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Introspective Self-Report Psychological: 16 Personality Types

The document summarizes the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), a self-report questionnaire that aims to assign psychological preferences to individuals from four dichotomous categories: introversion or extraversion, sensing or intuition, thinking or feeling, and judging or perceiving. These categories are based on Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung's theory of psychological types. The MBTI sorts individuals into one of 16 personality types based on their preferences, represented by four-letter abbreviations like "INFJ" or "ENFP".

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70 views3 pages

Introspective Self-Report Psychological: 16 Personality Types

The document summarizes the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), a self-report questionnaire that aims to assign psychological preferences to individuals from four dichotomous categories: introversion or extraversion, sensing or intuition, thinking or feeling, and judging or perceiving. These categories are based on Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung's theory of psychological types. The MBTI sorts individuals into one of 16 personality types based on their preferences, represented by four-letter abbreviations like "INFJ" or "ENFP".

Uploaded by

Angel May L. Lopez
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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The 

Myers–Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is an introspective self-report questionnaire indicating


differing psychological preferences in how people perceive the world and make decisions.[1][2][3] The
test attempts to assign four categories: introversion or extraversion, sensing or intuition, thinking or
feeling, judging or perceiving. One letter from each category is taken to produce a four-letter test
result, like "INFJ" or "ENFP".

 The MBTI is based on the conceptual theory proposed by Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung

Type
Jung's typological model regards psychological type as similar to left or right handedness: people
are either born with, or develop, certain preferred ways of perceiving and deciding. The MBTI sorts
some of these psychological differences into four opposite pairs, or "dichotomies", with a resulting 16
possible psychological types. None of these types is "better" or "worse"; however, Briggs and Myers
theorized that people innately "prefer" one overall combination of type differences.[1]:9 In the same
way that writing with the left hand is difficult for a right-hander, so people tend to find using their
opposite psychological preferences more difficult, though they can become more proficient (and
therefore behaviorally flexible) with practice and development.
The 16 types are typically referred to by an abbreviation of four letters—the initial letters of each of
their four type preferences (except in the case of intuition, which uses the abbreviation "N" to
distinguish it from introversion). For instance:

 ESTJ: extraversion (E), sensing (S), thinking (T), judgment (J)


 INFP: introversion (I), intuition (N), feeling (F), perception (P)
These abbreviations are applied to all 16 types

16 Personality Types
https://www.personalitypage.com/html/high-level.html

Attitudes: extraversion/introversion
Myers–Briggs literature uses the terms extraversion and introversion as Jung first used them.
Extraversion means literally outward-turning and introversion, inward-turning.[37] These specific
definitions differ somewhat from the popular usage of the words. Extraversion is the spelling used in
MBTI publications.
The preferences for extraversion and introversion are often called "attitudes". Briggs and Myers
recognized that each of the cognitive functions can operate in the external world of behavior, action,
people, and things ("extraverted attitude") or the internal world of ideas and reflection ("introverted
attitude"). The MBTI assessment sorts for an overall preference for one or the other.
People who prefer extraversion draw energy from action: they tend to act, then reflect, then act
further. If they are inactive, their motivation tends to decline. To rebuild their energy, extraverts need
breaks from time spent in reflection. Conversely, those who prefer introversion "expend" energy
through action: they prefer to reflect, then act, then reflect again. To rebuild their energy, introverts
need quiet time alone, away from activity.[38]
An extravert's flow is directed outward toward people and objects, whereas the introvert's is directed
inward toward concepts and ideas. Contrasting characteristics between extraverted and introverted
people include:
 Extraverted are action-oriented, while introverted are thought-oriented.
 Extraverted seek breadth of knowledge and influence, while introverted seek depth of
knowledge and influence.
 Extraverted often prefer more frequent interaction, while introverted prefer more substantial
interaction.
 Extraverted recharge and get their energy from spending time with people, while introverted
recharge and get their energy from spending time alone; they consume their energy through the
opposite process

Functions: sensing/intuition and thinking/feeling


Jung identified two pairs of psychological functions:

 Two perceiving functions: sensation (usually called sensing in MBTI writings) and intuition


 Two judging functions: thinking and feeling
According to Jung's typology model, each person uses one of these four functions more dominantly
and proficiently than the other three; however, all four functions are used at different times
depending on the circumstances. Because each function can manifest in either an extraverted or an
introverted attitude, Jung's model includes eight combinations of functions and attitudes, four of
which are largely conscious and four unconscious.
Sensing and intuition are the information-gathering (perceiving) functions. They describe how new
information is understood and interpreted. People who prefer sensing are more likely to trust
information that is in the present, tangible, and concrete: that is, information that can be understood
by the five senses. They tend to distrust hunches, which seem to come "out of nowhere".[1]:2 They
prefer to look for details and facts. For them, the meaning is in the data. On the other hand, those
who prefer intuition tend to trust information that is less dependent upon the senses, that can be
associated with other information (either remembered or discovered by seeking a wider context or
pattern). They may be more interested in future possibilities. For them, the meaning is in the
underlying theory and principles which are manifested in the data.
Thinking and feeling are the decision-making (judging) functions. The thinking and feeling functions
are both used to make rational decisions, based on the data received from their information-
gathering functions (sensing or intuition). Those who prefer thinking tend to decide things from a
more detached standpoint, measuring the decision by what seems reasonable, logical, causal,
consistent, and matching a given set of rules. Those who prefer feeling tend to come to decisions by
associating or empathizing with the situation, looking at it 'from the inside' and weighing the situation
to achieve, on balance, the greatest harmony, consensus and fit, considering the needs of the
people involved. Thinkers usually have trouble interacting with people who are inconsistent or
illogical, and tend to give very direct feedback to others. They are concerned with the truth and view
it as more important.

As noted already, people who prefer thinking do not necessarily, in the everyday sense, "think
better" than their feeling counterparts, in the common sense; the opposite preference is considered
an equally rational way of coming to decisions (and, in any case, the MBTI assessment is a measure
of preference, not ability). Similarly, those who prefer feeling do not necessarily have "better"
emotional reactions than their thinking counterparts.
Lifestyle preferences: judging/perception
Myers and Briggs added another dimension to Jung's typological model by identifying that people
also have a preference for using either the judging function (thinking or feeling) or
their perceiving function (sensing or intuition) when relating to the outside world (extraversion).
Myers and Briggs held that types with a preference for judging show the world their preferred judging
function (thinking or feeling). So, TJ types tend to appear to the world as logical and FJ types
as empathetic. According to Myers,[1]:75 judging types like to "have matters settled".
Those types who prefer perception show the world their preferred perceiving function (sensing or
intuition). So, SP types tend to appear to the world as concrete and NP types as abstract. According
to Myers,[1]:75 perceptive types prefer to "keep decisions open".
For extraverts, the J or P indicates their dominant function; for introverts, the J or P indicates their
auxiliary function. Introverts tend to show their dominant function outwardly only in matters
"important to their inner worlds".[1]:13 For example:
Because the ENTJ type is extraverted, the J indicates that the dominant function is the preferred
judging function (extraverted thinking). The ENTJ type introverts the auxiliary perceiving function
(introverted intuition). The tertiary function is sensing and the inferior function is introverted feeling.
Because the INTJ type is introverted, however, the J instead indicates that the auxiliary function is
the preferred judging function (extraverted thinking). The INTJ type introverts the dominant
perceiving function (introverted intuition). The tertiary function is feeling and the inferior function is
extraverted sensing

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