TEST 14

A. Phonetics
Mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the word whose underlined part differs from the other three in
pronunciation in each of the following questions.
1. A. postcard B. custard C. standard D. drunkard
2. A. affixes B. complexion C. unexpected D. exquisite
3. A. nuance B. numeracy C. curdle D. putative
4. A. bound B. sound C. county D. poultry
5. A. neophyte B. geocentric C. leopard D. leotard
Mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the word that differs from the other three in the position of primary stress
in each of the following questions.
6. A. disadvantageous 4 B. inadmissible 3 C. superconductor D. environmentalist
7. A. inaccessible 3 B. counterbalance 1 C. productivity D. teleconferencing
8. A. panorama 3 B. amazement 2 C. experience D. embarrassed
9. A. patriotic 3 B. citizenship 1 C. entertainment D. popularity
10. obsolete 3 B. complete C. compete D. deplete
B. VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR
Part 1. Choose the word/ phrase that best completes each of the following sentences. (10 pts)
1. That woman sees nothing …………… in letting her children run around as they wish.
A. awry B. amiss C. afraid D. alike
2. Why doesn’t Mike …………… some of his work to his assistant?
A. delegate B. resign C. widen D. demand
3. It looks like she’s really …………… with her successful new business.
A. closing a deal B. moving on up C. breaking it even D. raking it in
4. There is a great deal of pressure in the newspaper industry; editor might work a 12-hour day with no ………
A. come-down B. letdown C. crackdown D. let-up
5. I am not sure my brother will ever get married because he hates the feeling of being …………… .
A. tied up B. tied down C. tied in with D. tied in
6. It was Alice’s year: a new home, a better job - everything just clicked into …………… .
A. spot B. position C. place D. space
7. Your rental agreement …………… states that no pets are allowed in the building.
A. explicitly B. credibly C. mildly D. decently
8. The professor’s …………… theory is that singing preceded speech.
A. fancied B. fond C. pet D. preferable
9. “I hear Paul has a job at a restaurant.”
“Well, it’s …………… a restaurant as a café nearby.”
A. much more B. nothing likeC. far more of D. not so much
10. There have been a few cases of Asian flu recently but there ………… no cause for alarm.
A. feels to be B. was felt being C. is felt to be D. has been felt there is
Part 2. Read the text and find 5 mistakes and correct them. You should indicate in which line the mistake is.

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During the last 25 years, Britain’s urban sparrow population has declined in as much as two-thirds, and the bird has
almost disappeared from many of its former haunts. The decline has been blamed on everything from cats to garden
pesticides. Moreover, modern buildings have far more few nooks and crannies where the birds can nest. Factors like
these may well be involved, but alone they fail to explain the severity of the decline, or the fact that other urban
birds have been less affected.
Denis Summers-Smith is the world’s leading expert on sparrows, because when he comes up with a theory to
explain their decline, it has to be worth listening to. He suggests that the culprit is a chemical adding to unleaded
petrol. It would be deeply ironic if a policy that was intended to improve the nation’s health was to prove
responsible for the decline of one of its species.
According to Summers-Smith, social species such as the sparrow require a minimum population in a specific area to
breed successfully. If, for whatever reason, numbers drop below this threshold, the stimulus to breed disappears.
The most dramatical example is the passenger pigeon, which in the late nineteenth century went from being the
world’s most common bird to total extinction within fifty years.
Part 3. Complete each of the following sentences with a suitable preposition or particle.
at
1. The concert is only three days away but their preparations are still …………… sixes and sevens.
for
2. The concert was excellent; there were lots of well-known songs with some new ones thrown in …………… good
measure.
off
3. Strictly …………… the record, his work is below standard.
up
4. I’d love to drive over to see you but my car has been acting …………… recently.
5. He is looking for a job and he is willing to do anything …………… reason.
Part 4. Complete the text by writing the correct form of the word in capitals.
In January 2001, the (1)……………… (GOVERN) Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) issued its latest report on
intergovernmental
climate change. Climate models worked out by giant super-computers had become far more reliable since the
previous report in 1995 and allowed them to (2)………………
reappraise (PRAISE) the earlier projections for global
warming. Their conclusions were that something very serious is happening and that it cannot be a natural process.
The 1990s was the hottest decade for 1,000 years and the Earth is warming faster than at any time in the last 10,000
unequivocally
years. According to the report, human activities are (3)……………… (EQUIVOCATE) to blame for the
temperature rise. The burning of fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide and, due to deforestation, there are fewer trees
concentrations(CONCENTRATE) have also gone
to absorb this gas and recycle it back into oxygen. Methane (4)………………
up dramatically because of increases in rice culture and (5)……………… (CATTLE), both of which generate
methane from (6)………………
decomposing (COMPOSE) vegetation. These greenhouses gases trap heat in the Earth’s
atmosphere and cause the temperature to rise. In the worst case, the resulting melting of ice-caps and glaciers would
livelihood
cause sea levels to rise by up to 88 cm, endangering the homes and (7)……………… (LIVELY) of tens of millions
of people who live in low-lying regions.

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 unanimity
Unfortunately, there is far greater (8)……………… (UNANIMOUS) among the world’s scientists over the issue
than among politicians. As long ago as 1990, the IPCC recommended a 60% reduction in carbon dioxide
emmisions (EMIT), as the basic level required to return the planet’s climate to a healthy level. Governments
(9)………………
enact
globally failed to (10)……………… (ACT) these proposals. Now that the dangers have been reaffirmed by the
latest report, it is high time that governments took an active interest in exploring alternative, renewable energy
sources.
C. READING COMPREHENSION
Part 1. For each gap, choose the correct answer A, B, C or D which best fits the context. (10 pts)
The issues for (1)………… economies are a little more straightforward. The desire to build on undeveloped land is
not (2)………… out of desperation or necessity, but is a result of the relentless march of progress. Cheap labour and
a relatively highly-skilled workforce make these countries highly competitive and there is a flood of inward
investment, particularly from (3)………… looking to take advantage of the low wages before the cost and standard
of living begin to rise. It is factors such as these that are making many Asian economies extremely attractive when
viewed as investment opportunities at the moment. Similarly, in Africa, the relative (4)………… of precious metals
and natural resources tends to attract a lot of (5)………… companies and a whole sub-industry develops around and
is completely dependent on this foreign-direct investment. It is understandable that countries that are the focus of
this sort of attention can lose sight of the environmental implications of large-scale industrial development, and this
can have devastating consequences for the natural world. And it is a (6)………… cycle because the more
industrially active a nation becomes, the greater the demand for and harvesting of natural resources. For some, the
environmental issues, though they can hardly be ignored, are viewed as a (7)………… concern. Indeed, having an
environmental conscience or taking environmental matters into consideration when it comes to decisions on whether
or not to build rubber-tree (8)………… or grow biofuel crops would be quite (9)………… indeed. For those
involved in such schemes, it is a black-and-white issue. For vast (10)………… of land in Latin America, i.e. it is
clear that the welfare of the rainforests matters little to local government when vast sums of money can be made
from cultivating the land.
1. A. converging B. demerging C. emerging D. resurging
2. A. arisen B. born C. bred D. grown
3. A. intercontinentals B. multinationals C. outmigrations D. transmigrations
4. A. abundance B. accumulation C. amplitude D. premonition
5. A. exploitation B. purveyance C. surveillance D. exploration
6. A. vacuous B. vexatious C. vicious D. viscous
7. A. exponential B. extrinsic C. parallel D. peripheral
8. A. holdings B. homesteads C. plantations D. ranches
9. A. prohibitive B. imperative C. proscriptive D. prospective
10. A. tracts B. plots C. regions D. sectors

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Part 2. Fill ONE suitable word in each blank.
Lovers of music who are little rusty when it comes to history shouldn’t miss forthcoming issues of this magazine. In
to
our most ambitious series of articles (1)…………… date, we aim to span the history of western music in
its
(2)…………… entirety. Obviously, considering the lack of space at our disposal, we cannot be totally
but
comprehensive (3)…………… we do feel we have a more than adequate overview of the socio-cultural context. If
put
you’re already feeling (4)…………… off by the prospect of a rather dry history lesson, then I must stress
how
(5)…………… unlike a lesson these articles will be. Despite the extent to which you might be familiar with the
into
historical background, you must read these articles for the insight they give (6)…………… the music itself.
In addition to this, the series will represent a guide for readers whose aim is to build an essential music collection.
Now should this strike you as (7)…………… another voyage through familiar territory, then you may be in
for
(8)…………… some surprises, because our expert writers are nothing if (9)…………… unpredictable. In view of
the reputation of (10)…………… involved, one thing is guaranteed - the music chosen to illustrate their histories
will be far from run-of-the-mill.
Part 3. Read the following passage and do the tasks that follow. (10 pts)
THE PROBLEM OF SCARCE RESOURCES
Section A
The problem of how health-care resources should be allocated or apportioned, so that they are distributed in both the
most just and most efficient way, is not a new one. Every health system in an economically developed society is
faced with the need to decide (either formally or informally) what proportion of the community’s total resources
should be spent on health-care; how resources are to be apportioned; what diseases and disabilities and which forms
of treatment are to be given priority; which members of the community are to be given special consideration in
respect of their health needs; and which forms of treatment are the most cost-effective.
Section B
What is new is that, from the 1950s onwards, there have been certain general changes in outlook about the finitude
of resources as a whole and of health-care resources in particular, as well as more specific changes regarding the
clientele of health-care resources and the cost to the community of those resources. Thus, in the 1950s and 1960s,
there emerged an awareness in Western societies that resources for the provision of fossil fuel energy were finite
and exhaustible and that the capacity of nature or the environment to sustain economic development and population
was also finite. In other words, we became aware of the obvious fact that there were ‘limits to growth’. The new
consciousness that there were also severe limits to health-care resources was part of this general revelation of the
obvious. Looking back, it now seems quite incredible that in the national health systems that emerged in many
countries in the years immediately after the 1939-45 World War, it was assumed without question that all the basic
health needs of any community could be satisfied, at least in principle; the ‘invisible hand’ of economic progress
would provide.
Section C

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However, at exactly the same time as this new realization of the finite character of health-care resources was sinking
in, an awareness of a contrary kind was developing in Western societies: that people have a basic right to health-
care as a necessary condition of a proper human life. Like education, political and legal processes and institutions,
public order, communication, transport and money supply, health-care came to be seen as one of the fundamental
social facilities necessary for people to exercise their other rights as autonomous human beings. People are not in a
position to exercise personal liberty and to be self-determining if they are poverty-stricken, or deprived of basic
education, or do not live within a context of law and order. In the same way, basic health-care is a condition of the
exercise of autonomy.
Section D
Although the language of ‘rights’ sometimes leads to confusion, by the late 1970s it was recognized in most
societies that people have a right to health-care (though there has been considerable resistance in the United Sates to
the idea that there is a formal right to health-care). It is also accepted that this right generates an obligation or duty
for the state to ensure that adequate health-care resources are provided out of the public purse. The state has no
obligation to provide a health-care system itself, but to ensure that such a system is provided. Put another way, basic
health-care is now recognized as a ‘public good’, rather than a ‘private good’ that one is expected to buy for oneself.
As the 1976 declaration of the World Health Organisation put it: ‘The enjoyment of the highest attainable standard
of health is one of the fundamental rights of every human being without distinction of race, religion, political belief,
economic or social condition’. As has just been remarked, in a liberal society basic health is seen as one of the
indispensable conditions for the exercise of personal autonomy.
Section E
Just at the time when it became obvious that health-care resources could not possibly meet the demands being made
upon them, people were demanding that their fundamental right to health-care be satisfied by the state. The second
set of more specific changes that have led to the present concern about the distribution of health-care resources
stems from the dramatic rise in health costs in most OECD countries, accompanied by large-scale demographic and
social changes which have meant, to take one example, that elderly people are now major (and relatively very
expensive) consumers of health-care resources. Thus in OECD countries as a whole, health costs increased from
3.8% of GDP in 1960 to 7% of GDP in 1980, and it has been predicted that the proportion of health costs to GDP
will continue to increase. (In the US the current figure is about 12% of GDP, and in Australia about 7.8% of GDP.)
As a consequence, during the 1980s a kind of doomsday scenario (analogous to similar doomsday extrapolations
about energy needs and fossil fuels or about population increases) was projected by health administrators,
economists and politicians. In this scenario, ever-rising health costs were matched against static or declining
resources.
Notes:
- OECD: Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development
- GDP: Gross Domestic Products

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Questions 1-5
Choose the correct heading for the five sections A-E of the Reading Passage from the list of headings below.
List of Headings
i The connection between health-care and other human rights
ii The development of market-based health systems.
iii The role of the state in health-care
iv A problem shared by every economically developed country
v The impact of recent change
vi The views of the medical establishment
vii The end of an illusion
viii Sustainable economic development

1. Section A: iv
……………
2. Section B: ……………
viii
i
3. Section C: ……………
iii
4. Section D: ……………
v
5. Section E: ……………
Questions 6-10
Do the following statements agree with the view of the writer in the Reading Passage?
Write
YES if the statement agrees with the views of the writer
NO if the statement contradicts the views of the writer
NOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this
N
6. ………… Personal liberty and independence have never been regarded as directly linked to health-care.
Y
7. ………… Health-care came to be seen as a right at about the same time that the limits of health-care resources
became evident.
Y
8. ………… In OECD countries population changes have had an impact on health-care costs in recent years.
NG
9. ………… OECD governments have consistently underestimated the level of health-care provision needed.
NG
10. ………… In most economically developed countries the elderly will to make special provision for their health-
care in the future.
PART 4: WRITING: Rewrite the following sentences
1. He stood no chance of being granted the scholarship
that he would not be granted the scholarship
It was inevitable _______________________________________________
2. You may be disqualified if you don’t obey the qualifications
 to obey the regulations may cause your disqualification.
Failure _______________________________________________________

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 3. It wasn’t Jane’s fault that she ended up breaking the law.
fault of her own, she ended up breaking the law.
Through no________________________________________________________
4. For further information, please send a self- addressed envelop to the above dress.
can be obtained by sending a self-addressed envelope to the above address.
Further information _________________________________________________
B. collocations
5. A great many people will congratulate her if she wins (showered)
She will be showered with congratulations if she wins.
______________________________________________________________________
6. The new minister seems to be excellent at yielding at awkward questions. (flair)
The new minister seems to have a flair for fielding.
_________________________________________________________________
7. The actor suddenly couldn’t remember what he was supposed to say. (dried)
The actor suddenly dried up.
_____________________________________________________________
8. We were elated by the birth of our first grandchild. (moon)
We mooned when our first grandchild was born 
__________________________________________________________________
9. This house is very different from the little flat we used to live in (cry)
This house is a far cry from the little flat we used to live in.
_________________________________________________________________
10. That wasn’t what I meant at all. You’ve completely misunderstood we as usual. (stick)
got hold of the wrong end of the stick.
That wasn’t what I meant at all. You’ve ________________________________