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Highway Traffic Analysis and Design

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371 views7 pages

Highway Traffic Analysis and Design

Uploaded by

ROHIT GUPTA
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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HIGHWAY TRAFFIC ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

By the same author


Highway Design and Construction. second edition
Traffic Engineering- Worked examples, second edition

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HIGHWAY TRAFFIC
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

R.J. Salter
Reader in Civil Engineering
University of Bradford

SECOND EDITION

M
MACMILLAN
© R. J. Salter 1974, 1976, 1989

All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission


of this publication may be made without written permission.

No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied


or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance
with the provisions of the Copyright Act 1956 (as amended),
or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying
issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 33-4 Alfred Place,
London WClE 7DP.

Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to


this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and
civil claims for damages.

First edition 1974


Revised edition 1976
Reprinted 1978, 1980 (with amendments)
First paperback edition (with further amendments) 1983
Reprinted 1985

Published by
MACMILLAN EDUCATION LTD
Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 2XS
and London
Companies and representatives
throughout the world

Typeset and Illustrated by TecSet Ltd, Wallington, Surrey

ISBN 978-0-333-48338-1 ISBN 978-1-349-20014-6 (eBook)


DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-20014-6
Contents
Preface vii

PART 1 TRAFFIC ANALYSIS AND PREDICTION 1


1. Introduction to the transportation planning process 3
2. The transportation study area 8
3. The collection of existing travel data 14
4. The external cordon and screenline surveys 19
5. Other surveys 23
6. Trip generation 26
7. Trip distribution 38
8. Modal split 56
9. Traffic assignment 64
10. The evaluation of transportation proposals 71

PART 2 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN FOR HIGHWAY TRAFFIC 87


11. The capacity of highways between intersections 89
12. Headway distributions in highway traffic flow 100
13. The relationship between speed, flow and density of a highway
traffic stream 119
14. The distribution of vehicular speeds in a highway traffic stream 130
15. The macroscopic determination of speed and flow of a highway
traffic stream 140
16. Intersections with priority control 146
17. Driver reactions at priority intersections 153
18. Delays at priority intersections 160
19. A simulation approach to delay at priority intersections 168
20. Roundabout intersections 179
21. Merging, diverging and weaving at grade-separated junctions and
interchanges 189
22. Queueing processes in traffic flow 196
23. Geometric delay at non-signalised intersections 206
24. Grade-separated junctions 210
25. The environmental effects of highway traffic noise 222
26. The environmental effects of highway traffic pollution 239
27. Traffic congestion and restraint 245
vi CONTENTS
PART 3 TRAFFIC SIGNAL CONTROL 263
28. Introduction to traffic signals 265
29. Warrants for the use of traffic signals 267
30. Phasing 271
31. Signal aspects and the intergreen period 274
32. Signal control strategies 277
33. Geometric factors affecting the capacity of a traffic signal approach 280
34. The effect of traffic factors on the capacity of a traffic signal approach 285
35. Determination of the effective green time 288
36. Optimum cycle times for an intersection 291
37. The timing diagram 298
38. Early cut-off and late-start facilities 301
39. Opposed right-turning vehicles and gap acceptance 305
40. The ultimate capacity of the whole intersection 309
41. The optimisation of signal-approach dimensions 312
42. Optimum signal settings when saturation flow falls during the green
period 318
43. Delay at signal-controlled intersections 323
44. Determination of the optimum cycle from a consideration of delays
on the approach 329
45. Average queue lengths at the commencement of the green period 336
46. The co-ordination of traffic signals 342
47. Time and distance diagrams for linked traffic signals 344
48. Platoon dispersion and the linking of traffic signals 349
49. The prediction of the dispersion of traffic platoons downstream of
signals 352
50. The delay offset relationship and the linking of signals 355
51. Some area traffic control systems 364

Appendix 370
Index 372
Preface
More than two decades have passed since transport and highway traffic engineering
became recognised as an academic subject in institutions of higher education in the
United Kingdom. During this period considerable developments in land use, trans-
port modelling and the use of computer models of highway traffic flow have
occurred. Considerable interest has also developed in the economic, social and
environmental costs of highway and other transport systems.
The second edition of this book incorporates recent work on the fundamental
principles of land use and transport planning methods and the subsequent appraisal
of proposals. It reviews the analytical and practical aspects of highway traffic flow
with sections discussing traffic noise generation, air pollution and the principles of
road traffic restraint and road pricing.
Highway intersections are considered in detail with sections covering priority
junctions, roundabouts, grade-separated junctions and interchanges. Junction con-
trol by traffic signal is covered in a comprehensive manner.
For the many engineers and planners engaged in transport work, but without
the benefits of formal tuition, many sections of the book contain question and
answer material so that the reader may test his comprehension of the subject
matter by reference to the answers supplied.
The author would like to express his thanks to the many colleagues and students
who have made valuable comments on the contents of the first and subsequently
revised first editions. This second edition contains many of the suggestions they
have made.
The author would like to express his appreciation to the following bodies for
permission to reproduce their copyright material: Bedfordshire County Council,
the Department of the Environment, the Building Research Station, the Eno
Foundation, Freeman Fox and Associates, the Greater London Council, Her
Majesty's Stationery Office, the Institution of Civil Engineers, the Institution of
Highway Engineers, National Research Council, Royal Borough of New Windsor,
Scott Wilson Kirkpatrick and Partners, Traffic Engineering and Control, the
Transport and Road Research Laboratory, and Wilbur Smith and Associates.

vii

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