-

UNIT 15 HOMOGENEOUS LINE

PARTIAL
EQUATIONS
COEFFICIENTS
Structure
15.1 Introduction
I
Objectives
15.2 General Equation
Classification
The Integral
15.3 Solutions of Reducible Homogeneous Equations
15.4 Solutions of Irreducible Homogeneous Equations
15.5 Summary
15.6 Solutibns/Answers

15.1 INTRODUCTION
-

In Block 3, we discussed PDEs of first

shall discuss certain types of PDEs of order higher than one. The
when deriving these equations as eliminants necessitate a
equations. Thus our treatment of such equations will not
order equations. We shall, in this unit and the following
' PDEs with constant coefficients or those reducible to
shall begin this unit by considering the general form
homogeneous or non-homogeneous, reducible or
define the integral of linear PDEs and discuss the
homogeneous equations both for reducible and
containing n arbitrary functions leads to more
derivatives of order greater than n appear. In
involving derivatives of order n atmost, is
solutions of PDEs of higher orders into
Instead, for each type of DE considered
furnish.

Objectives
After studying this unit, you should be able to
I
6 identify linear PDE with constant coefficients;
classify linear PDEs into homogeneous, non-homogeneous, reducible and
types;
obtain solutions of reducible homogeneous linear equations;
obtain solutions of irreducible homogeneous linear equations.

15.2 GENERAL EQUATION 1

Let us consider z = z(x,y), a function of two independent variables x, y, and let
a a
D = - , D' = -. Then the general PDE of any order can be expressed as
ax ay

where V(x,y) is a knuwn function of x, y.

I
You may recall that in Unit 1 we classified DEs into linear and non-linear differe tial
equations. Further in Unit 13, we classified PDEs of first order into linear, semi-1 neai,
quasi-linear and non-linear PDEs. We shall call PDEs of any order as linear if in n. ( 1 ),
F(D.D') is a differential nneratnr nf the rvne k
Second and Higher Order Partial
Differential Fq~ations
F(D,DR)= x x cr,
r S
Dr D S,

Otherwise, the PDE will be termed as non-linear.

In general a,, may be function of x,y or may be constant. If all a,,are known constants, then
Eqn. (1) is a linear PDE with constant coefficients. For instance, the PDEs

- a 2 ~--
a 2 -~sin (2x-3y)
ax2 - ay2

_ _ az
_-
aX2 ax -'
are all linear PDEs with constant coefficients. Whereas, the PDEs

are linear with variable coefficients.

The PDE,

is an example of non-linear PDE of second order.

15.2.1 Classification
The linear PDE ( I) with constant coefficients may be classified into the following two types
depending on the f0.m of the function V(x.y).

(a) Homogeneous equations :These are the equations of type ( I ) when the r.h.s., i.e..
V(x,y) = 0. In other words. equations of the form

F (D,D')z = 0
are homogeneous.
Fo
Tstance. the equations
'

(D2 4 ~ z'=~
0 )

(D2 -DD' - 2 ~ ) z' = 0

~

(213-D' + 4) ( D ~ - D D (D~-D')Z = o

are homogeneous equations.

(b) Non-homogeneousequations : When in Eqn.(l), the r.h.s, i.e., V(x,y) is non-zero then
it is termed as non-homogeneous.
Following PDEs

(D3-~DD'+D+ I ) r = e'+Y
(3DD'-~D'~-D') I = sin ( \ + 3 y )
 Homogeneous Linear Partial
DifTerential Equatinns with
are all non-homogeneous.
I Constant Coeffwi-nts

1
Depending on the form of f(D,D') Eqn.(l) may be further classified int two types, namely,

(c) Reducible Equations : These are the equations of type (1) in

F(D,D') can be resolved into factors, each of which is of the first

For example, the operators I

are reducible.
I
1
(d) Irreducible Equations : An equation of type (I) in which.the oper tor F(D,D') cannot
be resolved into factors of first degree in D and D', is said to be irreducib e.

Consider the operators

D2 - D',

and
D4 - Dr2

These operators cannot be resolved into first degree factors in D and D'
irreducible.

You may now try the following exercises.

I
E 1) Classify the following equations as reducible or irreducible.

b) ( D ~ - D ' ~=) 0
~

C) (aD2+2hDD' + b ~ +*2gD + 2fD' + c)z = 0. if

A = abc + 2fgh -bg2 - af2- ch2 = 0.and if A # 0.

E 2) Show that the equation

I
can be expressed as a reducible equation.

After classifying the linear PDE (1) into various types, we take up the integra of such
equations.

15.2.2 The Integral

II
The general solution of PDE (1) is the most general possible relation between
that the value of z and the associated derivatives obtained from it and substitu
given equation reduce it to an identity.

You may recall that in the case of PDE of first order we classified the
integral, general solution and singular solution, depending upon the
constants or arbitrary functions involved. (ref. Unit 13, Block 3).

In the case of higher order PDE, as we have already mentioned in the introduchon, we shall
Scrolld and Higher Ordcr IJartial not classify the solution into categories such as complete, general. etC. Therefore, no
Dillirctitial Equations condition is imposed on the definition in regard to the form of the complete integral which
may involve in its expression either arbitrary constants or arbitrary functions or b t h .

The integral of linear PDE (I), as in the case of ODES, is the sum of the two parts:

i) The most general integral of

F(D,D')z = 0 . . . .(3)
which is known as the complementary function (C.F).

ii) Any particular solution of Eqn.(l), which is known as the particular integral (P.1).

Remember that the complementary function contains an appropriate number of arbitrary

functions or arbitrary constants, whereas particular integral contains no arbitrary constant or
arbitrary function.

Let us now consider two theorems which give the general solution of Eqn.(l) in terns of the
integrals (i) and (ii) above.
Theorem 1 :If u is the complementary function and zl a particular integral of Eqn.(l), then
u+zI is a general solution of Eqn.(l ).

Proof: We are given that

F(D,D')u = 0 . . . .(4)
and F(D.D')z, = V(x.y) . . . . (5)
where u contains the appropriate number of arbitrary constants or functions

Adding Eqns. (4) and ( 5 ) , we obtain

F(D.D') (u+z,) = V (x,y)

Therefore. u+z, is the general integral.

For instance. consider the PDE

( D ~ - D D ~ - ~ D ' ~=)XY
Z

It can be checked that z, = $, (y+3x) + Q2 (y-2x) is the solution of the homogeneous

equation

and hence is the C.F. of the given equation.

1 x4
Further, z - .- x3y + - - also satisfies the given equation and since it does not involve any
2-6 24
arbitrary constant or arbitrary function. it is the P.I. of the given equation.

Now if we take z = C.F. + P.I.

=$, (y+3x) + (p* (y-2x) + 1- x ty + -x3-

6 -24

Then

which proves the result of Theorem I

X
 I
We now consider a theorem which gives the result used extensively in the solution of DEs.

Theorem 2: If u,, u2. . . . ,u, are the solutions of the homogeneous linear PDE (3). namely,
Homogeneous Linear Partial
Differential Equations with
Constant Coefficients

F(D.Df)z = 0,
then c , u I + c2u2+ . . . + c, u,, where c ,.c2, . . ., c, are arbitrary constants i also a solution
of Eqn.(3).

Proof: We have

F(D,D') (c,ul + c2u2 + . . . + cnun)= C , F(D,D').ul

+. . . . . . .+ c, F(D,D')u,
+ c2 F(D.D') u2
I
. . . .:6)
Since. ul, u2, . . . ., y, arc the solutions of the equation

F(D,D')z = 0,

:. F(D,Df)u,=O,r= 1,2, ... n . . . . (7)

Froin Eqns. (6) and (7), we obtain

F(D,D') (c ]ul + c2u2 + . . . + cnun)= O

which proves the theorem.

Let us illustrate the result of Theorem 2 by considering equation

( D ~ D ~ ~ DzD= 'o~ ) ....

You Inay check that z1 = $,(x). z2 = O2(y) and z3 = q3(y+4x) are the solution
Now if we take

z = c,$, (x) + c2$2(y) + ~ 3 $ 3 ( ~ + 4 ~ ) . . . .(9\

then
(D'D'-~DD'~)[C (x) + c2Q2(y)+ ~3$3(~+4x))
- I (D D ' ~+)c~(D~D'-~DD")
~ D ~ ~ D$,(x) $,(y) + c~(D~D'-~DD")
$3(~--4x)

=0+0+0

=o
showing that z given by Eqn. (9) is also a solution of Eqn. (8).

And now'some exercises for you.

z3= q3(y+xw2) are the soIutions of the P

E 3) If z l = $,(y+x), z2 = ~$~(y+xw),

verify that z = Ql(y+x) + $2(y+xw) + ~ ~ ( ~ + isxa w

solution
~ ) of the abo
where w is a cube root of unity.

+ $2(y-3x) is the C.F. and z2 = sinx - ycosx is the partic

E 4) If z l = ~$~(y+%x)
integral of the PDE ( D ~ + D D ' - ~ D ' ~=) ycosx
Z then verify that

z = $l(y+2x) + $2(y-3x) + sinx - ycosx

is a solution of the above PDE.
I
In the above discussion we have been mentioning quite frequently about the solu
linear PDE of the form (3). However, at no stage we have described the methods
these solutions.
In the next two sections, we shall discuss the methods of finding solution of horn geneous
linear PDEs with constant coefficients both for reducible as well as irreducible e ations. t
kerond and Higher Order Partial
I)ifferential Equations 15.3 SOLUTIONS OF REDUCIBLE HOMOGENEOUS
EQUATIONS

We begin by proving a result in the form of a theorem that has an important bearing on the
theory of reducible homogeneous equations.
n
Theorem 3: If F(D,D') = ll( a, D + b, D' + c, ) , i.e., operator F(D,D') is reducible, then the
r= 1
order in which the linear factors occur is unimportant.
Proof: You know that
(al D + b l D'+c1)(a2D+b2Df+ ~ ~ ) = a ~ a ~ ~ ~ + ( a ~ b ~ + a ~ b , ) D D '

~ l s o(a2D
, + b2D' + c2 ) ( a I D+ blD' + cl) = a l a 2 ~+2( a,b2+a2bl)DD'
+ b, b 2 ~ ' +2 ( alc2+a2c D'
, + ( blc2+b2cl)D'+ c1 c2
Hence,
(alD + blD' + c,) (aZD+ b2D' + c2) = (a2D + b2D' + c;! (alD + blD'+ cl

Thus, for any reducible operator, the theorem follows at once.

We now make use of Theorem 3 for proving another theorem which gives the method of
obtaining the solution of homogeneous reducible equation.

Theorem 4 : If (9 + b p ' + c,) is a factor of F(D,D') and if a, # 0, then

ur = exp (-c, x/g) $, (b,x-$y) where $, is an arbitrary function, is a solution of F(D.D')z = 0.

Proof: We have

(a,.D+bp'+c,) ur=

+ b, ( -a, ) $',.exp ( +, ySr) + c, $, exp ( *,Va) = 0 . . . .(lo)

Now since (a,D+b,.D'+c,) is a factor of F(D,D') we have from Theorem 3,

n' (asD + b s ~+' cs) =
r = I.*#?
(a,D t b,D'+c,)(a,D+b,D'+c3)
(a,D + b4D' + c,) s=l,s*
(asD + b,D'
I
+ c,) (a,D-tbr D' + c, )I+

where in product n' the factor corresponding to s = r is omitted.

. . .. (1 1 )

On combining Eqns.(lO) and (1 1). we get

F(D,D') u, = 0
which proves the theorem.

Remark : In Theorem 4, if along with a, # 0, we also have b, #0 then for

U, = exp
[ Y]
- - $, (b, x-a, y), $,being an arbitrary function, we also have

Accordingly, we can say that

 Homogeneous Linear Partial
U,
[ 2:)
= exp - - 0, ( b, x-a,y) Differential Equations with
Constant Coeftlcients

is also a solution of F(D,D')z = 0,when (a,.D+bpf+cr) is a factor of F(D,Df).

Theorem 5 : If ( b, D'+c,) is a factor of F(D,Df) and if b, # 0,then

tI
In Theorem 4, we assumed a,# 0.When a, = 0 and b, # 0 then proceeding on imilar lines as
above, we get the following result.

is a solution of F(D,D')z = 0.
We are leaving Theorem 5 for you to verify it yourself.

E 5) Prove Theorem 5. I
We now take up a few examples to illustrate Theorems 4 and 5.

Example 1 : Solve ( D~ ~ D ~ +D1~' D D4' ~~ ' ~ =) 0z

Solution : The given equation can be written as
(D-D') (D-2D') (D-3D')z = 0
You may note here that in this case all c,'s are zero. Using Theorems 4 and 2 we can write
the result as
z = C.F. = 9, (Y+x)+ $2 (y+2x) + 93 ( ~ + 3 x )

Example 2 : Solve 7+ -= 0
a 2 ~a 2 ~
ax ay2
Solution : The given equation is called Laplace equation. It can be

( D ~ + D ' ~z )= o

Let us now consider an example in which a, = 0 and b, # 0.

t
Note : Though in this case the factors of F(D,Df) involve imaginary terms, b treatment is
same.

Example 3 : Solve (D'~-3~')z= 0

Solution : We can write the given equation in the form
I
D' (Df-3)z = 0

Did you observe that Theorems 4 and 5 give results in the cases when the
F(D,Df) are non-repeated? But then the operator F(D,Df) may have
type (a,.D+b,.Df+c,)". The solution corresponding to a factor of this
using Theorems 6 and 7 which are the generalised form of
and which we shall state now.

f
Theorem 6 : If (a,.D + b p ' + c, )P, a, # 0,is a factor of F(D,Df) and if the fu ctions + , ,
.
$2, . . . Qp are arbitrary, then
Second and Higher Order Partial
Differential Equations
( ',I
exp ---
P

,=I
$ I +, Ib, x-a,))
is the corresponding part of the solution of F(D.D'jz = 0.

Similarly, the generalisation of Theorem 5 is as follows :

Theorem 7 : If ( b, D' + c, )p, b, # 0, is a factor of F(D,D'), then

is the corresponding part of the solution of F(D,Df)z = 0.

For a better understanding of the results stated in Theorems 6 and 7, let us consider a few
examples.

Example 4 :Solve ( D ~ - ~ D ~ D ' + ~ D D ' ~ - D

='0~ ) z

Solution : The given equation can be written as

(D-D)'Z = 0

The factor (D-D') is repeated thrice. Thus, using Theorems 6 and 4, we get

z = x2+, (y+x) + x 02(y+x) + +$Y+x)

Example 5 : Solve (2D-D +4) (D+~D'+I)'z = 0

Solution : Part of C.F. corresponding to the factor (2D-D'+4) is

1';
e- 4x'2+ (x+2y7 . . . .(l4)

and part of the C.F. corresponding tu the repeated factor ( D + ~ D ' + Iis) ~

e-' [ x $2(2x-y) + &(2x-Y) I . . . .(15)

Therefore. combining Eqns. (14) and (15). we get

The results stated in Theorems 4 - 7 enable us to obtain the complementary function of a

reducible linear PDE with constant coefficients. Using these results, you may now try the
following exercises.

E 6) Solve ( D D + Dt2 - 3D')z = 0

E 7) Solve ( ~ D + D ' - I )(~D - ~ D ' + ~ ) ~=z0

E 8) Solve (D<D'~-~D+~D')Z
=0

E 9) Solve (D3Df2+D2Df3)z= 0

E 10) Solve (D~+DD'-~oD'~)z

=0

In the next section we shall discuss the method of finding the solution of irreducible
equations that is. the equations in which the operator F(D,D') cannot be factorised into linear
factors in D and D'.
 - Homogeneous Linear Partial
15.4 Differential Equations witli
Constant Coemcients
EQUATIONS

A method of finding the integrals of the irreducible homogeneous equat ons is based on a
property of the exponential function exp(ax+by), namely,

constant coefficients we used similar property.

The method can be used both for reducible and irreducible equations an
I'
You may recall that in Unit 8 while obtaining the solution of linear hom geneous ODE with

following theorems.
Theorem 8 : F(D,Dr) eax+by= F(a,b) eax+by
I
Proof: Using Eqn. (16), we can write
I
Since F(D,Dr) is made up of terms of the form C~,D'D'~,we find that

= F(a,b) em+by(ref. Eqn. (2))

Theorem 9 : F(D.Dt) {eaXtby( (x.y) I = eax+byF(D+a, Dt+b) @(x.Y)

I Leibniz theorem :
Proof: By making use of the Leibniz theorem for the rth derivative of If functions u and v possesses
functions, we have derivatives up to nth order then

Again,
D ~ ~r
S eax+by +(x,y) = DISem+by(D+a)' +(x,y)
= eax (D+a)' DrSeby +(x,y)
- eax+by (D+a)' (D'+b)S i$(x,y)

Now, using relations (18) and (19). we get

I

= eax+byF ( m a , D' + b) +(x,y) ..,

Thus, our theorem is proved.
Second and Higher Order Partial For determining solutions of irreducible homogeneous equation+,let F(D,D') be split into
Differential Equations
two types of factors : reducible and irreducible. The reducible factors are treated by the
methods explained in Theorems 4 to 7 and the irreducible factors are treated as follows :

By Theorem 8, eax+byis a solution of

F(D, D')z = 0

provided

F(a,b) = 0. . . . .(21)
Relation (21) is one equation for finding two constants a and b. For any chosen value of 'a'
(or 'b'), F(a,b) = O gives one or more values of 'b' (or 'a'). Thus, there exist infinitely many
pairs of numbers (a,., b,) satisfying F(a,., b,) = 0.

Therefore,

z = Cc , ~ ~ ~ ~ + ~ J . . . .(22)
r= 1

where, a,., b,, c, are constants is also a solution provided that a,. and b, satisfy

F(a,.,b,) = 0, r = I, 2, . . . .(23)
The series in Eqn.(22) may be finite or infinite. But in case it is infinite then for it to be a
solution of Eqn.(l), viz., F(D,D')z = 0, it is necessary that it should be uniformly convergent.
The discussion of convergence of such a series is difficult as it involves coefficients c,, the
pair (a,., b,) and the values of the variables x and y. We shall not be going into its details here.

Let us suppose, we have

F(D,D') = (D+hD'+k) G(D,D') . . . . (24)

that is, F(D,D') is a product of linear factor (D+hD'+k) and irreducible operator G(D,D').
Then fortinear factor (D+hD'+ic), we can have a pair (a.b) satisfying F(a,b) = 0 and is
such that

a+bh+k=O

a = - (bh+k)

Such pairs are again infinite in number and using Eqn. (22), we can write

Z=x
,,
00

,I= 1
e-(brh+k)x + bJ

= e-kx C e4(~-hx)
00

. . . . (26)
I= l

aS a part of C.F. corresponding to a linear factor (D+hD' +k) in Eqn.(24).

Also, we know that we can write the part of C.F. corresponding to linear factor by using
Theorem 4, and therefore, result (26) is equivalent to

e~~"$(~-hx)

where $ is an arbitrary function.

Thus, if F(D,D') has no linear factor, then relation (22) will be called the general solution of
equation F(D,D')z = 0. If F(D,D') haslinear factors also, then the general solution will
involve partly arbitrary functions (coi~espondingto linear factors) and partly arbitrary
constants.

We now take up a few examples to illustrate the method of solving irreducible equations.

Example 6 : Solve ( 2 ~ +
' ~ D ~ +DD' ' ~ ) Z= 0
Solution : The given equation is equivalent to the equation Homogeneous Linear Partial
Differential Equations with
(2D2+~')(D2+D')z = 0 Constant Coefficients

F(D,Df)in this case has no linear factor.

Part of C.F. corresponding to the first factor that is, 2D2+D' i

r= 1

where a, and br are related by

br = - 2ar2
:. Part of C.F. corresponding to the first factor

where a, and cr are arbitrary constants.

Similarly, part of C.F. corresponding to the second factor D2

where g and fr are arbitrary constants.

Hence combining Eqns. (27) and (28). we get the C.F. as

C.F. =
0

I=1
cr exp [ a, (x-2ary) I + xg
m

r= 1
exp [ fr(x-fry)]

Example 7 : Solve (D-2D' +5)(D2 +D' +3) = 0

Solution : Now F(D,D') in this case has linear factor

(D-2D'+S).
Part of C.F. corresponding to linear factor is

where is an arbitrary function.

Part of C.F. corresponding to factor (D2+D' +3) is

where a, and b, are related by

ar2+br+3=0

=+b, = - (3 + $2)
Hence the solution of given equation is

r = e - 5 ~ + ( ~ x + y+ x
m

-1
cr earx - (~M:)Y
Second and Higher Order Partial
Differential Equations

where 9 , is an arbitrary function and a,, c, are arbitrary constants.

You may now try the following exercises :

E I I ) solve (D=+DD'+D+D'+I )z = o
E 12) Solve (D-D+1 ) ( D 2 + 2 ~ D f-2Dt+3)z
2 =0
1
E 13) Solve (D-2D') (D-2D'+1) (D-D'~) z = 0
E 14) Solve (D~+D+D')Z= 0

We now end this unit by giving a summary of it.

15.5 SUMMARY -- -. -- -- -- 1
In this unit we have covered the following :

I ) Definition of linear PDE with constant as well as variable coefficients.

2) Classification of linear PDEs with constant coefficients into

a) homogeneous equations
b) non-homogeneous equations

C) reducible equations

d) irreducible equations

3) The complete solution is the sum of C.F. and P.I.

4) To find the C.F. of reducible homogeneous equation whose factors are of the type
a) (arD+bpf+c,), a, # 0, take corresponding factor of C.F. as
exp (*, ~ 1 %@) (b, x-a, Y
b) (brD'+c,), a, = 0, b, # 0,take part of C.F. as exp (4,y/br) $ (b, x)
C) (a, D+br D'+c,)P, a, # 0, use result ( 12)

d) (b,.D1+cr)P, a, = 0, b, # 0 use result (I 3)

5 ) Solutions of irreducible homogeneous equations F(D,D')z = 0, are of the form

where g.br are constants with F(a,,b,) = 0.

.- -- - -

15.6 SOLUTIONSIANSWERS
- -- -

E 1) a) reducible.

C) It is reducible for A = O and irreducible for A # 0.

d) irreducible.

e) irreducible.
b* I
k
E 2) The given PDE is Homogeneous Linear Partial
Differential Equations with
Constant Coeflicients

Then given equation reduces to

Hence the given equation is reducible.

E 3) ( D'-Dt3) [ Ql(y+x) + Q2(y+xw)+ Q3(y+xw2)1
= 0 since each of Q1, Q2 and Q3 is a solution of (D~-D'~)
z = 0.
+ 02(y-3x)
E 4) ( D ~ + D D ' ~ D [~,(y+2x)
'~) + sinx - ycosx]
= [4 el "(y+2x) + 9 Q2"(y-3x) - sinx + ycosx + 2QIw(y+2x)
- 3Q2"(y-3x) + sinx - 6 +,"(y+2x) - 6Q2(y-3x)]
= ycosx.
l
4 ;I"[
E 5 j Since (b, D'+c,) u, = b - -- e - br
]
Q, (bit)

Using Theorem 3, show that

F(D,D') u, = 0
E 6) The given equation is
I (D13'+DJ2-3~')z = 0

1
1
Now part of C.F. corresponding to the factor D is Q,(x) and part of C F.
corresponding to the factor (D+D'-3) is
e - 3 ~Q~(x-Y)
:. C.F. is z = Q,(x) + ep3' +2 (x-y)
Second and Higher Order Partial E 7) The given equation is
DHTerentialEquations
( ~ D + D ' - I )(~D - ~ D ' + ~ )=~0z
Part of C.F. corresponding to repeated factor ( 2 ~ + ~ ' - 1is) ~

ex12 x v1(x-2y) + v2 (x-2y) I

and part of C.F. corresponding to thrice repeated factor ( ~ - 2 D ' + 2 is
~

e-2x [ x2 v3(2x+y) + x v4(2x+y) + v5(2x+y) J

Hence the solution of the given equation is
z = exn [ x y , (x-2y) + y ~ ~ ( x - 21 +~ )e-2X[ x2 G3 (2xfy) + xv4 (2xfy)
+ v5(2x+5)1

E 8) The given equation is

z '=) 0
(D~-D'~-~D+~D

3 (D-D') (D+D'-3) z = 0

Hence the solution is

z = $1 (y+x) + eJX$2 (x-y)

E 9) The given equation is.

( D ~ D ' ~ + D ~ zD=' ~0)

Hence the solution is

z = $I(Y)+ x$2(y) + $3(x) + Y $4 ( 4 + (Y-x)

E 10) The given equation is
( D ~ + D D ' ~ - ~ o Dz' ~=)0

3 (D-2D') (D + (1+2i) D')(D - (1-2i)D') z = 0

Hence the solution is

z = $, (y+2x) + q2(y-x-2ix) + Q3(y-x+2ix)

E 1I ) The given PDE is

(D~+DD'+D+D'+I ) = o

The solution of this equation is

where a, and b, are any pair of constants such that

a,2+a,b,+a,+br+ 1 = O

where c, and a, (or b,) are. arbitrary constants.

E 12) The given equation is

(D-D1+ 1 ) ( D ~ + ~ D D ' ~ - ~ Dz '=+ 0~ )

The part of C.F. corresponding to the factor (D-D'+ I ) is

ex $1 (x+y)
and the part of C.F. corresponding to the factor D ~ + ~ D D ' ~ - ~ is
D'+~
 Homogeneous Linear Partlpl
DlWerential Equatiom with
Constnot Cocfflcients
r= 1

where a, and b, are any pair of constants such that

Hence the solution of the given equation is

I
r= 1

with a,? + 2arbr2- 2br + 3 = 0.

where 4I is arbitrary function and c,, a, (orb,) are arbitrary constant

t.
E 13) The given equation is
I
Part of C.F.corresponding to the first factor = yl(y+2x)
I
Part of C.F.corresponding to the second factor = e-'y2(2x+y)
I
x I
m

Part of C.F. corresponding to the third factor = c, ea rX + br'',

r= 1

where a, and b, are related by

Hence the solution of the given equation is

I
where y l , I + I ~are arbitrary functions and b,, c, are arbitrary const&.
I
E 14) The given equation is (D~+D+D')z = 0
I
Its solution is z = C.F. = x
00

r=l
c, ear + br~

with ar2 + a, + b, = 0

l=1

where a, and c, are arbitrary constants.