ANSWER 2

SELECTORS

A selector is defined as the initial part of a biological reactor,characterized by a low

dispersion number and by an adequate macro-gradient of substrate concentration. It can also
be a small separate initial zone of a biological reactor which receives the influent and sludge
return flows and has a high readily biodegradable COD removal. In the selector the
microorganisms are subjected to high growth rate environments and are able to accumulate
substrate as internal storage products in their cells. A sufficiently long period without external
substrate available should then exist to re-establish the storage capacity of the cells.
Selectors were quickly installed in full-scale activated sludge systems and are still the
most applied engineering tool world-wide for the prevention of bulking sludge phenomena.
The selector could be aerobic, anoxic or anaerobic.
Aerobic selector : Energy is obtained from Oxidation of COD using O2
- Kinetic only
Advantages
 Simple process, no additional internal recycle streams other than RAS
 Relies on basin geometry, not nitrification
Disadvantages
 Does not reduce O2 requirements
 Requires more complex aeration system design to meet maximum O 2 uptake rate in
the initial high F/M zone
 May require patent fee if operated within a certain range of DO conditions
Anoxic selector : Energy is obtained from Oxidation of ammonia to NO3-
- Kinetic + ability to denitrify
Advantages
 Tends to buffer nitrification
 Lowers O2 demand in a nitrification process
 The initial high F/M region occurs in the anoxic zone with the high O 2 demand met by
NO3- instead of O2
Disadvantages
 Cannot be used with a process that does not nitrify
 Uses an additional recycle stream
 Requires care in design and operation to minimize the introduction of O2 in the anoxic
zone. Poor system design could induce low DO bulking.
Anaerobic selector : Energy is obtained from Hydrolysis of stored poly-P to PO43-
- Kinetic+ ability to store polyphosphate
Advantages
 Simple design, no internal recycle other than RAS
 The simplest of selector systems to operate
 Can be used for biological phosphorus removal
Disadvantages
 A patented process and require a licensing fee
 Does not reduce O2 requirements
 May not be compatible with long SRTs
 Requires care in design and operation to minimize the introduction of NO 3- and O2 in
the anaerobic zone. Poor system design could induce low DO bulking
ANSWER 3

SLUDGE VOLUME INDEX (SVI)

The sludge volume index (SVI) is a measure (an indicator) of the settling quality (a quality
indicator) of the activated biosolids. As the SVI increases, the biosolids settle more slowly, do
not compact as well, and are likely to result in an increase in effluent suspended solids. As the
SVI decreases, the biosolids become denser, settling is more rapid, and the biosolids age. SVI
is the volume in millilitres occupied by 1 gram of activated biosolids. For the settled biosolids
volume (mL/L) and the mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) calculation, milligrams per
litre are required. The proper SVI range for any plant must be determined by comparing SVI
values with plant effluent quality.

Example.
The SSV30 is 365 mL/L, and the MLSS is 2365 mg/L. What is the SVI?
Sludge volume index (SVI) = (365 mL/L) x (1000) / (2365 mg/L) = 154.3

SLUDGE DENSITY INDEX (SDI)

A calculation used to indicate the settleability of sludge in a secondary clarifier or effluent
that is related to the calculation for the sludge volume index (SVI). The weight in grams of
100 millilitres of sludge after settling for 30 minutes.
SDI = 100 or SDI = Density (g) x 100
SVI Volume (mL)
Example.
The MLSS concentration in aeration tank is 2400 mg/L. If the activated sludge settleability
test indicates 215 mL settled in the one-liter graduated cylinder, what is the sludge density
index?
SDI = 2400 mg x 100 = 1.12 g/mL
215 mL

ANSWER 4

A lot of equipment is used in biological treatment systems. These can be pipes, aerators,
pumps (like wastewater feed pump, vacuum pump and discharge pump ), sampling,
monitoring devices, air blowers, bioreactors, diffusers, stirring devices and airlifts, clarifiers,
air compressor, valves( like orifice supply valve, discharge valve).

We can give an example to the equipment used in biological treatment;

Screw Screens, Compact Plants, Grit Separators, Wastewater Screw Pumps, Liquid Separator,Tubular

Screw Conveyors, Other Screw Conveyors, Butterfly Valves, Batch-Type Single Shaft Mixers,Bin

Activators, Drop-Through Rotary Valves,Screw Screen, Fluid Dynamic Grit Classifier, Screenings

Washing and Compaction Units, Hydrodynamic Screws,Bulk Biomass Conveying System,Trough

Screw Conveyors, Micro-screw Feeders, SINT Slide Valves, Continuous Single Shaft Mixers, FIBC

Filling Systems, Tanker Loading Bellows, Vertical Screw Screens, Pre-Treatment Plant, Screw

Compactors, Bucket Elevators, Shaftless Spiral Conveyors, Screw Feeders, Flanged Round Dust

Collectors, Membrane Pressure Relief Valves, Dust Conditioners

CHANNEL COVERS

Caps used in water and wastewater treatment plants are produced with different material and
drive group options. According to the type selected in the project, the sealing is kept in the
foreground and the longest-lasting and easy-to-use covers are manufactured.
We offer you a wide selection of channels with a channel, manual or electric motor or
pneumatic models. We manufacture the duct covers in different sizes, whose body and chassis
thicknesses are calculated in accordance with the water pressure. In all, depending on your
preference, fixed or rising national opening-closing details can be applied.
SAND HOLDERS & SAND SEPARATORS

In sand holding pools, which is one of the most important equipment of treatment facilities
entrance structures, sand and similar materials collected from bottom to one point through the
bridge moving in the horizontal direction are directed to the sand separator equipment. Sand
trap equipment in which the number of collecting channels is increased according to the
project; It can be manufactured from aluminium, carbon steel, galvanized dip or stainless
steel.
Sand holders are used to separating sand, gravel and similar inorganic materials from
wastewater and to prevent the wear of equipment in the treatment plants and the risk of
clogging in settling ponds. These structures may not be required for the treatment of industrial
wastewater that does not contain such materials.
Sand trap units; It is used to ensure the full retention of solids with a density of 2650 kg / m3
and a particle diameter greater than 0.1-0.2 mm. Mud deposited on the floor is guided by
attraction and collected at one point with floor scrapers attached to the bridge and discharged
with the appropriate type of pump.
Wastewater pumped from the sand trap unit is taken to the specially designed sand separator
unit. The cone-based sand separator conveys the sand accumulated at the base by means of
the spiral (motor driven) placed in the unit and discharges it into a container placed at the
outlet.

MECHANICAL GRILL

Thanks to properly selected and properly operated grilles, the load of treatment plants is
significantly reduced. The determination of the appropriate grate depends on the hydraulic
calculations and topographic structure as well as the characteristics of the wastewater. In
order to produce solutions that meet the demands of our customers, we add a new one to the
grill types in our product range every day. All of the mechanical grills we produce are suitable
for automatic operation depending on the water level difference or set time intervals.
It is the most used grill model in both large and medium treatment plants as both fine and
coarse grill. They can work even in very deep channels, depending on the need, without the
channel height limitation. Linear Mechanical grill is the mechanical equipment that scans the
bar grille mounted at a 75 ° angle to the duct base by scanning in the vertical direction.
Generally, it consists of a chassis, fixed grill, stripping system and garbage container.

CIRCULAR GRILLS

Circular type grid is effective equipment used to remove solid materials from wastewater
streams. Generally, it consists of a grill, harrow system, engine reducer group and harrow
cleaning unit. The solids captured on the grating rods are stripped upwards from the channel
floor with a circular motion cleaning harrow. A scraper cleaning arm at the top of the canal
drops the solid items from which the rake is dragged into the wastebasket.
STATIC SIEVE

It is self-cleaning fine grilling equipment that can grill with gravity without the need for a
drive group. Static sieves are used especially in treatment plants of industries such as textile,
paper, food, alcohol.
The equipment consisting of a specially produced sieve system made of V section stainless
steel wires and a water distribution combat arrangement is very simple and requires almost no
maintenance.

ROTARY DRUM SCREENS

Outer Flow Drum grills, which are produced for the purpose of grating swimming prone
solids, are used in domestic and industrial wastewater treatment plants such as leather, food,
paint, textile, paper, sugar, etc. It is a thin grid that can be used safely in all kinds of process
wastes of its industries. They work by collecting the gridded material on the outer surface of
the sieve drum, which is obtained by wrapping the V section wires in a special machine in a
spiral form and boiling with high frequency.
Thanks to this section, the clogging of the grill is almost impossible and the permeability rate
is very high. The wastes collected on the outer surface of the grilling drum can be scraped
with the help of a scraper blade and discharged into the collecting container or directly to the
conveyor system. There is a pressurized water spraying mechanism on the inside of the
grilling drum against possible blockages.

FILTER PRESS

Filter Press is one of the most effective solid-liquid separation systems. It is the most used
filtering method in all kinds of applications. Application areas of plate-frame, chamber and
membrane plate filter presses are very diverse. The factors that indirectly affect capacity can
be listed as follows:

• Quick cake discharge thanks to automatic plate opening device

• Time-saving in filter cloth cleaning with automatic washing device
• The facility can be opened and closed with short cycle time, the quality of the materials used
on the Filtrepres requires low maintenance and easy maintenance.
• The filter presses we produce are not only used in the dewatering of domestic wastewater,
industrial wastewater and water treatment sludge but also take part in the process application
of many industries. Some of these industries are:
1- Chemical product manufacturing
2- Mineral processing and enrichment
3- Soap and oil production
4- Sugar beet processing
5- Pigment and colourant production
6- Paint production
7- Liquid-solid oil and plastic production
8- Ceramic industry
9- Beer, liqueur, wine and yeast production
10- Phosphate coating baths

BELT PRES

Belt presses have remained indispensable for years as an economical dewatering method due
to the principle of continuous operation, especially in areas with high sludge flow rate. We
produce belt presses in different models in order to offer suitable solutions for all kinds of
sludge, which are different in content and structure, and difficult to dehydrate.
The chassis and drums of the belt presses have a structure resistant to loads. All the bearings
on it are waterproof and wear-free and do not require maintenance. While the maximum cake
dryness is provided with different pressure levels, the amount of solids in the filtrate is at a
minimum level. Thanks to the automatic cleaning nozzles, an efficient belt washing process is
carried out, which is one of the most important factors that positively affect the capacity of the
belt filter press.

AERATORS

It is used to ventilate and mix biological reactors. They provide high oxygen transfer in
wastewater. The simple mechanical structure consisting of drive group, shaft and fan provide
ease of operation. they may need to be used with accessories.
It can be easily mounted on the fixed bridge, or it can be connected to the pool sides with a
special float system when the water level varies. It is produced between 1.5 - 132 kW in 18
different models with increasing capacity and fan diameter depending on the motor power. In
cases where pool geometry is not suitable, they may need to be used with accessories such as
suction pipe, suction nozzle and submersible curtain.

MUD BOTTOM SCRAPERS

It is possible to group scrapers in different ways. According to the drive type; It is possible to
talk about centre driven, fixed bridge scrapers or environmentally driven rotary bridge
scrapers. Rotary bridge scrapers can be designed as half, all or a certain proportion of the pool
diameter. How to remove the sludge from the settling pool is a decision to be made depending
on the solid load of the facility. The mud accumulated at the base can be stripped to the mud
funnel in the centre or it can be promoted to the pipeline in the central structure with suction
pipes. There are many alternative solutions that can be suggested for both methods. In
addition, the type of scraper bridge is also an important selection criterion. For this, we have
panel, cage, profile or pipe construction alternatives that we can offer you.
POLYELECTROLIT PREPARATION UNITS

With this unit, polyelectrolyte preparation and dosing are provided. Powder polyelectrolyte
feeding, solution preparation and dosing are done automatically.
The powdered or granular polyelectrolyte should be converted into a solution before use.
Polyelectrolyte is used in chemical treatment plants, sludge filtration, belt filter, filter press,
before decanter.
It can be used for anionic, cationic or non-ionic type polyelectrolytes depending on where it
will be used. Apart from polyelectrolyte, it can also be used to prepare an aqueous solution
from other powder chemicals.