. Ali RA was advised against this by Hazrat Talha and Zubair RA, who said that even if changing
the governors was necessary, it should be restricted to Kufa, Basra, and Egypt. Otherwise the
public will start to think Ali RA is with the rebels because he was paying heed to all of their
demands.
7. The new governors according to the states were as follows:
a. Suhail Bin Hanif was appointed the governor of Syria;
b. Saad bin Ubadah was appointed in Egypt;
c. Ummara bin Shahab as the governor of Kufa;
d. Usman bin Hanif as the governor of Basra;
e. Abdullah bin Abbas as the governor of Yemen.
8. When the new governor of Syria went to his appointed state, Ameer Mu’awiyah bin Abu Sufyan
who was the already appointed governor, refused to accept this change and said that he did
not consider the Caliphate of Ali RA as lawful as he was elected by the rebels.
9. Mu’awiyah said that until the rebels who have killed Usman RA were captured and punished,
the state of Syria will not answerable to the new Caliph.
10. Reasons for the Change of Governors:
a. The people who were against Hazrat Usman RA believed that he had appointed inefficient
officials as governors, and that they were all his relatives.
b. The rebels who has elected Ali RA, were against Usman RA and demanded an immediate
change of governors (the most important reason).
c. Hazrat Ali RA felt that in order to establish his position as the Caliph, he must change them.
d. Lastly, the dismissal of Hazrat Usman RA's relatives from the positions of governorship was
important because they might have started a rebellion against Ali RA, seeking revenge. This
would cause more unrest in the already fragile condition of the Islamic State.

Battle of Camel (Jamal):

1. The change of governors was openly rejected by Ameer Mu’awiyah, the governor of Syria and
he refused the accept Ali RA as the Caliph.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
2. Following this, Hazrat Talha and Zubair RA also turned against Ali RA as they had already advised
him to at least punish the rebels who had assassinated Hazrat Usman RA, if not all the people
who had taken part in the rebellion.
3. Talha and Zubair RA left Madinah and went to Makkah where Hazrat Aisha RA had already
openly rejected Ali RA as the rightful Caliph.
4. All of these people demanded that justice be brought upon the rebels who had murdered
Hazrat Usman RA.
5. This group of people set out for Iraq in hopes of finding more support and gathering a force.
6. Hazrat Ali RA followed them and the two parties met at Basra.
7. Here a peaceful meeting was held in which Hazrat Ali RA assured Hazrat Talha, Aisha, and Zubair
RA that once the dispute with Ameer Mu’awiyah is settled, he will seek revenge for the murder
of Hazrat Usman.
8. The dispute was settled peacefully as Aisha, Talha and Zubair RA agreed.
9. However, when the rebels found out that Ali RA had promised revenge for the murder of Hazrat
Usman RA with the Caliph, they attacked the army of Hazrat Aisha RA without asking Ali RA.
10. This attack turned into a battle and grew around the camel that carried Hazrat Aisha RA which
is why it is known as the Battle of Camel (656 AD/36 AH).
11. Hazrat Aisha RA was brought into battle with the intention that when the Ali RA's army will see
her, they will be reminded of the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬and will call for ceasefire.
12. But in this fight, Hazrat Talha and Zubair RA were martyred. Over 10,000 Muslims died on each
side.
13. Hazrat Aisha RA was escorted back to Madinah by her brother Muhammad bin Abu Bakr.
14. After the deaths of Talha and Zubair RA, the Caliph lost support in Madinah as well.
15. For the first time in the history of Islam the capital of the Islamic state was changed from Madinah
to Kufa.
16. This was done so that the city of Madinah could be saved from further disturbance and
disrespect.
17. Kufa was where the rebellion had started in the first place.

Battle of Siffin:
1. Hazrat Ali RA turned his attention towards Hazrat Mu’awiyah.
2. Hazrat Ali RA at that time was ruling over the whole Islamic State with the exception of Syria.
3. The peace minded Hazrat Ali RA wanted a peaceful settlement and therefore, wrote a letter to
Hazrat Mu’awiyah asking him to take the pledge of loyalty at his hand, in the interest of Islam
and the unity of the Muslims. But Hazrat Mu’awiyah again demanded of him to avenge Hazrat
Usman RA’s assassins first.
4. When Hazrat Mu’awiyah sent his messenger to Hazrat Ali RA to put the demand to hand over
the assassins, 10,000 men of Hazrat Ali RA’s army said with one voice: "All of us are the assassins
of Usman."
5. Hazrat Ali RA then said to the messenger, Hazrat Muslimah, "You can see for yourself the situation.
I am still unable to find out the real assassins."
6. Hazrat Mu’awiyah was still determined not to give up his demand.
7. A war was becoming inevitable.
8. The situation forced Hazrat Ali RA to march out against Syria.
9. 50,000 Muslims came out under his banner to fight alongside Hazrat Ali RA.
10. When Mu’awiyah came to know about Hazrat Ali RA’s advance, he too proceeded with a vast
army and occupied a better position in the field.
11. Hazrat Ali RA encamped at Siffin and Hazrat Mu’awiyah on the other side of Siffin.
12. Hazrat Ali RA’s intention was not to shed Muslim blood, therefore again sent a deputation of 3
men on a peace mission to Hazrat Mu’awiyah.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
13. Hazrat Mu’awiyah again demanded that the assassins be slain before any compromise, was to
be reached and that he was demanding this as a "Wali" (next of kin of a murdered person) of
Hazrat Usman RA.
14. The demand was again refused by Hazrat Ali RA on the ground that he was not able to locate
the real assassins and it would need some time, and that the Pledge of Loyalty must be taken
without any conditions.
15. In the month of Dhul Hijjah, Hazrat Ali RA ordered his troops to take positions. But the Muslim
army on both sides was reluctant to fight each other.
16. However, in the beginning fighting began with single combats followed by light encounters of
single battalions and the whole month of Dhul Hijjah ended without any big fight.
17. When the moon of Muharram appeared Hazrat Ali RA and Mu’awiyah decided upon a truce
for one month.
18. During this time, he again got an opportunity for renewed peace talks.
19. Hazrat Ali RA sent another deputation but it failed as well.
20. On the evening of the last day of Muharram, Hazrat Ali RA gave orders to his army to attack the
Syrian forces because they had been given enough time to think.
21. Hazrat Ali RA gave strict orders that any person who left the field or ran away should not be
killed.
22. Hazrat Mu’awiyah gave the same order to his army.
23. The war started on 1st Safar, 37 A.H.
24. For 7 days the battle continued with a lot of causalities.
25. Everyday a new battalion used to fight from each side under a new commander.
26. On the 8th day, the whole army of Hazrat Ali RA clashed with that of Mu’awiyah. A fierce battle
was fought but with no end in sight.
27. On the second day of the battle, Mu’awiyah was about to lose the battle.
28. Hazrat Mu’awiyah had Hazrat Amr bin 'Aas on his side, who was a recognized statesman.
29. Seeing the impending defeat, he consulted Hazrat 'Amr bin 'Aas who advised him to give orders
to the vanguard to fasten the Holy Qur'an to their lances as a sign that war would cease and
that the decision would be referred to the Holy Book (leading to arbitration).
30. Seeing copies of the Holy Qur'an on lances, Hazrat Ali RA recognized it as a clever move of the
enemy but a good many men of his army did not share his view and stopped fighting.
31. Despite Hazrat Ali RA informing them that it was a trick.
32. Being helpless he ordered rest of his troops to stop fighting.
Arbitration:
1. Hazrat Ali RA sent a deputation to Hazrat Mu’awiyah to find out what he meant by making the
Holy Qur'an a judge.
2. Hazrat Mu’awiyah told him that he wanted an arbitration through judges, one from each side
and both sides will abide by the decision which they will make.
3. Hazrat Ali RA accepted it.
4. Hazrat Ali RA appointed Hazrat Musa Ashari and Hazrat Mu’awiyah appointed Hazrat Amr bin
'Aas as the arbitrator from his side.
5. A place named Damat-ul-Jandal, in between Syria and Iraq was proposed for the talks.
6. Then both armies left for their homes leaving about 90,000 men dead in the field of Siffin, a
number that exceeded the total Muslim casualties in all the Islamic battles against the non-
Muslims till the time.
Kharijites:
1. When Hazrat Ali RA announced the agreement before his troops, from various tribes. Two
brothers of the tribe of Anza stood up and opposed the appointment of arbitrators between the
2 parties saying it was against the spirit of Islam. Other people also followed this example and a
good many people were against the arbitration.
2. Some of these men requested Hazrat Ali RA to scrap the agreement and go back and fight. But
Hazrat Ali RA told them that he had given his word and would not go against his word.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
3. This caused the followers of Hazrat Ali RA to split into two groups. One group stood by the
agreement while for the other opposed.
4. The second group, which was opposing arbitration, was known as Kharijites.
5. By the time Hazrat Ali RA returned to Kufa, their number reached 12,000, and they did not stay
with other Muslims in Kufa; instead, they encamped at Harurah and appointed Sheith bin Rabi
as their commander-in-chief.
6. The Kharijites stated that both Hazrat Ali RA and Hazrat Mu’awiyah are in error; Mu’awiyah an
error because he did not accept Hazrat Ali RA as a Caliph while Hazrat Ali RA is in error because
he agreed on arbitration.
7. Their agenda was-after gaining power- to set up a social order based on Allah's Book (the Holy
Qur'an)."
Verdict of the Arbitrators:
1. The two arbitrators thought over the matter for 6 months then met at the frontier town of Damat-
ul-Jandal in 37 AH.
2. Both after having a discussion reached on the following agreement: "Ali and Mu’awiyah both
withdraw their right for the Caliphate. The Muslims should appoint a third person as their Caliph."
3. After the agreement Hazrat Amr bin 'Aas asked Hazrat Abu Musa Ashari to make it public, by
announcing it in the Mosque before the Muslims.
4. Hazrat Abu Musa announced: "We have agreed that neither Ali nor Mu’awiyah would be
considered as the Caliph. You may elect any other man you think fit." After this Hazrat Amr bin
'Aas stood up and said, "I do not consider Ali fit for the Caliphate, but in my opinion, Mu’awiyah
is fit for it."
5. The statement of Hazrat Amr not only showed the split of opinion between the arbitrators, but,
also meant one-sided decision according to which Hazrat Ali RA was supposed to lose his
power, but not Hazrat Mu’awiyah.
6. Hearing the statement of Amr ibn Aas there was a big uproar.
7. The result of the arbitration was a mere confusion and proved futile and the hopes of peace
were gone.
8. When Ali RA heard the result of the arbitration he was upset and mentioned that it was not based
on the Holy Qur'an and the Sunnah. Therefore, it could not be accepted.
9. He then asked the Muslims to prepare to attack Syria.
10. As soon as the Kharijites heard the result of arbitration they again separated, and this time rose
in an open revolt.
11. A new group was thus created in the history of Islam which proved to be more dangerous than
any other group existing before then.
The Kharijite Trouble:
1. The "Khawarij" set up their center at Naharwan and began to preach their cult.
2. They were very harsh to those who differed from them and regarded such Muslims as rebels
against Islam and murdered them.
3. The Kharijites seemed to be very pious as far as their appearance was concerned.
4. They used to offer long Salats, wore a simple dress and were honest in their dealings.
5. But they were misguided in beliefs and killed all those who said that they were the followers of
the Caliph.
6. After the failure of arbitration, Hazrat Ali RA wanted to march to Syria but the Kharijite movement
diverted his attention.
7. It was a great danger not only to the Muslim unity but to the Islamic beliefs and practices as a
whole.
8. It was an urgent need to wipe out such a movement in its early stage, therefore Hazrat Ali RA
set out for Naharwan.
9. Reaching there Hazrat Ali RA tried to negotiate with them peacefully.
10. He sent some prominent companions to persuade Kharijite leaders, but they did not listen to
them.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
11. Then Hazrat Ali RA demanded from them to hand over such people who have murdered
innocent Muslims.
12. He told them that if they did so then he would leave the rest of them.
13. The Kharijites did not agree and said that they were all murderers and wanted to murder all of
Hazrat Ali RA’s followers and Hazrat Ali RA.
14. Before declaring war against them Hazrat Ali RA declared that those who would be loyal to him
or those who left Naharwan and did not fight would be given amnesty.
15. On his appeal 3000 Kharijites repented and again took bait at his hands.
16. The rest did not move from their position. A fierce fight took place.
17. Kharijites fought desperately but were defeated.
18. Most of their leaders were slain.
Unwillingness to March to Syria:
1. After the battle at Naharwan, Hazrat Ali RA wanted to march on to Syria but his men refused to
fight.
2. They asked Hazrat Ali RA for some rest when encamped at Nakhila (some miles away from the
Capital).
3. Hazrat Ali RA allowed them to take some rest over there but they started to slip away to their
homes, and only a few of them were left with him.
4. Seeing the situation Hazrat Ali RA was also forced to return to Kufa.
5. After some time Hazrat Ali RA again asked the Kufis to march on to Syria.
6. He gave a stirring address in the Masjid of the Capital but the leaders of Kufa did not show any
inclination.
7. Despite many efforts Hazrat Ali RA was not successful in raising another army against the Syrians.
Loss of Egypt:
1. Qais (Governor of Egypt) was declared as his man by Mu’awiyah because the people did not
like him. Ali RA dismissed Qais.
2. Hazrat Ali RA appointed Muhammad bin Abi Bakr as the Governor of Egypt.
3. Muhammad bin Abu Bakr was a young man and was not able to control the Egyptians in a
tactful way.
4. After the battle of Siffin, Hazrat Ali RA appointed Malik bin Ushtar as the Governor of Egypt. Ibn
Ushtar was a strong man, but he could not join his duty and passed away.
5. Muhammad bin Abu Bakr, therefore, continued as the Governor of Egypt.
6. After the arbitration failed, the Syrians declared Hazrat Mu’awiyah as their Caliph and took bait
on his hands.
7. However, Hazrat Mu’awiyah did not declare himself as the Caliph during the life of Hazrat Ali
RA.
8. Hazrat Mu’awiyah sent an army under the command of Hazrat 'Amr ibn 'Aas to attack Egypt.
9. Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr, the Governor of Egypt wrote to Hazrat Ali RA for help. But before he
got any help 'Amr ibn 'Aas reached Egypt with 6000 men.
10. 10,000 members of another tribe joined Hazrat 'Amr ibn 'Aas.
11. They easily beat back 2000 men of Muhammad bin Abi Bakr.
12. Hazrat Mu’awiyah became the master of Egypt and appointed Hazrat Amir ibn 'Aas as the
governor.
13. According to Ibn Jarir at the end of the year 40 AH, a treaty was signed between Hazrat
Mu’awiyah and Hazrat Ali RA, to avoid bloodshed among the Muslims.
14. Under that treaty Syria and Egypt remained under the control of Hazrat Mu’awiyah and the rest
of the state under the control of Hazrat Ali RA.
15. Thus the conflict between the two parties ended.
16. This civil war which ended to the detriment of Hazrat Ali RA was the end of Islamic democratic
rule.
Assassination of Hazrat Ali RA:
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
1. After the battle of Naharwan, the "Khawarij" had gone underground.
2. They were as much against Hazrat Ali RA as they were against Hazrat Mu’awiyah.
3. They were still working against the Caliphate and they were greatly disgusted with the civil war
that seemed endless.
4. To end this state of affairs, they worked out a dangerous plot as according to them, Muslims
were divided because of differences between Hazrat Ali RA and Hazrat Mu’awiyah.
5. They also disliked 'Amr ibn ‘Aas and considered him as chief planner for Hazrat Mu’awiyah.
6. They decided, therefore, to assassinate all the three of them.
7. It was planned that the three personalities would be struck at the same time, on the same day.
8. Three persons, appointed to assassinate Ali RA, Mu’awiyah, and 'Amr ibn ‘Aas were Abdur
Rehman Muljam, Al-Bark ibn 'Abdullah, and 'Amr ibn Bakr At-Tamimi respectively.
9. Early hours of the 17th Ramadan, 40 AH, were fixed for the assassination.
10. After the Fajr Salat of the 17th Ramadan in the year 40 AH, the three appointed Kharijis struck the
three men.
11. Hazrat Mu’awiyah managed to escape with a few wounds.
12. Hazrat Amr ibn ‘Aas did not turn out for the Imamat because he was sick thus was unhurt.
13. Hazrat Ali RA was mortally wounded with the poisoned sword of Ibn Muljam.
14. He passed away in the evening of 20th Ramadan, 40 AH.
15. Ibn Muljam was caught by the people after he had struck Hazrat Ali RA.
16. Hazrat Ali RA asked the Muslims to slay him if he died.
17. At the same time as his death, Hazrat Ali RA called his sons and advised them to serve Islam
and to be good with the Muslims.
18. He was 63 years old at the time of his death and had ruled for 4 years and 9 months as the
Caliph.
Administration under Ali RA:
1. Kindness to the non-Muslims was very important to him and he instructed of his officials to be
kind as well.
2. He was an experienced general of Islam and was just in all his dealings. At one instance he
appeared before a judge where the decision was made against him due to lack of evidence.
3. He chose arbitration in the Battle of Siffin even though he had the upper hand because he
wanted the Muslims to be united.
4. He was successful in defeating the Khawarij and drove them underground.
5. He established a number of new cantonments throughout the state.
6. A number of bridges and forts were built across the Euphrates for defense.
7. Largely, following the patterns set by Hazrat Umar RA, Ali RA did not make any major changes.
8. He was particular about the standards and morals of his officers and did not allow them to
neglect any of their duties.
9. He took care of the Bait ul Maal as was done at the time of Hazrat Umar RA and did not allow
his relatives or anyone to take more than their share from the public treasury.
10. He improved the taxation system and wrote to his governors immediately if a payment was
delayed.
11. He also imposed a land tax on forests.
12. He gave stipends to the needy and helped them from the wealth of the Bait ul Maal and was
known to be generous in this matter.
13. When the Persians revolted against the state, he dealt with them in a such a just manner that
they started calling him Arabi Nausherwan (the Just Arab). Due to this many people accepted
Islam in Iran.
14. He was kind and held courage and vigor unparalleled by anyone. He was one of the closest
companions of the Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
A. Write about how the Four Rightly Guided Caliphs are role models for leaders today. [10]
Highlights:
1. These first four Caliphs were called "Rightly Guided", because they were all companions of the
Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬and learned the ways of Islam directly from Muhammad ‫ﷺ‬.
2. The Caliphs lived simple and righteous lives and strove hard for the religion of Allah.
3. Their justice was impartial, their treatment of others was kind and merciful, and they were one
with the people-the first among equals.
4. Hazrat Umar RA nominated a board of 6 members (Shura) who were required to elect one of
them as the next Caliph-Sa’ad bin Abi Waqas, Abdur Rahman bin Auf, Zubair ibn Awwam, Talha,
Hazrat Ali and Hazrat Usman RA.
5. All these persons were amongst the most eminent companions of the Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬,
whom he had given the glad tidings of paradise during their life.
6. Hazrat Umar RA’s choice was fixed upon Abu Ubaidah bin Jarrah RA for his distinguishing
qualities; however, he passed away during the lifetime of Hazrat Umar RA.
7. Other person of choice was Abdur Rehman bin Auf RA; however, he was not ready to
shoulder such huge responsibility.
8. The decision belonged to Abdur Rehman bin Auf RA, since he retired from the contest,
to choose the Khalifa out of the remaining 4, consulting each member separately too.
9. These elections clearly exhibit that leadership or Caliphate was not an inherent concept,
but was a form of democracy practiced by the caliphs.
10. Another mentionable thing is the humility of the Caliphs at the time of their elections. All
4 of them did not vote for themselves. Usman RA thought that Ali RA was better suited
for the caliphate, Abu Bakr RA had given the names of Umar RA and Abu Ubaidah bin
Jarrah RA for the next caliph, and when the Sabaites approached Ali RA to be the
Caliph after Usman RA, he had outright refused the offer.
11. The Caliph was the head of the state that followed Qur’an and Sunnah strictly.
12. In the silence of both the Qur’an and Sunnah, the Caliph referred to the consent of
eminent companions and would also give his own verdict based on Qur’an and Sunnah
13. Caliph would consult Majlis-e-Shura which consisted of eminent companions of the
Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
14. Everyone at the council was free to express their opinions for affairs of the state.
15. Dictatorship was not tolerated as the voice of everyone contained equal importance
at the council and, every Muslim was free to give their opinion or criticize the Caliph.
16. In Umar RA’s reign everyone got a piece of fabric. Umar RA’s piece want enough to be
made into a shirt and so his son gifted him his own piece. A woman once asked Hazrat
Umar RA how he had made a shirt out of his one piece of cloth. Hazrat Umar RA replied
that his son gave him his share of cloth from the Bait-ul-Maal.
17. Another incident was that, Hazrat Umar RA thought of fixing the upper limit of the
amount of Mahr, as he received complaints from young men who were asked to pay
huge amounts of Mahr to the women for marriage. Hazrat Umar RA was stopped by a
woman who said: “O Umar RA who are you to restrictions on our right which Allah has
granted to us? Have you not read verse 20 of Surah an-Nisa?”
18. He thanked Allah that there were such people in the Ummah who would correct him if
he went wrong.
19. Caliphs were supposed to be available at all times.
20. Hazrat Umar RA also disallowed governors to keep watchmen at their houses since they
could become a hurdle, if the citizens wanted to bring to the governors’ attention any
dilemma they were facing.
21. Bait-ul-Maal was considered a public property and not a personal property of the
Caliph.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
22. Hazrat Abu Bakr RA, Hazrat Umar RA, and Hazrat Ali RA only took the amount of salary
which was sufficient for the common man.
23. Hazrat Abu Bakr RA asked his wife to sell his property after his death and pay back the
money which he took from the Bait-ul-Maal, as his salary.
24. The judiciary was independent, the Qazi was free to give verdicts and the Caliph did
not consider himself superior than his subjects.
25. Once a woman brought a claim against the Caliph Umar RA; his appearance in the
courthouse, made the judge stand up as a sign of respect. Hazrat Umar RA reprimanded
him, saying: “This is the first act of injustice you did to these women!”
26. Hazrat Ali RA he did not allow the Qazi to pay undue respect to him and asked to be
treated as a commoner.
27. During the Caliphate of Hazrat Ali RA, he lost his armour and saw a Jew selling it in the
market; a matter he took to the court. As a witness, Hazrat Ali RA brought his son, Hassan
RA, in support of this case; however, the judge dismissed the case as he did not consider
the evidence of any relative as reliable.
28. Once, a newly converted chief of Syria was performing circumambulation around the
Ka’aba when the hem of his mantle fell and was trodden by another person. The chief
slapped the person who did the same and the chief complained to the Hazrat Umar RA.
Hazrat Umar RA said, “You have received the punishment of what you have done.” The
chief told that disrespecting, meant death as a punishment, to which Hazrat Umar RA
replied that it was an un-Islamic practice as Islam equalizes all ranks. The chief furiously
replied, “If Islam is a system in which there is no distinction between high and common
people, I abjure it.”
29. None of the Caliphs were aloof the law and everyone was treated alike.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
A. Give specific examples of the Rightly Guided Caliphs to show their interaction with non-
Muslims/other nations. [10]

Highlights:
1. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬entered into a treaty with the Christians of Najran, which stated that no Church
was to be demolished and their Priests were not to be exiled.
2. Hazrat Abu Bakr RA, he renewed this treaty, and another treaty was signed with the Christians
of Hira by Khalid bin Waleed.
3. These, along with many other treaties, were maintained by Hazrat Umar RA, Hazrat Usman RA,
and Hazrat Ali RA.
4. Those treaties which catered to Zimmis (non-Muslims living in a Muslim state) were fulfilled by
the Caliphs.
5. The charter that Hazrat Umar RA sent to Abu Ubaidah RA contained words which said: “stop the
Muslims from doing injustice and harm, from eating their properties unlawfully and fulfill the rights
which you have given to them.”
6. At the time of his death, Hazrat Umar RA made a will regarding the Zimmis which stated: “I
bequeath my successor with the liability of Allah and His Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬regarding the treaties made
with Zimmis support them and do not unduly burden them.” The rights of life, honor and property
of Muslims and the Zimmis were considered to be the same
7. A Muslim killed a Zimmi, Hazrat Ali RA ordered the Muslim to be killed; however, the brother of
the murdered person pardoned him.
8. Hazrat Abu Bakr RA and Hazrat Usman RA fixed the blood money of a Zimmi equal to that of a
Muslim.
9. People enjoyed all kinds of religious freedom.
10. Hazrat Abu Bakr RA invited his slave to accept Islam and quoted the Qur’anic verses: “Let there
be no compulsion in religion.” (2:256)
11. The poor and the disabled Zimmis were exempted from paying Jizya. They were also entitled to
a fixed stipend from the state treasury.
12. Hazrat Umar RA saw some people who were made to stand in the sun for the non-payment of
Jizya, he ordered them to be released.
13. Many foreign nationals were given the offices of state posts and services.
14. Christian prisoners were brought to Hazrat Umar RA; some were admitted to schools while others
were given jobs in the government.
15. He also appointed a Christian as his Chief Accountant, and while discussing over the revenue
system of Iraq, called their chiefs to seek advice.
16. The Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬and the Caliphs treated the non-Muslims with compassion, respect, and
justice.
17. The treaty which the Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬made with Christians of Najran contained a clause that
they were not allowed to take interest. This condition was violated by them as they started to
prepare secretly for attacking the Muslims.
18. Hazrat Umar RA came to know about their plans, he commanded them to be exiled but before
that, he ordered: “The land of the people who are exiled should be measured and compensated
accordingly, thereafter, give them the option to go anywhere they like.”
19. Christians were presented with a charter which contained three clauses:
20. Chief of Syria or Iraq, to whom these people will go, will be under obligation to give them land
for cultivation;
21. Every Muslim must help them against injustice committed towards them;
22. They should be exempted for payment of Jizya for 24 months.
23. When the Jews of Fidak were exiled, Hazrat Umar RA ordered an estimate of their lands and
properties and the payment to be made from the state treasury.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Articles of Faith
A. Outline Muslim teachings about the belief in the Oneness of God (Tauhid) and Shirk.[10]

Highlights:

1. Tauhid is the first and the main principle of Islam: "I believe in Allah, in His angels, in His books, in
His messengers, in the Last Day, and in the fact that everything good or bad is decided by Allah,
the Almighty, and in life after death".
2. Allah is the Only Creator and Sustainer of the universe.
3. He is Ever Living without a beginning or an end (the first and the last).
4. He is Independent while others are dependent on Him for their survival.
5. He is the source and support of all life.
6. He is the Only One worthy of worship.
7. Allah is Omnipotent.
8. He knows everything; the hidden and unhidden.
9. Surah Ikhlas explains this belief in the most comprehensive way: “Say He is Allah, the One. Allah,
the Eternal. He does not beget nor is He begotten, and there is none like Him” (112:1-4).
10. We must also believe in the signs that reflect the existence of Allah:

a. E.g. signs in the universe: "It is not permitted for the sun to catch-up with the moon not can
the night outstrip day each (just) swims along in (its own) orbit (according to law)." (36:40)
b. Proof of His presence in His answers to our prayers.
c. Proof also seen in the miracles He gave to His prophets.
d. The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said "Every child is born in the state of fitrah (a natural belief in Allah) then his
parents make him a Jew, Christian, or Magian". Every human is born with the instinctive belief
in Allah.

11. According to the leading scholars of Islam, there are three aspects of Tauhid:
a. Tauhid-Ar-Rabubiya (Oneness of Lordship of Allah);
b. Tauhid-Al-Auluhiya (Oneness in the Worship of Allah);
c. Tauhid-Al-Asma-wa-Sifat (Oneness of the names and attributes of Allah).
12. Tauhid-Ar-Rabubiya (Oneness of Lordship of Allah) refers to the belief that Allah is Self-Existent;
He is the Creator and the Sustainer of the universe.
13. “Allah is the Creator of all things and He is the Guardian over all things” (39:62). Allah is
Omnipotent, the Law Giver and the Judge.
14. It also leads to the belief that He is entirely immune to all forms of human weaknesses, such as,
hunger, thirst and the need to rest or sleep, etc. “…no slumber can seize Him nor sleep…”
(2:255).
15. He is above the grip of space and time, “He is the First and Last, the evident and the hidden…”
(57:3).
16. Under his power, the universe functions in the most perfect way: 'Say (O Muhammad ‫)ﷺ‬, Who
provides for you from the sky and the earth? or who has power over hearing and sight? And who
brings out the living from the dead and bring out the dead from the living? And who rules and
regulates all affairs? They will say: Allah. 'Say. Will you not then bow (show piety) before Allah?'
(10:31)
17. Tauhid-al-Auluhiya (Oneness in the Worship of Allah), refers to the belief that, since Allah is the
Creator, He is the Only One worthy of worship. All supplication and praying are due only to,
Allah.
18. Muslims must observe all the religious practices such as prayers, Hajj, fast and giving alms (Zakat)
to the poor, for His sake only. “You alone we worship and Your aid we seek” (1:4).
19. He has no partners in worship, He alone should be worshipped. The Quran says, "And your God
is the one and only Allah; there is no God but He, most gracious, most merciful." (2:163)
20. All Messengers of Allah (Ishaq, Ibrahim, Musa, Isa, Muhammad) urged their people to submit to
the will of Allah and worship Him alone. The Quran says "Never did We send any Messenger
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
before you (O Muhammad) to whom We did not reveal: There is no god but Me, so serve Me
alone" (21:25)
21. Tauhid-al-Asma-wa-Sifat (Oneness of the names and attributes of Allah), refers to the belief that
Allah is Matchless, not only in His essence but also in His names and attributes.
22. This belief includes that we must not name or qualify Allah, except with what He and His
Messenger ‫ ﷺ‬have named or qualified Him. None can be named or qualified with the names or
qualifications of Allah. “And there is none like unto Him” (112:5).
23. We must believe in all the qualities of Allah which He has stated in His Book, or mentioned
through His Messenger ‫ﷺ‬, without changing, twisting or ignoring their meaning.
24. The traits held by Allah indicate power, perfection, and majesty and are unique. Remembrance
of Allah by these names is an important part of the lives of the believers. "And the most beautiful
names belong to Allah, so call on Him by them." (7:180)

Shirk:

25. Attributing human qualities to Allah is shirk. Giving Him human features in paintings and
sculptures. Christianity believes Jesus to be God in human form and depicts him as such.
26. The Quran says, "there is nothing like Him, and He sees and hears all things." (42:11)
27. Raising humans to a divine status is also considered as shirk.
28. An example of this is seen in Christianity with the attribution of divine powers to Mary, the mother
of Jesus. She is believed to be the mother of god, god being his son Jesus.
29. Types of Shirk include Shirk in Allah’s Lordhip, in His Worship, and in His Names and Attributes:
30. Shirk in Allah's Lordship:

a. Assigning partners to Allah, declaring that there are more gods that one.
b. Believing that Allah has a father/son/wife. These are human qualities that can not be
attributed to Allah.
c. For example, Christians believe in the Holy Trinity; God is one but, exists as the Father, the Son
(Jesus Christ) and the Holy Spirit. The Quran says "He does not beget, nor is He begotten" and
rejects this threefold belief.
d. The Quran says, "Allah forgives not that partners should be set up with Him, but He forgives
anything else to whom He pleases." (Al-Nisa 4:48)
e. The belief that God does not exist (atheism) is also Shirk.
f. The Egyptian Pharaoh exalted himself as the god over his people and Musa-the highest form
of shirk.
g. The idea that God dwells in His creations or that Universe has its own power is also Shirk.

31. Shirk in Allah's Worship:

a. Praying to an entity other than Allah.

b. Slaughtering, or sacrificing in the name of anyone other than Allah.
c. Asking another entity for the fulfilment of one's wishes and desires.
d. For example: praying over tombs of the dead believing that these pious people will somehow
help in the affairs of the mortals.
e. "You alone we worship and Your aid we seek".

32. Shirk in Allah's Names and Attributes:

a. Attributing qualities unique to Allah to someone else.

b. Believing that someone else has the power to create, maintain and sustain life or hold divine
power.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Q: Belief in the oneness of God, Tauhid, is a fundamental aspect of faith. State how Tauhid benefits
Muslims in everyday life. [10]

Highlights:

1. Tauhid is the basis of Islam.

2. In all revelations to the Messengers of Allah, Tauhid is always stressed upon.
3. Tauhid entails, one’s belief in the oneness of Allah, His soverieghty, His names and attributes, Him
as the sole Lord worthy of worship and much more.
4. Tauhid has many benefits in the lives of Muslims:
a. Liberation from slavery from everyone except Allah; the One Who has created mankind.
b. Freeing the mind from all delusions and myths about the world and the superiority of one
mortal entity over another.
c. A true believer fears no one, or nothing but Allah and when anarchy and confusion prevails
in the minds of those who have weak faith, a true believer is steady and calm.
d. Obedience and virtue become a part of a human through Tauhid and he is content in the
realization that success in this world and the Hereafter is dependent on belief in Allah.
e. Faith in Allah creates reassurance for the Muslim as he is no longer dependent on anyone
but Allah.
f. Nothing that one owns or creates is without the will of Allah and this belief makes a believer
humble and modest.
g. Unity and brotherhood is propelled with the belief that everyone is equal and Allah loves all
his creations equally.
h. Jealousy and greed is eliminated from society and one becomes content in what God has
given him.
i. Courage is instilled in the hearts of the believers because only God holds the power to give
or take life.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
A. Write a descriptive account of the Muslims’ belief in angels. [10]

Highlights:

1. Belief in angels is an Article of Islamic Faith as stated in the Iman-e-Mufassal: "I believe in Allah,
in His angels, in His books, in His messengers, in the Last Day, and in the fact that everything
good or bad is decided by Allah, the Almighty, and in life after death".
2. The non-believers considered angels to be deities and Allah’s daughters.
3. This Article of Faith purifies the belief in the Unity of Allah.
4. Angels have been created from light and are not visible to ordinary mortals.
5. Have no free will.
6. They belong to the category of the unseen unless they appear in human form.
7. Allah describes their entire submission to Him in the following words: “Those who are near to you
Lord disdain not to do Him worship: They celebrate His praises and bow down before Him.” (Al-
A’raf 7:206)
8. The Angels are also called messengers in the Holy Book as they conveyed the Divine message
of Allah to the prophets. It is said in the Quran, "Whoever is an enemy to Allah, and His angels,
and His noble Messengers, and Gabriel and Michael, then (know that) Allah is an enemy of the
disbelievers." (2:98)
9. Angels have power given to them by Allah to carry out their necessary functions and roles.
10. The Angels were also appointed duties in the human form; they appeared before Prophet
Ibrahim to give him the glad tidings of a son.
11. Mariam was also blessed with the news of a son by an Angel Jibrael.
12. An angel breathes life into the fetus with Allah's will.
13. Then 4 questions are written in the human's book of deeds:

a. Will it be male or female?

b. Will this person be happy or sad?
c. How long will his/her life be?
d. Will this person perform good or bad deeds?

14. Furthermore, angels have the responsibility to strengthen the hearts of righteous believers. In the
battle of Badr thousands of angels descended from heaven in order to help the believers attack
the Jewish tribes of Banu Qainuqa and Banu Quraizah.
15. The angels are there to cast terror into the hearts of the nonbelievers; asking for the forgiveness
of believers and blessings of Allah.
16. However, they do not descend without His permission: "He does send down His angels with
inspiration of His command such of His servants as he pleases." (16:2) and “Therein come down
the angels and the Spirit by Allah’s permission on every errand.” (Al-Qadr 97:4)
17. They have no knowledge except that what Allah has taught them.
18. They prostrated before Adam when Allah commanded them to do so.
19. Angels glorify and praise Allah and never get tired.
20. The name of the angel in charge of Paradise, is Rizwan, while, Malik is in charge of Hell. There
are many angels like Kiram-an-katibeen i.e. angels on our shoulders having records of our good
and bad deeds.
21. There are also Munkar and Nakeer, they go to the graves of the newly dead to ask them
questions. Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said about them: "When a faithful believer is made to sit in his grave, then
(the angels) come to him and he testifies that none has the right to be worshipped but Allah and
Muhammad is Allah's Apostle".
22. Besides them, there are many angels having various assignments with them:

a. Angel Jibrael, who brought revelations from Allah to the prophets including Prophet
Muhammad ‫;ﷺ‬
b. Angel Izrael, the angel of death. He is responsible for taking our souls upon death;
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
c. Angel Israfeel, who will blow the trumpet at the time of the end of the world, i.e. on the Day
of Judgment;
d. Angel Mikael, who is responsible for rainfall and distribution of rain.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
A. Give a descriptive account of Muslims’ belief in revealed books. [10]

Highlights:

1. "I believe in Allah, in His angels, in His books, in His messengers, in the Last Day, and in the fact
that everything good or bad is decided by Allah, the Almighty, and in life after death".
2. According to Iman-e-Mufassal Belief in Books is the third article of faith.
3. Allah says in the Quran, "Say (O Muslims): We believe in Allah and that which is revealed unto us
and that which was revealed unto Abraham, and Ismael, and Ishaq, and Jacob, and the tribes,
and that which Moses and Jesus received, and that which the prophets received from their Lord.
We make no distinction between any of them, and unto him we have surrendered." (Al Baqarah
2:136)
4. Human beings are the servants of Allah and need guidance to carry out their various duties and
responsibilities.
5. This guidance is mentioned in books revealed to various prophets. So, for this guidance Muslims
are required to believe in the Books.
6. Allah says in the Holy Book: “For We assuredly sent amongst every people an apostle (with the
command)’ Serve Allah and eschew Evil.’” (Al-Nahl 16:36)
7. There were several revealed books but only 4 out of them are famous:

a. Injil or the Gospels was revealed to Isa AS. The Christians failed to act upon it; they distorted
it and introduced the doctrine of Trinity and redemption through crucifixion; although Isa
clearly told his followers that Allah was his and their Lord. The bible confirms the existence of
Torah and The Quran says, "And remember Jesus, son of Mary said: O children of Israel I am
the apostle of Allah (sent) to you confirming the Law (which came) before me and giving
glad tidings of an Apostle to come after me whose name shall be Ahmed" (61:6);
b. Zubur or Psalms, revealed to Daud AS;
c. Torah was revealed to Musa AS for the guidance of Bani Israel. It contained Allah’s
command, warning and mercy. The original book was changed. Its followers distorted the
words of Allah. Allah says, “they change the words from their (right) places and forget a good
part of the message that was sent.” (5:13)
d. The Qur’an also mentions the Suhuf of Ibrahim AS.
e. The Holy Qur’an revealed to the Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬. The last, unchanged, perfect Book of Allah
dealing with all aspects of human life. Allah Himself has promised to safeguard the Quran till
the Day of Judgement: "We have, without doubt revealed the reminder and We will guard it
(from corruption)” (15:9) It was sent for all of mankind, relevant in every point in time. Allah
says "This day I have perfected your religion for you and completed my favours upon you
and chosen for you Islam as your religion" (5:3);

8. Books were also revealed to other messengers, who were sent at different times among different
nations, having different languages.
9. The teachings contained were, the Uniqueness and Oneness of Allah, the concept of reward
and punishment for one's deeds in the life after death.
10. All the heavenly books were from Allah and whatever Allah said in them is to be believed in.
However, due to changes and alternations, their originality and purity has been brought into
question.
11. The basic purpose of these books was the acknowledgment of the Oneness of Allah.
12. These books made it clear to the people that they should believe in the prophets of their times.
13. These books also testified that all the Prophets were truthful, and they should not differentiate
among them.
14. These books also reformed the wrong beliefs of people concerning Allah’s Essence, His
Messengers, Books, and the Life After Death and acts of worship.
15. Instead of preserving the scriptures in their memories and on tablets, they distorted them. The
outcome is that these scriptures cannot be relied upon to be the same as when they were sent
down.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
16. Since Islam is based on the Qur’an, Allah took the responsibility of preserving whatever is
contained in it.
17. The following Holy verse testifies this, “We have sent down the Qur’an Ourself and We Ourself will
guard it…” (15:9)
18. It is the living miracle of the Qur’an that no one ever produced even a verse like that of the
Qur’an.
19. The Qur’an, unlike the other Divine Books which were meant for a particular community, is a
guidebook for all communities and for all times to come.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
A. Give a descriptive account of Muslims’ belief in Prophets. [10]

Highlights:

1. The Iman-e-Muffasal is as follows: "I believe in Allah, in His angels, in His books, in His messengers,
in the Last Day, and in the fact that everything good or bad is decided by Allah, the Almighty,
and in life after death". Belief in Allah’s messengers is the the fourth Article of Faith.
2. Prophets were men chosen by Allah sent from time to time, with Divine guidance to guide
humans to the right path.
3. The Qur’an says, “We did not send any messenger but to be obeyed in accordance to God’s
will.” (4:64)
4. A prophet received Divine revelation and preached it, a Rasool is a prophet who received
revelation contained in script.
5. Altogether there are 124,000, prophets sent by Allah, out of which 25 have their names
mentioned in Qur’an:
a. Prophet Ibrahim AS (Suhuf);
b. Prophet Musa AS (Torah);
c. Prophet Daud AS (Zabur);
d. Prophet Isa AS (Bible);
e. Prophet Muhammad ‫( ﷺ‬Quran).
6. Prophets are sinless and pious and the best in morals.
7. The messengers are thought to be pure humans by the Muslims. It is believed that they preached
the word of God as it was revealed to them without making any changes to it.
8. All messengers brought the same message of Tauhid, the Last Day, and piety.
9. Every nation or community had its own prophet.
10. All prophets must be respected equally because they are equal in status.
11. The Holy Qur’an says, “And We make no distinction between one and other of His messengers.”
(2:285)
12. Prophets were given miraculous attributes, e.g. Musa AS was given the ability to turn a staff, into
a snake and Prophet Isa AS could cure the blind and even revive the dead.
13. Prophetic signs were given to other prophets as well.
14. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬was sent for the whole of mankind.
15. The Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬is known as “the Seal of Prophets”.
16. There will be no prophet after Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
17. This is stated in the Qur’an “Muhammad is the not the father of any of your men but the
Messenger of Allah and the seal of prophets.” (33:40) Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬himself said: "I am the seal of
the prophets and there will be no prophet after me".
18. Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬preached the same message as all the prophets before him but the Quran
revealed to him is eternal and shall remain unchanged till the Day of Judgement. The Quran will
remain relevant to all of mankind at every point in time. "This is a Glorious Quran in a tablet
preserved." (85:21-22)
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
A. What is the Muslim belief about death and Day of Judgement? [10]

Highlights:

1. Belief in the Last Day is an Article of Islamic Faith as stated in the Iman-e-Mufassal: "I believe
in Allah, in His angels, in His books, in His messengers, in the Last Day, and in the fact that
everything good or bad is decided by Allah, the Almighty, and in life after death".
2. All Muslims must believe in death and the life after. Allah says, “Every soul will taste
death"(3:185).
3. Life will come to an end on a day appointed by Allah.
4. Day is known as Qayamah (Day of Judgement).
5. On this day all people will be held accountable for whatever they have done in this world.
6. The Day of Judgement can be divided into three stages:
7. 1st stage - Qayamah (Dooms day):
a. Everything in the universe will be destroyed.
b. Day of clamour and noise.
c. People will be in a state of confusion, panic and chaos.
d. Allah says, “It is a day whereon Men will be like moths scattered about. And the mountains
will be carded like wool.” (Al-Qariah 101:4-5)
e. Everyone will be concerned about their own selves, even mothers will forget their
children.
Allah says, “When the deafening blast is sounded that day man shall flee from his brother,
his mother, and his father.”(Al-Abas 80:33-35)
f. Sun will be folded up.
g. Stars will lose their light and scatter away.
h. Earth will rent asunder.
i. Mountains will be blown away and will be like carded wool
Allah says, “One Day We shall remove the mountains and you will see the earth as a level
stretch.”(20:100)
j. Oceans will boil over and burst forth.
k. All will die. Allah says, “Every soul must taste of death” (Al-Anbiyaa 21:35).
l. Souls will rest in state of Barzakh till Day of Resurrection. Allah says, “Before them is a
partition (Barzakh) till the day they are raised up.” (Al-Muminun 23:100)
8. 2 stage – Resurrection:
nd

a. Second trumpet will be blown, and everyone will be resurrected; men, angels, jinns,
beasts, birds, etc.
b. This is not just restricted to humankind, angels and jinns will also be brought back to life:
"Then will a second one be sounded when behold they will be standing and looking on!
And earth will shine with glory of its Lord: the Record (of deeds) will be placed (open)"
(39:61)
c. A new world will emerge with a new sky.
d. All lived on earth will come back to life. This is called Hashr.
e. Allah says, “You were lifeless, and He gave you life and He will cause you to die and will
bring you again to life.” (2:28)
9. 3 stage - Final Judgment:
rd

a. All people will come forth in the court of Allah.

b. They will be judged according to their actions and deeds. Allah says, “And the Book (of
Deeds) will be placed (before you); and you will see the sinful in great terror because of
what is (recorded) therein.” (18:49)
c. Scales will be set, and deeds will be weighed. Allah says, “We shall set up scales of justice
for the day of judgement so that not a soul will be dealt with unjustly in the least. And if
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
there be (no more than) the weight of a mustard seed We will bring it (to account).” (Al-
Anbiyaa 21:42)
d. The pious will be given their book of deeds in their right hands and the sinners' will be
handed in their left. "Those who are given their record in their right hands will read it (with
pleasure)" (17:71) "and the will be given his record in his left hand will say Ah! Would that
my record had not been given to me" (69:25).
e. As-Siraat (The Bridge) will be laid across hell and Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬will be the first
among the Prophets to cross it with his followers.
f. Those emerging successful in their Judgement will be granted paradise
Allah says, “Then he whose scales are heavy shall be in state of bliss and he whose scales
are light shall have a deep pit for his dwelling.”(Al-Qariah 101:9-10)

B. What is the importance of having belief in the Day of Judgement for the Muslims? [4]

Highlights:

1. Fundamental component of faith of a believer.

2. Believers will strive hard in this world to do as many good deeds for the pleasure of their Creator
so that they can meet Him in the Hereafter.
3. Believers will live their life according to the rules laid down in Islam.
4. They will refrain from all vices and Shirk.
5. They will fulfil both, rights of Allah and rights of fellow beings.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
A. What does the statement, “There is no ability or power except through Allah”, tell about Muslim
belief in Allah, pre-destination and freewill? [10]

Highlights:

1. Belief in the Divine decree (Qadr) is mentioned in the Imaan-e-Mufassal: "I believe in Allah, in
His angels, in His books, in His messengers, in the Last Day, and in the fact that everything good
or bad is decided by Allah, the Almighty, and in life after death".
2. This means that everything, good or bad, is decided by Allah, it is an Article of Faith and without
this our faith is not complete.
3. Faith in predestination means that the Highest Allah, has decreed all things; whatever happens
in the world, whether it is concerning the conditions or the happenings in our lives, it is decided
by Allah: "Verily we have created all things in measure and proportion" (54:49).
4. The Muslim belief in Divine predestination includes belief in the following:
a. Allah is the Creator of everything. According to the Muslim faith, Allah is the sole Creator
and Cherisher of the universe. His power is not limited in any sphere. The Qur’an says: “Allah
is the Creator of all things and He is the Guardian over all things” (39:62).
b. Allah knows everything; what has, is and will happen. Therefore, it will not be wrong to say
that He not only has knowledge of each and every affair of the entire universe, but also all
the matters and occurrences are under His control. Quran says, “…He knows what is in front
of them and what is behind them…” (2:255) and "He has the power to dispose off all affairs"
(Al-An'am 6:102).
c. Whatever Allah wills, happens; and whatever He wills not, does not happen. We ourselves
can see the Divine Will in many objects and phenomena around us. The Qur’an invites us to
appreciate by saying: “It is not permitted to the sun to catch up to the moon, nor can the
night outstrip the day; each just swims along in its own orbit (according to the Divine Will)”
(36:40). These are demonstrations of Allah’s unlimited power and command.
5. Similarly, man, the most supreme creation of Allah, is no exception to this Divine Will.
6. Humans have been granted liberty and free will, but at the same time they are submissive to
the laws of nature.
7. Allah has predestined the span of every person’s life, their share of good and ill fortune, and the
fruits of their efforts and fraudulence, in accordance with His eternal knowledge.
8. This is to say that, He has designed the things as they were to take place in this world and in the
life to come. E.g. Prophet Isa AS’s birth, regarding which Quran says: “It is a matter already
decreed.” (19:19-21); the victory of Muslims at Badr about which Quran says: “A matter already
enacted.” (8:45); and the happenings of the Last Day: “And when the earth flattened out, and
casts forth what is within it and becomes (clean) empty.” (84:3-4)
9. Just like all these pre-planned phenomena, a person’s life account is alsp written inside the
Preserved Tablet, or, Lauh al Mahfuz.
10. Though, no one is forced to do a certain thing because of its predestination.
11. Allah has given every human the ability to do good or bad in life. People decide what to do,
but Allah had knowledge of our deeds even before we were created.
12. While Allah has given free choice to people, man has also been shown the correct way, by
means of revelation through His Prophets.
13. Man has the final choice to accept or decline this Divine guidance. His choice rests on his will.
The Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬said, “This world is the cultivating ground for Hereafter.”
14. E.g. Hazrat Ali RA was travelling and asked a Bedouin to take care of his horse and saddle while
he prayed. Hazrat Ali RA thought he would give the Bedouin 50 Dirhams, in return. When he
came back, he realized the Bedouin stole his saddle, he went to buy a new one. Over there he
found his own stolen saddle and asked about it. The shopkeeper informed, that a Bedouin sold
this saddle to him for 50 Dirhams, to which Hazrat Ali RA smiled and thought how unlucky the
Bedouin was, for he turned his Halal into Haram out of his free will.
15. If humans follow the conscience granted to us by Allah this life and its Judgemet becomes easier
and the Quran says: "God does not burden any human being with more than he is able to bear"
(2:286)
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Pillars of Islam
Shahada
A. "There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah". Describe the Muslims’
belief about the declaration of faith (Shahada). [10]

Highlights:
1. Shahadah is the first Pillar of Islam.
2. The confession of the faith of a Muslim is in the pronouncement of Shahadah: “I bear witness
that there is no deity but God, and I bear witness that Muhammad is the Messenger of God.”
Tauhid:
a. “I bear witness that there is no deity but God..”
b. This part of the Shahada refers to Tauhid and the Oneness of Allah.
c. Lordship:
d. True Unity of Allah means that He is Unique in person.
e. This signifies that Allah is Only One and there is no plurality in the name of God, “Verily your
Allah is one! Lord of heavens and of the earth and all between them and Lord of every point
at the rising of the sun!” (Saffat 37:4-5)
f. This declaration is the foundation and essence of Islam. It is the expression of belief, which
differentiates a believer from a non-believer.
g. This declaration is not only confined to the Oneness of Allah, but it also highlights the
Authority and Sovereignty of Allah.
h. He creates and sustains and knows all things in the universe.
i. There is no other Creator and Sustainer of this universe except Him.
1. Worship:
a. He says: “Your Lord has decreed that you worship none but Him.” (Isra 17:1)
b. Muslims believe none is worthy of worship but Him.
c. They sacrifice for Him, and practice self-control to abide by His rules.
d. “You we worship and your aid we seek.” (Al-Fatiha 1:5)
e. Names and Attributes:
f. He is Unique in His attributes; this signifies that no other being can parallel Allah’s attributes
and Powers.
g. No power can do the tasks which Allah has already done or may do.
h. “There is nothing whatever like unto Him and He is the One that hears and sees (all things).”
(Ash-Shura 42:11)

Prophethood:

2. The second part of the declaration is Risalah: “Muhammad is His servant and Apostle.”
3. Model of Excellence:
a. Allah delegated Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬to spread His teachings.
b. Therefore, his life is a model for us to follow.
c. He is a representation and symbol of all 124,000 Muslims.
d. This shows us the inseparable relation between the belief in Oneness of Allah and Prophet ‫ﷺ‬
as His Last Messenger.
e. To deny the second part of the declaration would be to cut off all the connections of the
Islamic faith with the first one.
f. This declaration prepares human beings to reflect upon Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s teachings and
encourages them to follow his path, “Say O Muhammad, if you do love Allah follow me,
Allah will love you and forgive you your sins for Allah is Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful.” (Al-
Imran 3:31)
4. Seal of Prophets:
a. No prophet will come after Muhammad ‫ﷺ‬
b. He is the symbol of the message of Allah, known as, Islam, which was one or the other way,
preached by all previous prophets.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
c. He is called ‘Seal of the Prophets’.
d. His life is a complete code of conduct for all generations, with the exception of Ijma and
Qiyas.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
A. 'There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is his messenger.' Write about the significance of the
Shahadah to a Muslim. [10]

Highlights:
1. With the Shahadah a person declares their faith in Allah and His Messenger.
2. It is also the declaration of one's intent to become Muslim.
3. Converts to Islam and also Muslims born into Islamic families, both understand this simple phrase
and live life in accordance to it.
4. If a Muslim follows the teachings of the Shahadah, they are guaranteed a place in heaven in
the Hereafter.
5. Allah knows what is in the hearts of his believers. Therefore, merely uttering these words is not
enough, dedication through actions and intentions is also extremely important.
6. Even though the declaration of faith is concise, it sets off the journey of a person shifting from his
time in ignorance and disbelief to knowledge, light and guidance.
7. A person becomes a part of the Muslim community or Ummah. This is not restricted to any ethnic
identity or geographical boundary.
8. Anyone who declares their faith in Allah and the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬enters the brotherhood of Islam.
9. The significance of this declaration is also apparent in the fact that it is repeated in every prayer.
10. "There is no god but Allah" puts a Muslim's complete faith in Allah as the Creator and Sustainer
of the universe, the only One who is worthy of worship.
11. In this belief, a Muslim also submits completely to serve Allah and to seek His pleasure.
12. “Muhammad is His apostle”, makes one a follower of the teachings of Allah’s Last Messenger.
13. It makes Muslims strong and courageous because they realize that every hardship is from Allah.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Pillars of Islam
Salah (Prayer)

A. The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said, "Between a person and disbelief is discarding prayer." What benefits do
Muslims find in regular prayer (Salah)? [10]

Highlights:

1. Prayer is the second Pillar of Islam and its importance can be judged from the fact that, it is the
first act that a person will be held accountable for, on the Day of Judgment.
2. The Messenger of Allah, Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬, said before his death: “The first act that the slave will be
accountable for on the Day of Judgement will be the prayer.” (Tabarani)
3. The word Salat has occurred 67 times in the Qur’an.
4. Compulsory for all the Muslim men and women to pray 5 times a day if they are at home or
travelling, in peace or war, healthy or sick.
5. Allah says, "Prayer at fixed hours has been enjoined upon the believers" (4:103).
6. Women are exempted from offering Salat during their menstruation period.
7. Not obligatory for a child to pray (before puberty), nonetheless, it is obligatory for the parents to
order him to pray when he is 7-years-old.
8. Prayer also teaches about punctuality and also humbles a person, when they prostrate before
their Creator. Regarding this, Allah says: “Lo! Prayer preserves (one) from lewdness and iniquity,
but verily, remembrance of Allah is more important.” (Al-Ankabut 29:45)
9. Salat also increases purity in physical and spiritual form.
10. Muslims are required to perform ablution or bath, before they can perform Salat which cleanses
them physically and standing before Allah five times a day with sincerity, cleanses their soul.
11. “Do you believe that dirt can remain on a person bathing five times a day in a stream running in
front of his door?” The companions replied that no dirt can remain on his body. The Prophet ‫ﷺ‬
remarked, “So exactly similar is the effect of prayer offered five times a day. With the grace of
Allah, it washes away all sins. Ablution washes out physical dirt while prayers wipe out spiritual.”
(Agreed)
12. Salat provides a constant reminder of the essence of our creation and provides a direct
connection to Allah, who linked success and felicity to humility in prayer.
13. Allah says regarding this: “Therefore, be patient with what they say and celebrate the praises of
your Lord before the rising of the sun and before its setting.” (Ta-Ha 20:130)
14. A Muslim stands in humbleness in the presence of Allah with both hands folded; he bows down,
kneels, and prostrates before Allah. A Muslim shows his complete dependence upon Allah.
15. The Qur’an says: “Successful indeed are the believers who are humble in their prayers.” (Al-
Muminun 23:1)
16. It emphasizes the proximity between religion and daily life.
17. If a person is sick, then he can offer his Salat while sitting; if he is unable to do this then he can
pray while lying down.
18. If water is not available for ablution, a person can perform dry ablution, called, Tayammum.
19. If the person cannot correctly detect the direction of the Qibla, then he can pray in the possible
direction of Qibla.
20. Provides a means of repentance. It develops piety and fear of Allah in a person and restrains
him from wrongdoing. Allah says, “Establish regular prayers for it restrains from shameful and
unjust deeds.” (Al-Ankabut 29:45)
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
A. Describe the conditions of prayer which must be fulfilled before performing Salah. [10]

Highlights:

1. Preparations for prayer begin with the purification of the body and ends with the purification of
the soul.
2. The intention of prayer must be made in the proper manner before the Namaz begins.
3. Niyat is done by naming what namaz you are offering, the number of raka'ats being offered and
whether the prayer is farz, nafl, or sunnat. The word “Qaza” must be added in the niyat if the
prayer offered is Qaza.
4. The prayers (Salah) performed 5 times a day, which are Fajr (at dawn), Zuhr (afternoon), Asr
(midafternoon), Maghrib (sunset) and Isha (nightfall). “Verily, As-Salah (the prayer) is enjoined
on the believers at fixed hours.” (4:103)
5. Praying at the time that the sun is rising or setting or is in the Meridian (midday) is prohibited and
this is for both farz and nafl prayers.
6. A person must perform ablution or bath with the intentions of Salah, for which they are
performing the Wudhu (in case of minor impurity) or Ghusl (major impurity).
7. “O Believers! When you prepare for prayers, wash your faces and your hands up to the elbows,
and wipe your heads, and your feet to the ankles … and [if you] do not find water then betake
yourselves to clean earth and wipe your faces and your hands with it.”
8. Conditions for Wudu:

a. Make the intention; "I intend to perform the Wudu for securing Allah's good pleasure and in
compliance with His command."
b. It is preferred that the person sit facing the Ka'aba
c. The water and place of Wudu should be clean
d. It should be carried out without any break, no part of the body should dry up while doing the
Wudu.
e. Start from the right side and then go on to the left.
f. None of the parts described in the Prophet ‫'ﷺ‬s hadith should be left dry.
g. Use of miswak or toothbrush to clean the teeth before or after Wudu is recommended.

9. If water is not available, then dry ablution is needed-Tayammum. The Quran says, "He loves those
who keep themselves pure and clean" (2:222).
10. While praying Muslims should wear clean clothes.
11. Body must be clean from all impurities. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said, “Allah does not accept the prayer
of one of you if he becomes ritually impure, unless he does wudu.” (Bukhari 6954)
12. They have to cover the Sattar as well.
13. For males, Sattar, is between the navel and the knee, meaning that while performing Salah,
these parts of the body are to be covered.
14. Women should cover the whole body, except their faces and hands. Allah says: “Children of
Adam, dress well when you attend any place of worship.” (7:31)
15. The place where he or she is going to pray must be clean.
16. Muslims are to orientate themselves towards the Holy Ka’aba in the city of Makkah – facing the
Qibla, while praying. Quran states: “Turn then your face in the direction of the Sacred Mosque”
(2:144)
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
A. Describe how regularly daily prayer (Salah) is performed. [10]

Highlights:

1. The importance of prayer in Islam is great, as it is the foremost duty of the Muslims, and the chief
of the pillars on which the structure of Islam stands.
2. It is the first thing that was made obligatory on Muslims, and, the first thing they will be questioned
about on the Day of Judgment.

Preparation of Prayer:

1. Wudu: washing of hands, mouths, nostrils, face, arms, across the head, ears, back of the neck
and feet.
2. “O Believers! When you prepare for prayers, wash your faces and your hands up to the elbows,
and wipe your heads, and your feet to the ankles … and [if you] do not find water then betake
yourselves to clean earth and wipe your faces and your hands with it.”
3. Tayamum: first Niyyah should be made, then hands should be rubbed on the earth and then on
the face all the way to the ears, and lastly, clean the hands from the wrist to the fingers.
4. Sattar: proper dress code i.e. men must be covered from navel to knees, and for women the,
whole body, except hands, feet and face.
5. Qibla: facing the Ka’bah.
6. Niyat: intention of prayer.

Performance:

1. Takbir-e-Tehrima is when worshippers stand and raise their open hands to shoulder level,
proclaiming “Allahu Akbar”.
2. Qiyam is still standing, by crossing the right arm, over their left, across their chest or navel. The
believers first recite Sana, then, Tawuz, i.e. “I betake myself to Allah for refuge from the accursed
Satan”, and then Tasmiyah i.e. “In the name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful.”
3. Then Surah Fatiha and another surah or at least 3 verses of a surah are recited. This is known as
Qirat
4. After that is, Ruku, in which worshippers bow toward Makkah, by placing their hands on their
knees, and recite Tasbih-e-Ruku which is: "Glory be to God, the Greatest", thrice.
5. After that is the second Qiyam or the, standing position, with arms at the sides and Allah's Glory
is proclaimed again. This is known as Qaumah.
6. After Qiyam is Sujud in which worshippers kneel, with only palms, knees, toes, forehead, and
nose touching the ground, while reciting Takbir. While prostrating, the Tasbih-e-Sajdah i.e. “Glory
to my Lord, the Most High”, is recited at least three times.
7. After that is, Tashahhud, in which the believer is transition into a seated pose, feet beneath them
and hands on laps.
8. There is a short gap between the two prostrations known as Jalsa.
9. Sujud is repeated and then Tashahhud is repeated, in which, first Tahiyya and then Durud are
recited and a prescribed prayer.
10. Prayers to Allah are said, and the faithful raise their right index fingers briefly to display their
devotion.
11. Then the prayer ends with Taslim in which the face is turned to the right while looking over the
right shoulder, and saying: “Peace be upon you and the Mercy of Allah”.
12. Then the face is turned to the left looking over the left shoulder, the same words are repeated.
This is basically a Salam to all the Kiraman Katibeen.
13. Missing prayers is considered a serious lapse of faith for a devoted Muslim. A Hadith states:
"Between a person and disbelief is discarding prayer."
14. Muslims should make up their missed prayer as soon as possible or at the very least, offer the
missed prayer as part of the next regular Salat.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
A. Describe main characteristics of congregational prayers on Friday. [10]

Highlights:

1. Friday prayer according to Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬, is obligatory for every adult male. It is highly
necessary for Muslims to prepare themselves for Friday prayer. The Qur’an says: “O you who
believe! When the call is proclaimed on Friday (the day of assembly) hasten earnestly to the
remembrance of Allah and leave off business (and traffic) that is best for you if you but knew.”
(62:9)
2. Muslims are advised to take bath, put on fresh clothes and apply some fragrance, which is also
a Sunnah of Prophet ‫ﷺ‬. Allah says: “O you who believe! When you prepare for prayer, wash your
faces and hands to the elbows; rub your heads; and wash your feet to the ankles.” (5:6)
3. Muslims are required to leave their business and go to the Mosque as soon as they hear the
Azaan for the Friday prayer.
4. Mainly, males offer congregational prayer but, in some communities, women are also
encouraged to attend and pray in congregation.
5. After the first Azaan is called, one has to offer for pre-Farz Sunnahs.
6. Second Azaan is called before the Khutbah.
7. Imam delivers the sermon, which is an essential part of Friday prayer. While the Khutbah is being
delivered, no conversation is allowed. Reading Holy Qur’an, reciting Durood or even praying is
forbidden.
8. After the first Azan a second sermon in the country’s native language can be delivered.
9. The sermon consists of advice based on the Qur’an and Hadith about living a lifestyle according
to Islam and delivering our obligation towards Allah and the community at large.
10. The second sermon consists of portions of Holy Qur’an.
11. At the end, supplication is made for the community.
12. People arrange themselves in rows, while the Iqamat is being called.
13. Two Farz Rak’ahs are offered under the leadership of Imam.
14. As soon as the Farz are offered, the Friday prayer is completed, and the Imam makes Du’a.
15. The appointed time is from the beginning of Zuhr up to about an hour after the recital of its
Azaan and later than that, it is no longer permissible.
16. Friday prayer cannot be prayed as Qaza, instead, the believer has to offer the Zuhr prayer.
17. Some people exempted from the Friday congregational prayers including travelers, sick,
women, minors, slaves, and children- “The Friday congregational prayer is obligatory for every
Muslim, except the slave, the woman, the child and the sick.” (Abu Daud)

B. How does Salah help keep the community united? [4]

Highlights:

1. Salah is an excellent way to bring the Muslim community together.

2. Muslims perform the prayer at the same time, together.
3. When the prayer is performed in congregation, it develops brotherhood, equality and humility
between Muslims.
4. Worshippers stand in rows, shoulder to shoulder, without any distinction of race, nationality, color,
wealth, or status, and all pray together as one body.
5. Muslims experience a sense of unity, performing the same task and the same act togetherly.
6. Communal prayers give the opportunity to help each other and solve problems which in turn
leads to better social relations.
7. This act of unity helps demolish all barriers which stand between men.

B. Explain the importance of Mosques to the Muslim community OR a Mosque as the focal point in
Muslims' lives. [4]
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School

Highlights:

1. A place where believers get together for religious purposes.

2. Educational, political and social centers of society.
3. One should enter the Mosque with respect, in clean clothes and footwear must be removed.
4. Form of retreat from the worldly activities and engage in spiritual healing.
5. For social gathering, Friday prayers, Eid prayers, and even funeral prayers are held at Mosque.
6. The appearance of the Mosque symbolizes the strength and unity of Muslim community
between other communities.
7. Exhibits the power and stronghold that Muslims possess and creates fear within the hearts of the
enemies.
8. Muslims sometimes withdraw to Mosques for the conclusion of Ramadan, an act called Itiqaf.
9. Praying in Mosque also considered to have greater reward than praying alone at home. The
Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said, “Prayer in congregation is better than praying alone by twenty-seven
degrees.” (Sahih al-Bukhari 619, Sahih Muslim 650)
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
A. Write about the following:

1. The benefits of private prayer (du'a) in a Muslim's life

2. The times when God is thought most likely to accept du'a. [10]

Highlights:

1. The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said, "Dua is the very essence of worship".

2. In Arabic, Dua means “calling”.
3. It is the act of remembering Allah to request or to offer thanks.
4. Dua has the power to change the destiny of a believer.
5. With Dua, a believer submits to the will of Allah and acknowledges that He holds all the power
in the universe.
6. Allah says in the Quran, "When my servants ask you about me, (tell them), I am really close to
them, I listen to the prayer of each supplicant when he invokes me." (2:186)
7. Dua can be made in any language and by anyone.
8. It can be about anything in the world.
9. With Dua comes the realization that Allah is near and ready to accept our Dua.
10. The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said, "Allah does not turn away, empty-handed, the one who calls upon Him in
prayer."
11. The best way to make dua is to be in Wudu, facing the Ka'aba and in sujood.
12. The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said: "Whoever desires that Allah respond to his Duas under adverse and difficult
conditions, he should make Dua abundant in the days of ease and comfort."
13. There are some instances where dua is especially accepted:

a. While travelling;
b. Dua made while visiting the sick;
c. In the third part, late at night (while offering tahajjud);
d. While one is in prostration before Allah;
e. Between the Azan and Iqamah;
f. On the day of Arafat;
g. While faced with injustice and oppression;
h. While fasting in Ramadan (Laylat al-Qadr) or during nafl fasts;
i. On Fridays;
j. At the time of Maghrib/sunset;
k. After every farz prayer.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
B. Explain the main difference between regular prayer (Salah) & personal prayer (Du’a). [4]

Highlights:

Salah:

1. Five daily prayers and is a second Pillar of Islam.

2. Have a set pattern described in Qur’an and Sunnah.
3. Are always performed in an Arabic language.
4. Obligation on every Muslim male and female.
5. Have fixed timings.
6. Important to face the Qibla while performing Salah.
7. Muslim has to perform ablution or bath before they start Salah.

Du’a:

1. A supplication.
2. An intimate conversation with Allah at any time or in any language.
3. They do not have a set pattern or language.
4. No purification needed for Du’a.
5. No attached condition before performing personal prayer.
6. Du’a is a request from Allah regarding oneself or for others.
7. Can be recited during or even after formal prayers.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
A. What is the purpose of prayers in congregation, for Muslims? [10]

Highlights:

1. Congregational prayer is an introduction to unity among the ranks, closeness of hearts, and
promotion of the spirit of brotherhood.
2. The Messenger of Allah ‫ ﷺ‬has said, “Prayer in congregational is better than the prayer of one
man by himself by 27 times.” (Agreed)
3. Only Farz are to be said in congregation and the other Rak’ahs are to be prayed alone.
4. A congregation can even be of 2 people, if one is the Imam. In case of a 2-person congregation,
the followers stand to the right of the Imam.
5. If the congregation is of females, then they stand in a straight line if the number of women is
odd. If even, they should stand to the right of the Imam.
6. Following the assembly of the Namazis, shoulder to shoulder usually, the Iqamah is called, and
then the Niyat is made.
7. Congregational prayer is necessary upon every male, however, only in the case of rain, extreme
weather, or illness, they can pay pray their homes
8. Regarding this, Allah says, “And bow down your heads with those who bow down (in worship).”
(2:43)
9. Practice of the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬and his companions who always led the congregational prayers of
the believers 5 times a day in Masjid-e-Nabwi.
10. The Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said: “If there are three persons in a village or even in a desert and they do
not pray together, the devil would surely overtake them. So always pray Salat in congregation,
for a wolf only injures a solitary sheep.” (Abu Daud)
11. Congregational prayers also lead to social benefits, since, they display the power of Muslims
when they are gathered together. It eliminates discord among Muslims and strikes fear in the
hearts of the enemies.
12. The gathering of all the people living in a locality 5 times daily in the Mosque helps in the
establishment of healthy social relations between sections of the Muslim community.
13. The gathering reaches its climax on the occasion of the annual pilgrimage when Muslims from
all parts of the world assemble together in Makkah.
14. Individuals stand in a single row, setting aside all distinctions of status and promoting an
atmosphere of equality and brotherhood.
15. Arouses purity and empathy for fellow beings and makes believers experience a sense of
belonging that foster courage and strength as a by-product.
16. A king may stand shoulder to shoulder with his poorest subjects; and the white man with the
black. It makes believers realizes that all men are equal before Allah.
17. Lessons of equality, fraternity and brotherhood, when put into practice, serve as a foundation
for the unification of the human race.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
A. Explain how and why Muslims celebrate Eid-ul-Fitr and Eid-ul-Azha. [10]

Highlights:

1. The Eids were a gift from God, sent in 2 AH.

2. Eid means recurring happiness, or festival.
3. There are 2 Eids in one Islamic calendar- Eid-ul-Fitr on 1st Shawal and Eid-ul-Azha on 10th ZilHajj.
4. A day of thanksgiving when Muslims assemble in a brotherly atmosphere, the Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬,
“The days of Tashriq (the days in which the Eid is celebrated) are days of eating and drinking
and of remembering Allah, the Exalted.” (Sahih Muslim)
5. Eid-ul-Fitr is characterized by thanking Allah for his help and blessings through the successful
completion of the month of Ramadan.
6. Eid-ul-Adha comes at the end of the time linked to the annual pilgrimage, Hajj, to celebrate,
remember, and honour the devotion and submission of the Prophet Ibrahim to Allah.
7. Jabir ibn reported: “When the companions of the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬met each other on the day of Eid,
they would say to each other, ‘taqqabbal minna wa minka’ (may Allah) accept it from us and
you.”
8. Muslims should take a bath on the morning of Eid, and put on their best clothes.
9. On Eid ul Fitr, an odd number of dates should preferably, be eaten in the morning, as it is Sunnat.
10. On Eid ul Adha, eating should be delayed till after the prayer and sacrifice.
11. A major component of Eid is, attending of special congregational prayers, and the time for it
begins from sunrise up until noon.
12. Neither is there any call to prayer for Eid prayer, nor does it substitute Fajr prayers. The Qaza for
Eid prayer cannot be offered.
13. The prayer is Sunnat e Mukaddah.
14. Can only be offered in congregation and preferably in an open space.
15. Consists of 2 Rak’ah during which it is recommended to pronounce 6 extra Takbirs.
16. Rak’ah involves the Imam reciting in each, Surah Fatiha and other passage from the Holy Qur’an
in an audible voice.
17. The intention for prayer is in these words: “I intend to offer two Rak’ahs Wajib of Eid-ul-Fitr/Eid-ul-
Adha (as the case may be) with six additional Takbirs, behind this Imam and I am facing the
Holy Ka’aba.”
18. Imam recites the Takbir-e-Tehrima, i.e. “Allahu-Akbar” in a loud voice, the Muqtadis (followers
of the Imam) should also utter the Takbir in a low voice and fold their hands below their navels
as in other prayers.
19. Both the Imam and the Muqtadis now recite Sana in a low voice and after that, the Imam raises
both hands up to the ears and says the Takbir i.e. Allahu Akbar in a loud voice.
20. After the third Takbir, the hands are to be folded in the usual manner; they now recite Tasmiya,
Surah Fatiha and some other Surahs
21. the first Rak’ah should be completed in a usual manner.
22. In the second Raka’at, the Imam recites Tasmiyah, Surah Fatiha and some other Surah; the
Muqtadi attentively listening to it and just say, “Ameen”.
23. After this the Imam raises his hands and recites the Takbir in a loud voice, the Muqdati do the
same but in a low voice.
24. They now bring their hands down and keep them hanging by their sides. The hands should be
raised and lowered and the Takbir is being said two more times.
25. Both the Imam and the Muqtadi now say one more Takbir without raising their hands and bow
down for Ruku.
26. The second Rak’ah should be completed in the usual manner.
27. After the two Rak’ah of prayer are over, the Imam delivers the sermon in two parts with a short
break in between.
28. The Khutbah is Sunnah and should be heard attentively.
29. The sermon of Eid-ul-Fitr draws the attention of the audience to Sadaqah-ul-Fitr, which is a
charity obligatory on every Muslim who can afford it.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
30. The sermon of Eid-ul-Adha draws the audience’s attention towards the duty of sacrifice which
is to be observed by every Muslim with means.
31. It is preferable to slaughter the animal of sacrifice on Eid day after prayers.
32. Both Eids for the purpose of charity.
33. Eid-ul-Fitr falls at the end of Ramadan, which is itself the time of Zakat, the giving of necessary
food to the less fortunate.
34. Eid-ul-Adha is the time for sacrificing of animals, which is used for the provision of a sacrificial
animals’ meat to the more poverty-stricken people of the community. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said, “The
first thing to be done on this day (first day of Eid-ul-Adha) is to pray; and after returning from the
prayer we slaughter our sacrifices (in the name of Allah) and whoever does so, he acted
according to our Sunnah (traditions).” (Sahih al-Bukhari 951)
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Times of Prayers:

1. Fajr: Prayed in the early morning, the time for this prayer starts at the break of dawn and ends
just before sunrise. One should not pray while the sun is rising as it is undesirable or makruh.
2. Zuhr: Prayed in the early afternoon. The time for this starts when the sun starts to decline and
ends when the shadows of everything become twice the size of what they were at midday.
3. Asr: Prayed in the late afternoon. The time for this starts when the time for zuhr prayers ends and
ends just before sunset.
4. Maghrib: Prayed in the evening after the sun sets and the time for this prayer ends when darkness
engulfs everything. While the sun is setting, no prayers should be offered and the Quran should
not be read.
5. Isha: Prayed in the early night. The time for this starts with the darkness and ends before dawn.
However, it is better to offer it before midnight.

Conditions of Tayammum:

1. If water is not available,

2. If the individual is bedridden due to illness or injury,
3. If a part of the body can not be washed due to injury, surgery, etc.
4. The Quran says, "If you are ill or on a journey... And you find no water, then take for yourselves
clean sand or earth and rub therewith your faces and hands. Allah does not wish to place you
in a difficulty, but to make you clean." (5:6)

Method of Tayammum:

1. Recite the Tasmiah.

2. Make the intention for Tayammum.
3. Then, both hands should be placed on clean and pure earth, sand or stone. A brick or earthen
pot may also be used.
4. The excess of sand should be blown away from the hands.
5. Both hands are then rubbed against the face like the face is washed in wudu. For men who have
beards, fingers are passed through the beard.
6. Hands are placed back on the clean earth, sand, or stone and the excess is blown off.
7. Then the hands are passed over the right arm up to the elbows and in the same way the left
arm.

Qaza Prayer (Delayed Prayer):

1. If one fails to offer their prayers at the appointed time, they are allowed to offer Qaza prayers.
2. Failure to offer prayer at the appointed time is sin unless there is a valid reason to do so.
3. Women in the period of childbirth, menstruation, mentally insane individuals, people in the state
of unconsciousness are exempted from offering the prayer in the appointed time.
4. While making the intention of prayer, the word Qaza is added.
5. If multiple prayers are missed in a day, the Qaza for these should be offered in the sequence
that they are missed and then the timely prayer should be offered.
6. If the number of missed prayers is too much and there is not enough time to offer all of them,
then the present prayer should be offered first.
7. Qaza is offered for Farz and Witr prayers alone.
8. No Qaza is offered for Sunnahs except for the Fajr prayers which should be offered before the
sunset of the same day.

Mosque/Masjid (the place for prayer):

1. Masjid means the place for prostration (sajda).

O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
2. Mosque remains the center of the Islamic community.
3. Towns have been built around mosques in all of Islamic community.
4. Some common features of mosques:

a. Domes and Minarets (can be seen from a distance)

b. Mihrab: a niche in the wall to show the direction of the Ka'aba
c. Mimber: a tall chair from where the Imam can deliver the sermon (present on most mosques)
d. Calligraphy of the Prophet ‫'ﷺ‬s and Allah's 99 names.
e. Intricate designs known as, arabesques.
f. Big courtyards to accommodate large congregations.
g. No portraits/paintings of people or animals or statues are allowed in mosques, this practice
is forbidden in Islam.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Pillars of Islam
Fasting (Saum)

A. What are the moral, spiritual and other benefits of fasting in Ramadan? [10]

Highlights:

1. Purpose of fasting is to learn Taqwa, which the person attains by refraining from evil acts.
2. Muslims experience social and spiritual benefits such as closeness to and consciousness of Allah.
3. Fasting also strengthens the spiritual powers of the believer as it protects man from all kinds of
temptations.
4. The Holy Qur’an says: “Fasting is Mine and it is I Who give reward for it. (A man) gives up his
sexual passion, food and his drink for My sake. Fasting is like a shield, and he who fasts has two
joys: a joy when breaks his fast and a joy when he meets his Lord. The change in the breath of
the mouth of him who fasts is better in Allah’s estimation than the smell of musk.” (Hadis Qudsi)
5. Moral Benefits:
6. The believer renounces food, drink, and abstains from all other enjoyments and pleasures
willingly in obedience to the command of Allah.
7. Fasting purifies the mind and helps a person gain control over his desires and teaches them how
to modify their behavior and change bad habits into good ones.
8. The Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said, “Whoever does not give up forged speech and evil actions, Allah is not
in need of his leaving his food and drink.” (Sahih Bukhari)
9. Social Benefits:
10. Muslims experience hunger and thirst, making them aware of the conditions of the poor and
needy those have nothing to eat for the whole day.
11. It brings the rich closer to the poor and awakens sympathies in the heart of the rich for the poor.
12. Spiritual Benefits:
13. Those who are fasting should respect and adhere to the acceptable social norms-refrain from
backbiting, stealing, cheating or any act that might harm others.
14. This increases patience and generosity because believers deprive themselves of essential
commodities and pleasures and everyday activities which they cannot follow.
15. It cultivates in Muslims an attentive and sound sense of right and wrong.
16. The Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said: "... Whoever fasts during Ramadan out of sincere faith and hoping to
attain Allah's rewards, and then all his past sins will be forgiven." (Imam Bukhari)
17. The previous sins of a person are forgiven and give him another chance to follow the right path.
The Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬has said: “Whoever established prayers on the night of the Qadr out of sincere
faith and hoping for a reward from Allah, then all his previous sins will be forgiven, and whoever
fasts in the month of Ramadan out of sincere faith, and hoping for a reward from Allah, then all
his previous sins will be forgiven.” (Tirmizi)
18. Fasting brings one closer to Allah, He says, "Fasting is like a shield, and he who fasts has two joys:
a joy when he breaks his fast and a joy when he meets his Lord".
19. Fasting provides a protection from all worldly temptations and allows Muslims to gain Taqwa.
20. The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said, "Allah said, 'All the deeds of Adam's sons (people) are for them, except
fasting which is for me. And will give the rewards for it. The rewards of good deeds is multiplied
by 10 to 700 times.’”
21. He also said "When the month of Ramadan starts, the gates of the heaven are opened and the
gates of the hell are closed and all the devils are chained" and: "Fasting is a shield and protection
from the fire and from committing sins"
22. Economic Benefits:
23. The rich spend generously on the poor to seek the blessing of Allah, enabling the poor to fulfill
their needs.
24. People pay fidya for the old or sick who can’t fast and this helps the poor as well.
25. In this month, many people also give Zakat which lessens the economic barrier between the rich
and poor.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
26. Allah says, "And upon those who are able (to fast, but with hardship) – a ransom (as substitute)
of feeding a poor person (each day). And whoever volunteers excess, it is better for him." (2:184)
27. The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said, "During Ramadan, the provisions of the believers are increased".
28. Health Benefits:
29. Obeying Allah brings peace of mind.
30. Abstinence from food and drink for a full month is beneficial for a person’s health.
31. Lessened food-driven stress and anxiety.
32. The spiritual and physical body is cleansed, by increased worship and reduced food intake
respectively.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
A. Write about the features of fasting during Ramadan and which Muslims are exempted from it.
[10]

Highlights:

1. Fasting means to abstain from food, marital relations, sins etc. and devote oneself to praise of
Allah during the Holy Month of Ramadan.
2. Fasting is obligatory for all Muslims adults both males and females.
3. “Fasting has been prescribed for you as it was prescribed for those before you so that you may
refrain against sins.” (2:138)
4. The days of fasting start with the sighting of the moon of Ramadan.
5. Duration of fast: From before dawn till sunset; from Fajr to Maghrib. "And Eat and drink until the
white thread of (light) dawn appears distinct to you from the black thread (darkness of night)."
(2:187)
6. Before fasting, Sehri (plural: Suhur) takes place till dawn which involves consumption of food and
drink as one has to remain hungry for the rest of the day, this is also Sunnah.
7. An intention before fasting and ending Sehri has to be made which is, “I intend to keep
tomorrow’s fast of Ramadan.”
8. The person is subject to all restrictions and prohibitions associated with fast until the setting of the
sun. This period of restriction is known as Imsak.
9. They include eating, drinking, smoking, consuming medicine by mouth and marital relations. Any
type of sin whether minor or major has to be avoided during the state of fasting.
10. The fast becomes void by swallowing anything, injecting liquid medicine into body, vomiting
and letting it enter the stomach, entering of water in the throat while gargling.
11. One must try to commit as many good deeds as he can and seek for Allah’s forgiveness.
12. Visiting the mosque and praying regularly should be priority. The Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said, "When the
month of Ramadan comes, the doors of Heaven are opened and the doors of Hell are closed
and the devils are chained."
13. The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬also said, "Everything has a best season and the best season of the Quran is
Ramadan".
14. The primary purpose of fasting is to please Allah as much as we can and to abstain from all types
of sins.
15. There are some special cases which are exempted from fasting and they do not have to keep
the Qaza fast including the ones menstruating, impregnated or nursing.
16. A patient in severe condition, infants and old people who are feeble are all exempted from
fasting.
17. All of the restrictions are lifted as soon as the time for Maghrib prayer comes. All the prohibitions
are lifted, and the Muslim may carry out the tasks normally until the time of Fajr Azan.
18. Muslims have to break the fast after the sunset by reciting the following verses: “O Allah! I fasted
for you, believe in you and put my trust in you with your sustenance, I now break the fast.”
19. The fast is usually broken with consumption of a date and water which is a Sunnah itself.
Hereafter, the Muslim turns towards his Maghrib prayers.
20. After the prayer, a meal should be eaten and this is usually done among family and friends.
21. After the Iftar, Muslims make their way to Tarawih prayers, this is usually done communally and
Hufaz of the Holy Quran present recitations of the text.
22. In the odd nights of the last ten days of Ramadan, their lies the Night of Power, also known as
Laylat al-Qadr.
23. The reward of praying on this night is more than worshipping for a 1000 months. Many believe it
to be on the 27th night of Ramadan.
24. One practice is to isolate oneself in prayer and worship in the last 10 days of Ramadan. This is
called Itikaf.
25. Women can isolate themselves at home and devote themselves to Allah in this time, however if
men want to perform the Itikaf, they retreat to the mosques.
26. Muslims fast from dawn till sunset for 29-30 days until the moon of Shawal appears.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
27. All Muslims are obligated to fast with the exception of the sick, the traveler, very old people who
can no longer fast, women who are menstruating, and women during the period of childbirth.
28. If the fast is broken intentionally or by any means that are prohibited, then in addition to the
Qaza fast, the person shall have to pay Kaffara.
29. It is that for the every fast broken, the believer has to fast for 60 days consecutively or feed a
poor person for 60 days.
30. Also, those who have a valid reason to miss a fast, can make up for it later or pay the Fidyah,
which is giving a day's meals for each fast missed to a needy person. Instead of food for one
day, one can also give equivalent amount of money to a needy person.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Pillars of Islam
Zakat (Almsgiving)

A. Outline the ways in which almsgiving (Zakat) is carried out. [10]

Highlights:

1. Zakat is the third Pillar of the Islamic faith.

2. It can be defined as the portion of man’s wealth, which is designated for the poor- “We made
them leaders, guiding by Our command, and We inspired them to do good deeds, the
observance of the Salat and the giving of the Zakat. They were worshippers of Us.” (21:73)
3. Made obligatory in 2 AH.
4. Zakat purifies, increases and blesses the wealth of the giver, whilst also eradicating his greed for
money.
5. The Quran says, "And spend of your wealth in the cause of Allah, do good for Allah loves those
who do good."
6. Zakat is mentioned 32 times in the Quran.
7. The Zakat is obligatory on every free, adult Muslim who owns and possesses a property to the
prescribed rate called Nisab.
8. Nisab is the minimum amount of possession on which Zakat is liable.
9. The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said, "No charity tax is due on property mounting less than five Uqiya of silver, and
no charity tax is due on fewer than five camels and no charity tax in fewer than five Wasq of
wheat grain".
10. This wealth needs to stay in the possession of a person for one entire Islamic year for Zakat to be
obligatory on it.
11. Zakat is payable on cash, silver, gold, jewelry, animals, mines, agricultural goods.
12. There are set percentages for the payment of Zakat.
13. On cash, it amounts to 2.5%.
14. The Nisab was set by the Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬at a rate equivalent to 87.48 grams of gold and 612.36
grams of silver.
15. The person who possesses 52.5 tolas silver or 7.5 tolas of gold, he is liable to pay Zakat at a rate
of 2.5%.
16. The owner of the mines must pay the amount that is of one-fifth of their total production, called
Khums.
17. The Zakat, paid for agricultural production is called Ushr. It amounts to one-twentieth of the land
irrigated artificially and one-tenth of the land fed by rain.
18. All the articles of trade, exceeding 200 Dirhams are liable for Zakat.
19. In livestock, on every 40 sheep/goats, 1 goat must be given.
20. On every 30-40 cattle, 1 calf, one-year-old is to be given.
21. On evry 40 cattle, one calf of 2 years must be given.
22. On every 5 camels, 1 goat/sheep must be given.
23. Sadqah ul Fitr is also a form of charity that is obligatory on all Muslims despite their age or
finances. This is approximately 2.5kgs of wheat grain.
24. For children who have no means of earning, this is given by the parents. For the old people who
have no means of earning, this is given by their children.
25. It is to be given to poor who do not possess any property, equal to that of Nisab.
26. “Alms are for the poor and the needy and those employed to administer the (funds); for those
whose hearts have been recently reconciled (to truth); for those in bondage and in debt; in the
cause of Allah; and for the wayfarer.” (9:60)
27. These are 8 categories that Muslims can give zakat to:
a. People who do not have enough wealth to meet the conditions of Nisab.
b. People appointed by the state to collect ad distribute zakat.
c. People who are living on the basic necessities of life.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
d. New converts to Islam who are not supported by family or friends and need help getting
back on their feet.
e. Slaves or prisoners of war.
f. People in debt.
g. Muslim travelers in the middle of their journey and out of funds to continue.
h. People who have to fulfill an obligation but cannot due to financial restrains.
i. Organizations/people working for the betterment of other people.
28. Zakat is applicable only on Halaal earnings and since the purpose of Zakat is to purify earnings,
that cannot be done for wealth earned through haram means.
29. People to whom Zakat cannot be given:
a. Non-Muslims.
b. One's direct relatives such as parents, children, wife/husband, grandparents, or
grandchildren.
c. Descends of the Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
d. People who meet the limit of the Nisab and are obligated to pay Zakat themselves.
e. To workers in return for their services.
f. It can not be given for the burial ceremonies of the dead, to pay off a dead person's debts.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
A. How do the individuals and community benefit from almsgiving (Zakat)? [10]

Highlights:

1. The payment of Zakat was defined at Makkah in the second year of the Hijrat.
2. It has benefits for the giver, receiever and the society at large.
3. It is abiding by the Pillars of Islam, upon which rests an individual’s prosperity in this worldly life
and in the Hereafter.
4. It is obligatory for those who possess wealth according to Nisab.
5. The Holy Qur’an says: “You shall observe the Contact Prayers (Salat) and give the obligatory
charity (Zakat) and bow down with those who bow down.” (2:43)
6. Benefits to Society:

a. It eliminates various social problems by establishing a concurrent atmosphere for both the
rich and the poor.
b. People come closer together like a single family in which people have the means of showing
compassion to those who cannot fulfill their needs.
c. Way of preventing extreme financial disparity and associated evils and crimes.
d. Reduces the class struggle by abolishing the economic gaps between the have and have-
nots by eradicating the concept of begging because everyone is getting their rights.
e. If the financial difficulties of the have-nots are decreased, they will not engage in criminal
acts such as theft or killing.
f. Zakat also relieves a person of his debt. The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said: “If anyone of you is a guardian
of an orphan who owns property, he must trade with (invest) it and not leave it till Sadaqa
(Zakat) consumes it.” (Tirmizi)
g. Paying Zakat is required of every, Muslim, man or woman who possesses wealth of a certain
minimum amount.
h. If people do not invest their wealth, it will gradually be consumed by Zakat.
i. It also prevents money from being hoarded; it leads money to investment.
j. Leads to an equal distribution of wealth in the society and prevents its accumulation in the
hands of a few.

7. Benefits to Giver:

a. Narrated by Abu Hurairah RA, the Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said: “The best charity is that which is
practiced by a wealthy person. And start giving first to your dependents.” (Sahih Bukhari,
Chapter 24, 507)
b. Giving to others purifies one’s own wealth, increases its value, and causes one to recognize
that everything we have is a trust from Allah.
c. Payment of Zakat provides openhandedness, generosity, and sympathy in a Muslim towards
the needy person.
d. The rich will develop the feelings of love, compassion and mercy towards the poor.
e. Allah says in the Quran, "The parable of those who spend their substance in the way of Allah
is that of a grain of corn, it grows seven ears and each ear has a hundred grains." (2:261)
f. Zakat also purifies the sins of a believer.
g. Virtues such as generosity and sympathy are encouraged and people realize the hardships
of those in need. Allah says, "Take the charity (Zakat) from their wealth in order to purify and
cleanse them by way of it." (9:103)
h. A Muslim shows his sincerity to Allah by sacrificing wealth that he has worked so hard to attain,
he spends it in the way of Allah.

8. Benefits to Receiver:
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
a. Removes the grudges and ill feelings found in the heart of the poor and destitute against the
rich.
b. The poor will develop the feelings of respect, toward the rich.
c. Helps the poor to stand up on their own feet.
d. It prevents individuals from nurturing hatred and from cooperating with the enemies of the
society.

9. Zakat is sacrificial giving which results in the welfare of the have-nots.

10. It indicates a person’s sincerity of faith.
11. It shows his commitment to sacrifice something which he covets in the way of Allah.
12. So it is a blessing for a receiver as well as for the giver because by paying Zakat, the wealth of
the payer also increases. And He says: “And that which you give as a gift (to others) in order that
it may increase (your wealth by expecting something in return) from other people’s property,
has no increase with Allah But that which you give in Zakat sincerely for the sake of Allah, those
people shall have manifold increase.” (30:39)
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Pillars of Islam
Hajj

A. How do Muslim individuals and Muslim community benefit from the annual pilgrimage (Hajj)?
[10]

Highlights:

1. Muslims sacrifice their wealth, their time, and physical as well as mental energies in the way of
Allah Almighty.
2. Hajj was made an obligation in 9 AH.
3. Allah says "Pilgrimage there to is a duty man owes to Allah, those who can afford the journey"
4. The Holy Qur’an stated: “And [mention, O Muhammad], when We designated for Abraham the
site of the House, [saying], "Do not associate anything with Me and purify My House for those
who perform Tawaf and those who stand [in prayer] and those who bow and prostrate.” (22:26)
5. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said: "He who is not prevented from performing the Pilgrimage by an obvious
necessity, a tyrannical ruler, or a disease which confines him at home, and dies without having
performed the Pilgrimage may die if he wishes to be Jew or Christian."
6. Muslims from all parts of the world come together and show their love for one another and get
to know each other.
7. Muslims demonstrate unity in time, place, actions and appearance. All of them stand in the
different locations of Hajj at the same time, doing the same actions, wearing the same clothes.
8. Hajj is the largest annual gathering of people anywhere in the world.
9. People of all colors, backgrounds, and wealth come together as equals in front of their Creator.
10. Everyone wears the same Ihram to signify that no one is better than his Muslim brother.
11. This creates unity among the Muslims of the world; it fosters brotherhood and love for the sake of
Allah.
12. Pilgrims enter into a state of spiritual purity when they wear Ihram that is aimed at shedding
symbols of materialism, giving up worldly pleasures and focusing on the inner-self over outward
appearance.
13. It brings the pilgrim closer to Allah, and he feels that the entire barrier between him and his
Creator are removed.
14. A pilgrim is allowed to carry his trade during Hajj and it may bring him good fortune. Allah says,
"it is no crime in you, if you seek of the bounty of your Lord (during Pilgrimage)" (2:198)
15. In the Plain of Arafat, on this great occasion, hundreds and thousands of people assemble and
proclaim together, the Talbiyah: “Here I am O Lord! Here I am” and they feel that nothing stands
between them and Allah.
16. The sins of the person are washed away, the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said: (Agreed) “An accepted pilgrimage
has no reward except paradise.” (Agreed) and also: "The person who came on Pilgrimage to
the house of Allah, than neither committed an indecent sexual acts, nor indulged in any
disobedience of Allah, He will return home as (pure of sin) as he was on the day his mother bore
him."
17.
18. The season of Hajj brings a great deal of good in both spiritual and worldly terms, as the Muslims
may benefit by coming together, learning from one another and doing business.
19. Get a chance to devise plans and strategies that may benefit the Muslims on an individual level
and evolve economic strategies that are beneficial to the entire Muslim world.
20. The assembling at Makkah every year provides the Muslim leaders an opportunity to discuss their
common problems and formulate a common policy.
21. On a personal level, it is a kind of Jihad for the sake of Allah and carries immense reward for the
one who does it in the prescribed manner.
22. The Musims are constantly remembering Allah while they stone the devil, stand in Aarafat or
perfrom Tawaaf. The Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬stated: “Circumambulation of the Ka‘bah, going between
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
al-Safa and al-Marwah and stoning the Jimaar have only been prescribed to establish the
remembrance of Allah.”
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
A. “Pilgrimage to the house is a duty men owe to Allah, those who can afford the journey.” (3:97)
[10]

(i) For whom is the annual pilgrimage, Hajj, compulsory and which Muslims are exempted
from it;
(ii) What things are forbidden to Muslims while in a state of Ihram?

Highlights:

Part (i):

1. Hajj is compulsory on all those adult Muslims who are free and financially able.
2. The pilgrim is not in debt or has taken a loan especially for Hajj and arranges all the basic need
of journey and arrangements for himself as a dependent person.
3. Pilgrim should also be mentally and physically sound which means that they can bear the
hardship of travelling to and from the House of Allah. Allah says, “Pilgrimage thereto is a duty;
men owe to Allah those who can afford the journey.” (Al-Imran 3:97)
4. Only obligatory on individuals who can afford the entire journey to and back from Makkah, the
duration of the stay and can also provide for their dependents back home while they are gone.
5. Allah says, "And take a provision (with you) for the journey" (2:197)
6. Those who are not physically able, because of old age or extreme sickness to leave their homes
may delegate another Muslim, who has already fulfilled their own obligation of Hajj, to perform
it on their behalf.
7. Women need to have a Mahram male, such as husband, father, son, nephew etc., with them
in order to proceed for Hajj.
8. The Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said, “A woman should not travel except with a dhu-mahram, and no man may
visit her except in the presence of dhu-mahram”, a man got up and said “O Allah’s Apostle! I
intend to go to such, and such an army and my wife wants to perform Hajj”, the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said,
(to him), “Go along with her (to Hajj)”. (Sahih Bukhari)

Part (ii):

1. Using perfume on the fabric of the Ihram.

2. Killing any animal or uprooting a plant.
3. Lying or doing anything dishonest.
4. Using foul and abusive language.
5. Wearing shoes over the ankles.
6. Carrying a weapon.
7. For women covering the face and hands is forbidden.
8. For men covering the head is forbidden
9. To hunt and kill animals, however anything that might bring harm, can be killed.
10. Cutting hair and clipping nails.
11. Having sexual relations.
12. These prohibitions ensure that the sole focus of the pilgrims is attaining Allah's pleasure and
offering their thanks and making prayers.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
A. Describe the main events of annual pilgrimage (Hajj). [10]

Highlights:

1. The performance of Hajj is very difficult and strenuous form of worship though Muslims should
attempt to go once in their lifetime.
2. The Qur’an says: “Pilgrimage thereto is a duty men owe to Allah- those who can afford the
journey.” (3:97)
3. Pilgrims arrive in Makkah by the 7th day of Dhu al-Hajj.
4. They purify themselves and the men put on Ihram. It is the preparation, entering into the purified
state at prescribed stations, Mawaqit, by shedding ordinary clothes and putting on two seamless
clothes (Izar and Rida) called Ihram.
5. They are worn in such a way that one is around the waist and other is over the shoulder.
6. Females do not use these clothes instead; they put on simple and modest clothes to cover their
bodies with the exception of face and hands.
7. At the great Mosque of Ka’aba, Masjid-ul-Haram, they perform the Tawaf.
8. It is anti-clockwise circumambulation of Ka’aba 7 times, at the inception and conclusion of Hajj.
9. There are two necessities for the male pilgrim which are Al-Idhtebaa and Al-Raml.
10. Al-Idhtebaa involves placing the middle of one’s Rida under his right arm and the ends of it over
his left shoulder from the start till the end of Tawaf.
11. Al-Raml involves speeding up one’s pace with the small steps during the first three circuits. The
last four circuits can be done at a normal pace.
12. The pilgrims carry out Sa’i between the hills of Safa and Marwa by running between the hills seven
times.
13. The act honours Hazrat Hajira's search for water for her son Ismail.
14. The pilgrims begin with a Niyat of Sa’i, and during each round, men should run the distance
between the two green pillars following the practice of the Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬.
15. The Qur’an says: “Behold! Safa and Marwa are among the symbols of Allah. So if those who visit
the house in the season or at other times should compass them around, it is no sin in them. And
if anyone obeys his own impulse to good, be sure that Allah is He Who recognizes and knows.”
(2:158)
16. On the eighth day of Dhu al-Hajj, the pilgrims proceed to the Plain of Mina, where they spend
the night in praying and worship of Allah.
17. On a ninth day, they leave Mina for Arafat, where they recite Holy Qur’an and pray Asr and Zuhr
together at the Jabal-Rahma.
18. This process is known as Wuquf in which they spend time by reciting appropriate passages from
Qur’an. Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said: “Hajj is halting at Arafat”. Also, the Hajj sermon is also delivered
here.
19. At the time of sunset, the pilgrims leave Arafat for Muzdalifah, where they spend their night in
worship while performing Isha and Maghrib together.
20. Later on, they gather pebbles for the next day.
21. At the time of dawn, they proceed to Mina.
22. They perform Rami-throwing pebbles at the Jamarat.
23. The stone pillars are three in total, and they symbolize Satan who tried to mislead Hazrat
Abraham RA at three places, where Jamarat are situated. The names of the pillars are, Jamarat
al-Aqaba, Jamarat al-Wusta and Jamarat al-Sughra.
24. The animal sacrificing, Udhiya is performed on the tenth day of Dhu al-Hajj.
25. “The sacrificed camels, We have made for you as among the symbols from Allah: in them is
much good for you. Then pronounce the name of Allah over them as they are lined up for
sacrifice. When they are down on their sides after slaughter, eat from them and feed others.”
(22:36)
26. The Eid-ul-Azha is performed at Mina.
27. Men usually have their heads shaved at this time, while women should clip their hair the length
of a fingertip.
28. Rami has then performed once again on 11th and 12th day as well.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
29. On the 12th day, the pilgrims return to the Ka’aba for the final Tawaf, and drinking of Zamzam,
and with this observance, the Hajj is completed.
30. For the next three days of Hajj, pilgrims must not:

a. smoke, swear, shave, cut their nails, or have sex;

b. Fight and argue;
c. hunt or kill anything;
d. use any scented oil, perfumes, colognes, soaps, and make up;
e. perform any marriage ceremony;
f. carry weapons;
g. men are not allowed to cover their heads;
h. women are not allowed to cover their face and hands, or wear any shoes covering ankles.

Overall notes of all components of Hajj:

1. Hajj is the last Pillar of Islam. It is performed in the last month, Dhul Hijja of the Hijri year.
2. Required to perform at any rate, if a Muslim is physically fit enough and monetarily ready to
embrace the journey.
3. There are three ways in which Hajj can be performed:
a. Hajj al-Tamattu involves performing Umrah during the months of Hajj usually a few days
before the Hajj is due to start, before carrying out the rites of Hajj when the pilgrimage begins;
b. Hajj al-Qiran means that the pilgrim combines both Hajj and Umrah. Here, the pilgrim is still in
the state of Ihram until finishing all the rituals;
c. Hajj al-Ifrad the pilgrim declares his intention for Hajj only via chanting “O Allah! I answer your
call to perform Hajj.” In this kind of Hajj, the pilgrim does not perform Umrah.
4. The pilgrim shall perform Ihram, Tawaf, and Sa’i.
5. Meeqats are prescribed places of Ihram on all the four sides of Makkah.
6. The five places of Meeqat for Umrah & Hajj are, Al- Juhfah, Dhul-Hulaifah, Dhatul-Irq, Qarn-Al-
Manazel Yalumlum.
7. The purpose of stopping at a Meeqat station is specifically to enter into the state of Ihram.
8. When entering ihram, it is forbidden that a man ties knots or wears stitched clothing–even
footwear.
9. Women might choose to wear a Hijab if they wish, their faces must remain exposed.
10. Men must assume their Ihram at the Meeqat by wearing two pieces of fabric called the Izar and
the Rida.
11. The Rida covers the top half of the body, while the Izar covers the lower half.
12. While in a state of Ihram, there are some acts that are forbidden to pilgrims including
a. sexual activities;
b. obscene or immoral speech and committing sinful acts;
c. cutting their hair and nails or wearing perfume;
d. hunting;
e. wearing gloves;
f. getting married or arranging a marriage for someone else;
g. men wearing anything on their heads;
h. women covering their faces, and wearing shoes that cover their ankles.
13. Niyyah is the intention of performing an act of worship.
14. When he finishes his prayer, he should say the Talbiyah: "Here I am for Umrah, here I am, Oh Allah,
here I am. Here I am. You have no partner. Here I am. Surely all praise, grace and dominion is
Yours, and You have no partner."
15. Tawaf is circumambulating the Holy Ka’aba seven times.
16. After completing the circumambulation seven times, a person should continue to move in a
counterclockwise direction till he reaches to his exit point.
17. During this Tawaf it is necessary for a man to do two things:
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
a. Al-ldhtebaa means placing the middle of one's Rida under his right arm and the ends of it
over his left shoulder;
b. The other act is of Al-Raml during the first three circuits. Al-Raml means speeding up one's
pace with small steps.
18. When he completes seven circuits of Tawaf, he approaches Maqam Ibrahim and recites: "And
take ye the station of Abraham as a place of prayer".
19. There are various types of Tawaf too:
a. Tawaf-ul-Qudum is performed when a person arrives at Makkah whether for Hajj, Umrah,
business or a visit;
b. Tawaf-ul-Ziarah is performed by all pilgrims who are undertaking the Hajj. This Tawaf is
mandatory;
c. Tawaf-ul-Umrah is a part of and performed as a ritual of Umrah;
d. Tawaf-e-Nafila is an optional Tawaf, but is better than performing a Nafl Salat;
e. Tawaf-e-Wida is a farewell Tawaf and performed as a final ritual of Hajj when a pilgrim is
leaving Makkah. Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said: “Let none of you leave Makkah before making a Tawaf
around the Ka’aba, as the last of Hajj rites”.
20. Zamzam is the name of the well that provides the water to billions of people.
21. Pilgrims pace between the two mountains, Safa and Marwa, as part of the rituals of Hajj- called
Sa’i.
22. The men are required to shave their heads or cut their hair on their entire head to an equal
length.
23. The women are required to cut their hair equal to the length of a fingertip.
24. On day one, pilgrims must circumambulate in a counterclockwise direction, meant to express
the devotion of Muslims praying to one God.
25. They must then perform Sa’i.
26. Pilgrims then depart for Mina, where they recite prayers and spend the night in the valley where
the Prophet Ibrahim stoned the devil as he tried to lead him astray.
27. Day two, is known as the day of Arafah- standing and praying on Mount Arafat.
28. Pilgrims make their way to Muzdalifah to pray and collect pebbles to perform the last steps of
Hajj.
29. On day three, pilgrims must stone Jamarat Al Aqabah, this is known as Rami.
30. Pilgrims must throw seven pebbles one after the other while saying, Allahu Akbar (God is
greatest) after each throw.
31. After the stoning, Eid-ul-Adha is celebrated and the pilgrims' sacrificial animal should be
slaughtered.
32. Pilgrims tend to stay in Mina to stone the three sites of the devil each day to cement their
intentions and in the hope that Allah will accept their Hajj.
33. The first two days, Dhu Al Hijjah 11th and 12th, are mandatory while the 13th is not. After that is the
final, Tawaf Al Ifadha takes place.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
B. Describe the major differences between Hajj and Umrah. [4]

Highlights:

1. Hajj is a Pillar of Islam and is compulsory on all those Muslims who are physically and financially
stable, Umrah is not a Pillar of Islam but is recommended for the Muslims to perform.
2. Hajj must be performed in the prescribed time period i.e. Zil Hajj (8th-13th), Umrah can be
performed at any time of the year.
3. Fundamental differences between the acts- Hajj involves staying in Mina, performing the rite
of Wuquf in the Plains of Arafat, staying in Muzdalifah, performing Rami and sacrificing an
animal; Umrah involves only the rites of Tawaf and Sa`i with Ihram.
4. Wuquf Arafat is one of the most important components of Hajj without which it is deemed void;
Umrah does not involve Wuquf Arafat.
5. During Hajj, Talbiah is stopped after the stoning of the devil (Rami); Talbiah is stopped while
starting the Tawaf in Umrah.
6. The Holy Qur’an states regarding Hajj and Umrah: “Indeed, as-Safa and al-Marwah are among
the symbols of Allah. So whoever makes Hajj to the House or performs Umrah – there is no blame
upon him for walking between them. And whoever volunteers good – then indeed, Allah is
appreciative and Knowing.” (2:58)
7. Umrah also doesn’t involve combining of prayers, like in Hajj the Maghrib and Isha prayers are
combined.

B. In what ways is Prophet Ibrahim important to the annual pilgrimage? [4]

1. Prophet Ibrahim was told by Allah to build a Ka’aba which was to be the gathering place for all
who wished to strengthen their faith in Allah.
2. Family of Prophet Ibrahim used to live in Ka’aba.
3. Hazrat Hajira ran between two hills seven times searching for water for her dying son-establishing
the act of Sa’i.
4. Miraculously, a spring known as the sacred well of Zamzam was brought forward.
5. Prophet Ibrahim’s faith was tested when Allah commanded him to sacrifice his only son.
6. Allah sent an animal which was sacrificed in place of Ismail.
7. Prophet Ibrahim also rejected the Satan three times when he was taking his son for sacrifice-
Rami.
8. The rites of Hajj are essentially a re-enactment of significant events in the life of Prophet Ibrahim
and his family.

B. Explain the importance to the Muslim community, of annual pilgrimage. [4]

Highlights:

1. Muslims from all parts of the world come together and show their love for one another and get
to know each other.
2. Muslims demonstrate unity in time, place, actions and appearance.
3. Stand in the different locations of Hajj at the same time, doing the same actions, wearing the
same clothes.
4. Season of Hajj brings a great deal of good in both spiritual and worldly terms.
5. Muslim may benefit by coming together, learning from one another and doing business.
6. It is stated in the Holy Qur’an, “That they may witness things that are of benefit to them” (22:28)
7. People of all colors, backgrounds, and wealth come together as equals in front of their Creator.
8. It creates unity among the Muslims of the world; it fosters brotherhood and love for the sake of
Allah.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School

B. Give reasons to show how pilgrimage brings an individual closer to Allah. [4]

Highlights:

1. Hajj is a kind of Jihad for the sake of Allah and carries immense reward for the one who does it
in the prescribed manner.
2. Pilgrims carry out certain activities which includes reciting the Talbiyah- “Here I am at your
service”
3. They carry out the ritual of Tawaf.
4. The pilgrims traverse between al-Safa and al-Marwah – the act of Sa’i.
5. Pilgrims pray at Arafat.
6. There is an overnight stay in Muzdalifah.
7. Stoning of the Jamrah- the act of Rami, also occurs.
8. The Holy Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬stated: “Circumambulation of the Ka’ba, going between al-Safa and al-
Marwah and stoning the Jimaar have only been prescribed to establish the remembrance of
Allah.”
9. Pilgrim feels that he is standing in the presence of Allah.
10. Pilgrim endures hardships in the way of Allah and gets trained to make sacrifice for Him.
11. Pilgrim leaves his home, his country, his business and his relatives and come to perform
pilgrimage to seek the pleasure of Allah.
12. Seeking forgiveness from Allah, as the pilgrim rejects evil as well as materialism.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
Jihad (Struggle in the way of Allah)

A. Write an account on: [10]

(i) Prophet ‫’ﷺ‬s teaching about armed warfare (Jihad)?
(ii) Under what circumstances is Jihad thought to be necessary?

Highlights:

Part (i):

1. The use of armed warfare falls under the category of Jihad Bil Saif, or “Jihad by the sword”.
2. It becomes necessary to use arsenals and engage in a combat since the believer is fighting for
self-defense. The Holy Qur’an states regarding Jihad: “…take not life, which God hath made
sacred, except by way of justice and law: thus doth He command you, that ye may learn
wisdom.” (6:151)
3. Jihad should not be used for the purpose of territorial expansion or to secure wealth and
resources. This is confirmed in a Hadith of the Holy Prophet ‫ﷺ‬, “Only that person fights in the way
of Allah who sets foot in the battlefield to raise the high name of Allah.” (Sahih Bukhari)
4. There are certain limitations when it comes to performing Jihad:

a. Innocent civilians must not come under attack by Muslims;

b. If a soldier surrenders, they should not be harmed, "And if anyone of the pagans seeks your
protection then grant him protection, so that he may hear the Word of Allah, and then escort
him to where he can be secure, because they are men without knowledge." (9:6)
c. The Prisoners of War are to be treated, given food and clothing like the soldiers of the army,
to the extent that of there is limited amount of food available, they should be fed first.
d. No Ambassadors should be harmed in any way.
e. The treaties between the governments should be honored.
f. War cannot be waged without a valid reason. There should be oppression or an attack upon
the Muslim country in order to wage a war in self-defense;
g. Asylum should be granted to surrendering enemy soldiers. The dead soldiers should not be
mutilated and disfigured;
h. No animal whose meat can be eaten should be killed.
i. Trees and places of worship to be protected.
j. Unwarranted and unjust aggression should not be shown to the weak.
k. When the Muslim army was to be sent to Byzantine, the Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said, "In avenging the
injuries inflicted upon us, molest not the harmless. inmates of domestic seclusion, spare the
weak of the female sex, injure not the infants at the breast or those who are ill in bed, abstain
from demolishing the dwelling of the unresisting inhabitants, destroy not the means of their
subsistence, nor their fruit trees and touch not the trees."

Part (ii):

1. Jihad becomes absolutely obligatory when not only the ideology and beliefs, but also the
property and life of a Muslim are under threat.
2. A Muslim can only engage in armed fight for the sake of self-defense. The Holy Qur’an says,
“Fight in the cause of Allah those who fight you, but do not transgress limits.” (2:90)
3. Muslims should not be the first to attack/ No attack should be made on a peaceful state and its
people.
4. The Quran says, "(However, the treaties are) not dissolved with those pagans with whom you
have entered into alliance and who have not subsequently failed you nor aided anyone against
you. So fulfill your engagements with them to end of their terms: for Allah loves the righteous."
(At-Taubah 9:4)
5. Fight against evil and injustice if a Muslim sees an injustice being done.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
6. Allah commands Muslims to fight those who fight them.
7. It is the religious duty of every Muslim to fight against invaders, if the state is not strong enough,
it becomes the duty of all neighboring Muslims states to help.
8. An example of this is seen in the modern world when Afghanistan was attacked in 1980 by the
Soviet Union and many Muslim countries rushed to their aid.
9. Allah says, "And fight them on until there is no more tumult or oppression and there prevails justice
and faith in Allah, but if they cease let there be no hostility except to those who practice
oppression." (Al-Baqarah 2:191)
10. The fighting should carry on until peace is restored in the area.
11. Includes war on drugs, war on child labour, and also war against terror and protecting the
religious freedom of Muslims;
12. If there are any broken treaties made by the enemy, then Jihad is considered necessary, the
Holy Qur’an says, “But if they break their oath after their covenant (agreement) and taunt you
for your faith: that thus they may be restrained.” (9:12)
13.

A. Write a description of the Muslim teachings about Jihad. [10]

Highlights:

1. In literal terms Jihad means, to struggle or exert oneself to achieve a particular goal. In Islamic
terminology, it means, to struggle in the way of Allah to achieve and establish righteousness and
shun evil.
2. Jihad bin Nafs (Jihad by the self) is the greater Jihad in which a Muslim fights against his own evil
desires and struggles to obey Allah and become a better Muslim. It lasts a lifetime and affects
every aspect of life. Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬told warriors returning to Madinah after a battle, that they had
returned from the lesser Jihad (of warfare) to the greater Jihad of struggle against one’s own
heart, i.e. desires that lead to wrong doings.
3. Jihad bil Lisan (Jihad of the tongue) is speaking and upholding the truth, speaking out against
what is wrong and immoral, and spreading the word of Allah and the teachings of Islam. The
Prophet Muhammad ‫ ﷺ‬said: “The best Jihad in the path of Allah is a word of justice to an
oppressive ruler”.
4. Jihad bil Yad (Jihad by the hand), refers to choosing to do what is right and to combat injustice
and what is wrong with action. It is to stand up for what is right. Prophet ‫ ﷺ‬said, “if anyone of you
sees an evil action then let him change it with his hand”.
5. Jihad bil Mal (Jihad by maal) is spending wealth in the way of Allah e.g. to improve the social
conditions of people around, to help the weak and needy. Qur’an says, “Strive hard in Allah’s
way with your person and property.” (Sura As-Saff 61:11)
6. Jihad bis Saif (Jihad by the sword) referring to Qital Fi Sabilillah (armed conflict in the way of
Allah), is the most common usage-a term that has been exploited and misused as, ‘Holy War’. It
must be fought only as a last resort when all other options are explored and exhausted.
7. There is injustice, oppression and the very existence of Islam and Muslims is threatened, and
one’s faith is at stake, Jihad becomes obligatory on Muslims: “And why should you not fight in
the cause of Allah and of those who being weak, are ill-treated men, women and children,
whose cry is: ’Our Lord! Rescue us from this town, whose people are oppressors; and raise for us
from us from thee one who will help! (An-Nisa 4:75)
8. According to the Qur’an, if the enemy ceased hostilities and sought peace, Muslims were to
seek peace as well: ‘If your enemy inclines towards peace, then you should seek peace and
trust in Allah’ (8:61). In Sura Baqarah (2:216-217) Allah says that even though warfare is
prohibited in the sacred months, yet Muslims may fight if the circumstances require them to do
so.
9. Qital is done to remove hindrances in the propagation of Islam and never impose Islam on non-
believers as Qur’an says, “Let there be no compulsion in Religion” (2:256).
10. Prophet laid down various rules for Qital e.g. Muslims were instructed to fight in self-defense and
not to be the first ones to initiate fighting.
O-Level Islamiyat (2058) notes by Hassaan Mian – LGS JT, Beaconhouse, SICAS, Newlands, The City School
11. Jihad must be in the name of Allah and according to His will.
12. There are certain limitations when it comes to performing Jihad:

a. Innocent civilians must not come under attack by Muslims;

b. War cannot be waged without a valid reason. There should be oppression or an attack upon
the Muslim country in order to wage a war in self-defense;
c. Prisoner of wars should be treated kindly; they should eat, drink, and dress the same way as
Muslims;
d. Asylum should be granted to surrendering enemy soldiers. The dead soldiers should not be
mutilated and disfigured;
e. No animal whose meat can be eaten should be killed.