ICCRDA 2020 IOP Publishing

IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1022 (2021) 012071 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1022/1/012071

A Review Paper on Breast Cancer Detection Using Deep

Learning

Priyanka, Kumar Sanjeev

Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology Hisar, Haryana (INDIA)

Priyanka1995gill@gmail.com and sanjukhambra@yahoo.co.in

Abstract. Breast Cancer is most popular and growing disease in the world. Breast Cancer is
mostly found in the women. Early detection is a way to control the breast cancer. There are
many cases that are handled by the early detection and decrease the death rate. Many research
works have been done on the breast cancer. The Most common technique that is used in
research is machine learning. There are many previous researches that conducted through the
machine learning. Machine learning algorithms like decision tree, KNN, SVM, naïve bays etc.
gives the better performance in their own field. But now days, a new developed technique is
used to classify the breast cancer. The new developed technique is deep learning. Deep
learning is used to overcome the drawbacks of machine learning. A deep learning technique
that is mostly used in data science is Convolution neural network, Recurrent neural network,
deep belief network etc. deep learning algorithms gives the better results as compared to
machine learning. It extracts the best features of the images. In our research, CNN is used to
classify the images. Basically our research is based on the images and CNN is most popular
technique to classify the images. In present paper, reviews of all authors are conducted.

Keywords. Breast Cancer, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Convolutional Neural

Network, SVM.

1. Introduction
Cancer arises when the abnormal body’s cells start to separate and come in contact with normal cells
and make them malignant. Breast cancer is most frequently occurring and harmful disease in the
world. Breast cancer considered either invasive or non-invasive. Invasive is cancerous, malignant and
spreads in other organs. Non-invasive is pre-cancerous, remains in its original organ. It eventually
develops into invasive breast cancer. The portion of body that contains the breast cancer is glands and
milk ducts that carry the milk. Breast cancer spread to other organs frequently and make them
malignant. It also spreads through the bloodstream to other organ. Breast cancer has many types and
the rate of growing is also different. According to WHO, 627,000 women died from the breast cancer
in 2018. Breast cancer is the main problem that spreads everywhere in the world but mostly found in
United State of America. There are four types of breast cancer. First type of cancer is Ductal
Carcinoma in Situ that found in the coating of breast milk ducts and it is pre-stage breast cancer.
Second type of breast cancer is most popular disease and contains upto 70-80% diagnosis. Third type
of breast cancer is Inflammatory breast cancer which is forcefully and quickly developing breast
cancer in this disease cells penetrate the skin and lymph vessels of the breast. The fourth type of breast
cancer is Metastatic breast cancer which is spreads to other parts of the body.
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ICCRDA 2020 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1022 (2021) 012071 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1022/1/012071

There are many diagnosis tests like Mammogram, Ultrasound, MRI and Biopsy that provided the
images for the classification. Mammogram is used to test the breast cancer with the help of X-ray.
While screenings mammogram, if any suspicious outcomes are found then informs the doctor to
tests the tissues. Ultrasound is done after the mammogram. When the suspicious site is detected in
your breast then the doctor demand an ultrasound. During symptomatic examination, if the tests are
not convincing then the doctor prefer the breast MRI. It shows the picture and point of view of your
illness. A biopsy is the main symptomatic system that can decide whether the suspicious region is
carcinogenic. Fortunately 80% of ladies who have a breast biopsy don’t have breast malignant
growth.
Machine learning plays an important role for the classification of the breast cancer. There are many
diagnosis processes that have discussed above provides the images. These types of diagnosis
images are used for the classification using machine learning. Machine learning is a sub-field of AI.
Many developers uses the machine learning to re-train the existing models and for the better
performance. Machine learning is used for the linear data. If the data is small then machine learning
gives better results but when the data is too large then it doesn’t gives the better results. There are
three main types of machine learning that are used to train the model. Supervised machine learning
works on the known data and with the help of the supervisor. Unsupervised machine learning is
taken without any supervision. Reinforcement machine learning is less in use. These algorithms
catch the ideal information from past understanding to settle on the exact choices.

Deep learning is a sub-field of the machine learning. Deep is an unsupervised learning that learns
from the data. The data may be unstructured or unlabeled. Deep neural network contains more than
two hidden layers then it is called deep network. Basically, the first layer is input layer and second
is output layer. The intermediate layer is called hidden layer that has more layers as compared to
neural network. The node contains the layer is called neurons. The difference between machine
learning and deep learning is that deep learning is closer to its goal as compared to machine
learning. For the classification of the breast cancer dataset, Convolution Neural Network is used.
Convolutional Neural Network is used to classify the images. It takes the images of the breast
cancer dataset as an input. CNN takes the images as an input associated with their corresponding
weights. The weights are adjusted to minimize the error and enhance the performance. CNN
contains the many layers such as convolution layer, pooling layer, ReLU layer and fully connected
layer. In the convolution layer, a feature map is used to extract the features of the given image and
makes the original image more compact. Pooling layer is used to reduce the dimensions of image.
ReLU layer is used as an activation function in which it checks the value of activation function lies
in given range or not. Fully connected layer is the last layer of the model. It combines the results of
the all layers and applied the softmax function to give the probability to each classes of the output.

The review paper is divided into some parts that are given below. Section 1 contains the
introduction, section 2 contains the related study, section 3 conclusion and at last references.

2. Literature Review
This section gives the information about the related work of the research that has been already done.
Basically two techniques are used to detect the breast cancer. First one is machine learning and second
is deep learning. There are many researches that are conducted through the machine learning. But
machine learning techniques have some problems that are removed through the deep learning. This
section gives the information about machine and deep learning techniques.
Megha Rathi et al. [1] proposed the model based on hybrid approach using machine learning. It
implemented this approach using MRMR feature selection with four classifiers to find out the best
results. The author used the four classifier SVM, Naïve Bays, Function tree and End Meta and
done the comparison between all. It found that SVM was a good classifier. To find out the better

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ICCRDA 2020 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1022 (2021) 012071 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1022/1/012071

results, M. Tahmooresi et al. [2] proposed the another hybrid model based on machine learning.
According to that, SVM was a good classifier that gave the better accuracy among the all. It had
done the comparison between SVM, KNN, ANN and decision tree. It implemented on the images
and blood dataset. As the consequence, Muhammet Fatih Aslan et al. [3] proposed the model on
machine learning but used the different classifier. The classifier used by the author was Extreme
Learning Machine, SVM, KNN and ANN. There was a bit change in classifier to find out the better
results. According to that, Extreme Learning Machine gave the better results. Anusha Bharat et
al.[4] proposed the model based on machine learning. It used the four classifier like SVM, decision
tree (CART), KNN, Naïve bayes. According to author, KNN gave the better accuracy. There was
limitation in SVM. SVM gave the better results for binary variables. So that’s why Multi-SVM was
used. Ebru Ayndindag Bayrak et al. [5] done the comparison on machine learning techniques.
The comparison was implemented on the WEKA and dataset was Wisconsin breast cancer dataset.
According to author, SVM showed the better results in performance matrices. After the machine
learning, deep learning techniques were developed to solve the problem of machine learning.
Shewtha K et al. [6] proposed the model on deep learning based convolution neural network.
There were many models that came under the CNN but the used Mobile Net and Inception V3. The
author had done the comparison on both models and found Inception V3 gave the better Accuracy.
But there was a still chance to use machine learning for breast cancer. Ch. Shravya et al. [7]
proposed the model on supervised machine learning. This research was implemented on classifier
like Logistic Regression, SVM and KNN. The dataset was downloaded from UCI repository and
results were conducted with respect to performance. According to this, SVM was a good classifier
that gave 92.7% accuracy on python platform. Sivapriya J et al. [8] proposed the model on
machine learning but on different classifier. The author used the Random Forest, SVM, Logistic
Regression and Naïve bays. The implantation was done on Anaconda Platform for python. The
author found Random Forest was a good classifier in terms of performance and gave 99.76%
accuracy. When there was some bit change in network with classifier then there was a possibility to
improve the accuracy. In this paper, Kalyani Wadkar et al. [9] proposed the model based on ANN
and performance was analyzed by SVM classifier. According to author, ANN gave 97% accuracy
and SVM 91%. The author also told without SVM, it gave the better accuracy. Vishal Deshwal et
al. [10] proposed the model based SVM and Grid search. The author implemented the research first
on SVM and then SVM with Grid search. The author done the comparison and find out the best
one. According to comparison, the new model was built. The better accuracy was achieved with
grid search. S. Shamy et al. [11] proposed the model based on k-mean GMM and CNN. The
author first find out ROI and then applied the texture feature extraction method. At last, He applied
the CNN algorithm to find out the better results. The accuracy achieved by the author was 95.8%.
The MIAS dataset used by the author. V Sansya Vijayam et al. [12] proposed the model based on
deep learning . The author focused on Lloyd’s algorithm for clustering and CNN for classification.
The 96% accuracy was achieved by the proposed methods. It used the histopathology images for
the diagnosis purpose. This paper also explained the image processing and deep learning.
Puspanjali Mohapatra et al. [13] proposed the model based on the enhancement of
histopathological images using deep learning. In this paper, many methods were used for feature
extraction like PCA and LDA. The author also talked about machine learning techniques but there
were large dataset so machine learning techniques don’t give better results. That’s why deep
learning was used for that purpose.
Using CNN, it achieved 81% accuracy. But when the images were trained on GPU then it gave
better accuracy up to 89%. Chandra Churh Chatterjee et al. [14] proposed the method for IDC
prediction based on deep residual neural network. The dataset used by the author was
histopathology images. The accuracy achieved by the author was 99.29% with AUROC score of
0.9996. Canh Phong Nguyen et al. [15] proposed the model based on deep learning in which the
dataset was extended to find out the better accuracy. R.Divya et al. [28] performed the survey on
breast cancer detection using neural network. Through the survey, she studied many techniques and

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ICCRDA 2020 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1022 (2021) 012071 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1022/1/012071

found that the machine learning algorithm increased the accuracy level of the system. Ayush
Dogra et al. [29] proposed the model based on the reviews. The model was based on the computer
aided deep learning methods. This paper gave the brief review of the all recent trends of deep
learning [29]. M. Sornam et al. [30] had done the survey on image recognition based on deep
learning algorithm. It highlighted the main features of the deep learning application. It gave the
essential information about all fields and also showed why deep learning algorithm gave better
result. Andrik Rampun et al. [31] classifying the breast mass using diagnosis method such as
mammogram. It used the convolution neural network for classification. It worked on the modify
AlexNet and according to his research simple modification could give the better results. It used
activation function PReLu that gave the better results as compared to Relu. The author worked on
previous present results based on decision support and information management system for breast
cancer. The dataset used by the author was CBISDDSM. Ahmet Kadir Arslan et al. [32] was
done the work on breast cancer classification. It compared all the CNN models and gave the better
accuracy. According to this, Inception Recurrent Residual Convolutional Neural Network gave the
better results. It also used the web as an interface. The work was done in R programming. Yawen
Xiao et al. [33] proposed the research based on the unsupervised feature extraction algorithm that
was based on deep learning. This approach was only for the feature extraction. Another thing used
by author was stacked auto-encoder that basically reduced the dimensions and gave more compact
forms of original data. The classifier used by the author was SVM. Analyzed data was obtained by
the University of California. Alokkumar Jha et al. [34] studied based on the genes. It used the
signatures of genes to predict the relapse in breast cancer. The model used by the author was
GCNN(Graph Convolution Neural Network). According to this, GCNN gave the best result as
compared to existing algorithm. S. Srirambabu et al. [35] proposed the model based on the SVM
classifier. This research was done through the many steps like image enhancement, segmentation,
feature extraction and at last applied the SVM classifier. MIAS database was used for that model.
Median filtering approach was used for noise reduction and thresholding used for segmentation.
Seyyid Ahmed Medjahed et al. [36] proposed the model based on the k-nearest neighbors. The
dataset used by the researcher was Wisconsin Breast Cancer dataset and evaluated performance
according to their distances. The author used two distances formula and got the accuracy according
to their distance formula. It obtained accuracy 98.70% for Euclidian distance and 98.48 for
Manhattan distance. BASAVRAJ HIREMATH et al. [37] proposed the model based on the
SVM classifier. This model was based on the mammogram images and the difference of Gaussian
filter and Gaussian filters were used for detection. Only 75 mammographic images were used from
mini-mias dataset. The accuracy achieved form this method was 89.33%. Varsha J. Gaikwad et
al. [38] proposed the model based on mammogram using SVM classifier. This research was done
through the many stages. First was preprocessing, segmentation of ROI extraction, feature
extraction and classification. MIAS dataset used for this purposed and showed the SVM gave the
better accuracy. It achieved the 83% accuracy. Tina Elizabeth Mathew et al. [39] proposed the
model based on Decision Tree classifier on breast cancer. The Wisconsin breast cancer dataset was
implemented by decision tree. The paper also talked about naïve Bayes tree, rotation forest for
classification. The research was done on the WEKA environment. It also studied adaptive
boosting, bagging, boosting and REPtree and showed the accuracy. Deepa B G et al. [40] proposed
the model based on the augmentations of classifiers. The dataset used by the author was breast
cancer dataset and applied classification techniques on that dataset. The author used the five
classifiers with and without the feature selection method. Mainly these feature selection methods
based on correlation and information. At last, it showed the accuracy of these five classifiers with
and without feature selection methods. Badal Soni et al. [41] proposed the model based on the
classifications techniques. It used the random forest and support vector machine implemented on
the Wisconsin breast cancer dataset. The results were based on the train-test ratio and obtained
accuracy was 99.714%. Amandeep Kaur et al. [42] proposed the model based on the Gene-Back
propagation neural network algorithm. It also used KPCA for the feature extraction. It downloaded

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ICCRDA 2020 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1022 (2021) 012071 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1022/1/012071

the dataset from the UCI Repository. The results were obtained on the basis of their performance
metrics like sensitivity, specificity etc. The performance was calculated according to their true
positive and true negative parameters.
Table 1 Existing Related Work
Author & Ref. Method Findings Dataset
Shubham Sharma et al. Random Forest, KNN KNN was a good Wisconsin Breast
[16] and Naïve Bayes. classifier in terms of Cancer dataset from
accuracy. UCI Repository.
R. Preetha et al. [17] Data Mining Detect the hidden Wisconsin breast
techniques cancer associated for cancer dataset.
classification.
Majid Nawaz et al. [18] Deep Learning It got 95.4% accuracy BreakHis Dataset is
Convolution neural when compared with used
network state-of-art models
and DenseCNN model
used for this.
NareshKhuriwal et al. Deep learning It achieved 98% Mammogram MIAS
[19] accuracy by using database.
CNN.
Ajay kumar et al. [20] Classification By using BCDW11, it BCDW11 and
techniques like SVM, gave 97.13% accuracy WBCD32 dataset from
KNN, Naïve Bayes and using WBCD32, UCI Repository.
and Decision Tree. SVM gave 97.89%
accuracy.
Sri Hari Nallamala et al. Machine learning It achieved the Wisconsin Breast
[21] techniques 98.50% precision. Cancer dataset.
R.Chtihrakkannan, Machine learning It achieved 96% Mammogram images.
P.Kavitha et al. [22] techniques accuracy by using
DNN.
Weal E.Fathy et al. [23] Deep learning It achieved 96% area Digital Database for
under ROC and 99.8% Screening
sensitivity and 82.1% Mammography
specificity. dataset.
Nikita Rane et al. [24] Machine learning According to this, Wisconsin Breast
techniques enhancement in Cancer Dataset.
machine learning gave
better results.
PanuwatMekha et al. [25] Deep learning The author compared Breast Cancer
the machine learning Wisconsin dataset.
techniques and deep
learning. It achieved
the 96.99% accuracy
with deep learning.
Mahmoud Khademi et al. Probabilistic It used the graphical Netherlands Cancer
[26] Graphical models and model and deep belief Institute dataset,
deep belief network network with manifold METABRIC breast
learning to find out the cancer dataset,
better accuracy. Ljubljana breast
cancer dataset and
WDBC.

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IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1022 (2021) 012071 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1022/1/012071

HUNGLE MINH et al. Deep feature fusion It achieved 95% Histopathology

[27] method accuracy in images dataset.
comparison of 4
cancer classes and
97.5% for
differentiating two
combined groups of
classes.

2.1. Discussion of Findings from Literature

From the table 1, it is concluded that the deep learning technique gives better results as compared to
machine learning. The results are calculated in the different dataset that have different outputs. For the
tabular dataset, the machine learning techniques gives the better results but in the images dataset it
don’t give better results. The research work is conducted using some enhancement that is a way for
better performance. Some augmentation in the dataset , is also lead for the better performance. In this
section, the research work is conducted using enhancement and augmentation in dataset. It concluded
from the [1] that SVM was a good classifier and compared with the hybrid techniques. It concluded
from [3] that extreme learning machine performed better in among of the all used. From [4], it showed
that SVM doesn’t give the better results on multiple data. It gave better results on the binary data.
From [6], the author compared the two CNN models and found that Inception 3 gave better results as
compared to Mobile Net. In paper [7], the author worked on supervised machine learning and found
SVM was a good classifier in terms of performance. From [8], the author worked on the many
machine learning techniques and found that Random forest technique gave the better result. It
achieved the 99.76% accuracy. From [9], the author worked on two techniques ANN and SVM and
found the ANN gave better results as compared to CNN. In paper [10], the research work was
conducted on SVM and SVM with grid search and achieved better result through the grid search
approach. In the paper [11], the author proposed the model on CNN and found the better result
through the feature extraction method. In the paper [13], the author proposed the model on CNN and
compared it with the machine learning techniques and achieved better performance through CNN. In
the paper [14], the author worked on the deep residual network and achieved the better performance.
In the paper [16], the author worked on machine learning technique and concluded that KNN was a
good classifier.

3. Application of Deep Learning

 Automated speech recognition
 Object detection
 Handwritten digit recognition
 Recommendation system
 Cancer detection
 Image recognition

4. Conclusion
Breast cancer detection is a challenging problem because it is most popular and harmful disease.
Breast cancer is growing every year and there is less chance to recover from this disease. For detection
of breast cancer, machine learning and deep learning techniques are used. It is concluded from the
previous research, the machine learning techniques give better results in their own field. The previous
research is conducted through many machine learning techniques with some enhancement and

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ICCRDA 2020 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1022 (2021) 012071 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1022/1/012071

augmentation in dataset for the better performance. But it is concluded that machine learning gives
better results on linear data. It is also concluded from the previous research, when the data is in the
form of images where the machine is failed. To solve the problem of machine learning techniques, an
innovative technique is used. Deep learning is recently developed technique that frequently used in
data science. For the classification of the breast cancer images data, a deep learning based technique
CNN is used. CNN mostly works on the images dataset. In the previous research, it is also concluded
that CNN gives better results as compared to machine learning techniques.

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